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  • G20 : Economic Cooperation ahead

    How India made G20 a forum for developing countries

    op-ed snap | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and agreements involving India

    Central idea

    • The G20 summit attracted attention as it started with a clear consensus to invite the African Union (AU) as its member. India’s initiative to include African Union in G20 was unanimously accepted. This was a unique reordering of the global high table.

    India’s efforts for inclusion of the African Union

    • India’s big bet: Of the AU’s 55 members, 54 are in the United Nations. Only one African country, South Africa, has been an original member of the G20. No presidency has ever risked amending the membership for fear of competing rivalries.
    • Global platform for Africa: It has been India’s case that not only must the G20 reflect the priorities of the Global South but must also include those who are underrepresented, particularly from Africa.
    • Inviting major African countries: The AU has double the number of countries as the EU. The AU has been invited to G20 meetings, and some presidencies have held African outreach events in a manner of telling them what is good for them. It is India that has actually taken the initiative of talking with them rather than at them.

    Importance of AU

    • Africa as the road to the global south: India aspires to bring the global south to the center of the G20 agenda. The elevation of the AU is courageous; no presidency has attempted to alter the composition for fear of claims from other regional organizations.
    • Branding itself using Africa: The AU fits in with the rebranding of the G20 that India undertook. This is India’s harambee (Swahili word for co-operation) factor—the spirit of developmental cooperation in action.
    • AU as a voiceless block: The AU is the largest of regional institutions and the one with a limited voice in most international fora, despite having 54 votes in the United Nations General Assembly.
    • Partner for India at the High Table: The prospects of Africa getting a permanent seat in the UN Security Council remain distant. What India has achieved, as always, is to provide Africa with a voice at the high table.

    India’s engagement with Arican Nations

    • Nigeria: Inviting Nigeria, particularly at this stage, recognizes it as the largest economy in Africa and a consistent friend of India. This is Nigeria’s biggest outing since President Bola Ahmed Tinubu was elected. Nigeria was qualified to be in the BRICS but perhaps did not pursue it hard enough. Nigeria participated with great enthusiasm, with a number of ministers accompanying their president in advance of the G20 Summit.
    • Egypt: Egypt is another African powerhouse, representing North Africa. It is also the current chair of AU-NEPAD, which is a permanent invitee to the G20. Egypt is a recent strategic partner of India. India backed it to join the BRICs. Egypt brings balance to the presence of South Africa and Nigeria.
    • Mauritius: Mauritius is a close friend of India due to its PIO population, its regular engagement with India, and its strategic location in the Indian Ocean.
    • Comoros: Comoros is another Indian Ocean country representing Eastern Africa. With their participation, India ensured two of the four African countries in the Indian Ocean and most of the regions of Africa were represented, making the G20 better balanced.

    Conclusion

    • The African Union is hot bed for great power rivalry between India and China. Even if India cannot match the deep pockets of Chinese investments in Africa, India has shown that it can deliver on the African Interest at global platform.

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  • e-Waste Management

    Steps towards sustainability: Minimising digital carbon footprint

    op-ed snap | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: carbon footprint and factors responsible

    Mains level: India's digital carbon footprint, concerns, Government intervention and industry initiatives,

    What’s the news?

    • The UN Environment Programme’s Emissions Gap Report for 2022 highlights a sobering reality: India’s carbon emissions policy, as of 2022, falls short of significantly reducing the national carbon footprint.

    Central idea

    • India, as one of the world’s major contributors to global warming, is facing a concerning trend with the highest growth rate in carbon emissions. Recent years have witnessed a significant increase in electronic device usage, which has given rise to a pressing issue: the digital carbon footprint. To effectively combat this issue, it is imperative to adopt a multipronged approach.

    What is meant by carbon footprint?

    • A carbon footprint is a measure of the total amount of greenhouse gases, primarily CO2 and other carbon compounds, that are emitted into the atmosphere as a result of human activities, particularly the consumption of goods and services, energy production, transportation, and various industrial processes.

    What is meant by digital carbon footprint?

    • A digital carbon footprint refers to the environmental impact associated with the use of digital technologies, including electronic devices, software applications, and data centers.

    Digital Carbon Footprint: A Growing Concern

    • Hardware Production: The production of hardware devices like laptops, smartphones, and microprocessors is a significant contributor to the digital carbon footprint. The machines used in manufacturing these devices emit substantial amounts of carbon dioxide during the process.
    • Energy Consumption During Device Use: Electronic devices require electricity for their operation. If the electricity used comes from non-renewable sources, such as coal or natural gas, the emissions generated during each device’s use add to its digital carbon footprint.
    • Smartphone Charging Emissions: Research conducted in 2021 revealed that global smartphone charging alone releases more than 8 million tonnes of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere annually.
    • Data Centers:
    • The software used on electronic devices is typically stored and maintained in large data centers. These data centers demand a constant and intensive supply of electricity to operate efficiently and prevent system failures.
    • According to a 2022 report by the International Energy Agency, data centers contribute significantly to global electricity use, accounting for approximately 1–1.5 percent, which is equivalent to the combined electricity consumption of Germany and Japan.
    • Data Center Cooling Systems: In addition to the energy consumed for computing operations, data storage facilities require additional electricity to power massive cooling systems. These systems ensure that the servers and storage devices in data centers operate optimally, contributing further to the digital carbon footprint.
    • Digital Software Usage:
    • Every action in the life cycle of digital entities, whether it’s hardware or software, consumes energy and thereby contributes to the carbon footprint.
    • For instance, a seemingly simple action like conducting a Google search results in the creation of 0.2 grams of carbon dioxide emissions.
    • Given the scale of online searches, this adds up to a substantial daily contribution, with Google’s operations, cloud services, and devices emitting over 10 million tonnes of carbon dioxide in 2020.
    • Corporate Efforts and Carbon Reduction:
    • Companies like Apple are taking steps to reduce their carbon footprint by improving energy efficiency, adopting low-carbon design principles, and striving for carbon neutrality in their operations and supply chains.
    • Apple, for example, has reduced its carbon emissions by 40 percent between 2015 and 2022 and aims to achieve a 100 percent carbon-neutral supply chain and products by 2030.
    • Global Emission Reduction Goals: Despite commendable efforts by individual organizations, such initiatives alone may not be sufficient to meet the ambitious global emission reduction targets set by agreements like the Paris Agreement, which seeks to reduce emissions by 45 percent by 2030.

    Government Intervention and Legislation

    • Global Goals and Emission Reductions: Government intervention is a crucial factor in achieving global climate goals. Some nations have implemented legislated emission reduction targets, which play a pivotal role in driving the efforts of technology organizations.
    • Inspiration from the United States: For instance, Apple’s initiatives to reduce its carbon footprint draw inspiration from the United States’ National Climate Task Force. This federal task force is dedicated to achieving a net-zero emissions economy by 2050, providing a clear mandate and incentive for companies to align with emission reduction goals.
    • Legislation in the Netherlands: Similarly, the Netherlands has enacted climate legislation, including a target of achieving a 49 percent reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 compared to 1990 levels.
    • International Policies: Various other countries, including Denmark and the United Kingdom, have implemented policies and acts addressing carbon footprint reduction. These initiatives underline the global commitment to mitigating climate change and push technology companies to align their practices accordingly.
    • Indian Power Savings Guide: In India, the Ministry of Power’s Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) has established the Power Savings Guide. This initiative specifically targets technology emissions and includes an energy efficiency label for electronic devices.
    • Eco-Labels and Certifications: The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Department of Energy (DOE) offer the Energy Star program, which certifies energy-efficient products. These certifications, known as eco-labels, are part of a broader solution called ‘green computing,’ aimed at reducing the digital carbon footprint.

    Way forward: Green computing

    • Energy Efficiency Focus: Green Computing is dedicated to enhancing the energy efficiency and reducing the environmental impact of computer systems. This approach aims to lower the digital carbon footprint associated with both hardware and software production and consumption.
    • Electricity Source Significance: A critical aspect of reducing the digital carbon footprint is the source of electricity used to power electronic devices. Initiatives aimed at increasing the proportion of renewable energy in a nation’s electricity supply are vital for emissions reduction.
    • India’s National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC): India, through initiatives like the NAPCC, emphasizes the importance of transitioning to renewable electricity sources to mitigate the carbon footprint attributed to energy consumption.
    • Private Sector Initiatives: Private sector players are also actively involved in green computing developments. For instance, Apple’s iOS 16.1 features Clean Energy Charging, a provision that assesses the carbon emissions of the local energy grid and charges the iPhone when the electricity source is greener. This innovation is currently available in the United States as of July 2023.
    • Green Software Foundation (GSF): The GSF plays a significant role in the field of green computing. It offers research, tools, and code for building applications with lower carbon footprints. Moreover, it provides frameworks for applications that can adapt their behavior based on the availability of clean, low-carbon electricity sources.
    • Government Support: Governmental support for initiatives like GSF is essential, as these organizations provide information tools to enable sustainable software and hardware production.
    • Eco-Labels and Certifications: Eco-labels like Energy Star and BEE offer valuable information to developers and users, helping them reduce their digital carbon footprint. Additionally, the private sector has made notable progress with initiatives like the Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool (EPEAT) and TCO Certified, which focus on both hardware and software sustainability.
    • Integration of Eco-Labels: Governments have the opportunity to support these eco-label initiatives or integrate them with their own labeling systems. This integration can provide consumers with comprehensive and accurate information about the environmental footprints of electronic devices.
    • Improving Data Center Efficiency: Data centers, known for their high carbon footprints, require attention. Collaborating with initiatives like The Green Grid (TGG), which offer tools and expertise to enhance data center energy efficiency, can be instrumental in reducing their environmental impact.

    Conclusion

    • India’s digital carbon footprint is a pressing concern that requires immediate attention. Government intervention, industry initiatives, and public awareness are crucial components of the solution. By acknowledging the extent of the issue and framing policies to address it, significant progress can be made in reducing India’s carbon emissions and contributing to global climate goals.

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  • Innovations in Sciences, IT, Computers, Robotics and Nanotechnology

    Ethics of neurotechnology and neurowarfare

    op-ed snap | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: neurotechnology applications

    Mains level: neurotechnology, neurowarfare, ethical concerns and considerations

    neurotechnology

    What’s the news?

    • The rapid growth of neurotechnology, driven by advances in neuroscience and technology, has given rise to a field with immense potential and profound ethical implications.

    Central Idea

    • Neurotechnology encompasses various aspects, from Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) to neuroimaging and neurostimulation. As this field expands, it poses challenges to human privacy, autonomy, and dignity. In this context, the need for ethical guidelines and governance becomes paramount.

    What is neurotechnology?

    • Neurotechnology is a multidisciplinary field that combines neuroscience, engineering, and technology to study, interact with, and manipulate the human nervous system, particularly the brain and its functions.
    • It involves the development and application of various techniques, tools, and devices to better understand and interface with the brain and nervous system.

    What is neurowarfare?

    • Neurowarfare, also known as neurotechnology warfare, refers to the use of advanced neurotechnological tools, techniques, and agents in military operations and conflicts.
    • It represents the convergence of neuroscience, neurotechnology, and warfare strategies, with the aim of gaining a tactical or strategic advantage on the battlefield or in intelligence operations.
    • Neurowarfare explores the manipulation of the human nervous system, particularly the brain, for various purposes, both offensive and defensive.

    The ethics of neurotechnology

    • Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) and Brain-Machine Interfaces (BMIs): BCIs offer direct communication between the brain and external devices, while BMIs integrate neural signals with machines for various applications, including prosthetics and exoskeletons. Ethical concerns arise regarding privacy, autonomy, and mental influence.
    • Neuroimaging and Neurostimulation: Neuroimaging provides access to neurological data, while neurostimulation modulates neural activity for therapeutic purposes. The potential for behavioral changes and privacy invasion necessitates regulation.
    • Gathering and Use of Neurological Data: The absence of guidelines for gathering, studying, and using neurological data requires immediate attention, especially in light of private sector developments such as Neuralink’s brain implant chip.

    The Case of Neuralink

    • Elon Musk’s company, Neuralink, recently unveiled an upgraded brain implant chip approved for human trials.
    • This chip boasts capabilities to potentially alter memories and treat conditions like hearing loss, blindness, paralysis, and depression.
    • This development serves as a stark reminder of the urgent need for comprehensive regulations, especially when such technology is being explored within the private sector.

     

    Neurowarfare: The Emerging Threat

    • Neurotechnological Agents: Advances in synthetic biology open doors to neurotechnological agents that can impact neurological abilities. This includes neuropharmacological agents like amphetamines and neurotechnological devices.
    • Dual-Use Nature: Neurotechnology can have dual-use applications, both civilian and military. Neurowarfare refers to its use in military operations, potentially enhancing soldiers’ cognitive abilities or disrupting the cognitive functions of adversaries.
    • Case Study: Havana Syndrome: The mysterious Havana Syndrome experienced by US intelligence personnel raises concerns about directed energy weapons and intentional attacks. Similar cases have been reported in Guangzhou, China.

    Ethical Concerns in Neurowarfare

    • Informed Consent and Privacy: Ethical use of neurotechnology in warfare requires informed consent for soldiers and civilians. Oversight and restrictions on using such innovations for harm are essential.
    • Psychological Harm: Studying the psychological impact of neurotechnology weapons is imperative to establishing limits on their deployment.
    • Protection of Non-Combatants: Civilians must be shielded from neurotechnology applications, ensuring their privacy, consent, and protection from manipulation.

    Importance of International Cooperation and Responsible Governance

    • International Cooperation: Organizations like the OECD and UNESCO have initiated ethical guidelines for neurotechnology. However, global governance must extend to neurowarfare, with disarmament forums incorporating ethical oversight and transparency.
    • Accountability: State actors should be held accountable through reporting systems, ensuring responsible research and the use of neurotechnology in warfare.

    Conclusion

    • Neurotechnology holds immense potential for human advancement but also raises profound ethical challenges in the context of neurowarfare. Striking a balance between technological progress and ethical considerations is crucial to safeguarding human rights and global security in the age of neurotechnology.

    Must read:

    Implantable Brain-Computer Interface

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  • Parliament – Sessions, Procedures, Motions, Committees etc

    An overhaul, the criminal law Bills, and the big picture

    op-ed snap | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Governance, Transparency & Accountability, Citizens Charters

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: NA

    Mains level: Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS) analysis

    What’s the news?

    • The government recently introduced three key penal bills in a bid to reform the justice system.

    Central idea

    • In August, the central government introduced three significant bills in Parliament – Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), 2023, Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), 2023, and Bharatiya Sakshya (BS) Bill, 2023 – aiming to replace the long-standing Indian Penal Code, 1860, Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC), 1973, and Indian Evidence Act, 1872. These changes warrant a careful examination of their potential impact on law enforcement agencies

    Key changes in The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS)

    • Formalizing FIR Registration:
    • The BNSS introduces a provision that mandates the registration of cognizable offenses at any police station, regardless of the location where the offense occurred.
    • This move, commonly known as recording FIR at Zero, promises easier access for complainants and streamlines the registration process.
    • Preliminary Inquiry Dilemma:
    • An added provision allows for a preliminary inquiry in cases involving cognizable offenses punishable with more than three but less than seven years of imprisonment.
    • This differs from the Supreme Court’s stance in Lalita Kumari versus Govt. of Uttar Pradesh (2013), which emphasized immediate FIR registration.
    • Restrictions on Arrest:
    • In cases of offenses punishable with less than three years of imprisonment, the BNSS permits arrests only with the prior permission of the Deputy Superintendent of Police for individuals over 60 or infirm.
    • Handcuffing Guidelines:
    • The BNSS permits handcuffing in specific instances like terrorism, murder, rape, acid attacks, or offenses against the state.
    • However, the enabling section retains the requirement that restraints should only be used as necessary to prevent escape.
    • Hence, the Supreme Court’s guidelines on handcuffing continue to apply.

    At the Scene of the Crime

    • Forensic Evidence Collection:  The BNSS mandates a forensic expert’s visit to the crime scene and the collection of forensic evidence for offenses punishable with over seven years of imprisonment.
    • Use of Audio-Video Means:
    • The BNSS encourages the use of audio-video recording in investigations, including searches.
    • While the recommended use of smartphones has limitations, progress is underway, following the Supreme Court’s directive in Shafhi Mohammad vs. The State Of Himachal Pradesh (2018).
    • Two-Finger Test: Despite the Supreme Court’s ban on the two-finger test in rape cases (Lillu @ Rajesh & Anr vs State Of Haryana, 2013), the BNSS fails to explicitly include this prohibition.
    • Disclosure of Rape Victim’s Identity:  The provision authorizing the disclosure of a minor victim’s identity to their next of kin may be redundant, given the existing Protection of Children from Sexual Offenses Act.

    Duration of Police Custody

    • Extended Police Custody:
    • The BNSS extends the period of police custody beyond the 15-day limit outlined in the CrPC.
    • However, this extension can only occur after the initial 40 or 60 days, depending on the offense’s severity, with the accused still eligible for default bail.
    • Suspicious Deaths and Statements: While the BNSS broadens the scope of judicial inquiries into suspicious deaths, it relaxes the mandatory recording of statements of women and males under 15 or above 60 at their residence based on their willingness.
    • Inquest Enhancements: The BNSS could enhance the inquest process by including provisions for the videography and photography of post-mortems, especially in cases of custodial deaths or deaths in confrontations with authorities.

    Potential Impact

    • Streamlined FIR Registration: The formalized recording FIR at Zero practice may lead to quicker and more efficient FIR registration. Law enforcement agencies could experience reduced paperwork and administrative burdens, allowing them to focus on investigations promptly.
    • Reduced Case Backlog: The provision for preliminary inquiries, while introducing a variation from previous practices, has the potential to reduce the backlog of cases. By addressing non-prima facie cases early or facilitating compromises, law enforcement agencies may clear cases more efficiently.
    • Improved Evidence Collection: Mandating forensic expert visits and forensic evidence collection for serious offenses can enhance the quality of evidence presented in court. Law enforcement agencies may see stronger cases and higher conviction rates.
    • Enhanced Accountability: Encouraging the use of audio-video means in investigations increases transparency and accountability. Law enforcement agencies may benefit from clearer evidence documentation and reduced allegations of misconduct.
    • Modernization through Technology: Embracing audio-video recording and other modern technologies can help law enforcement agencies adapt to contemporary investigative practices. This could lead to more effective and efficient investigations.

    Concerns and Challenges

    • Arrest Protocol: The BNSS retains all existing provisions of the CrPC regarding arrests, failing to incorporate the Supreme Court’s ruling in Arnesh Kumar versus State of Bihar (2014), which stresses the need for justifiable reasons for arrest and recording them formally.
    • Variation in Practice: The introduction of preliminary inquiries may lead to variations in how law enforcement agencies handle cases. Inconsistent practices could pose challenges for standardization and training.
    • Resource Allocation: Implementing forensic evidence collection may require additional resources, including forensic experts and equipment. Law enforcement agencies may need adequate funding and training to meet these demands.
    • Misuse of Powers: Concerns about potential misuse of provisions, such as handcuffing, need to be addressed through proper training and oversight to ensure responsible use of authority.
    • Compliance with Supreme Court Directives: The absence of an explicit ban on the two-finger test in rape cases may raise concerns about compliance with Supreme Court directives. Law enforcement agencies should ensure alignment with established legal standards.
    • Privacy and Victim Protection: Authorizing the disclosure of a minor rape victim’s identity to their next of kin requires sensitivity and strict adherence to privacy and protection provisions. Law enforcement agencies should handle such information with care.

    Way forward

    • Review Preliminary Inquiry Provision: Reevaluate the provision allowing preliminary inquiries to ensure it aligns intelligently with other cognizable cases and stands up to constitutional scrutiny.
    • Implement Arrest Justification: Include the Supreme Court’s Arnesh Kumar vs. State of Bihar (2014) judgment to make it mandatory for police officers to justify arrests with reasons supported by justifiable material.
    • Enhance Forensic Infrastructure: Commit to providing sufficient resources for developing forensic infrastructure, including technology and manpower, to strengthen evidence collection and analysis.
    • Modernize Investigation Techniques: Develop facilities for videography and photography of crime scenes during investigations at the police station level, embracing modern technology for evidence documentation.
    • Ban Two-Finger Test: Explicitly include the ban on the two-finger test in rape cases to ensure compliance with the Supreme Court’s directives and protect the dignity and privacy of survivors.
    • Comprehensive Police Reformation: Recognize the need for comprehensive police reformation, addressing challenges such as understaffing, poor mobility, insufficient training infrastructure, and inadequate housing facilities, to ensure a more effective and accountable law enforcement system.

    Conclusion

    • While some proposed changes in the BNSS demonstrate progress, they do not qualify as groundbreaking or radical. It is crucial to remember that police stations face numerous challenges, including understaffing, limited resources, inadequate training infrastructure, and poor housing facilities. To bring about true reform, a comprehensive approach to police reformation, rather than merely tweaking legal provisions, is necessary.

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  • Labour, Jobs and Employment – Harmonization of labour laws, gender gap, unemployment, etc.

    Do subsidies and safety nets take focus away from generating jobs?

    op-ed snap | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Issues relating growth and development, employment

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: NA

    Mains level: Jobless growth, subsidies and safety nets

    What’s the news?

    • India’s impressive economic growth numbers have not translated into a commensurate increase in employment opportunities.

    Central idea

    • Despite India’s impressive economic growth numbers, employment has not seen a commensurate increase. With five states heading to the polls at the end of the year, political parties are making various promises to address concerns about rising essential commodity prices. However, the question arises: Are these promises merely distractions from the systemic issue of jobless growth?

    Promises vs. Solutions: Are Electoral Promises Diverting Attention from Jobless Growth?

    • Unemployment’s Stark Reality: India’s economic growth stands in stark contrast to the persistent issue of unemployment, particularly among educated youth.
    • Varied Electoral Promises: Political parties have introduced a range of electoral promises, including measures like providing cheaper gas cylinders and farm loan waivers. These promises often vary in their impact and effectiveness.
    • State-specific Examples: In states like Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh, where unemployment is a significant concern, electoral promises such as the Old Pension Scheme (OPS) may not effectively address the broader issue.

    Agriculture’s Predicament: Can Supply Chain Vulnerabilities and Non-Remunerative Prices be Effectively Addressed?

    • Critical Supply Chain Resilience: The agriculture sector, India’s largest employer, grapples with issues like supply chain vulnerabilities. These vulnerabilities can be exacerbated by factors such as climate change.
    • Transforming Agricultural Output: To tackle the challenge of non-remunerative prices for produce, technological interventions aimed at converting agricultural output into higher-value products are proposed as long-term solutions.
    • Palliatives Amidst Inflation Concerns: In some states like Chhattisgarh, promises like providing ₹1,500 a month for women in distress are seen as addressing purchasing power issues. However, concerns about potential inflation due to such measures must be taken into account.

    Fiscal Responsibility and Unemployment: Is There a Correlation?

    • The Paradox of Fiscal Responsibility: States like Haryana, which strictly adhere to fiscal responsibility guidelines, continue to face high unemployment rates. This paradox highlights the complex relationship between populist policies and fiscal distress.
    • Emphasis on Revenue Mobilization: To effectively implement populist policies, a focus on revenue mobilization efforts is crucial. It’s necessary to ensure that such policies do not strain state finances in the long run.

    Do subsidies and safety nets take focus away from generating jobs?

    • Immediate Relief vs. Long-term Employment:
    • Subsidies and safety nets offer immediate relief to vulnerable sections of the population, addressing issues like distress and purchasing power.
    • However, there is a concern that an overemphasis on such measures may shift focus away from the more significant task of generating sustainable employment opportunities.
    • Balancing Priorities:
    • Balancing the need for immediate relief with the long-term goal of job creation is a complex challenge.
    • While subsidies and safety nets serve a critical purpose, they must be complemented with policies and strategies that promote job generation, particularly in sectors that can absorb the workforce effectively.
    • Policy Design and Implementation:
    • Effective policymaking should aim to strike a balance between providing immediate support and fostering job growth.
    • It is essential to design policies that not only address the distress of vulnerable populations but also contribute to sustainable economic development by generating employment opportunities.

    Rethinking Economic Growth: Beyond GDP and Toward Employment

    • Shifting the Focus from GDP: A Shift away from the Traditional Obsession with GDP Growth It emphasizes that economic growth should be intertwined with employment generation to make a meaningful impact on the lives of citizens.
    • Exploring New Avenues: Rather than investing heavily in high-tech industries like semiconductor manufacturing, the article suggests exploring sectors such as mining for the energy transition. Mining can create local jobs, particularly benefiting marginalized communities and addressing unemployment.

    Conclusion

    • Addressing jobless growth in India requires a nuanced approach. While populist promises serve as palliatives in the absence of structural solutions, the focus should shift towards inclusive growth, technological interventions, and employment-centric policies that tackle supply chain vulnerabilities and promote sustainable economic development.

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  • Climate Change Impact on India and World – International Reports, Key Observations, etc.

    What is heat index and why is it important to measure?

    op-ed snap | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 1: Important Geophysical Phenomena

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Heat index, heat stress, heat waves etc.

    Mains level: Climate change and soaring temperatures, impacts and measures

    What’s the news?

    • In August, the coastal regions of Iran bore witness to an astonishing and potentially life-threatening event: a scorching heat index of 70 degrees Celsius (°C). Public holidays were declared on August 2 and 3 due to what was described as unprecedented heat.

    Central idea

    • The alarming incidents of rising heat temperatures are not isolated; Iran had already grappled with extreme heat earlier in the year when the Persian Gulf Airport recorded a heat index of 66.7°C. The dire consequences of such soaring temperatures demand our attention and action.

    What is the heat index?

    • The heat index, also known as the apparent temperature or feels-like temperature, is a measure of how hot it feels to the human body when relative humidity is factored in along with the actual air temperature.
    • In essence, it quantifies the discomfort or perceived warmth caused by the combination of high temperatures and high humidity.

    How is the heat index calculated?

    • Dr. Robert Steadman’s Formula: Dr. Robert Steadman, a professor at Colorado State University, developed a complex formula in 1979 to calculate the heat index. This formula considers various parameters, including air temperature and relative humidity.
    • Parameters in the Formula: The formula takes into account the following parameters:
      • Air temperature (in degrees Fahrenheit).
      • Relative humidity (expressed as a decimal, e.g., 50% RH becomes 0.50).
      • Coefficients specific to the formula (c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, c6, c7, c8, and c9).
    • Nonlinear Relationship: The formula is complex because it accounts for the nonlinear relationship between temperature, humidity, and how humans perceive heat.
    • Global Variations: Different countries may have their own variations of heat index calculations, but Dr. Steadman’s formula is widely recognized and used as a standard reference.

    Significance of measuring the heat index

    • Accurate Perception of Heat: The heat index provides a more accurate representation of how hot it feels to the human body compared to the actual air temperature. It factors in relative humidity, which significantly affects human comfort in hot conditions.
    • Health Impact Assessment: Measuring the heat index is crucial for assessing the potential health risks associated with hot weather. It helps identify conditions that may lead to heat-related illnesses, including heat exhaustion and heatstroke.
    • Preventing Heat Stress: High humidity levels, considered in the heat index, can lead to heat stress. Monitoring the heat index assists in recognizing situations where heat stress is more likely to occur, prompting individuals to take the necessary precautions.
    • Issuing Public Warnings: Weather agencies and authorities use the heat index to issue heat advisories and warnings to the public. These warnings inform people about the heightened risks associated with high heat index values, encouraging them to take protective measures.
    • Workplace Safety: Measuring the heat index is vital for ensuring workplace safety, particularly in industries involving outdoor work or non-air-conditioned environments. It enables employers and workers to implement safety measures to prevent heat-related illnesses and injuries.
    • Emergency Preparedness: Emergency response and preparedness agencies rely on heat index information to anticipate and respond to heat-related emergencies. This includes managing heat-related illnesses and addressing the increased demand for cooling during heatwaves.
    • Adapting to Climate Change: With the increasing frequency and intensity of heatwaves associated with climate change, monitoring the heat index becomes essential. It assists in adapting to changing climate conditions and developing strategies to mitigate heat-related risks.

    How does high humidity impact the human body?

    • Heat Stress: High humidity can lead to heat stress, where the body struggles to dissipate excess heat. The typical human core temperature range is 36.1 to 37.2°C. When the body can’t effectively shed surplus heat, the core temperature rises, potentially causing symptoms such as heat exhaustion, rashes, and an elevated heart rate.
    • Reduced Cooling: In high humidity, the body’s natural cooling mechanism, which relies on sweating and evaporation, becomes less effective. The saturated air makes it challenging for sweat to evaporate, hindering the body’s ability to lose excess heat. This results in discomfort and a heightened risk of heat-related illnesses.
    • Perceived Temperature: High humidity can make the air feel significantly hotter than the actual air temperature. This increase in perceived temperature, often reflected in the heat index, contributes to a sense of extreme heat and discomfort.
    • Dehydration Risk: To compensate for reduced evaporative cooling in high humidity, individuals may sweat profusely. This increased sweating can raise the risk of dehydration if fluid losses are not replenished adequately.
    • Respiratory Discomfort: Humid air can pose challenges for individuals with respiratory conditions like asthma. The added moisture in the air may make breathing more difficult, worsening respiratory symptoms.
    • Sleep Disturbances: High humidity can disrupt sleep patterns, as sleeping in a warm and muggy environment can be uncomfortable. Restlessness and difficulties falling or staying asleep may occur in such conditions.
    • Impact on Physical Activities: High humidity can hinder physical performance and work productivity. People may find it more challenging to engage in physical activities or perform tasks in hot and humid conditions.

    Facts for Prelims: Heat-related Terminologies in News

    • Heat stroke: Heat stroke is a serious medical condition that occurs when the body’s temperature regulation system fails, and the body temperature rises to dangerous levels, usually above 104°F (40°C). It can lead to organ damage and even death if not treated promptly.
    • Heat cramps: Heat cramps are painful muscle contractions that can occur during physical activity in hot weather.
    • Heat wave: A heat wave is a prolonged period of excessively hot weather, which can be accompanied by high humidity levels. The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) defines a heat wave as when the daily maximum temperature of more than five consecutive days exceeds the average maximum temperature by 5°C, and the normal minimum temperature is also exceeded.
    • Heat index: It is the measure of how hot it feels when relative humidity is added to actual air temperature. The higher the heat index, the hotter it feels.
    • Thermal stress: It is the stress on the human body caused by high temperatures, humidity, and solar radiation.
    • Urban Heat Island: It refers to the phenomenon where urban areas experience higher temperatures than surrounding rural areas due to human activities like transportation, industrialization, and construction.
    • Wet bulb globe temperature: It is a measure of heat stress in direct sunlight, which takes into account temperature, humidity, wind speed, sun angle and cloud cover.
    • Diurnal temperature range: It is the difference between the maximum and minimum temperatures in a 24-hour period. A low diurnal temperature range indicates high humidity and poor air quality.

    Way forward: Measures to adapt

    • Recognize the Danger: Acknowledge that a heat index value of 67°C or higher can be extremely dangerous for both humans and animals, especially with direct and prolonged exposure.
    • Invest in Early Warning Systems: Develop and invest in early warning systems that provide timely alerts and advisories about extreme heat events. This helps individuals and communities prepare for and respond to heatwaves effectively.
    • Adjust Work Timings: Consider making changes to work schedules to avoid outdoor activities during the hottest parts of the day. This can reduce heat exposure and the risk of heat-related illnesses.
    • Find Sustainable Cooling Solutions: Identify and implement sustainable cooling solutions, such as the use of energy-efficient and environmentally friendly cooling technologies. Ensuring access to air conditioning and promoting better building designs for heat resilience are also important.
    • Promote Public Awareness and Education: Raise public awareness about the risks associated with extreme heat, and educate individuals and communities about heat safety measures. Knowledge empowers people to take proactive steps to protect themselves during heatwaves.

    Conclusion

    • As we confront rising heat index values across the globe, our ability to adapt and mitigate the effects of extreme heat on human health and well-being becomes paramount. Proactive measures, informed by a comprehensive understanding of the heat index, are essential to safeguarding lives and ensuring a sustainable future in the face of escalating climate challenges.

    Must read:

    Heat domes, anticyclones and climate change: What’s causing heat waves across the world?

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  • ISRO Missions and Discoveries

    Chandrayaan 3 success: India’s role in democratising space

    op-ed snap | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Achievements Of Indians In S&T

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: ISRO missions

    Mains level: Rapid commercialization of Space and governance, India's role

    What’s the news?

    • Chandrayaan 3’s landing on August 23 is a significant development in India’s space exploration efforts. This event prompts reflection on recent developments in outer space activities and their implications for peaceful purposes.

    Central idea

    • The year 2023 has seen India make significant strides in the realm of outer space activities. From becoming a signatory to the US Artemis Accords, which focus on the responsible use of outer space, to deepening engagements with the United States through initiatives like the US-India Civil Space and Commercial Space Working Groups, India has emerged as a key player in the global space arena.

    Evolution of Outer Space Governance

    • Historical Initiatives: The journey of outer space governance began with the historic launch of Sputnik in 1957. This event spurred the adoption of UN General Assembly Resolutions 1721 A and B in 1961. These resolutions marked the early acknowledgment of the need for international collaboration in space exploration.
    • Consolidation of Principles: Over the years, space-faring nations consistently upheld the principles enshrined in the Outer Space Treaty of 1967. These principles have gradually evolved into customary international laws. This evolution signifies the transformation of outer space into an inclusive and democratized domain.
    • Widespread Participation: Presently, outer space is accessible to more than 80 countries, each deriving various advantages from space-based satellite services. This widespread participation reflects the successful international cooperation that has expanded access to space resources.

    Outer Space as a Global Common

    • The concept of a global common traditionally applies to areas beyond the sovereignty of any single nation, inspired by ideas like Grotius’s Mare Liberum (free sea).
    • In the United Nations framework, outer space is recognized as one of the global commons alongside the high seas, the atmosphere, and Antarctica.

    Two Perspectives on Global Commons

    • Enabling Perspective:
    • From a geopolitical and military standpoint, considering outer space as a global common facilitates international cooperation and security.
    • Nations worldwide recognize that areas beyond their jurisdiction, such as outer space, are vital for maintaining international order and regional security.
    • Rejecting the idea of outer space as a global common could undermine the freedom of navigation, a fundamental principle upheld by initiatives like the QUAD.
    • Constraining Perspective:
    • Alternatively, viewing outer space as a global common can limit the economic and commercial exploitation of its resources.
    • It implies shared ownership, public governance, and restrictions on usage, aligning with the concept of the common heritage of mankind concept as expressed in the Moon Agreement of 1979.
    • This concept extends beyond outer space, applying to the high seas and deep-sea beds, emphasizing the need for responsible resource management.

    Challenges and Complexity in Outer Space Governance

    • Commercial Planetary Resource Extraction: Private companies and nations are exploring the potential for mining resources from celestial bodies such as the moon and asteroids. This raises complex questions about property rights, resource allocation, and environmental concerns in outer space.
    • Resource Management: As commercial interests grow, the management of outer space resources becomes increasingly intricate. Determining how to allocate resources fairly and sustainably while avoiding overuse or exploitation poses a significant challenge. Balancing the interests of different nations and entities in resource-rich areas like the Moon adds to the complexity.
    • Environmental Concerns: Space debris and orbital congestion pose environmental risks to space activities. With an increasing number of satellites and space missions, managing space debris and ensuring the long-term sustainability of space activities have become pressing challenges.
    • Security and Militarization: The militarization of outer space and concerns about security in space have grown. Nations are developing space-based capabilities for defense and surveillance, raising questions about the potential weaponization of space and the need for arms control measures.
    • International Collaboration: Ensuring effective international collaboration in space governance can be challenging due to differing national interests, technological disparities, and political tensions.
    • Technological Advancements: Rapid technological advancements in space exploration, including the development of reusable rockets and miniaturized satellites, change the landscape of space activities. Keeping regulatory frameworks up-to-date with these advancements is a constant challenge.

    India’s Crucial Role in Space Resource Management

    • Involvement in International Agreements: India is both a signatory to the Moon Agreement of 1979 and the Artemis Accords. This dual commitment places India in a unique position to influence and contribute to the development of international frameworks for space governance.
    • Complex Decision-Making: The complexity arises from the fact that while India has signed the Artemis Accords, it has not yet ratified the Moon Agreement. This highlights India’s need to carefully evaluate its stance on these agreements and the implications for its future space activities and resource management.
    • Global Impact: India’s decisions and actions in the realm of space resource management have global implications. As one of the major space-faring nations, India’s approach will significantly influence the international framework for managing space resources, including lunar and celestial bodies.
    • International Cooperation: India’s robust international cooperation in space programs, including multilateral and bilateral engagements, positions it as a key collaborator with advanced space powers and emerging space nations.
    • Balancing Competing Objectives: India’s role is vital in striking a balance between competing objectives in the use of outer space for peaceful purposes. This involves ensuring responsible resource utilization, promoting equitable access, and upholding international law and principles.

    Conclusion

    • India’s growing prominence in the field of outer space activities requires a thoughtful approach to its role in shaping the future of space resource management. Balancing competing objectives, promoting peaceful use of outer space, and contributing to the development of an international framework are essential steps to ensure the responsible and equitable exploration and utilization of space resources for the benefit of all humankind.

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  • Air Pollution

    For an expanse of blue, with air so clean

    op-ed snap | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Climate change

    Mains level: The problem of air pollution, serious threat, efforts in progress and viable solutions

    What’s the news?

    • According to UN Secretary-General António Guterres, the Earth has entered an era of global boiling, marked by scorching heatwaves, devastating floods, and erratic weather patterns.

    Central idea

    • With scorching heatwaves, devastating floods, and erratic weather patterns becoming the new normal, the urgency to address the triple-planetary crisis of biodiversity loss, climate change, and pollution has never been more apparent. Amidst this global turmoil, it’s crucial to recognize that one silent but deadly adversary is among us: air pollution.

    The Silent Killer: Air Pollution

    • Global health statistics are grim, with lung cancer claiming 10 million lives worldwide in 2020, a number projected to rise by another 3.2 million by 2050, according to a report by the Indian National Institute of Health.
    • South Asia, home to two billion people, is a grim example, hosting nine of the world’s ten most polluted cities, with Delhi topping the list.
    • Despite some progress in terms of Air Quality Index (AQI) improvements, Delhi remains in the grip of perilous air pollution, especially during the winter months.

    The Looming Threat of Air Pollution

    • Lung cancer, cardiovascular disorders, respiratory ailments, and mental health issues continue to devastate lives.
    • Delhi’s air, laden with sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, high particulate matter, carbon monoxide, and ozone, deprives over 30 million residents of their basic human right to breathe clean air.
    • Vulnerable groups like immunocompromised individuals, pregnant women, children, and the elderly suffer disproportionately.
    • In 2019, a Lancet report attributed 1.67 million deaths in India to air pollution, accounting for a staggering 17.8% of total deaths in the country.

    Efforts in Progress to Combat Air Pollution

    • PUSA Decomposer: The Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) has developed the PUSA Decomposer, which employs biotechnology to tackle agricultural pollution. This innovative solution addresses the burning of crop residues, a significant contributor to air pollution.
    • State-level Policies: Many state governments have implemented policies like GRAP 3 (Graded Rapid Action Plan) to monitor air quality in pollution hotspots. The establishment of Green War Rooms represents a proactive approach to managing and mitigating air pollution in these regions.
    • Startups and Innovation: Numerous startups, often led by young entrepreneurs, are actively engaged in finding sustainable solutions to air pollution. These initiatives include the conversion of agricultural waste into valuable products, reducing the environmental impact of farming practices.

    International Initiatives and Collaborations to Combat Air Pollution

    • UNESCO Initiatives: UNESCO has undertaken various initiatives to address air pollution. One notable initiative is the implementation of an internal carbon tax on all flight tickets. This tax aims to reduce carbon emissions from air travel, a significant contributor to global air pollution.
    • World Air Quality Project: The World Air Quality Project provides real-time air quality data, allowing residents to make informed decisions about their activities and travel based on current air quality conditions. This empowers individuals to protect their health by avoiding areas with poor air quality.
    • Collaboration with UNEP: UNESCO collaborates with the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) on environmentally conscious practices. For example, the ‘Virtual Meetings’ project promotes digital working to reduce the need for travel and its associated carbon emissions.
    • Clean-Air-For-Schools: UNESCO’s Clean-Air-For-Schools program focuses on spreading education and awareness about clean air among students and the wider community. This initiative aims to engage future generations in the fight against air pollution.
    • Promotion of Sustainable Practices: International initiatives also promote sustainable practices in various sectors. This includes the adoption of electric vehicles, the replacement of traditional lighting systems with energy-efficient LED arrangements, and the implementation of solar-powered offices to reduce carbon emissions.
    • Protection of Historical Sites: Efforts are underway to protect historical and cultural sites from the harmful effects of air pollution. Developing strategies to curb air pollution in the vicinity of these sites is essential for their preservation.
    • Green Solutions: UNESCO encourages the development of green solutions, such as urban forests, parks, and green corridors, to mitigate air pollution in urban areas.

    Viable solutions to combat air pollution

    • Urban Planning and Design: Cities worldwide are adopting innovative urban planning and design strategies to prioritize human health and environmental sustainability. Car-free zones, green spaces, and smart urban layouts can significantly reduce air pollution by promoting alternative transportation methods and reducing traffic congestion.
    • Public Transportation: Electrified public transportation systems, including electric buses and trains, offer a sustainable and low-pollution alternative to traditional fossil-fuel-powered vehicles. These initiatives reduce emissions and contribute to cleaner air in urban areas.
    • Nature-Based Solutions: Integrating nature-based solutions, such as urban forests, parks, and green corridors, into urban landscapes can help absorb pollutants and improve air quality. These green spaces also provide additional benefits for public health and well-being.
    • Biotechnology: Innovative biotechnology, like the PUSA decomposer mentioned earlier, can play a crucial role in reducing agricultural pollution, a significant contributor to poor air quality.
    • Renewable Energy: Transitioning to clean and renewable energy sources can significantly reduce the air pollution associated with fossil fuel combustion. China’s shift to clean energy and electrified mobility serves as a prime example of this transition’s positive impact.
    • Sustainable Farming Practices: Initiatives like Indonesia’s Carbon Efficient Farming Project and efforts in Thailand and Vietnam to reduce open straw burning demonstrate the importance of adopting sustainable agricultural practices to minimize air pollution.
    • International Collaboration: Global initiatives, such as those by UNESCO and the World Air Quality Project, facilitate international cooperation to combat air pollution. These efforts include measures like implementing carbon taxes on flight tickets and promoting environmentally conscious practices.
    • Youth-Led Advocacy: Young activists worldwide are actively raising awareness about air pollution and advocating for cleaner air. Their efforts, including real-time air quality data monitoring and environmental education, play a vital role in inspiring change.

    Conclusion

    • The time for action is now. The problem of air pollution was created by people, and it is people who must find and implement solutions, supported by effective air quality policies and action plans. The choice is ours, and it is one that demands urgency, resolve, and a collective commitment to securing a cleaner, healthier world for all.

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  • G20 : Economic Cooperation ahead

    Sustainable agriculture, climate change and nutrition: a complex challenge

    op-ed snap | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: G20 Initiatives

    Mains level: the complex nexus of food security, climate variability, and sustainable agriculture for a resilient and sustainable future.

    What’s the news?

    • The interconnected challenges of food security, climate change, and sustainable agriculture emphasize the need for a comprehensive approach. The G20 Indian Presidency can play a pivotal role in fostering international cooperation to address these issues.

    Central idea

    • The intricate link between food security, climate variability, and sustainable agriculture has far-reaching consequences for the Earth and its inhabitants. Climate change threatens food security through erratic weather and extreme events, while agricultural practices exacerbate climate change, creating a damaging feedback loop.

    Climate Variability and Food Insecurity

    • Climate variability, characterized by erratic weather patterns such as droughts and floods, directly impacts agriculture. It can lead to crop failures, reduced agricultural productivity, and increased food insecurity.
    • Erratic weather patterns disrupt traditional farming practices and make it challenging to predict and plan for successful harvests.
    • Vulnerable populations are disproportionately affected by extreme weather events like droughts and floods.

    How does land use play a significant role in both climate change and food security? 

    • Unsustainable land use practices, such as deforestation and the expansion of agriculture, release carbon into the atmosphere, contributing to global warming.
    • On the other hand, practices like reforestation, agroforestry, and land conservation can sequester carbon and improve soil health, benefiting both agriculture and climate change mitigation.

    The Role of Sustainable Agriculture

    • Mitigating Environmental Impact: Sustainable agriculture focuses on practices that aim to minimize the environmental degradation associated with conventional farming. This includes reducing the use of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers, which can harm ecosystems and water quality.
    • Maintaining or Improving Productivity: Sustainable agricultural practices are designed to maintain or even improve agricultural productivity while reducing environmental harm. This is essential to ensuring a stable and sufficient food supply, particularly in the face of climate change-related disruptions.
    • Enhancing Climate Resilience: Sustainable agricultural practices, such as crop rotation, organic farming, and reduced pesticide use, can enhance the resilience of farming systems. These practices make agriculture less susceptible to disruptions caused by climate variability, such as extreme weather events.
    • Carbon Sequestration: The article suggests that sustainable land use practices, such as reforestation, agroforestry, and land conservation, can sequester carbon from the atmosphere. This not only helps mitigate climate change but also improves soil health, benefiting both agriculture and the environment.

    How can agriculture be made more sustainable and resilient in communities in developing countries?

    • Increasing Crop Diversity: Encouraging farmers to diversify their crop choices can improve resilience. Growing a variety of crops can increase the risk of crop failure due to unpredictable weather patterns and pests. Crop diversity also enhances nutrient cycling in the soil, improving overall soil health.
    • Diversifying Farming Systems: Promoting mixed farming systems that include livestock and aquaculture alongside traditional crops can enhance resilience. These integrated systems can optimize resource use, provide multiple sources of income, and improve nutrient cycling.
    • Efficient Irrigation Systems: Investing in efficient irrigation systems can help farmers cope with changing rainfall patterns and water scarcity. These systems can improve soil health and water conservation, reducing vulnerability to climate-related challenges.
    • Promoting Organic Farming Practices: Encouraging organic farming practices, which minimize the use of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers, can reduce environmental harm and improve the resilience of agricultural systems. Organic practices often focus on building healthy soils, which can better withstand climate variability.
    • Cultivating Climate-Resistant Crops: Promoting the cultivation of climate-resistant crop varieties and drought-resistant seeds, such as millets, can help farmers adapt to changing climate conditions. These crops are often better suited to withstand droughts and extreme temperatures.
    • Strengthening Market Links: Facilitating connections between farmers and markets can help ensure that farmers receive fair prices for their produce. This can improve the economic resilience of farming communities and incentivize sustainable practices.
    • Microfinance Opportunities: Providing access to microfinance opportunities can assist farmers in investing in sustainable agricultural practices. Financial support can help farmers acquire the resources they need to adopt more resilient and sustainable farming methods.
    • Policy Support: Implementing policies that emphasize sustainable agriculture and provide incentives for sustainable practices can create an enabling environment for farmers. These policies can include subsidies for sustainable practices, access to credit, and support for climate adaptation.

    Global Prospects through the G20 Indian Presidency

    • International Cooperation: The G20 Indian Presidency offers a platform for international cooperation. G20 countries can collaborate and coordinate efforts to address pressing global challenges, including climate change and food security.
    • Knowledge Sharing: The G20 provides a forum for knowledge sharing among member nations. Countries can exchange best practices, share research findings, and pool resources to tackle common issues more effectively.
    • Policy Advocacy: G20 member countries can use their collective influence to advocate for policies that promote sustainability, resilience, and equity in global food systems. This can include advocating for climate-resilient agricultural practices and sustainable land use.
    • Resource Mobilization: The G20 can facilitate resource mobilization to support initiatives aimed at creating a more sustainable and resilient global food system. This includes financial support for sustainable agriculture projects and climate adaptation efforts.
    • Innovation and Research: G20 countries can promote international cooperation in agriculture research and innovation. By working together, they can accelerate the development of sustainable crop varieties, pest-resistant crops, and advanced farming technologies.
    • Global Food Security: The G20 can play a pivotal role in enhancing global food security. This involves coordinating efforts to improve food distribution systems, reduce food losses and waste, and promote sustainable agriculture to ensure a stable food supply for vulnerable populations worldwide.
    • Agricultural and Rural Development: G20 member nations can leverage their resources and expertise to support agricultural and rural development in developing countries. Investments in infrastructure, capacity development, and financial assistance to smallholder farmers can alleviate poverty and promote sustainable farming practices.

    Conclusion

    • Fostering international cooperation is essential to addressing the complex nexus of food security, climate variability, and sustainable agriculture for a resilient and sustainable future. The G20, with its potential to drive global strategies, should play a pivotal role in coordinating efforts to mitigate climate change, adapt agricultural practices, and ensure food security on a global scale.

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  • Economic Indicators and Various Reports On It- GDP, FD, EODB, WIR etc

    The tax base is growing – government shouldn’t waste the opportunity

    op-ed snap | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Indian Economy

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Basic concepts

    Mains level: Growing tax base, recent trends, opportunities and challenges

    What’s the news?

    • India sees a surge in taxpayer base amidst tax policy challenges; a stable tax-to-GDP ratio raises questions on fiscal maneuverability and economic growth prospects.

    Central idea

    • In the lead-up to each budget, the Union government cites limited tax revenues as a spending constraint. Recent years have seen a surge in direct and indirect tax payers, challenging the idea that only a small segment contributes. This should ideally raise the tax-to-GDP ratio, yet tax rate cuts and pandemic disruptions have limited fiscal gains, hinting at a deliberate shift to a low-tax regime.

    What is meant by fiscal maneuverability?

    • It refers to the government’s ability to adjust its revenue and expenditure policies in response to changing economic conditions, budget constraints, and policy goals.

    What is Tax-to-GDP Ratio?

    • The Tax-to-GDP ratio is a financial indicator that measures the total tax revenue collected by a government as a percentage of its overall GDP for a specific period, typically a fiscal year.
    • This ratio is used to assess the level of taxation relative to the size of the economy.
    • A higher Tax-to-GDP ratio suggests that a larger portion of a nation’s economic output is being collected in the form of taxes.

    What Factors Have Led to the Government’s Limited Fiscal Maneuverability Before Budgets?

    • The common refrain: Historically, the Union government has often cited its limited tax revenues as a significant constraint on its ability to maneuver effectively in the run-up to budgets.
    • Steady increase in tax base: It’s noteworthy that there has been a consistent increase in both direct and indirect tax payers over recent years.
    • Economic context: This expansion in the tax base has occurred during a phase of slower, uneven economic growth.
    • Impact of tax cuts and disruptions: Despite the increase in taxpayers, cuts in both direct and indirect tax rates (including GST) and pandemic-induced economic disruptions have limited the fiscal gains from this surge in taxpayers.

    How Has the Taxpayer Base Evolved in Recent Years?

    • Growth in the taxpayer base: The tax base has shown substantial growth in recent years, challenging the belief that only a small section of society pays taxes.
    • Direct tax base expansion: The number of companies paying tax grew by about 43 percent, from 7.46 lakh to 10.7 lakh, between the assessment years 2014–15 and 2022–23.
    • Individual taxpayers: Individual taxpayers increased by 65 percent over the same period, rising from 5.38 crore to 8.9 crore.
    • Role of small taxpayers: It’s important to note that a significant number of these new tax payers have incomes less than Rs 5 lakh.

    Trends and Factors in the Expansion of the Indirect Tax Base

    • Indirect tax base growth: The number of active GST payers increased from 1.2 crore in 2019 to 1.4 crore by June 2023.
    • Composition: About 80 percent of these taxpayers are proprietorships, with another 10 percent being partnerships.
    • Incentives for registration: Smaller establishments are incentivized to register under GST to avail of the input tax credit.
    • Indirect tax impact: The growth in the indirect tax base may also be influencing the increase in direct tax payers.

    Impact of Tax Rate Reductions

    • Corporate tax rate reduction: In September 2019, the government announced a cut in the corporate tax rate for existing companies from 30 percent to 22 percent.
    • Impact on revenue: As per government figures, the revenue loss on account of this corporate tax reduction was Rs 1.28 lakh crore in 2019–20 and Rs 1 lakh crore in 2020–21.
    • Corporate tax-to-GDP ratio: The corporate tax-to-GDP ratio declined from 3.5 percent in 2018–19 to around 3.1 percent by 2022–23.
    • Personal income tax rebates: In the interim budget of 2019, the government announced that individual taxpayers with taxable income up to Rs 5 lakh would get a full tax rebate.
    • Personal income tax-to-GDP ratio: The personal income tax-to-GDP ratio increased from 2.5 percent in 2018–19 to 3 percent by 2022–23.
    • Increase in zero tax liability: Notably, the number of individuals with zero tax liability also increased from 2.9 crore in 2019–20 to 5.16 crore in 2022–23, which may limit the gains from an expansion in the tax base.

    What are the challenges?

    • Revenue Sustainability: A challenge arises in ensuring that the gains from an expanding tax base translate into sustainable revenue streams. Despite the increase in taxpayers, tax cuts and disruptions may limit the fiscal benefits.
    • Tax Evasion and Avoidance: Addressing tax evasion and avoidance remains a significant challenge. Although the formalization of the economy makes tax evasion more complicated, it requires effective measures to combat tax evasion further.
    • Balancing Tax Cuts: The reduction in tax rates, such as the corporate tax cut, has implications for government revenue. Striking a balance between encouraging economic growth through lower taxes and maintaining adequate fiscal resources is a constant challenge.
    • Targeted Spending: As the government’s fiscal space expands with a growing tax base, it faces the challenge of allocating resources effectively. Prioritizing and targeting spending on key development objectives while avoiding wasteful expenditures is essential.

    Future Prospects

    • Fiscal Sustainability: With an expanding economy and tax base, there is potential for improved fiscal sustainability. If managed effectively, this can provide the government with more resources to meet its long-term financial commitments.
    • Development Opportunities: The growth in the tax base offers opportunities for increased public investment in critical sectors, fostering economic development, and improving the overall quality of life for citizens.
    • Reduced Reliance on Borrowing: An increased tax base can reduce the government’s reliance on borrowing to meet budgetary needs, potentially leading to lower interest payments and debt management challenges.
    • Incentive for Formalization: As more individuals and businesses enter the tax net, there’s a natural incentive for greater formalization of the economy. This can reduce the size of the informal sector and promote economic stability.
    • Policy Flexibility: A broader tax base can provide the government with greater policy flexibility. It can consider adjustments to tax rates, exemptions, and deductions to support specific policy goals, such as promoting investment or addressing income inequality.
    • Enhanced Economic Growth: With appropriate fiscal policies, the increased revenue potential from a growing tax base can contribute to sustained economic growth, job creation, and poverty reduction.

    Conclusion

    • The government’s strategic choices regarding tax rates have influenced the country’s tax landscape, expanded the taxpayer base while maintained stable tax-to-GDP ratios. As India’s economy continues to evolve, these gains should not be squandered through excessive giveaways but rather strategically allocated to promote sustainable development and economic growth.

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