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  • Forest Conservation Efforts – NFP, Western Ghats, etc.

    Monsoon session of Parliament to decide fate of Biological Diversity (Amendment) Bill

    op-ed snap | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Biological Diversity (Amendment) Bill, 2022

    Mains level: Biological Diversity (Amendment) Bill, 2022, Provisions, concerns and way forward

    Biological

    What’s the news?

    • The Biological Diversity (Amendment) Bill, 2022 is set to be tabled during the monsoon session of the Parliament. Earlier, it was to be discussed in the Lok Sabha on March 29, 2023 but was deferred.

    Central idea

    • The Biological Diversity (Amendment) Bill, 2022, introduced in 2021 seeks to amend the existing Biological Diversity Act, 2002. However, it has faced criticism and reservations due to concerns that certain amendments may favor industry interests and not adequately uphold the principles of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). The bill’s journey so far has raised questions about its potential impact on biodiversity conservation in India.

    Objectives of the Bill

    • The main objectives of the amendment bill are to ease regulations on wild medicinal plants,
    • Promote the Indian system of medicine
    • Foster an environment for collaborative research and investments
    • Reduce the burden of obtaining permissions from the National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) for practitioners and companies producing medicinal products

    Controversial Provisions of the Biological Diversity (Amendment) Bill, 2022

    • The bill proposes to de-criminalize violations of biodiversity laws and withdraws the power given to the National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) to file a First Information Report (FIR) against defaulting parties.
    • The bill allows domestic companies to use biodiversity without seeking approval from biodiversity boards. Only foreign controlled companies are required to acquire permission.
    • The bill includes the term codified traditional knowledge, which grants exemptions to users, including practitioners of Indian systems of medicine, from the provisions of approvals for accessing or sharing benefits.

    Concerns raised by the activists

    • Some critics argue that the proposed amendments may weaken biodiversity conservation efforts in India
    • Lack of oversight and accountability may lead to unchecked utilization of biodiversity resources, which could negatively impact ecosystems and biodiversity.
    • The codified traditional knowledge may enable profit-seeking domestic companies to exploit traditional knowledge without adequately compensating the communities that have conserved and developed it for generations.
    • The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) emphasizes the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of biodiversity. The proposed amendments may not fully align with these principles.
    • While the bill aims to promote traditional medicine and ease regulations, it may not sufficiently address the broader issues of biodiversity loss, habitat degradation, and the need for stronger conservation measures.
    • Weakening biodiversity protection and benefit-sharing mechanisms could disproportionately affect indigenous and local communities, which often rely on biodiversity for their livelihoods and cultural practices.

    Way forward

    • Reassess and redraft the contentious provisions in the bill, particularly those related to decriminalizing violations, exempting domestic companies from seeking permission, and codified traditional knowledge.
    • Establish robust and transparent mechanisms for equitable benefit sharing from the use of biodiversity.
    • Adequately compensate indigenous communities and traditional knowledge holders for their role in conserving and preserving biodiversity.
    • Incentivize businesses that prioritize conservation and sustainable utilization of resources.
    • Strengthen enforcement measures to ensure compliance with biodiversity conservation regulations. Establish appropriate penalties for violations to deter non-compliance.
    • Align the bill with India’s international commitments, especially those agreed upon during the 15th Conference of Parties to the CBD.
    • Strengthen the capacity and authority of biodiversity governance bodies like the National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) to effectively regulate and monitor biodiversity-related activities.

    Conclusion

    • The Biological Diversity (Amendment) Bill, 2022 presents a complex dilemma for biodiversity conservation in India. As the bill awaits discussion in the monsoon session, it becomes crucial for policymakers to address the concerns raised by activists and legal experts, ensuring that India’s biodiversity is safeguarded and aligned with global conservation goals.

    Also read:

    Why is there a controversy on the forest Bill?

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  • Climate Change Impact on India and World – International Reports, Key Observations, etc.

    Heat domes, anticyclones and climate change: What’s causing heat waves across the world?

    op-ed snap | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 1: Important Geophysical Phenomena

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Heatwaves, heat domes ,el nino , ocean warming etc and their interactions and impacts

    Mains level: Rising Heatwaves across the globe, factors, impacts and mitigating strategies

     

    What’s the news?

    • The average daily global temperature on Thursday was recorded at 17.12 degrees Celsius, encompassing measurements over land, ocean, ice sheets, and mountainous snow regions.

    Central idea

    • In a concerning announcement, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) declared June as the hottest month ever recorded on Earth since temperature tracking began 174 years ago. The heatwave has persisted into July, with 18 out of the first 20 days witnessing unprecedented average daily global temperatures.

    What is Heat-wave?

    It is a period of unusually hot weather that typically lasts two or more days, but there is no universally accepted definition of a heatwave. (Image: News18 Creative)

    • A heatwave is a prolonged period of abnormally hot weather.
    • Heatwaves usually last for several days or weeks and can occur in both dry and humid
    • Characterized by temperatures that are significantly higher than the average for a particular region during that time of year.

    What are heat domes?

    Heat Waves and Heat Dome | 20 Jul 2021

    • A heat dome occurs when an area of high-pressure stays over a region for days and weeks. It traps warm air, just like a lid on a pot, for an extended period.
    • The longer that air remains trapped, the more the sun works to heat the air, producing warmer conditions with every passing day.
    • Heat domes, if they last for a long period, may cause deadly heat waves.

    What are Anticyclones?

    • An anticyclone, also known as a high-pressure system, is essentially an area of high pressure in which the air goes downwards towards the Earth’s surface.
    • As the air sinks, its molecules get compressed, which increases the pressure, making it warmer. This causes dry and hot weather.
    • The winds remain calm and gentle during an anticyclone, and there is almost no formation of clouds because here the air sinks rather than rises.

    Factors behind this scorching trend?

    • Climate change: The primary driver behind the escalating heatwaves and rising global temperatures is human-induced climate change.
    • The burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, industrial processes, and other human activities release greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O), into the atmosphere. These gases trap heat and lead to the greenhouse effect, resulting in the warming of the Earth’s surface.
    • El Nino events, characterized by abnormal warming of surface waters in the equatorial Pacific Ocean, can elevate temperatures worldwide and exacerbate heatwaves.
    • Heat domes and anticyclones are weather phenomena that can intensify and extend heatwaves.
    • Warmer oceans release more heat into the atmosphere, fueling extreme weather events like heatwaves.
    • Urban areas with concrete and asphalt surfaces can create heat islands that retain and amplify heat, leading to higher temperatures within cities compared to surrounding rural areas.
    • Climate change can trigger feedback loops that amplify its effects. For example, melting ice in the Arctic reduces the Earth’s reflective surface, leading to increased absorption of sunlight and further warming.

    *NOTE: Although heat domes and anticyclones don’t occur due to climate change, they have become more intense and longer as a result of soaring global temperatures.

    Impact of Heatwaves

    1.Human Health Impacts:

    • Heat-related Illnesses: Heatwaves can cause heat-related illnesses such as heat exhaustion and heatstroke, which can be life-threatening if not treated promptly. The elderly, young children, and individuals with pre-existing health conditions are more vulnerable.
    • Dehydration: High temperatures and excessive sweating can lead to dehydration, especially if individuals do not consume enough fluids.

    2.Impact on Agriculture:

    • Crop Failure: Prolonged heatwaves can cause damage to crops and reduce agricultural yields due to drought conditions and water shortages.
    • Livestock Stress: High temperatures can lead to heat stress in livestock, affecting their productivity and overall health.

    3.Environmental Impact:

    • Drought: Heatwaves can contribute to drought conditions by increasing evaporation and reducing water availability, leading to water scarcity and affecting ecosystems.
    • Wildfires: Hot and dry conditions during heatwaves can increase the risk of wildfires, leading to extensive damage to forests and wildlife habitats.
    • Water Quality: Heatwaves can lead to higher water temperatures, which may negatively impact aquatic ecosystems and decrease water quality.

    4.Energy Demand and Infrastructure Stress:

    • Increased Energy Consumption: Heatwaves result in higher energy demand due to the use of air conditioning and cooling systems, putting strain on the power grid.
    • Power Outages: The increased demand for electricity during heatwaves can lead to power outages if the electrical infrastructure becomes overloaded.

    5.Social and Economic Impact:

    • Disruption of Daily Activities: Heatwaves can disrupt daily life, making it uncomfortable to work, travel, or engage in outdoor activities.
    • Economic Losses: Heatwaves can result in productivity losses, increased healthcare costs, and damage to infrastructure, leading to economic impacts on communities and businesses.

    Worse affected countries

    • United States: North America, particularly the United States, has experienced prolonged heatwaves covering a large swath of the country. States like California, Florida, New Mexico, and Arizona have been experiencing extreme temperatures. Temperature remained around 43.3 degree Celsius.
    • Europe: Countries in Europe, such as Italy and Greece, have been gripped by two consecutive heatwaves. Italy’s island of Sardinia saw temperatures reaching 47.7 degrees Celsius, and Greece experienced temperatures exceeding 40 degrees Celsius, leading to wildfires and affecting historical sites.
    • Spain: Spain witnessed a temperature of 45.4 degrees Celsius in the town of Figueres, the highest temperature recorded in the country since 1928. It led to dry spells and wildfires.
    • Asia: China, Iraq and Saudi Arabia remain some of the worst affected countries. A remote township in China saw temperatures touching 52 degree Celsius
    • Algeria: North Africa’s Algeria has reported record-breaking temperatures, with some experts suggesting temperatures exceeding 50 degrees Celsius in certain areas.
    • Tunisia: Tunisia has also been impacted by severe heatwaves, with temperatures reaching up to 49 degrees Celsius in some regions.

    Mains Marks enhancer: Best Practices in India

    • Andhra Pradesh:
      • Setting up Heat Action Plans: Cities like Vijayawada have implemented Heat Action Plans that include public awareness campaigns, heat helplines, and designated cooling centers to provide relief to vulnerable populations.
    • Telangana:
      • Early Warning Systems: The Telangana State Development Planning Society issues heatwave alerts and early warnings to district authorities and the public, allowing them to take precautionary measures.
    • Rajasthan:
      • Urban Heat Island Mitigation: Cities like Jaipur have implemented measures to reduce the urban heat island effect by promoting green spaces, reflective surfaces, and better urban planning.
    • Gujarat:
      • Cool Roofs: The Gujarat government has encouraged the use of cool roofs in buildings to reflect sunlight and reduce indoor temperatures during heatwaves.
    • Tamil Nadu:
      • Heatwave Awareness Programs: The Tamil Nadu government conducts awareness programs through schools, colleges, and community organizations to educate people about heatwave safety and preparedness.

    Way forward: Urgent actions needed

    • The international community must strengthen and implement the commitments made under climate agreements, such as the Paris Agreement.
    • Countries should set more ambitious targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions
    • Provide support to developing nations to enhance climate resilience and adaptation.
    • Prioritize the transition to renewable energy sources and invest in clean technologies.
    • Develop robust adaptation strategies such as involves establishing heat emergency response plans, cooling centers, and public awareness campaigns.
    • Cities should adopt green urban planning practices, incorporating green spaces, green roofs, and sustainable building designs to mitigate the urban heat island effect and promote natural cooling.
    • Promote sustainable land management practices, including reforestation and afforestation
    • Enhance early warning systems to detect and respond to extreme heat events promptly.

    Conclusion

    • The alarming surge in global temperatures, culminating in devastating heatwaves across continents, is a potent reminder of the urgency to combat climate change. As nations grapple with the immediate impacts of heatwaves, it is imperative to take collective action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, mitigate the effects of climate change, and safeguard the planet for future generations. The time to act is now; the consequences of inaction are too dire to ignore.

    Also read:

    Heatwaves in India: Increasing Frequency Needs Range of Measures to Mitigate

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  • Indian Ocean Power Competition

    China backing Russia, NATO looking East: Why Indo-Pacific is at centre of global order

    op-ed snap | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and agreements involving India

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Indo-pacific partnerships and evelopments

    Mains level: Indo-pacific and NATO, significance and challenges

    Indo-Pacific

    What’s the news?

    • The Russia-Ukraine conflict has made NATO summits more significant than ever. The wide presence of four Asia-Pacific countries: Australia, New Zealand, Japan, and South Korea has made this year’s summit more prominent especially for Indo- pacific

    Central idea

    • The recent NATO summit was held in Vilnius, Lithuania, marked a significant turning point for the alliance. The summit showcased NATO’s increasing focus on the Indo-Pacific region, signifying the importance of this area for Euro-Atlantic security.

    What is Indo-Pacific?

    • The Indo-Pacific is a geographic region interpreted differently by different countries.
    • For India, the geography of the Indo-Pacific stretches from the eastern coast of Africa to Oceania whereas, for US, it extends up to the west coast of India which is also the geographic boundary of the US Indo-Pacific command.

    NATO’s Historical Background and Pivot Towards Asia

    • Founded in 1949, NATO emerged as a response to concerns over expanding Soviet influence in Eastern Europe.
    • Originally cantered on trans-Atlantic security, the alliance has evolved to address pressing global security challenges.
    • The recent summit’s agenda highlighted issues in the Indo-Pacific, such as North Korea’s nuclear activities, ballistic missile tests, and China’s military expansion and modernization.

    Indo-Pacific Partnerships and Collaborations during the summit

    • NATO and Japan:
    • Individually Tailored Partnership Program between NATO and Japan was signed for the period of 2023-2026- focuses on cooperation in new technologies, space, and supply chain resilience.
    • NATO and New Zealand:
    • New Zealand was recognized as a valued partner by NATO during the summit.
    • The alliance praised the collaboration with New Zealand in various areas, including cyber defense, counter-terrorism, arms control, and new technologies.
    • NATO and South Korea:
    • A significant agreement was reached between NATO and South Korea further strengthening their collaboration in emerging areas, particularly related to hybrid threats.
    • NATO and Australia: Presence of Australian Prime Minister Anthony Albanese at the NATO summit indicates a willingness to strengthen ties and foster cooperation in areas of common concern

    Significance of the Indo-Pacific for NATO

    • The Indo-Pacific is home to numerous security challenges that have implications beyond the region.
    • These challenges include North Korea’s nuclear and missile activities, China’s military expansion, territorial disputes, and non-traditional security threats such as cyber-attacks and terrorism.
    • China’s growing economic, political, and military influence in the Indo-Pacific has global ramifications.
    • China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and its assertive actions in the South China Sea have raised concerns among NATO allies about potential disruptions to regional stability and international norms.
    • The Indo-Pacific region is a major driver of the global economy, with many NATO member states heavily reliant on trade and economic ties with countries in the area.
    • Ensuring the security of critical sea lanes and trade routes is essential for NATO’s economic interests and stability.
    • Collaborating with Indo-Pacific countries can contribute to a rules-based international order and strengthen NATO’s global reach.

    Concerns Over NATO’s Role in Indo-Pacific

    • Ambiguity and uncertainty within the alliance regarding NATO’s official presence and role in the Indo-Pacific.
    • French President Emmanuel Macron’s public opposition to the idea of opening a NATO liaison office in Tokyo highlighted these concerns.
    • Establishing an official NATO presence in proximity to China could potentially unsettle the Chinese security establishment and may be perceived as a challenge to China’s regional interests.
    • Unease among ASEAN and other South Asian countries with strategic interests in the area.
    • Some ASEAN countries’ centrality in the Indo-Pacific being replaced by bloc politics led by NATO.
    • It could stretch the alliance’s resources and capabilities- divert attention away from NATO’s core mission in the Euro-Atlantic region.

    Interesting read: What is Thucydides’ Trap?

    • Thucydides’ Trap is a term derived from the historical work “History of the Peloponnesian War” by the ancient Greek historian Thucydides. Thucydides chronicled the conflict between the city-state of Athens and the rising power of Sparta in the 5th century BC, which eventually led to the Peloponnesian War.
    • The central idea behind Thucydides’ Trap is that when a rising power challenges an established power, the competition between the two can lead to conflict or war.
    • Thucydides famously wrote, “It was the rise of Athens and the fear that this instilled in Sparta that made war inevitable.” The rising power’s ascent and the fear it generates in the established power create a dangerous and unstable situation that may lead to a conflict as both sides jostle for power and influence.
    • In the context of modern times, NATO’s involvement in the region could inadvertently contribute to the Thucydides’ Trap, where a rising power (China) and an established power (United States) risk conflict
    • It serves as a warning to policymakers that managing the rise of a new power and avoiding a potential conflict requires careful diplomacy, strategic communication, and the establishment of mechanisms to peacefully resolve disputes

    Conclusion

    • The recent NATO summit in Vilnius showcased the alliance’s Look East moment, highlighting its increased focus on the Indo-Pacific region. Strengthening ties with Indo-Pacific partners is crucial amid the evolving global strategic landscape. However, NATO must navigate carefully and exercise caution while addressing the challenges of the 21st century and the changing dynamics of the international order.

    Also read:

    North East as Gateway to Indo-Pacific Strategy

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  • MGNREGA Scheme

    Rajasthan minimum income Bill: provisions, what makes it unique

    op-ed snap | Economics | Mains Paper 2: Government Scheme/Policies

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Minimum Guarantee income and employment schemes and their key provisions

    Mains level: Minimum Guaranteed Income Bill, 2023, rational, significance and concerns

    income

    What’s the news?

    • Rajasthan government has introduced ‘The Rajasthan Minimum Guaranteed Income Bill, 2023’ in the Assembly, what is widely expected to be the last session before the State goes for polls in less than four months.

    Central Idea

    • Rajasthan Minimum Guaranteed Income Bill, 2023, aim at providing guaranteed wages or pensions to the entire adult population of the state. Social activists have reacted positively to the bill, highlighting its unique features and praising its focus on providing employment and pensions through legislation rather than cash transfer schemes.

    What is the Bill?

    • All families of the state get guaranteed employment of 125 days every year,
    • The aged, disabled, widows, and single women get a minimum pension of Rs 1,000 per month.
    • The pension will be increased each year at the rate of 15 per cent.
    • The Bill has three broad categories: right to minimum guaranteed income, right to guaranteed employment, and right to guaranteed social security pension.
    • The government anticipates an additional expenditure of Rs 2,500 crore per year for this scheme, which may increase with time

    Major provisions of the Bill

    1. Minimum guaranteed income:
    • Guaranteed minimum income for 125 days- each year – every adult citizen of Rajasthan.
    • Implemented through- Indira Gandhi Shahri Rozgar Guarantee Yojana for urban areas and MGNREGA for rural areas.
    • Supplement MGNREGA’s 100 days- additional 25 days of employment in rural regions.
    1. Guaranteed employment:
    • After completion of work- minimum wages should be paid on a weekly or fortnightly basis.
    • Implementation responsibility – through A program officer– ensures- job sites are located within a five-kilometer radius of the registered job card address in both urban and rural areas.
    • If the program officer fails to provide employment within 15 days of receiving an application- applicant will be entitled to a weekly unemployment allowance.
    1. Guaranteed social security pension:
    • Individuals falling into the categories- old age, specially-abled, widows, and single women with prescribed eligibility- entitled to a pension.
    • The pension amount will increase annually by 5% in July and 10% in January, beginning from the financial year 2024-2025.

    What is the Rationale behind the Bill?

    • The bill aligns with the principle of social justice and aims to provide support and security to the most vulnerable members of society.
    • Treating the most marginalized individuals with fairness and dignity.
    • “Mahatma Gandhi’s message that the true measure of a society lies in how it treats its most vulnerable members”
    • As part of a bouquet of schemes and measures undertaken by the government to provide relief from inflation
    • Provide a safety net and alleviate financial burdens on the most vulnerable sections of society.

    Criticism over the bill

    • The bill’s introduction close to the upcoming elections- politically motivated
    • Populist measure designed to appeal to voters
    • Financial feasibility of implementing the bill’s provisions- securing sustainable funding
    • Burden on the state’s finances in the long run.
    • Proper identification of beneficiaries, monitoring mechanisms, and ensuring efficient delivery of guaranteed income, employment, and pensions

    Conclusion

    • The Rajasthan Minimum Guaranteed Income Bill, 2023, is being seen as a pioneering step towards securing social security for all residents of the state. If implemented properly and efficiently the legislation will pave the way towards building a just and inclusive society, where the welfare of every citizen is a priority.

    Also read:

    A Social Security Board for Gig Workers: Rajasthan’s Pioneering Step

     

     

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  • Foreign Policy Watch: India-Pakistan

    More than court action, revisit the Indus Waters Treaty

    op-ed snap | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: India & Its Neighborhood – Relations

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Indus river system

    Mains level: Indus Water Treaty, disputes, challenges and way ahead

    Indus

    What’s the news?

    • India raised objection when Pakistan initiated arbitration at the Permanent Court of Arbitration to address the interpretation and application of the IWT.
    • On July 6, 2023, the court unanimously passed a decision (which is binding on both parties without appeal) rejecting each of India’s objections.

    Central Idea

    • The Indus Waters Treaty (IWT), 1960 has long been hailed as a remarkable example of cooperation between India and Pakistan, despite their tumultuous relationship. The treaty has endured numerous conflicts and established detailed procedures for dispute resolution. However, in recent years, there has been an increase in the utilization of judicial recourse to settle disputes arising from India’s construction of run-of-river hydroelectric projects.

    What is Indus Water Treaty (IWT)?

    • The Indus Waters Treaty is a water-distribution treaty between India and Pakistan, brokered by the World Bank signed in Karachi in 1960.
    • According to this agreement, control over the water flowing in three eastern rivers of India the Beas, the Ravi and the Sutlej was given to India.
    • The control over the water flowing in three western rivers of India the Indus, the Chenab and the Jhelum was given to Pakistan

    Basis of the treaty

    • Back in time, partitioning the Indus rivers system was inevitable after the Partition of India in 1947.
    • The sharing formula devised after prolonged negotiations sliced the Indus system into two halves.
    • Underlying the treaty is the principle that water does not recognise international boundaries and upper riparian’s have a responsibility to lower riparian’s.

    What are the Disputes and Challenges?

    • Construction and design of run-of-river hydroelectric projects by India- Kishanganga (a tributary of the Jhelum) and Ratle, a hydro-electric project on the Chenab- objections from Pakistan– potentially impact the flow and utilization of water downstream.
    • Pakistan initiated arbitration at Permanent Court of Arbitration- India objected to the jurisdiction of the court– advocating for the use of the neutral expert process instead.
    • Pervasive atmosphere of distrust and strained relations between India and Pakistan, which hampers effective cooperation under the treaty.
    • As precipitation patterns and runoff are altered, the assumption of fixed water availability under the IWT becomes increasingly uncertain.
    • The treaty’s allocation of water resources does not adequately consider the potential impact of climate change on future water availability, creating a need for flexible mechanisms.
    • The IWT does not sufficiently address the rapidly growing industrial and agricultural needs of both countries.

    Principles of water course

    • Equitable and Reasonable Utilization (ERU): This principle emphasizes the fair and reasonable use of water resources among riparian states.
    • No Harm or Do No Harm Rule (NHR): The no harm principle states that riparian states should not cause significant harm to other states sharing the same watercourse. It requires taking necessary measures to prevent or mitigate any adverse impacts that might arise from water-related activities.
    • Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM): IWRM approach considers water resources as an interconnected system, taking into account social, economic, and environmental factors. Achieve optimal and sustainable use of water resources.
    • Basin-wide Management: Water resources should be managed at the basin or watershed level, as it is the most natural unit for water management.
    • Prior Informed Consent: Obtaining the consent of affected communities and stakeholders before implementing projects or activities that may have significant impacts on water resources.
    • Environmental Protection: Need to protect and conserve the ecological integrity of watercourses. Preservation of aquatic ecosystems, biodiversity, and water quality.
    • The Role of the World Bank: The World Bank, as a party to the treaty, could utilize its platform to foster a transnational alliance of epistemic communities.

    Conclusion

    • By incorporating principles of equitable water utilization and preventing significant harm, the IWT can better address the evolving needs and climate change impacts of India and Pakistan. The World Bank’s involvement in facilitating collaboration and policy convergence could play a pivotal role in shaping a revised treaty that fosters long-term cooperation and sustainability in the shared management of the Indus waters

    Also read:

    Indus Water Treaty: A Case of Hydropolitics

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  • Skilling India – Skill India Mission,PMKVY, NSDC, etc.

    Fostering India’s demographic dividend by upskilling

    op-ed snap | Governance | : Issues relating growth and development, employment

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Skill development initiatives, employment generation schemes etc

    Mains level: India's demographic dividend, a window of opportunity, skill development initiatives, challenges and way forward

    demographic

    What’s the news?

    • India has a unique window of opportunity to unlock the potential of its youth with 1.1 billion people estimated to be in the working age group (15-64) by 2047.

    Central idea

    • World Youth Skills Day, observed annually since 2014, highlights the importance of investing in the skills of youth to foster future employment and entrepreneurial spirit. With a significant youth population, India stands poised to unlock the potential of working-age individuals. However, without sufficient opportunities, the youth bulge could transform into a demographic bomb.

    What is demographic dividend?

    • Demographic dividend, as defined by the United Nations Population Fund, is the economic growth potential that can result from shifts in a population’s age structure, mainly when the share of the working-age population is larger than the non-working-age share of the population

    India’s robust youth skills program

    • The Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE) operates its umbrella scheme, the Skill India Mission launched in 2015- objective to develop a skilful youth workforce of the future- Providing proper skillset training to over 400 million young people by the year 2022
    • Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY)– a skill certification scheme of the MSDE implemented by- National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC)- aims to mobilise and equip the youth population with the necessary skill sets training.
    • National Skills Qualifications Framework (NSQF)- to enable candidates to acquire desired competency levels
    • Recognition of Prior Learning Learning (RPL)—skill certification for youth, especially in the unregulated sectors
    • Kaushal—a hands-on awareness-based approach with the intention of attracting potential candidates for skill training
    • Rozgar Mela—a career placement fair for young jobs seekers.
    • PMKVY 2.0, which ran from 2016 to 2020, aimed to equip 10 million young people with demand-driven skill sets through short-term training and Recognition of Prior Learning.
    • PMKVY 3.0, launched in 2020-21, provided training to over 7.36 lakh candidates, including a specialized crash course for COVID warriors.
    • Skill Hub Initiative was introduced to align vocational training with the National Education Policy 2020 and create a skilled workforce aligned with industry needs.
    • PMKVY 4.0 will be launched soon to take skill development to a wider young segment- it will also cover niche new age technologies such as coding, Artificial Intelligence (AI), robotics, mechanotrics, Internet of Things (IOT), 3D-printing, drones, and developing other soft skills.
    • The NAPS launched in 2016 has been promoting Apprenticeship in the country through financial incentives, technology, and advocacy support.
    • PM-YUVA was launched in 2016 as an all-India scheme to promote business studies, and facilitate access to entrepreneurship support networks and start-ups ideas for the youth.
    • Project AMBER strives to provide holistic skilling to foster quality jobs, improved employment opportunities and retention methods.
    • The Skill Loan Scheme was launched in July 2015 to provide finance to the youth for enrolment in skill development courses

    Challenges regarding India’s youth skills enabling journey

    • According to the International Labour Organisation (ILO), India is projected to face a significant skill deficit of 29 million by 2030.
    • Skill development programs have suffered from underutilization of funds and high dropout rates.
    • Gender disparity in India’s workforce, with a female labor participation rate of only 22
    • Only a fraction of certified individuals has found jobs through the skill development programs.

    Way forward

    • Enhance the effectiveness of basic education– incorporating relevant and practical skills training, updating curricula– align with industry needs, and promoting experiential learning approaches.
    • Foster closer collaboration between skill development initiatives and industries to ensure the relevance of training programs.
    • Promote gender equality in skill development programs– encouraging more women to participate in training, providing support systems tailored to their needs, and creating opportunities for women to enter non-traditional sectors.
    • Address the funding gap and ensure effective utilization of resources in skill development initiatives.
    • Develop robust job placement and retention strategies, including establishing strong linkages with industries, facilitating internships and apprenticeships.
    • Regularly assess labor market needs and trends to update skill training programs.
    • Conduct public awareness campaigns to promote vocational skills as aspirational career choices

    Conclusion

    • India’s journey towards youth skill development has witnessed commendable efforts. However, addressing the skill deficit and unlocking the true potential of the youth requires continued investment, policy enhancements, and stakeholder collaboration. Through concerted efforts, India can maximize its demographic dividend for the workforce of the future.

    Also read:

    India’s Population Growth: Dividend or a Disaster?

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  • Wildlife Conservation Efforts

    Radio collars are killing the cheetahs in Kuno. Here is how — and why

    op-ed snap | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Project Cheetah, Cheetah- characteristics and conservation status

    Mains level: Project cheetah, Significance of cheetahs reintroduction, conservation failures and way forward

    cheetah

    What’s the news?

    • Till now, eight translocated cheetahs at Madhya Pradesh’s Kuno National Park (KNP) have died.

    Central idea

    • The recent deaths of two cheetahs in Kuno due to suspected septicaemia from festering neck wounds caused by radio collars have raised concerns about the reintroduction project. Similar injuries have been observed in three other cheetahs. This unexpected setback has puzzled experts familiar with the routine use of collars for monitoring and research purposes in both India and Africa.

    What are collars on animals?

    • Collars on animals refer to devices worn around the neck or attached to the neck area of an animal. These collars serve various purposes depending on the specific context and the type of animal involved.

    What are Radio Collars used on Cheetahs?

    • Radio collars are like tracking collars which utilizes radio signals for monitoring animals.
    • They are commonly used in wildlife research to gather information about animal movements, home ranges, and social interactions.
    • Radio collars can provide valuable insights into the behaviour and ecology of animals in the wild.

    The Problem with Collars

    • Carrying a device on the body for an extended period can have adverse effects.
    • A study published in the Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research highlighted the higher presence of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria on the wrists of watch wearers, which can lead to sepsis or death.
    • Similarly, domestic dogs often develop acute moist dermatitis or hot spots under collars, worsened by tick or flea bites.
    • Moreover, tight-fitting collars can cause pressure necrosis and hair loss around the neck, resembling bedsores

    Factors Influencing Vulnerability of Cheetahs in Kuno

    • Cheetahs possess a furrier winter coat compared to tigers or leopards, which retains more water and takes longer to dry.
    • This prolonged moisture exposure weakens the skin over time.
    • A study criticized the 3% collar weight rule for not considering animal athleticism.
    • Accelerometer-based research revealed that collars exert forces on cheetahs during movement equivalent to up to 18 times the collar’s weight.
    • This weight burden, particularly on a wet coat, may have adverse effects on cheetahs during high-speed sprints.
    • Cheetahs may be vulnerable to local pathogens to which Indian tigers and leopards are immune.
    • Alternatively, the cheetahs might have carried dormant pathogens that thrived under new conditions, given their weakened immunity due to stress

    What needs to be done?

    • An immediate action is to track, immobilize, and evaluate all cheetahs for neck injuries caused by the radio collars.
    • Reevaluating the use of radio collars and exploring collar modifications or alternatives.
    • Developing lighter collars and ensuring proper fitting to minimize the risk of collar-induced injuries.
    • Non-invasive tracking methods that do not require collars could be explored.
    • Providing appropriate veterinary care and treatment
    • Understand and identify the specific pathogens causing collar-induced infections in the cheetahs of Kuno
    • Collaboration among wildlife biologists, veterinarians, researchers, and conservationists is crucial. Consultation and sharing knowledge and experiences.

    FYI: Some common types of collars used on animals

    • Identification Collars: Collars with tags or labels are often used on domestic pets such as dogs and cats for identification purposes.
    • Tracking Collars: Tracking collars are commonly used in wildlife research and conservation Equipped with GPS or radio transmitters – monitor movement and behavior of animals.
    • Electric Fencing Collars: To train livestock and other animals to avoid crossing designated boundaries. Electric fencing systems and deliver a mild electric shock
    • Training Collars: Training collars, also known as e-collars or shock collars, are used in dog training to aid in obedience training or behavior correction- mild electrical stimulation or vibrations to reinforce desired actions

    Conclusion

    • The recent collar-induced injuries and deaths of cheetahs in Kuno have posed a significant challenge to the reintroduction project. It is crucial to address the issues to ensure the success and well-being of the cheetahs. However, finding a solution that balances collar use with the cheetahs’ safety and health remains a complex task.

    Also read: The impact of cheetahs on India’s grasslands

    Reintroduction of Cheetahs and Its Potential Impact

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  • Economic Indicators and Various Reports On It- GDP, FD, EODB, WIR etc

    A roadmap to eliminate poverty in India

    op-ed snap | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Indian Economy

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Economic indicators and concepts

    Mains level: India's economic growth, Indicators, future prospect and challenges

    What’s the news?

    • With the receding impact of Covid-19 and hopeful prospects for an amicable resolution to the Russia-Ukraine War, India must now focus on charting its future growth strategy

    Central idea

    • India’s current per capita income estimated at $2,379 in 2022-23, which needs to be raised by nearly six times over the next 25 years. This ambitious goal will pave the way for a higher standard of living and the eradication of poverty. However, achieving this vision requires a comprehensive understanding of the challenges ahead and the necessary actions to overcome them.

    What is per capita income?

    • Per capita income refers to the average income earned by individuals in a specific geographic area. It is calculated by dividing the total income of a population by the total number of individuals in that population.
    • Per capita income provides an indicator of the average standard of living and economic well-being within a given population.

    What is Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF)?

    • GFCF refers to the total value of investment in fixed assets within an economy, such as machinery, equipment, buildings, and infrastructure, during a specific period.
    • It represents the net increase in the stock of fixed capital goods.
    • GFCF is an essential component of aggregate demand and is considered a driver of economic growth.
    • Higher levels of investment in fixed assets contribute to increased production capacity, improved productivity, and long-term economic development.
    • The GFCF ratio is often expressed as a percentage of GDP, indicating the proportion of total investment in fixed assets relative to the size of the economy.

    What is incremental capital-output ratio (ICOR)?

    • The ICOR is an economic indicator that measures- amount of investment required to generate an additional unit of output.
    • It represents the ratio between the change in capital investment and the corresponding change in output or GDP.
    • It provides insights into the efficiency of capital utilization and the productivity of investment in an economy.
    • A lower ICOR indicates that a smaller amount of investment is required to generate a given increase in output, indicating higher efficiency and productivity of capital.
    • A higher ICOR suggests that a larger amount of investment is needed to achieve the same level of output growth, indicating lower efficiency of capital utilization.

    Growth Target and Investment Requirements

    • To sustain continuous growth of 7 percent over the next 25 years, India must maintain a GFCF rate of 28 percent.
    • According to the latest release of NSO, the GFCF rate in current prices for 2022-23 is 29.2 per cent of GDP.
    • While the commonly assumed incremental capital-output ratio (ICOR) of 4 suggests improved capital efficiency, recent trends indicate an average ICOR of 4.65 from 2016-17 to 2022-23.
    • Acknowledge the evolving ICOR and work towards an estimated investment rate of 30-32 percent of GDP.
    • Both public and private investments, especially from the corporate and non-corporate sectors, need to increase.
    • Direct investments into sectors that promote growth and generate employment opportunities
    • Welcoming Foreign direct investment in emerging technological sectors

    What global factors at present poses challenges?

    • The overall climate for peace– necessary for growth– deteriorated- Ukraine-Russia conflict.
    • Prolonged tension and conflicts- negative impact on global stability and economic growth.
    • Shifting attitude of some countries towards global trade.
    • Developed countries, which previously advocated for free trade, are now imposing restrictions on imports– challenges for developing countries like India, particularly as they strive to compete in the world market.
    • Supply disruptions of critical imports, such as oil, can cause setbacks for developing and developed countries alike.
    • The absorption of new technologies, such as Artificial Intelligence (AI)- impact on the industrial structure and employment landscape– challenge for populous countries like India
    • Balancing economic growth with environmental sustainability may require compromises and adjustments in the growth rate.

    What strategy India must follow to sustain its growth?

    • India’s economic transformation in 1991 marked a departure from the past, embracing a more market-oriented approach.
    • India needs to adopt a multi-dimensional approach that encompasses agriculture, manufacturing, and exports.
    • Given India’s strength in the services sector, it is essential to preserve and enhance this advantage.
    • Prepare to absorb new technologies, including Artificial Intelligence (AI),
    • Reorienting the educational system to equip students with required skills and
    • Identifying labour-intensive economic activities to address potential job losses due to adoption of technology

    Conclusion

    • India has made significant strides in building a strong and diversified economy over the past 75 years. However, India’s per capita income remains low compared to many countries, emphasizing the need for sustained growth. By addressing domestic challenges, seizing opportunities, and prioritizing inclusive development, India can realize its vision of a prosperous and equitable future.

    Also read:

    Why Indian manufacturing’s productivity growth is plummeting and what can be done?

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  • Biofuel Policy

    Global Biofuel Alliance can power India’s energy transition drive, but must have time-bound targets

    op-ed snap | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Biofuel and its applications, India's Biofuel program, GBA and ISA

    Mains level: Global biofuel alliance, Biofuel Industry, significance In particular for India, India's Biofuel programme

    Biofuel

    What’s the news?

    • The upcoming 14th Clean Energy Ministerial and Eighth Mission Innovation (CEM14/MI-8) conference, scheduled to take place in Goa from July 19-22, 2023, will witness the establishment of the Global Biofuel Alliance (GBA).

    Central Idea

    • The prospected establishment of the Global Biofuel Alliance (GBA) led by India during its G20 Presidency, with support from Brazil and the United States, aims to foster international collaboration and cooperation to promote the acceptance and utilization of biofuels. It seeks to leverage the transformative potential of biofuels in economic growth, rural development, energy self-sufficiency, reduced air pollution, and the global transition to clean energy.

    What is Biofuel?

    • Biofuel is derived from biological sources, such as plants, agricultural crops, organic waste, or animal by-products.
    • It is a renewable energy source that can be used as an alternative to fossil fuels.
    • The production and use of biofuels aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote sustainability.

    Key types of biofuels

    • Bioethanol: This is an alcohol-based fuel primarily produced by fermenting sugar or starch crops, such as sugarcane, corn, or wheat. Bioethanol is commonly used as a blend in gasoline for transportation purposes.
    • Biodiesel: Biodiesel is produced from vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled cooking oil. It can be used as a direct replacement for or blended with conventional diesel fuel in vehicles.
    • Biogas: Biogas is a mixture of gases, primarily methane, produced through the anaerobic digestion of organic waste materials such as agricultural residues, food waste, or sewage. It can be used for electricity generation, heating, or as a vehicle fuel.

    Key Objectives and Initiatives of Global Biofuel Alliance (GBA)

    • Developing robust markets for biofuels and facilitating global trade in biofuels.
    • Promote policy coordination, share concrete policy lessons, and provide technical support to national biofuel programs worldwide.
    • Collaborate and complement- existing regional and international agencies– energy transition initiatives, such- Clean Energy Ministerial Biofuture Platform, the Mission Innovation Bioenergy initiatives, and the Global Bioenergy Partnership (GBEP).
    • By leveraging synergies–maximize impact and accelerate the biofuel industry’s growth.

    India’s Biofuel Program India’s and significant strides in recent years

    • Ethanol Production: In 2020-21, India produced 4.08 billion liters of ethanol, resulting in a blending rate of 10.02%. This led to a reduction of 2.7 million tonnes of CO2 emissions and significant savings in forex.
    • Blending Targets: The current target for 2022-23 is to achieve a blending rate of 12%, with the ultimate goal- 20% by 2025.
    • Compressed Bio-Gas (CBG) Program:
    • India actively promoting CBG as a clean fuel derived from waste through the Sustainable Alternative Towards Affordable Transportation (SATAT) program. As of 46 CBG plants established so far, and around 16,164 tonnes of CBG have been sold.
    • The goal- install 5,000 CBG plants across India by 2024, contributing- waste management -reducing pollution.
    • Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF):
    • India conducted its first commercial passenger flight– domestically produced sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) blend– commitment to decarbonizing the aviation sector.
    • The establishment of the Bio-Aviation Turbine Fuel Program Committee by the Union Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas further advances the development of sustainable aviation fuel in the country.

    Inspiration behind GBA: International Solar Alliance (ISA)

    • The ISA jointly initiated by India and France in 2015.
    • The ISA- significant contributions to combating climate change through widespread adoption of solar energy solutions.
    • Facilitated- solar project development – initiatives like the Solar Finance Facility, SolarX Grand Challenge, Solar Technology Application Resource Centres, and the ‘One Sun One World One Grid Initiative.‘
    • The GBA aims to replicate the success of the ISA by promoting the utilization of biofuels and reducing India’s reliance on foreign oil.

    Conclusion

    • The GBA is poised to revolutionize the global biofuel industry. India’s leadership in the G20 Presidency highlights the importance of biofuels in achieving energy independence, reducing carbon emissions, and fostering a clean energy transition. The GBA’s detailed roadmap, ambitious targets and initiatives will pave the way for a greener and more sustainable future.

    Also read:

    India plans to export Solar Power

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  • Blockchain Technology: Prospects and Challenges

    Private Digital Currencies

    op-ed snap | Economics | Mains Paper 3: S&T – Applications In Everyday Life

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: CBDC's

    Mains level: Private digital currencies, challenges to monetary sovereignty, and counter measures

    Digital

    What is the news?

    • The emergence of Private digital currencies presents a challenge to central banks’ control and can disrupt the established order by introducing new dynamics and possibilities.

    Central idea

    • The control over money supply, circulation, and value holds significant influence over economic systems and national trajectories. Governments and central banks play a crucial role in managing currency, shaping economic policies, and ensuring macroeconomic stability. However, the rise of private digital currencies introduces new dynamics and challenges to this control, potentially disrupting the established order.

    What are Private digital currencies?

    • Private digital currencies, also known as cryptocurrencies, are digital or virtual currencies that utilize cryptographic technology to secure transactions and control the creation of new units.
    • They operate independently of traditional financial institutions and are typically decentralized, meaning they are not controlled or regulated by a central authority like a government or central bank.
    • Some of the most well-known private digital currencies include Bitcoin (BTC), Ethereum (ETH), Ripple (XRP), and Litecoin (LTC)

    What are stable coins?

    • Stablecoins are a type of cryptocurrency that are designed to maintain a stable value relative to a specific asset or a basket of assets.
    • Unlike many other cryptocurrencies that experience significant price volatility, stablecoins aim to provide stability and minimize price fluctuations.
    • They achieve this stability by pegging their value to an underlying asset, such as a fiat currency (like the U.S. dollar), commodities (like gold), or a combination of assets.

    What is mean by monetary sovereignty?

    • Monetary sovereignty is the country’s ability to exercise control over its own currency and monetary policy without external interference.
    • It is the authority of a nation’s government and central bank to determine and manage the value, supply, and circulation of its currency, as well as to shape and implement monetary policies that promote economic stability and growth.

    Challenges posed by Private digital currencies to monetary sovereignty

    • Private digital currencies- utilizes blockchain technology– bypasses the need for central intermediaries like banks and central banks
    • Alternative systems of value transfer- peer-to-peer transactions – diminish the relevance of banks and other financial institutions.
    • Operate outside the regulatory frameworks– challenges in terms of enforcing financial regulations- Anti Money Laundering and KYC requirements, which are designed to prevent illicit activities.
    • The volatility and speculative nature– risks to financial stability.
    • Sharp price fluctuations and market instability- adverse effects on investors, consumers, and the broader economy- particularly developing economies– less robust financial systems.
    • Facilitate illicit activities- money laundering, tax evasion, and terrorist financing

    Case study 1: Myanmar’s digital dynamics of power

    • In Myanmar, the National Union Government (NUG) has utilized- cryptocurrency to – circumvent the military controlled economy- raise funds for the resistance.
    • The NUG issued- Digital Myanmar Kyat (DMMK) -evade military oversight-independent determination of exchange rates.
    • The DMMK- cross-border payments – easier to collect donations from diaspora communities.
    • Serves as- means of fundraising- challenges the legitimacy of the military-issued kyat.
    • The split financial system in Myanmar highlights the risks and consequences of digital currencies on sovereign legitimacy.

    Case study 2: China’s Cautious Monetary Security Approach

    • Contrasting views on cryptocurrencies and central bank digital currencies (CBDCs)
    • Cryptocurrencies- strict restrictions- not recognized as legal tender
    • Actively promotes its digital yuan- internationalize the currency- reduce reliance on US-controlled financial networks.
    • Acknowledges the potential of digital money to reshape the financial ecosystem and sees it as a catalyst for global monetary decentralization.
    • China’s comprehensive ban- cryptocurrencies- commitment to safeguard monetary sovereignty.

    Case study 3: India’s apprehensions

    • The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has underscored the need for decisive actions to address the escalating risks associated with the crypto-assets ecosystem.
    • The primary concern- risks associated with stablecoins– susceptible to potential risks of redemptions and investor panics- necessitating careful mitigation measures.
    • The RBI has further cautioned- private currencies, emphasising their historical propensity to generate instability– undermine sovereign control over money supply, interest rates, and macroeconomic stability- especially in developing economies.
    • India’s own CBDC- Digital Rupee- perceived as a strategic response- counter the challenges- crypto-assets ecosystem.

    Way forward

    • Clear and comprehensive regulatory frameworks for private digital currencies- address consumer protection, investor safeguards, financial integrity, and risk management.
    • International coordination and collaboration- engage in dialogue- information sharing- standardization efforts
    • Continue exploring the potential of CBDCs as regulated digital currency alternatives
    • Public education and awareness-building trust- benefits and risks- foster responsible usag
    • Invest in research and development- development of solutions- enhance financial systems- increase efficiency.

    Conclusion

    • Private digital currencies present both opportunities and challenges to monetary sovereignty. The examples of Myanmar, China, and India demonstrate the complex interplay between currency control, legitimacy, and trust. As the world navigates the development of digital currencies, the balance between innovation and maintaining sovereign control will continue to shape the future of monetary systems

    Also read:

    India’s Central bank digital currency (CBDC) in detail

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