Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ocean Coordination Mechanism (OCM)
Why in the News?
The Ocean Coordination Mechanism (OCM) was recently announced by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO on January 14, 2025.
What is Ocean Coordination Mechanism (OCM)?
- The OCM, launched by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO, aims to enhance marine conservation and resource management.
- It focuses on the Caribbean and North Brazil Shelf, regions with rich biodiversity, coral reefs, and fisheries generating $610 million annually.
- The OCM promotes Blue Carbon Projects, using coastal ecosystems for carbon storage, benefiting both climate resilience and local communities.
- It has secured $15 million in funding from the Global Environment Facility (GEF) under the UNDP/GEF PROCARIBE+ Project, with an additional $126.02 million in co-financing.
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO
- Established in 1961, the IOC/UNESCO promotes marine science cooperation for sustainable ocean governance.
- It operates in key areas:
- Ocean science research: Supports studies on climate change, biodiversity, and sustainability.
- Tsunami warning systems: Maintains early warning mechanisms to mitigate risks.
- Ocean observations: Collects and analyzes oceanographic data for policy-making.
- The IOC leads the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021-2030), known as the “Ocean Decade”, advancing global marine conservation efforts.
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About the Caribbean Sea
- The Caribbean Sea is part of the North Atlantic Ocean, located south of the Gulf of Mexico and southwest of the Sargasso Sea.
- Bordering Nations:
- Greater Antilles – Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola (Haiti & Dominican Republic), Puerto Rico.
- Lesser Antilles – Includes islands from Virgin Islands to Trinidad & Tobago.
- South America – Borders Venezuela & Colombia.
- Central America – Includes Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, Guatemala, Belize.
- Key Features:
- Deepest Point – The Cayman Trough, at 7,686 meters below sea level.
- Mesoamerican Barrier Reef – Second-largest barrier reef globally, stretching 1,000 km.
- Major Gulfs and Bays – Includes Gulf of Venezuela, Gulf of Honduras, and Gulf of Darién.
- The Caribbean Sea supports rich biodiversity but faces threats from climate change, pollution, and overfishing, making conservation efforts like OCM essential for sustainability.
PYQ:
[2021] Consider the following statements :
1. The Global Ocean Commission grants licences for seabed exploration and mining in international waters.
2. India has received licences for seabed mineral exploration in international waters.
3. ‘Rare earth minerals’ are present on seafloor in international waters.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Guru-Shishya Parampara Scheme
Why in the News?
The Ministry of Culture implements a Central Sector scheme by the name of ‘Financial Assistance for Promotion of Guru-Shishya Parampara (Repertory Grant)’.
What is the Guru-Shishya Parampara Scheme?
- The Ministry of Culture launched this scheme in 2003-04.
- It aims to preserve and promote India’s traditional performing arts.
- It provides financial assistance to Gurus (mentors) and Shishyas (students) in music, dance, theatre, and folk arts, ensuring structured training under the age-old mentorship system.
- Aims and Objectives:
- Preserve and revive rare art forms through direct knowledge transfer.
- Support traditional artists by providing financial aid for sustainable livelihoods.
- Encourage young talent by facilitating training under experienced Gurus.
- Promote classical, folk, and tribal art forms through structured mentorship.
Features and Significance:
- Financial Assistance
- Guru – ₹7,500/month | Accompanist – ₹3,750/month
- Shishyas – ₹1,500/month (up to four per Guru)
- Repertory Grant – Guru: ₹15,000/month | Shishya: ₹2,000 – ₹10,000/month
- Eligibility
- Indian citizens engaged in traditional performing arts.
- Gurus aged 45-70 years with national-level recognition.
- Implementation & Monitoring
- Each Guru trains 5-8 Shishyas, focusing on rural and tribal artists.
- Periodic reviews and expert evaluations ensure proper fund utilization.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Nuclear Energy Mission
Why in the News?
The Union Budget 2025-26 introduced the Nuclear Energy Mission, aiming to develop at least 5 indigenous Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) by 2033.
About Nuclear Energy Mission (NEM):
| Details |
- A flagship initiative announced in Union Budget 2025-26 to accelerate India’s nuclear power capacity towards the target of 100 GW by 2047.
- It focuses on Small Modular Reactors (SMRs), expansion of Bharat Small Reactors (BSRs), and policy reforms to attract private and foreign investment in nuclear energy.
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| Key Highlights of the NEM |
- 100 GW Nuclear Target by 2047 as part of India’s clean energy transition.
- ₹20,000 crore allocated for R&D and deployment of Small Modular Reactors (SMRs).
- Public-Private Collaboration for setting up Bharat Small Reactors (BSRs) and advanced nuclear technologies.
- Amendments to Atomic Energy Act, 1962 to allow private sector participation.
- Changes to Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act, 2010 to attract foreign investment.
- Deployment of BSRs (220 MWe) and SMRs (30-300 MWe) to replace coal plants and power remote regions.
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| Other Initiatives for Enhancing India’s Nuclear Capacity |
Expansion of Nuclear Power Capacity:
- Current capacity: 8,180 MW → Target by 2031-32: 22,480 MW.
- 10 reactors under construction (8,000 MW) across Gujarat, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Haryana, Karnataka, and Madhya Pradesh.
- Approval for 6 x 1208 MW AP1000 reactors (USA collaboration) at Kovvada, Andhra Pradesh.
Deployment of Advanced Nuclear Reactors:
-
- Bharat Small Reactors (BSRs): 220 MWe PHWRs for industrial decarbonization.
- Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (500 MWe) at Kalpakkam achieved milestones in 2024.
- High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactors (HTGRs) & Molten Salt Reactors (MSRs) under development using India’s thorium reserves.
Recent Developments:
- New uranium deposit discovered at Jaduguda Mines (extends mine life by 50+ years).
- Operationalization of first two 700 MWe PHWR units at Kakrapar, Gujarat (KAPS-3 & 4).
- NPCIL-NTPC Joint Venture (ASHVINI) launched to build nuclear plants.
- Rajasthan Atomic Power Project-7 (RAPP-7) reached criticality in 2024.
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PYQ:
[2018] With growing energy needs should India keep on expanding its nuclear energy programme? Discuss the facts and fears associated with nuclear energy. (250 Words, 15 Marks)
[2011] The function of heavy water in a nuclear reactor is to:
(a) Slow down the speed of neutrons
(b) Increase the speed of neutrons
(c) Stop the nuclear reaction
(d) None of the above |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Customs Duty
Why in the News?
The Budget proposes to remove 7 customs tariff rates for industrial goods, following a similar step in Budget 2023-24. This will leave only 8 tariff rates, including a zero rate, making customs duty structure more transparent and predictable.
What is Customs Duty?
- Customs Duty is a tax imposed on goods that cross international borders to regulate their movement.
- It helps protect a country’s economy, jobs, environment, and residents by controlling imports and exports.
- It prevents illegal trade, ensures fair competition, and generates government revenue.
- The Customs Act, 1962, which defines and regulates customs duty in India.
- The Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs (CBIC) under the Ministry of Finance manages customs duties.
- Types of Customs Duties in India:
- Basic Customs Duty (BCD): Levied on imported goods (0-100%).
- Countervailing Duty (CVD): Imposed to balance foreign subsidies (0-12%).
- Social Welfare Surcharge (SWS): 10% surcharge to support welfare projects.
- Anti-Dumping Duty: Imposed on goods sold below market price to prevent unfair trade.
- Compensation Cess: Levied on items like tobacco and pollution-causing goods.
- Integrated GST (IGST): Imposed on imports at 5%, 12%, 18%, or 28% rates.
- Safeguard Duty: Applied when excessive imports harm domestic industries.
- Customs Handling Fee: 1% charge for customs processing.
- Customs Duty Calculation: Based on product value, origin, composition, and international trade agreements.
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Key Changes Announced to Customs Tariffs:
- Tariff rates reduced from 15 to 8, Social Welfare Surcharge was removed on 82 items.
- 36 new life-saving medicines exempted, 5% duty on six more drugs.
- Full BCD exemption on 35 EV battery capital goods, 28 mobile battery items, and key minerals like cobalt & lithium.
- 10-year duty exemption for shipbuilding materials; Ethernet Switch duty cut from 20% to 10%.
- 20% export duty on crust leather removed, handicraft export timeline extended to 1 year.
- Frozen fish paste duty cut from 30% to 5% to boost seafood exports.
- Customs assessments limited to 2 years, quarterly importer reporting instead of monthly.
How India is Protecting Its Economy from Trade War Impact?
- Rupee-based trade settlements with Russia, UAE & Sri Lanka to reduce dollar dependence.
- Stockpiling essential imports like semiconductors, rare earth metals, and crude oil.
- Attracting companies shifting from China with PLI incentives for manufacturing.
- Paperless customs clearance, AI-driven trade monitoring, and blockchain documentation for smoother trade.
- Strengthening global trade alliances like IPEF (Indo-Pacific Economic Framework) and Supply Chain Resilience Initiative (SCRI) (Japan-Australia) for supply chain stability.
PYQ:
[2018] Consider the following statements
1. The quantity of imported edible oils is more than the domestic production of edible oils in the last five years.
2. The Government does not impose any customs duty on all the imported edible oils a special case.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: GARBH-INi-DRISHTI
Why in the News?
India’s first Ferret Research Facility, GARBH-Ini-DRISHTI, was inaugurated at Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI) in Faridabad to boost vaccine development and infectious disease research.
About GARBH-INi-DRISHTI
- GARBH-INi-DRISHTI is a data repository and information-sharing hub designed to provide comprehensive clinical and biological insights into maternal and child health.
- Developed under the GARBH-INi program, it is one of South Asia’s largest pregnancy cohort datasets, offering access to clinical data, medical images, and bio-specimens.
- The platform includes data from over 12,000 pregnant women, newborns, and postpartum mothers, enabling extensive research into maternal and neonatal health outcomes.
- It is a collaborative initiative, involving India’s top research institutions and hospitals, ensuring scientific synergy in maternal healthcare.
- Aims:
- To enhance maternal and neonatal healthcare research through large-scale data accessibility.
- To support global researchers in conducting transformative studies that can improve birth outcomes.
- To provide early insights into pregnancy-related complications, fostering better diagnostic and preventive measures.
- To develop predictive tools for conditions like preterm birth, ensuring better maternal health interventions.
- Features:
- Comprehensive Data Repository: Houses clinical, imaging, and bio-specimen data from thousands of pregnant women and newborns.
- Advanced Data Access: Researchers can explore detailed datasets to study pregnancy outcomes, foetal health, and postnatal development.
- Secure and Controlled Access: Provides clear guidance on data usage and approvals, ensuring ethical research practices.
- Global Research Platform: Enables nationwide and international collaboration, allowing researchers to work on common healthcare challenges.
- Supports Policy and Decision-Making: The data can be leveraged to shape maternal health policies, improve diagnostic protocols, and design effective interventions.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Gyan Bharatam Mission
Why in the News?
The Union Budget 2025-26 has introduced the Gyan Bharatam Mission, a comprehensive initiative for surveying, documenting, and conserving India’s manuscript heritage.
What is Gyan Bharatam Mission?
- It is a nationwide initiative launched in the Union Budget 2025-26 to survey, document, and conserve India’s manuscript heritage.
- The mission aims to cover over one crore manuscripts, ensuring the systematic preservation of ancient texts housed in academic institutions, museums, libraries, and private collections.
- It is a revival and expansion of the National Manuscripts Mission (NMM), which was originally established in 2003 but had limited impact due to inadequate funding and structural challenges.
- The mission aligns with India’s broader cultural conservation goals and is expected to create a centralized repository for India’s rich textual and intellectual heritage.
-
- Survey and document manuscripts across institutions and private collections.
- Digitize rare texts and create a centralized repository for research and preservation.
- Restore and conserve fragile manuscripts using modern preservation techniques.
- Features and Significance:
-
- Budget Allocation Increased: Funding for NMM raised from ₹3.5 crore to ₹60 crore.
- Digital Preservation: AI-driven archiving, metadata tagging, and translation tools for easy access.
PYQ:
[2023] With reference to Indian History, Alexander Rea, A. H. Longhurst, Robert Sewell, James Burgess and Walter Elliot were associated with (2023)
(a) archaeological excavations
(b) establishment of English Press in Colonial India
(c) establishment of Churches in Princely States
(d) construction of railways in Colonial India |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Hollongapar Gibbon WLS
Why in the News?
Exploratory drilling for oil and gas has been approved within the eco-sensitive zone surrounding the Hollongapar Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary.
About the Hollongapar Gibbon WLS
- Hollongapar Gibbon Wildlife Sanctuary was initially established as Hollongapar Reserve Forest in 1997 and renamed in 2004.
- It is the only habitat for hollock gibbons in India.
- Located in Assam, with the Bhogdoi River along its northern boundary.
- Biome classified as plains alluvial semi-evergreen forests with patches of wet evergreen forests.
- Flora:
- Upper canopy: Dominated by Hollong trees (Dipterocarpus macrocarpus), Sam, Amari, Sopas, Bhelu, Udal, and Hingori.
- Middle canopy: Features Nahar trees.
- Lower canopy: Composed of evergreen shrubs and herbs.
- Fauna:
- Primates: Includes Hoolock Gibbons, Bengal Slow Loris (only nocturnal primate in Northeast India), stump-tailed macaques, northern pig-tailed macaques, eastern Assamese macaques, rhesus macaques, and capped langurs.
- Other mammals: Indian elephants, tigers, leopards, jungle cats, wild boars, civets, squirrels, and more.
About the Hoolock Gibbons:
- Gibbons are the smallest and fastest apes, and they inhabit tropical and subtropical forests across Southeast Asia.
- It is the only ape specie found in India.
- They possess high intelligence, exhibit distinct personalities, and have strong familial bonds, reflecting characteristics similar to other ape species.
- The current population of hoolock gibbons is estimated at around 12,000, found primarily in Northeast India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, and southern China.
- Two distinct species, the eastern hoolock gibbon (Hoolock leuconedys) and the western hoolock gibbon (Hoolock hoolock), were previously reported in India.
- Conservation Status
- IUCN Red List: the western hoolock gibbon is classified as Endangered, and the eastern hoolock gibbon is classified as Vulnerable.
- Both gibbon species in India are placed under Schedule I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.
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PYQ:
[2010] Consider the following pairs:
Protected Area:: Well-known for
1. Bhitarkanika, Orissa :: Salt Water Crocodile
2. Desert National Park, Rajasthan :: Great Indian Bustard
3. Eravikulam, Kerala :: Hoolock Gibbon
Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 2 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: First National Gene Bank
Why in the News?
As part of the Union Budget 2025-26, Finance Minister announced the establishment of a second National Gene Bank in India.
About the First National Gene Bank
- Established in 1996 by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (ICAR-NBPGR) in New Delhi.
- Functions as India’s primary facility for preserving plant genetic resources (PGRs) to safeguard biodiversity.
- Operates through 12 regional stations across the country for collection and storage of vital crop germplasms.
- Preserves 0.47 million accessions (plant material for breeding and research) as of January 15, 2025.
- Maintains genetic resources using four conservation methods:
- Seed Genebank (-18°C) – Stores seeds for long-term conservation.
- Cryogenebank (-170°C to -196°C) – Preserves plant tissues in liquid nitrogen.
- In-vitro Genebank (25°C) – Maintains plant cultures in controlled environments.
- Field Genebank – Conserves live plants for breeding and research.
- Protects diverse crop groups, including cereals, millets, legumes, oilseeds, and vegetables.
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About the Second National Gene Bank
- It aims to store over 10 lakh germplasm lines to strengthen food and nutritional security.
- It will complement the first National Gene Bank and expand genetic conservation capacity.
- It is designed to support both public and private sectors in conserving genetic diversity.
- Features and Significance:
- Largest conservation facility in India, expanding germplasm storage capacity beyond the existing 0.47 million accessions in the first gene bank.
- Ensures germplasm accessibility for future generations, preventing genetic erosion due to habitat loss or overexploitation.
- Protects India’s agricultural heritage by preserving native, traditional, and rare plant varieties.
- Aligns with global conservation efforts, including India’s Seed Vault in Chang La (Ladakh) and the Svalbard Global Seed Vault (Norway).
- Promotes ex-situ conservation, ensuring crop diversity for future breeding, research, and sustainable farming.
PYQ:
[2021] What are the research and developmental achievements in applied biotechnology? How will these achievements help to uplift the poorer sections of society? |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Samudrayaan Project
Why in the News?
In a major boost to India’s Deep Ocean Mission, Finance Minister allocated ₹600 crore for the Samudrayaan project under the Union Budget 2025-26.
About Samudrayaan Project
- Samudrayaan is India’s first manned deep-sea mission, designed for exploring ocean resources and conducting deep-sea research.
- It falls under the Deep Ocean Mission (DOM) of the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES).
- The project involves sending scientists in a deep-sea submersible to explore mineral resources and biodiversity at depths of up to 6,000 metres.
- With this project, India will join an elite group of nations (USA, Russia, China, Japan, and France) capable of deep-sea manned exploration.
- Aims and Objectives
- Deep-Ocean Exploration: Study deep-sea resources, including minerals, hydrothermal vents, and marine biodiversity.
- Technological Development: Advance underwater robotics, deep-sea mining technology, and manned submersible vehicles.
- Sustainable Resource Utilization: Explore polymetallic nodules, which contain cobalt, nickel, manganese, and copper.
Significant Features:
- Manned Submersible: MATSYA 6000:
- Being developed by the National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT), Chennai.
- Developed under Samudrayaan to carry three crew members for up to 12 hours of exploration (extendable to 96 hours in emergencies).
- Designed for operation at a depth of 6,000 metres.
- Equipped with life-support systems and scientific sensors.
- Exploration of India’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ):
- Mapping the ocean floor for mineral resources.
- Conducting geological and environmental studies for sustainable deep-sea mining.
PYQ:
[2022] With reference to the United Nations Convention on the Law of Sea, consider the following statements:
- A coastal state has the right to establish the breadth of its territorial sea up to a limit not exceeding 12 nautical miles, measured from baseline determined in accordance with the convention.
- Ships of all states, whether coastal or land-locked, enjoy the right of innocent passage through the territorial sea.
- The Exclusive Economic Zone shall not extend beyond 200 nautical miles from the baseline from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National Mission on Cultural Mapping (NMCM)
Why in the News?
As part of the Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav, National Mission on Cultural Mapping (NMCM) introduced the Mera Gaon Meri Dharohar (MGMD) portal in June 2023, facilitating comprehensive documentation of the cultural heritage of 6.5 lakh villages across India.
About National Mission on Cultural Mapping (NMCM):
| Details |
Launched by the Ministry of Culture, Government of India and implemented by Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts (IGNCA). |
| Aims and Objectives |
- Document India’s cultural heritage, including art forms, artists, crafts, and performing arts.
- Mapping of 6.5 lakh villages across India; Initial focus on Bihar.
- IT-enabled platform to store and manage cultural data via a web portal and mobile app (Mera Gaon Meri Dharohar).
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| Significant Features |
- Database creation for cultural elements like oral traditions, art, customs, festivals, food, and historical landmarks.
- National Register of Artists and Art Practices for cultural preservation.
- Raising awareness about cultural heritage’s role in economic development and national unity.
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| Initiatives under the Mission |
- Mera Gaon Meri Dharohar (MGMD): Documents villages, focusing on culture, history, and traditions.
- 7 Categories of Cultural Data: Arts & Crafts, Ecology, Scholastic Traditions, Epics, History, Architecture, and Unique Features.
- Sanskriti Pratibha Khoj: Identification of traditional artists through cultural mapping.
- National Cultural Work Place and Outreach: Involves newsletters, magazines, booklets, advertisements, media, and content designing.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Mosquitofishes
Why in the News?
The National Green Tribunal (NGT) has sought a response from the Central government regarding the use of two highly invasive and alien fish species—Gambusia affinis (Mosquitofish) and Poecilia reticulata (Guppy)—as biological agents for mosquito control in multiple states.
Both species are classified as “invasive and alien” by the National Biodiversity Authority (NBA).
About Gambusia Affinis (Western Mosquitofish)
- It has been widely introduced worldwide as a biological control agent to reduce mosquito populations.
- The mosquitofish primarily feeds on mosquito larvae, small insects, and zooplankton.
- Despite its intended benefits, Gambusia affinis has been identified as one of the world’s most invasive species.
- It is highly aggressive and competes with native fish for resources.
- It also preys on the eggs and juveniles of indigenous fish, amphibians, and invertebrates, leading to a decline in local biodiversity.
- The Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG) has listed it among the 100 worst invasive species globally due to its harmful ecological impact.
About Poecilia Reticulata (Guppy, Millionfish, Rainbow Fish)
- Poecilia reticulata, commonly known as the Guppy, Millionfish, or Rainbow Fish, is a small freshwater fish native to Northern South America and the Caribbean.
- It is widely recognized for its vibrant colors and adaptability, making it a popular choice for both aquarium enthusiasts and mosquito control programs worldwide.
- It is a highly adaptable species, capable of surviving in a variety of freshwater environments.
- Guppies are omnivorous, feeding on mosquito larvae, small insects, algae, and organic detritus.
- Their feeding habits make them a common choice for mosquito control programs, although their effectiveness is still debated.
- While guppies are less aggressive than mosquitofish, their population growth can still disrupt local ecosystems.
PYQ:
[2023] ‘Wolbachia method’ is sometimes talked about with reference to which one of the following?
(a) Controlling the viral diseases spread by mosquitoes
(b) Converting crop residues into packing material
(c) Producing biodegradable plastics
(d) Producing biochar from thermo-chemical conversion of biomass |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Inland Mangrove of Guneri
Why in the News?
The Gujarat government has declared the Guneri Inland Mangrove in Kutch as the state’s first Biodiversity Heritage Site (BHS) under The Biological Diversity Act, 2002.
Quick Facts about Mangroves in India:
- “Red List of Mangrove Ecosystems” report released on May 22 (International Day for Biodiversity), 2024.
- India holds 3% of South Asia’s total mangrove cover.
- Mangrove cover increased by 54 sq km (1.10%), reaching 4,975 sq km (0.15% of India’s total area).
- West Bengal leads (42.45%), followed by Gujarat (23.66%) and Andaman & Nicobar Islands (12.39%).
- South 24 Parganas, West Bengal, alone contributes 41.85% of India’s mangrove cover, including Sundarbans National Park.
- Gujarat recorded the highest increase, adding 37 sq km of mangrove cover.
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About Guneri Inland Mangroves:
- Guneri Inland Mangroves (32.78 hectares) are a rare and unique mangrove ecosystem located in Kutch district, Gujarat.
- It is India’s last remaining inland mangrove site and one of only eight such sites globally.
- Unlike coastal mangroves, which thrive in tidal zones, Guneri mangroves exist inland without direct seawater contact.
- These mangroves have historical and ecological significance, possibly originating after the Miocene marine transgression or forming along the banks of the ancient Saraswati River in the Great Rann of Kutch.
Geographical Features:
- It is located about 45 km from the Arabian Sea and 4 km from Kori Creek.
- Terrain:
- Flat land, unlike coastal mangroves that grow in muddy, tidal zones.
- Devoid of sludge, making it resemble a forest rather than a typical mangrove swamp.
- Water Source:
- Thrives on limestone deposits, which help retain groundwater to sustain the mangroves.
- No direct tidal water influx, relying entirely on underground water connectivity.
- Biodiversity:
- Home to 20 migratory bird species and 25 resident migratory avifaunal species.
- Functions as a vital habitat for local and seasonal wildlife.
PYQ:
[2015] Which one of the following regions of India has a combination of mangrove forest, evergreen forest and deciduous forest?
(a) North Coastal Andhra Pradesh
(b) South-West Bengal
(c) Southern Saurashtra
(d) Andaman and Nicobar Islands |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Geo-Economic Fragmentation
Why in the News?
The Economic Survey 2024-25 highlights the shift from globalization to geo-economic fragmentation (GEF). Countries are now forming economic blocs, with concepts like “friend-shoring” gaining prominence.
What is Geo-Economic Fragmentation (GEF)?
- GEF refers to the breakdown of global economic integration, caused by strategic national policies.
- It involves disruptions in trade, capital flows, foreign direct investment (FDI), and migration.
- The shift resembles the Cold War era, with countries aligning into economic blocs.
- Western nations’ imposition of uniform environmental, labor, and social standards has fueled economic divisions.
- The World Trade Organization (WTO) Trade Monitoring Report (October 2024) recorded:
- 169 new trade-restrictive measures, affecting $887.7 billion worth of trade.
- A sharp rise from $337.1 billion in 2023, reflecting escalating protectionism.
- The IMF notes that trade fragmentation today is costlier than during the Cold War, when global trade was just 16% of GDP.
- Today, it is 45%, making economic isolation riskier.
Significance and Impacts of GEF:
- Decline of Global Trade: WTO reported 169 new trade restrictions covering $887.7 billion in 2023-24, making trade costlier.
- FDI Relocation: Friend-shoring is concentrating FDI among geopolitically aligned nations, reducing capital for emerging economies.
- China’s Economic Dominance: Controls 80% of solar panels, 80% of batteries, and 60% of wind energy, reshaping supply chains.
- Supply Chain Disruptions: Firms are shifting from China to India, Vietnam, and Mexico to diversify risks.
- Emerging Market Challenges: Increased trade barriers, inflation, and tech restrictions slow down growth.
- Rise in Economic Nationalism: Nations are prioritizing domestic industries, energy security, and localized production over global collaboration.
PYQ:
[2022] Elucidate the relationship between globalization and new technology in a world of scarce resources, with special reference to India.
[2017] Which of the following has/have occurred in India after its liberalization of economic policies in 1991?
1. Share of agriculture in GDP increased enormously.
2. Share of India’s exports in world trade increased.
3. FDI inflows increased.
4. India’s foreign exchange reserves increased enormously.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1 and 4 only
(b) 2, 3 and 4 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ramsar Wetland sites in India
Why in the News?
Ahead of World Wetlands Day (February 2nd), the Environment Ministry announced the inclusion of four new Ramsar sites, bringing India’s total to 89.
The newly designated sites are Sakkarakottai Bird Sanctuary and Therthangal Bird Sanctuary in Tamil Nadu, Khecheopalri Wetland in Sikkim, and Udhwa Lake Bird Sanctuary in Jharkhand. With this, Tamil Nadu now has 20 Ramsar sites, the highest in the country, followed by Uttar Pradesh with 10 sites.
About the Newly Added Ramsar Sites:
|
Description |
| Sakkarakottai Bird Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu |
- Location: Ramanathapuram District, Tamil Nadu.
- Originally an irrigation tank, now a designated bird sanctuary.
- Recharged by northeast monsoon (Oct-Jan).
- Supports 42+ bird species, including Spot-billed Pelican, Grey Heron, Little Cormorant, and Black Kite.
|
| Therthangal Bird Sanctuary, Tamil Nadu |
- Location: Theerthangal Village, Ramanathapuram District, Tamil Nadu.
- A freshwater ecosystem and an important breeding ground for waterbirds.
- Recorded 96 bird species across 18 orders and 44 families.
- Notable species include Oriental Darter, Black-headed Ibis, Asian Woolly-necked Stork, and Spot-billed Pelican.
|
| Khecheopalri Wetland, Sikkim |
- Location: West Sikkim, near Khecheopalri Village.
- A sacred lake revered by Buddhists and Hindus.
- Part of a temperate Himalayan peatland ecosystem, surrounded by broad-leaved mixed temperate forests.
- Flora: Rich in macrophytes, phytoplankton, and zooplankton.
- Fauna: Supports fish species like Cyprinus carpio, Danio aequipinnatus, and various migratory birds (Common Merganser, Tufted Duck).
|
| Udhwa Lake Bird Sanctuary, Jharkhand |
- Location: Sahebganj District, Jharkhand.
- Comprises two interconnected lakes: Pataura (155 ha) and Berhale (410 ha).
- Connected to the Ganga River via the Udhuwa Nala (25 km stretch).
- Pataura Lake depth: ~2 meters; Berhale Lake depth: ~70 cm, covered with aquatic vegetation.
- Flora: Home to 42 algae species and 36 aquatic macrophytes.
- Fauna: Habitat for 83 bird species, including the Near Threatened Black-necked Stork and 22 commercially valuable fish species.
|
PYQ:
[2019] Consider the following statements:
- Under Ramsar Convention, it is mandatory on the part of the Government of India to protect and conserve all the wetlands in the territory of India.
- The Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2010 were framed by the Government of India based on the recommendations of Ramsar Convention.
- The Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2010 also encompass the drainage area or catchment regions of the wetlands as determined by the authority.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 3 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Legal status of Cannabis
Why in the News?
The Himachal Pradesh Cabinet has approved a pilot study for the controlled cultivation of cannabis for medicinal and industrial purposes.
Legal Status of Cannabis Cultivation in India:
- Prohibited for recreational use under the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (NDPS) Act, 1985.
- Section 2 of the NDPS Act bans the cultivation, production, and sale of cannabis resin and flowers.
- Section 10 allows state governments to regulate cannabis cultivation for medicinal and scientific purposes.
- Section 14 grants the Central Government authority to permit cultivation for industrial uses (fiber and seed extraction).
|
Why Himachal Pradesh Could Soon Allow Controlled Cannabis Cultivation?
- The Himalayan region’s soil and climate are ideal for cultivating low-THC hemp varieties, making Himachal Pradesh a prime location for controlled cannabis farming.
- The government sees controlled cultivation as a way to generate revenue, create employment opportunities, and support local farmers, particularly in Kullu, Chamba, Mandi, Solan, Kangra, and Sirmaur.
- Cannabis cultivation will be restricted to industrial and pharmaceutical uses, such as:
- Pain relief medications
- Textile and paper production
- Biofuel and cosmetics
- Hemp-based food products
- The Kullu and Malana regions are known for illegal narcotic cannabis cultivation. Regulating the sector could reduce illegal activities and ensure legal trade.
- The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (NDPS) Act, 1985 allows state governments to permit and regulate cannabis cultivation for scientific, medicinal, and industrial purposes under strict conditions.
Which are the other States to allow Controlled Cannabis Cultivation in India?
- Uttarakhand (2018):
- First state to legalize industrial hemp cultivation.
- Managed by the Centre for Aromatic Plants (CAP), Selaqui.
- Challenges include maintaining THC levels below 0.3% and seed availability.
- Madhya Pradesh (2023):
- Approved medicinal cannabis research but commercial cultivation is yet to start.
- Sai Phytoceuticals (Pvt. Ltd.) received the first license for cannabis-based medicine production.
- Jammu & Kashmir (2021):
- India’s first medicinal cannabis pilot project launched by CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (IIIM), Jammu.
- Conducted in Public-Private Partnership (PPP) mode with a Canadian firm.
- Research focuses on cannabis-based cancer and epilepsy treatments.
PYQ:
[2018] India’s proximity to the two of the world’s biggest illicit opium-growing states has enhanced her internal security concerns. Explain the linkages between drug trafficking and other illicit activities such as gunrunning, money laundering and human trafficking. What counter-measures should be taken to prevent the same? |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: EAST Project; Artificial Sun
Why in the News?
China’s Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST), commonly referred to as the Artificial Sun, has set a new world record by sustaining a high-confinement plasma operation for 1066 seconds. The artificial sun reached an extreme temperature of 100 million degrees Celsius, surpassing its own previous record of 403 seconds.
What is the EAST Project?
- EAST is a nuclear fusion research facility developed by the Chinese Academy of Sciences (ASIPP) in 2006.
- It aims to replicate solar fusion reactions to create a sustainable, clean energy source for future power generation.
- The project serves as a global research platform for fusion experiments and advancing magnetic confinement technology.
- It uses superconducting magnets to contain ultra-hot plasma, necessary for fusion.
Comparison with Other Fusion Projects
- China’s EAST (Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak):
- Record: 1066 seconds at 100 million degrees Celsius (2025).
- Previous Record: 403 seconds at high confinement mode.
- Goal: Develop a commercial fusion power plant.
- Korea’s KSTAR (Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research):
- Record: 100 million degrees Celsius for 20 seconds (2020).
- Goal: Sustain a longer plasma confinement period.
- France’s ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor):
- Largest global fusion project, involving 35 nations.
- Expected to achieve plasma ignition by 2035.
- Focuses on demonstrating large-scale fusion feasibility.
|
Significance of This Achievement
- Record-Breaking Fusion Operation: EAST sustained plasma at 100 million°C for 1066 seconds, surpassing its previous record of 403 seconds.
- Progress Toward Fusion Power Plants: Prolonged plasma confinement is crucial for achieving continuous, self-sustaining fusion reactions.
- Potential for Clean Energy: Fusion produces zero carbon emissions and could serve as an unlimited energy source once commercially viable.
- Global Competition: Other projects like ITER (France) and KSTAR (Korea) are also advancing fusion research, aiming for similar breakthroughs.
Challenges in Nuclear Fusion
- Extreme Temperatures: Plasma must be sustained at over 100 million°C, requiring high-energy input.
- Material Limitations: Reactor components must withstand intense heat and radiation, yet no material can do so indefinitely.
- Energy Input vs. Output: Current reactors consume more energy than they generate, preventing commercial viability.
- Magnetic Confinement Issues: Plasma instability can disrupt reactions, making sustained fusion difficult.
- High Costs: Fusion research requires expensive superconductors, cryogenics, and containment systems.
Difference between Nuclear Fusion and Fission
|
Nuclear Fusion |
Nuclear Fission |
| Process |
Combines atomic nuclei to release energy. |
Splits heavy nuclei to release energy. |
| Energy Output |
Much higher than fission. |
Comparatively lower. |
| Fuel Source |
Hydrogen isotopes (Deuterium, Tritium)—abundant in seawater. |
Uranium-235, Plutonium-239—limited supply. |
| Waste Production |
Minimal radioactive waste (helium byproduct). |
Produces long-lived radioactive waste. |
| Environmental Risk |
No meltdown risk, completely safe. |
Risk of radiation leaks (e.g., Chernobyl, Fukushima). |
| Current Feasibility |
Still experimental, not yet commercially viable. |
Commercially used in nuclear power plants. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Palar River
Why in the News?
The British-era Palar River Anaicut, a masonry check dam built in 1858, is undergoing a major restoration following severe structural damage caused by the 2021 floods.
Supreme Court’s Directives:
- The Supreme Court (SC) has directed that all restoration activities must adhere to environmental protection laws and sustainable development principles.
- The WRD must ensure that the restored structure can withstand future floods and water releases.
- The SC emphasized local farmers’ involvement in decision-making, considering the impact on irrigation and water availability.
|
About Palar River
- The Palar River originates in the Nandi Hills of Karnataka, at an altitude of 1,400 meters above sea level.
- It flows through Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu, covering a total length of 348 km before emptying into the Bay of Bengal near Vayalur, Tamil Nadu.
- Important tributaries include Cheyyar, Ponnai, Malattar, and Kosasthalaiyar rivers.
- The river has been a lifeline for agriculture, supporting ancient civilizations and irrigation networks in South India.
- Geographical Features:
- It is rain-fed, experiencing seasonal variations—it remains dry for most of the year but carries heavy flows during monsoons.
- Its basin consists of alluvial, red, and black soil, supporting paddy, sugarcane, and groundnut cultivation.
- It is heavily dammed, leading to reduced flow, sand mining concerns, and groundwater depletion.
- The Palar Anaicut and various reservoirs distribute water to agricultural lands in Tamil Nadu, ensuring water security for farmers.
PYQ:
[2016] Recently, which of the following States has explored the possibility of constructing an artificial inland port to be connected to sea by a long navigational channel?
(a) Andhra Pradesh
(b) Chhattisgarh
(c) Karnataka
(d) Rajasthan |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Teesta River
Why in the News?
The Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC) has approved the reconstruction of the Teesta-III Dam, which was destroyed by a Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) in October 2023.
About Teesta River
- The Teesta River is a transboundary river flowing through India and Bangladesh.
- Originates from Tso Lhamo Lake, Sikkim, at 5,330 meters in the Himalayas.
- Major tributary of the Brahmaputra River (Jamuna in Bangladesh).
- Vital for irrigation, hydroelectric power, and water supply in Sikkim, West Bengal, and Bangladesh.
- The Teesta Water Dispute remains unresolved, with Bangladesh seeking an equitable share of water.
Geographical Features:
- Length: 414 km (309 km in India, 105 km in Bangladesh).
- Basin Area: 12,159 sq. km in Sikkim and North Bengal.
- Originates in North Sikkim → flows through West Bengal → enters Bangladesh before merging with the Brahmaputra River.
- Passes through major towns like Mangan, Kalimpong, Jalpaiguri, and Rangpo.
- Tributaries:
- Left-bank: Rangit, Relli, Great Rangit.
- Right-bank: Lachung, Lachen, Talung.
- It supports Himalayan biodiversity, crucial for tea plantations and terrace farming.
Conservation Initiatives:
- National River Conservation Plan (NRCP): Includes efforts to reduce pollution and improve water quality of the Teesta.
- Teesta Barrage Project (West Bengal): Aimed at irrigation development and hydroelectric power generation in North Bengal.
- Hydroelectric Projects in Sikkim: Several Teesta Hydropower Projects (Teesta Stage III, IV, V, VI, etc.) have been established to generate renewable energy while ensuring minimum ecological impact.
- India-Bangladesh Water Sharing Talks: Ongoing diplomatic negotiations to resolve the Teesta water-sharing dispute, ensuring equitable distribution.
- Catchment Area Treatment (CAT) Plan: Implemented to prevent soil erosion and siltation, protecting river health.
| PYQ:
[2017] With reference to river Teesta, consider the following statements:
1. The source of river Teesta is the same as that of Brahmaputra but it flows through Sikkim.
2. River Rangeet originates in Sikkim and it is a tributary of river Teesta.
3. River Teesta falls into Bay of Bengal at the border of India and Bangladesh.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Asteroid Bennu; OSIRIS-REx Mission
Why in the News?
NASA’s OSIRIS-REx (Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, Security–Regolith Explorer) mission has delivered samples from asteroid Bennu, revealing amino acids, nucleobases, and signs of ancient saltwater, key components in the origins of life.
Key Findings of the Study:
- 14 out of 20 amino acids essential for proteins on Earth were found.
- All five nucleo-bases used in DNA and RNA were detected, indicating prebiotic chemistry beyond Earth.
- Ammonia & Formaldehyde compounds can react under suitable conditions to form complex organic molecules.
- It thus supports the idea that asteroids delivered key building blocks for life to early Earth.
- Calcite, halite, sylvite, and trona were found, indicating prolonged exposure to liquid water.
- Similar briny conditions have been observed on Ceres and Enceladus, suggesting the solar system had widespread environments suitable for organic chemistry.
- Life on Earth exclusively uses left-handed amino acids, but Bennu samples show an equal mix, raising questions about why life evolved with this preference.
|
About Asteroid Bennu
- Asteroid Bennu is a carbon-rich asteroid that orbits between Earth and Mars.
- It is believed to be a primitive remnant of the early solar system, holding clues to the origins of life.
- The asteroid is porous, with up to 60% empty space, affecting its collision potential with Earth in the distant future.
- It periodically ejects material, classifying it as an active asteroid.
- OSIRIS-REx was NASA’s first asteroid sample-return mission, launched in 2016 to study and collect material from Bennu’s surface.
- The spacecraft arrived at Bennu in 2018, mapped its surface for two years, and collected samples in 2020.
- It successfully returned the material to Earth in 2023.
- The mission aimed to analyze Bennu’s composition, understand its water history, and study the organic molecules that may have played a role in the origin of life.
Significance of the Study:
- It strengthens the theory that asteroids contributed to life’s origins by delivering organic molecules and water to early Earth.
- It confirms that essential ingredients for life were widespread in the early solar system, increasing the possibility of life beyond Earth.
- It helps refine planetary defense strategies, as Bennu has a small chance of impacting Earth in the future.
PYQ:
[2011] What is the difference between asteroids and comets?
- Asteroids are small rocky planetoids, while comets are formed of frozen gases held together by rocky and metallic material.
- Asteroids are found mostly between the orbits of Jupiter and Mars, while comets are found mostly between Venus and Mercury.
- Comets show a perceptible glowing tail, while asteroids do not.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 1 and 3 only
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: eCoO 2.0 System
Why in the News?
The Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT) has launched the enhanced Certificate of Origin (eCoO) 2.0 system, a major upgrade aimed at simplifying export certification and improving trade efficiency.
What is eCoO 2.0 System?
- The eCoO 2.0 system is a digital platform launched by the Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT) to simplify and streamline the issuance of Non-Preferential Certificates of Origin (CoO).
- Effective January 1, 2025, exporters must electronically file CoO applications through this platform.
- It aligns with India’s Ease of Doing Business initiative by improving trade facilitation, digital authentication, and document processing.
Key Features of the eCoO 2.0 System
- Exporters must submit Non-Preferential Certificates of Origin (CoO) online.
- Allows exporters to authorize multiple users under a single Importer Exporter Code (IEC).
- Aadhaar-based e-Signing provides an alternative to Digital Signature Tokens, enhancing security and ease of use.
- Offers real-time access to eCoO services, Free Trade Agreement (FTA) details, trade events, and notifications.
- Exporters can request In-lieu CoO for rectifications on previously issued CoOs.
- The system handles 7,000+ eCoOs daily, integrating 125 issuing agencies, 110 chambers of commerce, and 650+ issuing officers.
Significance of the eCoO 2.0 System
- Reduces manual paperwork and speeds up export documentation.
- Digitally signed CoOs prevent fraudulent certifications and ensure traceability.
- Facilitates smoother re-exports, trans-shipments, and intermediary trade, boosting India’s position in global supply chains.
- Faster approvals help exporters comply with international trade agreements, enhancing competitiveness.
- Aligns with India’s push for paperless trade, reinforcing DGFT’s trade facilitation efforts.
PYQ:
[2011] A “closed economy” is an economy in which:
(a) the money supply is fully controlled
(b) deficit financing takes place
(c) only exports take place
(d) neither exports or imports take place |
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