Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Classical Languages, Historical significance of Marathi
Why in the News?
Months after conferring classical language status to Marathi, the Union Government issued an official notification formalizing the recognition.
What is the Criteria for declaring a Classical language?
The Linguistic Experts Committee (LEC) under Sahitya Akademi, established in November 2004, evaluates languages for Classical status based on their historical, cultural, and literary significance. The criteria have evolved over time to ensure a rigorous and inclusive assessment.
- Original Criteria (2004): Introduced alongside the recognition of Tamil as the first Classical Language:
- Recorded history or early texts must span over 1,000 years.
- A body of ancient literature must be regarded as valuable by generations.
- Literary traditions should be original, not borrowed from another speech community.
- Revised Criteria (2005): The criteria were revised to include stricter parameters, leading to the recognition of Sanskrit:
- Antiquity of early texts over 1,500–2,000 years.
- A significant corpus of ancient literature considered heritage.
- Distinctiveness of classical language from modern forms.
- A discontinuity between classical language and its later offshoots.
- Recent Upgrade (2024): The LEC refined the criteria further to incorporate broader evidence and diverse literary forms. Five additional languages—Marathi, Pali, Prakrit, Assamese, and Bengali—were granted Classical status under these parameters:
- Early texts/recorded history over 1,500–2,000 years.
- Ancient literature/texts considered a cultural heritage.
- Inclusion of knowledge texts, prose, epigraphical evidence, and inscriptions.
- Classical language distinct from or discontinuous with its modern or evolved forms.
- Classical languages: Tamil (2004), Sanskrit (2005), Telugu (2008), Kannada (2008), Malayalam (2013), Odia (2014); Pali, Prakrit, Assamese, and Bengali (2024) along with Marathi.
What are the significance of Classical Language?
- Recognizing a classical language preserves its historical roots and unifies cultural heritage.
- It promotes academic research, translation, and scholarly employment opportunities.
- Gaining global awareness broadens its use in technology, academia, and global dialogue.
- Government support and funding ensure sustained preservation, research, and institutional development.
Historical Significance of Marathi Language
- Marathi’s 2,000-year history meets the antiquity criterion.
- Early mentions of “Marathi” in various forms, such as Maharashtri Prakrit, Jain Maharashtri, and Prakrit Marathi, point to its evolution.
- Over 100 stone inscriptions, including those in the Naneghat Caves (20 BCE), which contain Marathi commands alongside Sanskrit benedictions.
- Literary milestones: Works from the Yadava period (12th–13th century AD) such as:
- Leelacharitra: A biography of Chakradhar Swami.
- Dnyaneshwari: A commentary on the Bhagavad Gita by Sant Dnyaneshwar.
- The Pathare Committee (2013) and Sahitya Akademi supported Marathi’s case.
- A massive postcard campaign with 500,000 letters sent to the Prime Minister demanding recognition.
- Dnyaneshwar Mulay’s Committee addressed administrative hurdles to finalize the proposal in February 2024.
PYQ:
[2015] Which one of the following was given classical language status recently?
(a) Odia
(b) Konkani
(c) Bhojpuri
(d) Assamese |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Miyawaki Technique
Why in the News?
Ahead of the Mahakumbh Mela in Uttar Pradesh, the Prayagraj Municipal Corporation has employed the Japanese Miyawaki technique to create dense “oxygen bank” forests, ensuring cleaner air and ecological balance for millions of devotees.
About Miyawaki Technique
- The Miyawaki technique is a pioneering method for creating dense forests in limited spaces, developed by Japanese botanist Akira Miyawaki in the 1970s.
- Known as the ‘pot plantation method’, this technique mimics natural forest ecosystems by using native species planted closely together, promoting rapid growth and biodiversity.
- It was developed to restore degraded ecosystems and barren lands by replicating the processes found in natural forests.
- It is widely used for urban afforestation projects globally.
Significant Features:
- Dense Planting: Trees and shrubs are planted close together, enabling rapid growth—up to 10 times faster than traditional methods.
- Native Species: Focuses on local plant varieties to replicate the natural ecosystem.
- Improved Biodiversity: Enhances species richness, supporting more flora and fauna.
- Carbon Absorption: Trees absorb more carbon, helping combat urban pollution.
PYQ:
[2022] The “Miyawaki method” is well known for the:
(a) Promotion of commercial farming in arid and semi-arid areas
(b) Development of gardens using genetically modified flora
(c) Creation of mini forests in urban areas
(d) Harvesting wind energy on coastal areas and on sea surfaces |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Polar Vortex
Why in the News?
The United States is facing severe winter storms as the polar vortex is expanding southward from the Arctic and driving temperatures as low as -50°C (-60°F).
What is a Polar Vortex?
- The polar vortex is a band of fast-moving air that traps cold Arctic air within the Polar Regions.
- It is a natural atmospheric phenomenon, typically spinning in a counter-clockwise direction around the North Pole.
- Wind speeds in the polar vortex can reach up to 250 km/h (155 mph).
- Causes of a Polar Vortex:
- Stable State: Under normal conditions, the polar vortex remains strong and well-contained within the Arctic Circle, keeping frigid air confined to the Polar Regions.
- Weakened State:
- The vortex weakens when rising warm air from the lower atmosphere disrupts its circular flow, allowing Arctic air to spill southward.
- Factors contributing to a weakened state include: Significant weather patterns (e.g., powerful winds in mountainous regions); Changes in tropical climate systems or sea surface temperatures. Climate change causing uneven warming, especially at the poles..
What are its types?
- Tropospheric Polar Vortex:
- It occurs in the lowest atmospheric layer (troposphere) where most weather phenomena take place.
- Typically results in milder weather across northern latitudes.
- Stratospheric Polar Vortex:
- Forms 16–48 km above the Earth’s surface in the Stratosphere.
- Stronger and more stable but can weaken due to disruptions, leading to southward extensions of Arctic air.
- It emerges in autumn and dissipates by spring each year.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Section 479 of the BNSS
Why in the News?
The Central Government has directed all States and Union Territories (UTs) to implement Section 479 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (BNSS). This provision seeks to relieve undertrial prisoners (UTPs) by addressing prolonged detention and mitigating prison overcrowding.
What is Section 479 of the BNSS?
- Section 479 governs the maximum period for which an undertrial prisoner (UTP) can be detained during investigation, inquiry, or trial.
- It is based on Section 436-A of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (CrPC).
- It aims to address the prolonged detention of UTPs, ensure their timely release on bail or bond, and maintain fairness and accountability in the judicial process.
- This section applies to cases where the punishment does not include death or life imprisonment, and introduces clear mechanisms for review and action, thereby mitigating issues like prison overcrowding.
Key Provisions under Section 479 of BNSS:
- Eligibility for Bail: Undertrials (UTPs) who have served half of their maximum possible sentence may be released on bail; the court must provide written reasons if they decide to extend detention after hearing the Public Prosecutor.
- First-Time Offenders: UTPs with no prior convictions who have served one-third of their maximum sentence are eligible for release on bond, aligning with the principle of reformative justice.
- Superintendent’s Responsibility: Jail superintendents must submit a written application to the court for the release of UTPs upon completion of the applicable detention period (one-third or one-half, depending on eligibility).
- Exclusions: The provision does not apply to offences punishable by death or life imprisonment, and any delay caused by the accused is excluded from the detention period calculation.
- Limitations for Multiple Offences: Accused individuals facing multiple offences or multiple charges are not covered, ensuring the provision is not misused in complex or repeated criminal cases.
- Absolute Ceiling on Detention: Detention cannot exceed the maximum imprisonment term prescribed for the offence, preventing indefinite incarceration.
- Judicial Oversight: Courts must ensure extended detention serves public safety and justice, requiring input from the Public Prosecutor for any continued confinement.
- Mandatory Review Mechanism: A statutory review process is in place to prevent prolonged undertrial detention and address potential oversights or delays.
- Safeguard against Misuse: Time delays caused by the accused do not count towards the detention period, ensuring fair application of the law.
- Focus on Reform and Decongestion: By expediting bail and bond processes for eligible UTPs, the law aims to reduce overcrowding in prisons and uphold reformative objectives.
PYQ:
[2021] With reference to India, consider the following statements :
1. Judicial custody means an accused is in the custody of the concerned magistrate and such accused is locked up in police station, not in jail.
2. During judicial custody, the police officer in charge of the case is not allowed to interrogate the suspect without the approval of the court.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Selective Gene Silencing
Why in the News?
Researchers at Columbia University found that cells can selectively switch off one parent’s copy of a gene. This may explain why some people with harmful mutations remain symptom-free, and it could lead to new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for genetic disorders.
About the Selective Silencing Mechanism:
- Selective gene silencing refers to the process where cells inactivate one parent’s copy of a gene (either maternal or paternal), resulting in an unequal contribution of the two gene copies to cellular function.
- Previously thought to be rare, recent research reveals that this phenomenon is relatively common and plays a significant role in genetic variability, disease progression, and individual health outcomes.
- Key Features:
- Inactivation can vary between different cell types (e.g., immune cells and kidney cells).
- The process is dynamic and may change over time, adding complexity to how genes function in the body.
- Approximately 1 in 20 active genes in some immune cells exhibit this selective bias.
- Implications for Health:
- This mechanism helps explain why individuals carrying the same disease-causing mutation can have vastly different symptom severities.
- It shifts the understanding of genetic diseases, emphasizing the importance of dynamic gene activity patterns alongside static genetic codes.
- The discovery opens up opportunities for novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches by focusing on gene expression rather than genetic sequences.
What are its significant applications?
- Selective Gene Manipulation: Therapies could be developed to activate healthy gene copies while suppressing diseased ones, offering a less invasive alternative to traditional genetic editing.
- Improved Understanding of Diseases: Selective gene silencing explains variability in conditions like lupus and cancer, revealing why some individuals remain symptom-free.
- Precision Medicine: By identifying individual patterns of gene expression, personalized treatment options become possible, reducing the need for one-size-fits-all approaches.
- Early Interventions: Recognizing at-risk but asymptomatic individuals allows healthcare providers to implement preventive measures and potentially delay disease onset.
- Protein-Based Therapies: Focusing on selective gene activity aids in detecting and differentiating disease-related proteins from healthy ones, paving the way for targeted, protein-specific drugs.
PYQ:
[2014] Consider the following techniques/phenomena:
- Budding and grafting in fruit plants
- Cytoplasmic male sterility
- Gene silencing
Which of the above is/are used to create transgenic crops?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3
(c) 1 and 3
(d) None |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: ‘Year of Reforms’
Why in the News?
The Ministry of Defence (MoD) has declared 2025 as the ‘Year of Reforms’, marking a significant step in modernizing India’s Armed Forces.
Nine Broad Areas Listed for the ‘Year of Reforms’
- Integrated Theatre Commands (ITCs): Enhance jointness and resolve inter-service disagreements for effective ITC implementation.
- Emerging Domains and Technologies: Prioritize cybersecurity, AI, ML, hypersonics, and robotics, and develop tactics for future warfare.
- Operational Collaboration: Strengthen inter-service cooperation through shared training and joint operational capabilities.
- Acquisition Reforms: Simplify procedures to expedite procurement and facilitate technology transfers via public-private partnerships.
- Public-Private Partnerships: Encourage collaboration between the defence sector and industries to foster innovation.
- Civil-Military Coordination: Break silos to eliminate inefficiencies and optimize resources.
- Defence Exports: Position India as a global defence exporter, promoting R&D and partnerships with foreign OEMs.
- Veterans’ Welfare: Optimize welfare measures for veterans and leverage their expertise.
- Cultural Pride: Promote indigenous capabilities and instil pride in Indian culture alongside adopting modern military practices.
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Key Initiatives for Defence Modernization in India
- Acquisition of Advanced Weaponry: Rafale jets (36 inducted, 26 more planned) enhance air power; S-400 air defence systems provide long-range protection; Arjun Mk-1A tanks boost indigenous capability and firepower.
- Indigenous Development: LCA Tejas replaces ageing fighter jets and supports air-to-air refuelling; INS Arihant, India’s first nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine, strengthens underwater deterrence.
- Technological Advancements: Network-centric warfare improves situational awareness (e.g., Project Sanjay, E-Sitrep); AI and robotics enhance intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance; cyber warfare capabilities grow under the National Cyber Security Policy.
- Defence Production and Export: Domestic production reached a record ₹1.27 lakh crore in 2023–24, emphasizing indigenisation; exports hit $2.63 billion, supplying markets like Vietnam and the Philippines.
- Strategic Infrastructure: Border security efforts include the Comprehensive Integrated Border Management System and Border Infrastructure Management, improving troop mobility and safeguarding boundaries.
PYQ:
[2014] Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in the defence sector is now set to be liberalized: What influence this is expected to have on Indian defence and economy in the short and long run? |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Bharatpol Portal
Why in the News?
Union Home Minister Amit Shah launched Bharatpol, a groundbreaking portal developed by the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI).
What is Bharatpol?
- Bharatpol is a unified digital platform designed to enhance collaboration between Indian law enforcement agencies and Interpol, which connects police forces across 195 member countries.
- It simplifies international police cooperation, replacing outdated modes of communication like letters and faxes with real-time digital tools.
- Goal: Equip Indian law enforcement agencies with modern technology and techniques to track fugitives and address global crime challenges.
- Why was it developed?
- Rising transnational crimes necessitate real-time international assistance.
- Facilitates faster investigations into crimes such as cybercrime, drug trafficking, organized crime, and online radicalization.
- Features of Bharatpol:
- Integrates CBI’s role as Interpol’s National Central Bureau (NCB-New Delhi)
- Simplified Request Mechanism
- Rapid Information Dissemination
- Utilization of Interpol Notices
- Capacity Building and Training
Modules of Bharatpol:
- Connect: Acts as a digital extension of Interpol’s NCB-New Delhi, ensuring seamless and secure communication between Indian agencies and Interpol.
- INTERPOL Notices: Simplifies the process of issuing and managing Interpol Notices, ensuring swift action on international alerts.
- References: Streamlines the use of global criminal data, enabling faster investigations.
- Broadcast: Allows real-time sharing of requests and updates from Interpol’s 195 member countries.
- Resources: Facilitates the exchange of documents, training materials, and capacity-building resources.
How does Bharatpol enhance Interpol’s functionality?
- Bharatpol extends Interpol’s reach in India, connecting local police to global law enforcement networks.
- It allows instant transmission of critical information, enhancing the efficiency of investigations and international cooperation.
- It simplifies the process for Indian agencies to access Interpol’s 19 databases on crimes, criminals, and stolen assets.
- It ensures a structured approach to tracking fugitives and resolving international cases.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Coffee cultivation in India
Why in the News?
India’s coffee exports in the 2024 calendar year witnessed a significant growth of 45% in dollar terms, reaching an all-time high of $1.684 billion, compared to $1.160 billion in 2023.
Coffee Production in India
- Coffee was introduced to India in 1600s by Baba Budan, who planted seven seeds in Chikmagalur, Karnataka.
- Karnataka is the largest producer, contributing 70% of the total, followed by Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
- Over 70% of India’s coffee production is exported, making India the 8th largest coffee exporter globally.
- Coffee thrives in tropical to semi-tropical climates with temperatures of 16°–28°C and annual rainfall of 150–250 cm.
- The plant grows best on well-drained slopes with laterite soils, especially in Karnataka.
- Major varieties cultivated include Arabica, Robusta, and Liberica. Arabica has a higher market value due to its mild aromatic flavor.
- The Coffee Board of India plays a crucial role in promoting the Indian coffee industry by focusing on export promotion, domestic market development, and improving production and quality standards.
Note:
- The Coffee Board of India was established in 1942 under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry.
- It is headquartered in Bangalore and consists of 33 members, including a Chairman appointed by the Government of India.
- Initially, it managed the pooled supply and marketing of coffee until 1995. After economic liberalization, coffee marketing became a private-sector activity.
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Reasons for growth
- Coffee prices reached record highs in 2024 due to poor weather conditions in major coffee-producing nations like Brazil and Vietnam, leading to increased global demand for Indian coffee.
- The anticipated rollout of European Union Deforestation Regulation (EUDR) norms prompted advance purchases by European buyers, including roasters and traders, boosting demand for Indian coffee exports.
- A 37% increase in unit value per tonne enhanced the overall export revenue, driven by higher global prices and better quality of Indian coffee.
- Efforts to strengthen relationships with traditional buyers (e.g., Italy, Germany) while expanding to emerging markets (e.g., UAE) helped diversify export destinations and increase overall volumes.
PYQ:
[2010] Though coffee and tea both are cultivated on hill slopes, there is some difference between them regarding their cultivation. In this context, consider the following statements:
- Coffee plant requires a hot and humid climate of tropical areas whereas tea can be cultivated in both tropical and subtropical areas.
- Coffee is propagated by seeds but tea is propagated by stem cuttings only.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Rudra 1N System
Why in the News?
Bellatrix Aerospace, the Bengaluru-based space startup, has announced a significant milestone with the successful demonstration of its Rudra High-Performance Green Propulsion System during the PSLV C-60 mission, onboard the POEM-4 platform.
About Rudra 1N System:
- The Rudra 1N System is an advanced green mono-propellant propulsion system developed by Bellatrix Aerospace, a Bengaluru-based space technology start-up.
- It is a cutting-edge solution for space propulsion, designed to enhance efficiency, precision, and sustainability in satellite and space platform operations.
- Features and Significance:
- Demonstrated a 1.4-degree/sec disturbance on the Yaw axis and an 80-degree angular rotation during its operational tests, highlighting its precise manoeuvering capabilities.
- Utilizes a non-toxic, environmentally friendly propellant to minimize ecological impact during space missions.
- Offers a cleaner alternative to traditional chemical propulsion systems.
- Entirely designed and manufactured in-house, showcasing Bellatrix Aerospace’s technological independence.
- Suitable for a variety of satellite sizes and mission profiles, offering scalability.
About the PSLV Orbital Experimental Module (POEM-4)
- POEM-4 is a platform developed by ISRO that repurposes the spent 4th stage of the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) into a functional orbital laboratory.
- It enables cost-effective research in space by hosting various scientific and technological experiments in microgravity.
- It utilizes the fourth stage of the PSLV rocket as a stable microgravity testbed.
- It supports diverse experiments, such as studying plant growth, bacterial behavior, and other space phenomena.
- It thus maximizes the utility of what would otherwise become space debris.
- POEM-4 was launched aboard the PSLV-C60 rocket, also known as the SpaDeX (Space Docking Experiment) mission.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Net-Zero Banking Alliance (NZBA)
Why in the News?
Several major US banks have recently withdrawn from the Net-Zero Banking Alliance (NZBA), raising concerns about the banking sector’s commitment to combating climate change.
What is Net-Zero Banking Alliance (NZBA)?
- Established as a bank-led, UN-convened initiative, the NZBA commits members to align their lending, investment, and capital market activities with achieving net-zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2050.
- It is a part of the UNEP Financial Initiative’s Principles for Responsible Banking, serving as a climate accelerator.
- NZBA retains 142 members from 44 countries, with 80 European banks representing the majority of the alliance’s $64 trillion in assets.
- No Indian banks are signatory to this NZBA.
- Structural Mandate:
- Overseen by a Steering Group representing diverse geographies and business models.
- Supported by the UNEP FI Secretariat and governed under documents updated in August 2023 and March 2024.
- Commitments of Member Banks:
- Transition operational and portfolio emissions to align with net-zero pathways.
- Set 2030 targets (or sooner) within 18 months of joining and establish intermediate targets every five years.
- Publish annual reports on absolute emissions and emissions intensity.
What is the Net-Zero Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions Target by 2050?
- Net-zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2050 refer to achieving a balance between the amount of GHGs emitted into the atmosphere and the amount removed or offset by natural or technological means.
- This target is critical for limiting global warming to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels, as outlined in the Paris Agreement.
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About the Glasgow Financial Alliance for Net Zero (GFANZ)
- The GFANZ is a global coalition of leading financial institutions committed to accelerating the transition to a net-zero economy and achieving net-zero GHG emissions by 2050.
- It was established in April 2021 in the lead-up to the COP26 climate summit in Glasgow.
- Membership comprises over 550 financial institutions across 50 countries.
- Includes banks, insurers, asset managers, and other financial players managing a combined $150 trillion in assets.
- It is chaired by Mark Carney, former Governor of the Bank of England and current UN Special Envoy for Climate Action and Finance.
- It is supported by global initiatives like the UN Race to Zero campaign and other financial alliances.
PYQ:
[2016] The term ‘Intended Nationally Determined Contributions’ is sometimes seen in the news in the context of:
(a) Pledges made by the European countries to rehabilitate refugees from the war-affected Middle East.
(b) Plan of action outlined by the countries of the world to combat climate change.
(c) Capital contributed by the member countries in the establishment of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank.
(d) Plan of action outlined by the countries of the world regarding Sustainable Development Goals. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Panchayat Se Parliament 2.0
Why in the News?
Lok Sabha Speaker Om Birla inaugurated “Panchayat Se Parliament 2.0” which seeks to give insight into the Constitution and parliamentary procedures to over 500 women representatives from Panchayati Raj institutions from across the country.
About “Panchayat Se Parliament”
- The second edition of the program was organized by the National Commission for Women (NCW) in collaboration with the Lok Sabha Secretariat and the Ministry of Tribal Affairs.
- The program brought together 502 elected women representatives from Scheduled Tribes, hailing from 22 states and Union Territories across India.
- Objectives: The primary objectives of Panchayat Se Parliament 2.0 were to:
- Empower women representatives by enhancing their understanding of constitutional provisions, parliamentary procedures, and governance frameworks.
- Recognize the contributions of women leaders in areas such as education, rural development, and community welfare.
- The first edition of the program, Panchayat Se Parliament 1.0, was held in January 2024.
- It involved over 500 women sarpanches from across India and was organized by the National Commission for Women (NCW) in collaboration with the Lok Sabha Secretariat.
About National Commission for Women (NCW)
-
- The NCW is a statutory body formed on 31 January 1992 under the National Commission for Women Act, 1990, to address women’s issues.
- First Chairperson: Jayanti Patnaik.
- Constitutional Provisions: Articles 15(3), 14, and 21 provide gender-neutral safeguards.
- Objectives:
-
- Represent women’s rights in India and provide a platform for their concerns.
- Campaign topics: Dowry, politics, labor exploitation, police abuses, and equal representation in jobs.
- Composition:
-
- Chairperson: Nominated by the Central Government.
- Five Members: Experts from fields like law, education, health, and women’s welfare.
- Special Representation: One member each from Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
- Powers:
-
- Provide policy consultations.
- Issue summons and requisition public records.
- Receive evidence on affidavits and enforce attendance.
- Functions:
-
- Annual Reports: Submit reports on women’s safeguards.
- Investigation: Examine laws and constitutional protections.
- Scrutiny: Review laws and recommend amendments.
- Complaint Handling: Address rights violations and welfare laws.
- Development Assessment: Monitor progress at national and state levels.
- Systemic Improvements: Identify and resolve limitations in women’s welfare systems.
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PYQ:
[2017] Is the National Commission for Women able to strategize and tackle the problems that women face at both public and private spheres? Give reasons in support of your answer. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Nanopore-Based Tool
Why in the News?
Researchers at the University of California, have developed a nanopore-based diagnostic tool capable of detecting illnesses more quickly and accurately by analyzing signals from individual molecules.
What is the Nanopore-Based Tool?
- The Nanopore-Based Tool is a groundbreaking innovation developed by UC Riverside scientists for disease diagnostics.
- It leverages nanopores, which are tiny openings capable of detecting individual molecules like DNA and proteins.
- By measuring electrical signals generated as molecules pass through the nanopore, the tool enables ultra-sensitive and precise detection of illnesses.
How does it Work?
- Biological samples mixed with salts are introduced into the system.
- Salts dissociate into ions, creating a flow through the nanopore.
- As a DNA or protein molecule passes through the nanopore, it blocks the flow of ions.
- This blockage reduces the flow, creating electrical signals.
- The system measures the reduction in ion flow to identify the molecule.
- Advanced circuitry accounts for missed signals, ensuring precise detection.
- Nanopores filter out background noise, unlike traditional systems that require external filters, preserving critical data for accurate diagnostics.
Significance and Features of Nanopore Technology
- It helps detect infections within 24 to 48 hours, much faster than traditional methods.
- It is crucial for fast-spreading diseases, enabling timely intervention.
- It captures signals from single molecules, eliminating the need for large biological samples.
- It could revolutionize home testing and clinic-based diagnostics.
- It helps Identify subtle differences in proteins, aiding in personalized treatment plans.
- It promotes deeper understanding of how proteins impact health and disease.
- It paves the way for single-molecule protein sequencing, offering insights beyond DNA sequencing.
PYQ:
[2015] With reference to the use of nanotechnology in health sector, which of the following statements is/are correct?
1. Targeted drug delivery is made possible by nanotechnology.
2. Nanotechnology can largely contribute to gene therapy.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: HMPV and its causes
Why in the News?
Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) has recently become a topic of widespread discussion in India, fueled by sensational media reports. These reports claim the emergence of a “new dangerous virus” from China, leading to unnecessary public panic and misinformation.
What is Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV)?
- Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a respiratory virus that primarily causes mild to moderate respiratory infections.
- It belongs to the Paramyxoviridae family, the same group of viruses that includes respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and parainfluenza.
- HMPV was first identified in 2001 and has been circulating globally for decades.
- Most infections are mild and self-limiting, but HMPV can cause severe illness in vulnerable groups such as:
- Elderly individuals.
- Young children (especially under five years).
- Immunocompromised individuals or those with chronic illnesses.
- Transmission:
- Spread primarily through respiratory droplets, direct contact with contaminated surfaces, or close contact with infected individuals.
- Diagnosis:
- Advanced PCR-based respiratory panels can detect HMPV. However, these tests are not routinely performed unless required in vulnerable patients or during hospital outbreaks.
Symptoms and Treatment for HMPV:
- HMPV symptoms overlap with those of other respiratory viruses like influenza and RSV.
- Mild Symptoms: Runny nose; Sore throat; Cough; Fever; Fatigue.
- Severe Symptoms (in vulnerable populations): Bronchitis; Wheezing; Pneumonia; Difficulty breathing; Hypoxia in extreme cases.
- No Specific Antiviral or Vaccine: Unlike flu and RSV, there is no targeted antiviral therapy or vaccine for HMPV.
- Supportive Care: Rest and hydration; Over-the-counter medications to manage fever and pain (e.g., acetaminophen or ibuprofen).
- For Severe Cases: Hospitalization may be required for oxygen therapy, nebulization, or other supportive measures.
Present Scenario- Global and National:
- HMPV is one of the leading causes of respiratory infections worldwide, following influenza and RSV.
- Studies indicate HMPV accounts for 5-10% of respiratory infections in children and vulnerable adults annually.
- The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) recently reported two HMPV cases in Karnataka involving babies with a history of bronchopneumonia.
- These are the first cases identified using PCR diagnostic tools after a surge in HMPV cases in China.
PYQ:
[2022] In the context of vaccines manufactured to prevent COVID-19 pandemic, consider the following statements:
1. The Serum Institute of India produced COVID-19 vaccine named Covishield using mRNA platform.
2. Sputnik V vaccine is manufactured using a vector-based platform.
3. COVAXIN is an inactivated pathogen-based vaccine.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Indus Valley Script
Why in the News?
In a landmark announcement, Tamil Nadu CM M.K. Stalin offered a $1 million prize to anyone who successfully deciphers the ancient Indus Valley Script.
Recent Efforts and Theories
- Bahata Ansumali Mukhopadhyay’s Theory:
- Suggests the script served commercial purposes, such as trade permits and tax stamps.
- Highlights its practical use rather than religious or literary functions.
- Asko Parpola’s Dravidian Hypothesis:
- Proposes a logo-syllabic system, where pictograms represent words or phonetic rebuses.
- Links the script to Dravidian languages, challenging Sanskrit-based interpretations.
- Tamil Nadu’s Keezhadi excavations also draw parallels to IVC practices.
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About the Indus Valley Civilization (IVC)
- The Harappan Civilization, also known as the Indus Valley Civilization, flourished between 2600 BCE and 1900 BCE, with earlier settlements dating back to 3200 BCE.
- The origins of this civilisation are traced back to Mehrgarh in Balochistan, which dates to 7000 BCE.
- It is considered one of the three earliest civilizations, alongside Egypt and Mesopotamia.
- The civilization covered over 1.5 million sq. km, stretching across modern-day India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan.
- Remains of the civilization include:
- Well-planned cities with a grid layout, intersecting streets, and fortified structures.
- Advanced drainage systems with underground sewers and covered drains, showing a strong emphasis on hygiene.
- Granaries, warehouses, and dockyards, indicating the presence of structured trade and food storage mechanisms.
- The discovery of seals made of steatite, often engraved with animals and an un-deciphered script, suggesting a sophisticated administrative system.
- Craftsmanship in pottery, bead-making, terracotta figurines, metal artefacts, and weaving.
- Water management systems such as reservoirs, wells, and baths, indicating an advanced understanding of hydraulic engineering.
- Two ASI archaeologists were credited with the discovery:
- Daya Ram Sahni excavated Harappa in 1921-22, discovering seals, pottery, and beads.
- Rakhal Das Banerji began excavating Mohenjo-daro in 1922, finding similar items such as seals and copper objects.
- John Marshall noticed the similarity between the objects found at Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, despite the sites being 640 km apart.
What were the Artifacts and Sculptures found at the site?
- The IVC is renowned for its remarkable artifacts and sculptures, reflecting its advanced culture and daily life.
- Key finds include seals with animal motifs and inscriptions, terracotta figurines of animals and mother goddesses, and intricately crafted beads and ornaments made of gold, silver, and semi-precious stones.
- Iconic sculptures like the bronze “Dancing Girl” and steatite “Priest-King” highlight artistic sophistication.
- Practical items like pottery, toys, and tools demonstrate technological advancement and societal organization.
- These discoveries shed light on the civilization’s trade, religious beliefs, and aesthetic achievements.
PYQ:
[2013] Which of the following characterizes/characterize the people of Indus Valley Civilization?
1. They possessed great palaces and temples.
2. They worshipped both male and female deities.
3. They employed horse-drawn chariots in warfare.
Select the correct statement/statements using the codes given below.
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1, 2 and 3
(d) None of the statements given above is correct |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Green GDP
Why in the News?
For the first time in India, Chhattisgarh has introduced an innovative framework that integrates the ecosystem services of its forests into the calculation of Green Gross Domestic Product (Green GDP). This initiative highlights the critical role forests play in supporting both environmental sustainability and economic growth.
Highlights of the Chhattisgarh’s Plan
- Forest contributions like carbon absorption, climate regulation, and biodiversity preservation will now be formally quantified and included in the state’s economic planning.
- The initiative ensures forests are valued not just for their resources but for their broader ecological services.
- With 44% of its land under forest cover, Chhattisgarh’s natural resources are vital for the livelihoods of millions and play a significant role in mitigating climate change.
- The initiative aligns with ‘Developed India 2047’ vision, focusing on long-term ecological and economic sustainability.
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About Green GDP
- Green GDP is an alternative metric for assessing economic growth that includes the environmental costs of economic activities.
- It subtracts the value of natural resource depletion and environmental degradation from traditional GDP to provide a more accurate picture of economic well-being.
- Introduced in the 1993 United Nations Handbook of National Accounting: Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting under the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA) framework.
- Key Features:
- Aims to measure the sustainability of economic growth.
- Focuses on valuing ecosystem services like carbon sequestration, soil conservation, and water resources.
- Provides insights into the trade-offs between economic growth and environmental conservation.
- Calculation:
- Green GDP = Traditional GDP – Costs of Environmental Degradation – Costs of Resource Depletion.
- Challenges: Incomplete environmental data, reliance on subjective assumptions, difficulty in valuing ecosystem services, and the absence of a universal calculation framework, often oversimplifying nature’s intrinsic worth.
Government Initiatives for Green GDP Accounting
- Green National Account Framework: It integrates environmental considerations into national accounting systems. It captures the value of natural resources, costs of pollution, and benefits of ecosystem services like clean air and water.
- System of Environmental-Economic Accounting, 2012 (SEEA): It was adopted by India under UN guidelines to create databases for natural capital accounting and informed policymaking.
- RBI Estimates: Green GDP for 2019 was ₹167 trillion, reflecting a 10% adjustment from traditional GDP. It is supported by organizations like TERI and Indian Statistical Institute to refine valuation methodologies.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC) and its Functions
Why in the News?
The Union Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change has introduced amendments to the rules governing the selection of experts in the Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC).
Key Highlights of the Revised GEAC Rules:
- Conflict of Interest Disclosure: Expert members must disclose any direct or indirect interests that may conflict with their duties. Conflicted members must recuse themselves from decision-making unless specifically requested by the committee.
- Transparency Measures: All members are required to submit a detailed record of their professional affiliations from the past 10 years to ensure accountability and unbiased evaluations.
- Participation Restrictions: Experts with conflicts of interest must report them before meetings and take steps to ensure that their affiliations do not affect GEAC decisions.
- Enhanced Governance: The revised rules aim to strengthen the regulatory process for genetically modified organisms (GMOs), ensuring fair and impartial decision-making.
- Supreme Court Compliance: The amendments align with the Supreme Court’s directive (2023) to address concerns of conflict of interest in GM crop approval processes, boosting public trust in GEAC’s role.
- Improved Operational Integrity: These changes emphasize transparency, ensuring that scientific appraisals and policy decisions remain free from external influence.
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What is Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC)?
- The GEAC is the apex regulatory body overseeing activities related to genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in India, particularly their release into the environment.
- It is established under the Rules for the Manufacture, Use/Import/Export, and Storage of Hazardous Microorganisms/Genetically Engineered Organisms or Cells (Rules, 1989) framed under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.
Structural Mandate:
- Operates under the Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change (MoEF&CC).
- Composition:
-
- Chairperson: Special Secretary/Additional Secretary of MoEF&CC.
- Co-Chairperson: Representative from the Department of Biotechnology (DBT).
- Includes 24 members, representing key institutions like the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), and Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB).
- Meets monthly for appraisals and discussions.
Powers and Functions of GEAC:
-
- Approves or denies proposals for environmental release of genetically engineered organisms (including GM crops).
- Exercises the power to take punitive actions under the Environment Protection Act, 1986 for violations.
- Monitors large-scale use of hazardous microorganisms and recombinants in research and industrial production.
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- Evaluates activities involving the environmental release of GMOs and their products, including experimental field trials.
- Ensures compliance with safety protocols to minimize environmental risks.
- Reviews applications for the import, export, manufacture, and storage of GM organisms and cells.
- Makes recommendations based on a comprehensive assessment of environmental and health impacts.
- Addresses concerns related to conflicts of interest and ensures impartiality in decision-making.
- Engages with stakeholders, including farmers and environmentalists, to maintain transparency and address public concerns.
PYQ:
[2015] The Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee is constituted under the:
(a) Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006
(b) Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999
(c) Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
(d) Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: KM3NeT Project
Why in the News?
Scientists are deploying two advanced telescopes under the Mediterranean Sea as part of the Cubic Kilometre Neutrino Telescope (KM3NeT) project.
What is KM3NeT Project?
- The KM3NeT is a European research initiative launched in 2012 and located in the Mediterranean Sea.
- It uses advanced water Cherenkov detectors to study high-energy neutrinos and their origins, as well as fundamental neutrino properties.
- ARCA (Astroparticle Research with Cosmics in the Abyss): Offshore Sicily, Italy, at 3,400 meters depth, studying high-energy cosmic neutrinos.
- ORCA (Oscillation Research with Cosmics in the Abyss): Offshore Toulon, France, at 2,475 meters depth, focusing on neutrino oscillations and mass hierarchy.
- It detects Cherenkov radiation, faint light produced when neutrinos interact with water molecules, using 6,210 optical modules.
- Design:
- Modular construction with plans to deploy 12,000 optical modules on 600 vertical strings, anchored to the seabed.
- Connected via electro-optical networks to shore stations for power and data processing.
About Neutrinos
- Neutrinos are subatomic particles, similar to electrons but without an electric charge.
- Neutrinos are the 2nd most abundant particles in the universe after Photons.
- Approximately a billion neutrinos pass through a cubic centimetre of space every second.
- First detected in 1959, though their existence was theorized in 1931.
- High-energy neutrinos, which originate from exotic astrophysical events like supernovae, gamma-ray bursts, or colliding stars, are of particular interest to scientists because:
- Neutrinos can travel through dense cosmic environments, such as the dust-shrouded centre of the Milky Way, where visible light telescopes fail.
- Neutrino detection depends on observing Cherenkov radiation — light flashes produced when neutrinos interact with water or ice molecules.
- Darkness is essential for detecting the faint flashes of Cherenkov radiation.
- Why study neutrinos?
- Neutrinos provide insights into particle physics, including neutrino oscillations and mass hierarchy, challenging the Standard Model.
- Neutrinos pass through dense cosmic regions, offering access to areas invisible to traditional telescopes.
- Studying neutrinos aids in tracing cosmic ray origins and understanding dark matter, unlocking mysteries of the universe.
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PYQ:
[2010] India-based Neutrino Observatory is included by the planning commission as a mega-science project under the 11th Five-year plan. In this context, consider the following statements:
- Neutrinos are chargeless elementary particles that travel close to the speed of light.
- Neutrinos are created in nuclear reactions of beta decay.
- Neutrinos have a negligible, but non-zero mass.
- Trillions of Neutrinos pass through the human body every second.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 1, 2 and 3 only
(c) 2, 3 and 4
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Banana Cultivation
Why in the News?
India has seen a 10x increase in banana exports over the past decade and now targets $1 billion in exports within the next five years. In the fiscal year 2022-23, India’s banana production was estimated at around 34.9 million metric tons.
Do you know?
- Banana is the second most important fruit crop in India after Mango, contributing 33% to total fruit production.
- India is the largest producer of bananas globally, contributing 26.5% to the world’s total banana production (FAO, 2021).
- Andhra Pradesh is the leading state with 56.84 lakh tonnes (16.5% of national production) followed by Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.
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Banana Cultivation in India
- Bananas thrive in tropical and subtropical climates with temperatures between 15°C and 35°C and high humidity.
- Common varieties: Dwarf Cavendish, Robusta, Grand Naine, Nendran, Rasthali, Poovan, Red Banana, Monthan, Safed Velchi, Lal Velchi, Ardhapuri, Karpuravalli, Elakki Bale, Basrai, Amrit Sagar, Champa, Chinia, Malbhog, Rajapuri, and Yelakki.
- The crop requires well–drained, loamy soil with a pH of 6.5–7.5 and 1,800–2,000 mm of water annually, often supported by drip irrigation.
- Fusarium Wilt is the most common disease affecting Bananas.
- Seasons for Planting:
- Maharashtra: Kharif (June–July) and Rabi (October–November).
- Tamil Nadu: February–April and November–December.
- Kerala: Rainfed crop (April–May) and irrigated crop (August–September).
PYQ:
[2011] Recently, our scientists have discovered a new and distinct species of banana plant which attains a height of about 11 metres and has orange coloured fruit pulp. In which part of India has it been discovered?
(a) Andaman Islands
(b) Anaimalai Forests
(c) Maikala Hills
(d) Tropical rain forests of northeast |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Trinidad and Tobago
Why in the News?
The government of Trinidad and Tobago declared a state of emergency on December 30, 2024, in response to escalating violence in the Caribbean nation.
About Trinidad and Tobago
- Geography:
- Located in the southern Caribbean, near Venezuela.
- A dual-island nation consisting of Trinidad (4,768 sq. km) and Tobago (300 sq. km).
- Total land area: 5,128 sq. km.
- Climate: Tropical, with a dry season from January to May and a rainy season from June to December.
- Population:
- Approximately 1.5 million people.
- Ethnic Composition: African (36.3%), Indian (35.4%), Mixed (22.8%), European, Chinese, and others.
- Religions: Christianity (64%), Hinduism (18%), Islam (5%), and others.
- Capital and Cities:
- Capital: Port of Spain (Trinidad).
- Other key cities: San Fernando, Chaguanas, and Scarborough (Tobago).
- Political System:
- Government Type: Parliamentary democracy under a constitutional republic.
- Member of the Commonwealth of Nations.
- Gained independence from the UK on August 31, 1962, and became a republic in 1976.
- Infrastructure:
- Ports: Port of Spain, Point Lisas, and Scarborough are critical for trade.
- Airports: Piarco International Airport (Trinidad) and A.N.R. Robinson International Airport (Tobago).
- Culture and Heritage:
- Known for the Carnival, one of the world’s largest pre-Lenten celebrations.
- Birthplace of Calypso music, Soca, and the Steelpan (the only acoustic musical instrument invented in the 20th century).
Geo-Political Significance
- T&T is a major exporter of liquefied natural gas (LNG) and petrochemicals (methanol and ammonia), supplying markets in the U.S., Europe, and Latin America.
- It is positioned at the crossroads of the Caribbean Sea and Atlantic Ocean, serving as a gateway between North and South America.
- It is a founding member of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) advocating for regional economic integration, disaster response, and collective security.
- It is a active member of the Commonwealth and the United Nations, pushing for climate change resilience and sustainable development initiatives.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Annual Ground Water Quality Report – 2024
Why in the News?
The Annual Groundwater Quality Report 2024 was released by the Union Minister of Jal Shakti. Conducted by the Central Ground Water Board (CGWB), the report provides a scientific baseline for groundwater quality across India.
Annual Groundwater Quality Report, 2024: Key Highlights
Monitoring Scale
- Data collected from 15,200 locations and 4,982 trend stations both before and after the monsoon.
Contamination Levels
- Nitrate
- 20% of samples exceeded the safe limit of 45 mg/L.
- Hotspots include Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra (>40% of samples), Telangana (27.48%), Andhra Pradesh (23.5%), and Madhya Pradesh (22.58%).
- States such as Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Mizoram, Nagaland remain within safe limits.
- Fluoride
- 9.04% of samples above permissible limits.
- Affected states: Rajasthan, Haryana, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Telangana.
- Arsenic
- Detected in Ganga-Brahmaputra floodplains (West Bengal, Assam, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh).
- Linked to cancer and skin lesions.
- Uranium
- 42% of Rajasthan and 30% of Punjab samples exceed 100 ppb.
- Over-exploited zones in Gujarat, Haryana, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh also show elevated levels, posing kidney damage risks.
Agricultural Suitability
- SAR (Sodium Adsorption Ratio) & RSC (Residual Sodium Carbonate): 81% of samples suitable for irrigation; 100% suitability in North-Eastern states.
- High Sodium: Elevated levels in Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Haryana, risking soil degradation.
- Salinity (as a measure of Electrical Conductivity (EC)): High in Rajasthan, Delhi, Gujarat, Haryana, Punjab, Karnataka.
Temporal Trends
- Seasonal Improvements: Post-monsoon recharge improves EC (salinity) and fluoride levels.
- Stable Nitrate since 2015 in Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat.
- Rising Nitrate (2017–2023) in Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Haryana.
Hotspots of Contamination
- Nitrate:
- Rajasthan (Barmer, Jodhpur), Maharashtra (Wardha, Jalgaon), Andhra Pradesh (Palnadu), Tamil Nadu (Villupuram), Punjab (Bathinda).
- Uranium:
- Over-exploited aquifers in Rajasthan, Punjab, Gujarat.
- Arsenic:
- Ganga-Brahmaputra floodplains in West Bengal, Assam, Bihar.
What are the key factors contributing to decline in Groundwater quality?
Groundwater quality declines due to:
- Industrialization, with untreated waste introducing heavy metals and chemicals into aquifers, and agricultural practices, where excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides leads to nitrate contamination.
- Urbanization worsens the problem through improper waste disposal, sewage leakage, and landfill contamination.
- Over-extraction for agriculture and domestic use lowers water tables, exposing aquifers to pollutants like arsenic and uranium.
- Climate change and poor livestock waste management further exacerbate contamination and reduce aquifer recharge.
Government Initiatives to conserve Groundwater
- Jal Jeevan Mission – Groundwater Component (2023): Ensures source sustainability for rural water supply by focusing on groundwater recharge and sustainable extraction with local governance participation.
- Jal Shakti Abhiyan – Catch the Rain (2021): A nationwide campaign promoting rainwater harvesting and groundwater recharge, emphasizing the creation of water conservation structures.
- National Aquifer Mapping and Management Program (Updated 2020): Maps groundwater aquifers to guide sustainable management, particularly in over-exploited areas.
- Atal Bhujal Yojana (2019): Focuses on sustainable groundwater management through community participation in seven water-stressed states, with decentralized planning involving Gram Panchayats.
PYQ:
[2021] With reference to the water on the planet Earth, consider the following statements:
1. The amount of water in the rivers and lakes is more than the amount of groundwater.
2. The amount of water in polar ice caps and glaciers is more than the amount of groundwater.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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