Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana (PMMY)
Why in the News?
April 8, 2025, marks the 10th anniversary of Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana (PMMY), launched to fund micro and small enterprises.
About the Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana (PMMY)
- The PMMY, launched in 2015 is a Central Sector Scheme designed to provide financial support to non-corporate, non-farm small and micro-entrepreneurs previously excluded from the formal financial system.
- MUDRA stands for Micro Units Development & Refinance Agency Ltd., a financial institution established to support the development and refinancing of micro-enterprises
- It aims to foster grassroots entrepreneurship and remove barriers to accessing loans, especially for businesses that lack collateral.
Loan Categories:
-
- Shishu: Loans up to ₹50,000 for new or small businesses.
- Kishore: Loans ranging from ₹50,000 to ₹5 lakh for growing enterprises.
- Tarun: Loans from ₹5 lakh to ₹10 lakh for more established businesses with greater capital needs.
- TarunPlus: Loan limit up to ₹20 lakh for more established and larger businesses (since July 2024).
Key Features:
- Collateral-Free Loans: PMMY loans do not require any collateral, making them accessible to those without assets.
- Member Lending Institutions (MLIs): These include Public Sector Banks, Private Sector Banks, Regional Rural Banks, Micro Finance Institutions (MFIs), Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs), and Small Finance Banks (SFBs).
- Credit Guarantee: Loans are backed by the Credit Guarantee Fund for Micro Units (CGFMU), which was established in 2015 to provide security to financial institutions offering loans under PMMY.
- MUDRA Card: A MUDRA card is issued to manage the working capital portion of the loan, providing convenience to the borrower.
MUDRA 2.0:
- MUDRA 2.0 (launched in Union Budget 2024) is an upgraded version of the original PMMY, designed to extend its outreach, particularly in rural and semi-urban areas.
- This version introduces additional services such as financial literacy programs, business mentorship, and comprehensive business support, aiming to improve the overall impact of the scheme.
- Enhanced Credit Guarantee Scheme (ECGS) is a new feature introduced to encourage more lending to small and microenterprises by reducing the risk for financial institutions.
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Successes of PMMY:
- Massive Loan Disbursement: Over ₹32.61 lakh crore disbursed through 52 crore loans, benefitting millions.
- Inclusivity: 69% of loans are held by women, 51% by SC/ST and OBC entrepreneurs.
- Job Creation: Promoted self-employment and business growth in rural and semi-urban areas.
- MSME Credit Growth: Lending increased from ₹8.51 lakh crore in FY14 to ₹27.25 lakh crore in FY24.
- International Recognition: Praised by IMF for expanding financial access, especially for women-led businesses.
Challenges:
- Increase in NPAs: Rising defaults due to lack of collateral.
- Disbursement Delays: Some banks face challenges in meeting loan targets.
- Fraud Risk: Collateral-free loans are susceptible to misuse and fraud.
- Larger Loan Limits: Higher limits under TarunPlus raise default risks for banks.
- Default Risk: Some borrowers exploit the system through “evergreening” tactics.
| [UPSC 2016] Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana is aimed at
(a) bringing small entrepreneurs into the formal financial system.
(b) providing loans to poor farmers for cultivating particular crops.
(c) providing pensions to old and destitute persons.
(d) funding the voluntary organizations involved in the promotion of skill development and employment generation. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Palna Scheme
Why in the News?
The Ministry of Women and Child Development has informed that 1,761 Anganwadi-cum-Creches are operational across the country under the Palna Scheme.
About the Palna Scheme
- Launched to address childcare needs for working mothers, the Palna Scheme provides day-care facilities for children aged 6 months to 6 years.
- In 2022, the National Creche Scheme was reorganized and renamed Palna Scheme under the Samarthya sub-scheme of Mission Shakti.
- It is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme, with a 60:40 funding ratio between the Centre and State/UT Governments (90:10 for North-Eastern and Special Category States). UTs without legislature receive 100% funding.
- Target Audience: Provides services for all mothers (irrespective of their employment status), offering a safe, hygienic, and supportive environment for children.
- Creche Services: Includes day-care, early stimulation, preschool education, nutrition, health check-ups, and immunization support.
Other Creche Schemes:
- Standalone Creches: Independent creches are providing care for children aged 6 months to 6 years. They include provisions for one Creche Worker and one Creche Helper. Services include sleeping arrangements, health monitoring, and education.
- Anganwadi-cum-Creches (AWCC): A key component of Palna Scheme, these creches combine Anganwadi services with daycare for working mothers.
- Staffing: Includes an Anganwadi Worker, Helper, and Creche Worker and Helper.
- Target: Establish 17,000 new AWCCs by 2024-25, with 11,395 already approved as of March 2025.
- Objective: To provide childcare in rural and semi-urban areas, ensuring last-mile delivery.
- Honorarium: ₹6,500 for Creche Workers in standalone crèches and ₹5,500 for AWCC Workers.
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About Mission Shakti
- Mission Shakti is the Ministry of Women and Child Development’s flagship scheme, designed to strengthen women’s safety, security, and empowerment in India.
- The scheme supports women-led development by addressing issues affecting women across their life-cycle.
- Components:
- Sambal: Focuses on women’s safety, with initiatives like the One Stop Centre (OSC), Women Helpline (WHL), and Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (BBBP).
- Samarthya: Empowering women through sub-schemes like Ujjwala, Swadhar Greh, and the Palna Scheme. It integrates support for childcare and maternal health.
- Gap Funding for Economic Empowerment: A new initiative to support financial gaps in women’s enterprises.
| [UPSC 2019] With reference to the Maternity Benefit Amendment Act, 2017, consider the following statements:
1. Pregnant women are entitled for three months pre-delivery and three months post-delivery paid leave
2. This act applies to all organisations with 20 or more employees
3. It has made it mandatory for every organisation with 50 or more employees to have a crèche.
Which of the given statements is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 only (c) 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Technology and Innovation Report
Why in the News?
The Technology and Innovation Report, 2025 was recently issued by United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD).
About the Technology and Innovation Report
- The report is released by the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD).
- It addresses critical issues related to science, technology, and innovation, with a particular focus on developing countries. The report emphasizes policy-relevant analysis and conclusions.
- The theme for the 2025 edition is “Inclusive Artificial Intelligence for Development.”
Key Highlights of the Report:
- Global Highlights:
- Developed countries lead in technology preparedness, but nations like China, India, and Brazil outperform their income levels.
- AI market projected to reach USD 4.8 trillion by 2033, fuelling global digital transformation.
- 100 companies, mostly in the U.S. and China, account for 40% of global corporate R&D spending.
- AI will affect 40% of jobs globally, raising concerns over automation and job displacement.
- U.S. leads in AI investment with USD 67 billion, followed by China (USD 7.8 billion) and India (USD 1.4 billion).
- AI Governance Gap: 118 countries, mainly from the Global South, are absent from global AI governance discussions.
- Indian Prospects:
- India ranks 36th in the Readiness for Frontier Technologies Index in 2024, up from 48th in 2022. It ranks 10th globally with USD 1.4 billion in AI investments.
- India has a talent pool of 13 million AI developers, contributing significantly to open-source platforms like GitHub.
- The India AI Mission (2024) focuses on AI innovation through collaborations with the private sector and academia.
- India leads in nanotechnology and has AI excellence centres like IIT Hyderabad and IIT Kharagpur.
| [UPSC 2019] The Global Competitiveness Report is published by the:
(a) International Monetary Fund (b) United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (c) World Economic Forum (d) World bank |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Hadean Protocrust
Why in the News?
A study from Macquarie University, Australia, suggests that plate tectonics may have started earlier than previously thought, with signs of it possibly existing in the Hadean protocrust even before the plates began to move.
What is Hadean Protocrust?
- The Hadean protocrust is the Earth’s first crust, formed within the first 200 million years of the planet’s creation.
- During this time, the surface was mostly molten and constantly hit by space rocks, making it very hot and unstable.
- Over time, parts of the molten surface began to cool and solidify, creating the first crust.
Back2Basics: Hadean Aeon
- The Hadean Aeon is the earliest geological eon in Earth’s history, lasting from about 4.6 billion to 4 billion years ago.
- The surface was incredibly hot and volcanic activity was widespread, often described as “hellish.”
- It was followed by the Archean Eon (about 4 billion to 2.5 billion years ago), characterized by the formation of Earth’s first stable crust, the beginning of plate tectonics, and the earliest known forms of life.
- As the surface cooled, the thick parts of the crust formed the first continents, which moved on the hot, semi-fluid layer beneath them called the asthenosphere.
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Key Findings of the Recent Study:
- The researchers found that the chemical signatures linked to plate tectonics might have appeared earlier, even when the Earth’s crust was still forming in the Hadean protocrust.
- This discovery suggests that early movements of the Earth’s crust, similar to plate tectonics, could have happened before plates began to move as we know them today.
- The study used models and experiments to support these ideas, but further research is needed to confirm these findings.
| [UPSC 2013] Which of the following are responsible for bringing dynamic changes on the surface of the earth?
1. Electromagnetic radiation 2. Geothermal energy 3. Gravitational force 4. Plate movements 5. Rotation of the earth 6. Revolution of the earth
Which of the above are responsible for bringing dynamic changes on the surface of the earth?
(a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 2, 4 and 6 only (d) 2 and 4 only |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Woolly Flying Squirrel (Eupetaurus cinereus)
Why in the News?
The Himachal Pradesh Forest Department’s wildlife wing has captured the first photographic evidence of the elusive Woolly Flying Squirrel in the Miyar Valley, Lahaul and Spiti district.
About the Woolly Flying Squirrel:
- The Woolly Flying Squirrel, scientifically known as Eupetaurus cinereus, is one of the rarest and least known mammals in Asia.
- It is endemic to the northwestern Himalayas, primarily found in northern Pakistan and northwestern India.
- It prefers to live in dry conifer woodlands within a fragmented habitat in a thin elevational band.
- This species was long believed to be extinct until it was rediscovered in 1994, nearly seventy years after its last recorded sighting.
- It is unique due to its ability to glide, much like other flying squirrels, as it has elastic membranes that connect its fore and hind legs.
Physical features:
- Its body is covered with dense, straight, silky hairs, with the dorsal pelage appearing blue-gray, while the underside is pale gray.
- The squirrel also has creamy white hairs on its throat and ears, and dense black fur on the soles of its feet, with pinkish brown toe pads that are naked.
Conservation Status:
- Listed as ‘Endangered’ on the IUCN Red List.
- NOT explicitly mentioned under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.
Significance of the Rediscovery:
- Its confirmed existence adds to the state’s mammal checklist, offering hope for its continued survival in this remote part of the Himalayas.
- This discovery is important from a scientific perspective, as it marks the first time the elusive species has been documented in India since its rediscovery in 1994.
| [UPSC 2012] Consider the following:
1. Black-necked crane 2. Cheetah 3. Flying squirrel 4. Snow leopard
Which of the above are naturally found in India?
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 1, 3 and 4 only (c) 2 and 4 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 |
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PYQ Relevance:
[UPSC 2021] Besides being a moral imperative of a Welfare State, primary health structure is a necessary precondition for sustainable development.” Analyse.
Linkage: This highlights the importance of a primary health structure, which is crucial for delivering preventive healthcare services, including screening and early detection of diseases. |
Mentor’s Comment: India is aiming to become a $5 trillion economy and a major global power. But there’s a growing problem that often goes unnoticed — non-communicable diseases (NCDs), like diabetes, heart disease, and cancer. These diseases now cause about two out of every three deaths in the country and pose a serious threat to our progress. To build a healthy and successful future, India must focus more on preventing illness, rather than only treating it after people fall sick.
Today’s editorial discusses the issue of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in India. This analysis will be useful for GS Paper 2 and Paper 3 in the UPSC Mains examination.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
India is seeing a rapid rise in non-communicable diseases, so people need to be aware that staying healthy is possible by taking care of themselves early before any illness starts.
What are the major non-communicable diseases (NCDs) affecting India’s population?
- Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs): The Leading cause of NCD-related deaths in India. Eg: Heart attacks and hypertension are increasingly seen in people as young as 30–40 years.
- Diabetes and Its Complications: Rapidly rising due to sedentary lifestyles and unhealthy diets. Eg: Many young adults require dialysis due to diabetic kidney complications.
- Chronic Respiratory Diseases and Cancers: Included chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), asthma, lung cancer, and oral cancer. Eg: Air pollution has led to increased COPD and lung cancer cases, especially in urban areas.
How do they impact the country’s economy?
- Loss of Productivity: NCDs reduce the ability of working-age individuals to remain productive. Eg: A 35-year-old with heart disease may take frequent leaves or drop out of the workforce, affecting economic output.
- Increased Healthcare Expenditure: Families spend more on long-term treatment and medications, leading to out-of-pocket expenditure and pushing many into poverty. Eg: The cost of dialysis for kidney failure due to diabetes can be ₹20,000–₹30,000 per month, unaffordable for many.
- Strain on Public Health Infrastructure: Public hospitals and health schemes get overburdened by rising cases of NCDs. Eg: Increased cases of cancer and diabetes require long-term care and monitoring, diverting resources from other healthcare needs.
- Reduction in Demographic Dividend: India’s youthful population, considered an asset for economic growth, becomes a liability if affected by chronic illnesses early. Eg: Young professionals in IT or manufacturing sectors becoming diabetic or hypertensive by their mid-30s reduces long-term economic contribution.
- Macroeconomic Losses: NCDs collectively reduce national income due to loss of labor force and healthcare costs. Eg: A World Economic Forum study estimated India may lose $3.5–$4 trillion between 2012–2030 due to NCD-related economic impacts.
Why is preventive healthcare considered a crucial strategy for India’s sustainable development?
- Reduces Disease Burden and Healthcare Costs: Preventive care helps in early detection and control of diseases, reducing the need for expensive treatments and hospitalizations. Eg: Widespread vaccination against polio eliminated the disease from India, saving billions in treatment costs.
- Improves Productivity and Economic Growth: A healthier population means fewer sick days and a more productive workforce, which boosts economic development. Eg: Regular health screenings in workplaces reduce absenteeism and increase employee efficiency.
- Strengthens Public Health Infrastructure: Focusing on prevention encourages investment in primary healthcare and rural health systems, making care more accessible. Eg: Ayushman Bharat – Health and Wellness Centres promote lifestyle changes and early diagnosis at the grassroots level.
- Mitigates Impact of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs): Preventive measures like health education and lifestyle changes are key to tackling rising NCDs such as diabetes and hypertension. Eg: National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke (NPCDCS).
- Supports Environmental and Social Sustainability: Preventive healthcare includes sanitation, nutrition, and pollution control—contributing to better environmental and community health. Eg: Swachh Bharat Abhiyan improved sanitation, reducing waterborne diseases and promoting healthy living conditions.
What are the steps taken by the Indian Government?
- National Programme for Prevention and Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases and Stroke (NPCDCS): A flagship initiative aimed at early diagnosis, treatment, and management of NCDs at various levels of healthcare. Eg: Screening camps are organized at district and sub-district levels to detect hypertension and diabetes.
- Ayushman Bharat – Health and Wellness Centres (HWCs): Over 1.6 lakh HWCs are being set up to provide comprehensive primary healthcare, with a focus on preventive care and NCD screening. Eg: Regular health check-ups for people over 30 years to catch NCDs early at the grassroots level.
- Fit India Movement and Eat Right India Campaign: Aimed at promoting physical activity and healthy eating habits to reduce lifestyle-related NCDs. Eg: Schools and workplaces are encouraged to adopt fitness routines and healthier cafeteria menus.
- Tobacco and Alcohol Control Measures: Implementation of the Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act (COTPA), 2003, and awareness campaigns to curb use of tobacco and alcohol — key NCD risk factors. Eg: Graphic health warnings on cigarette packs and bans on public smoking areas.
- Integration of Digital Health and Telemedicine: Leveraging platforms like eSanjeevani and CoWIN to deliver health advice, track NCD risk, and facilitate remote consultations. Eg: Teleconsultation for diabetic patients in rural areas via mobile apps and village-level health workers.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Preventive and Community-Based Healthcare: Expand health education in schools, workplaces, and rural communities to promote healthy lifestyle habits (diet, exercise, no tobacco/alcohol).Eg: Launch campaigns like “Healthy India, Fit India 2.0” with a focus on local dietary habits, mental health, and physical fitness, integrated into school curricula and rural outreach.
- Enhance Multi-sectoral Collaboration and Policy Integration: Coordinate between health, education, urban development, food processing, and environment ministries to tackle NCD risk factors comprehensively. Eg: Enforce stricter urban pollution controls, promote cycling/walking infrastructure, regulate trans fats/sugars in processed foods, and incentivize healthy food production through farm policies.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Issues related to judiciary;
Why in the News?
Out of 769 judges serving in 25 High Courts, only 95 (12.35%) have disclosed their assets publicly. Courts like Kerala (93.18%) and Himachal Pradesh (91.66%) lead in transparency, while Madras (5 of 65) and Chhattisgarh (1 of 16) lag significantly.
Why is judicial asset disclosure vital for accountability and transparency in India?
- Promotes Public Trust in the Judiciary: Transparency about judges’ financial status builds confidence in the impartiality and integrity of the judiciary. Eg: The Kerala High Court, where 93.18% of judges disclosed their assets, is often cited for maintaining high standards of judicial transparency.
- Acts as a Deterrent Against Corruption: Mandatory and public asset declarations reduce the scope for corrupt practices by subjecting judges to public scrutiny. Eg: The recent discovery of partially burnt currency notes at a High Court judge’s residence intensified concerns over hidden wealth and lack of oversight.
- Ensures Accountability of Public Office Holders: Judges are public servants paid from taxpayer money, and like elected representatives, must be held financially accountable. Eg: The Supreme Court’s past judgment requiring MPs/MLAs to declare assets reflects this principle — the same logic applies to the judiciary.
- Reduces Risk of Conflict of Interest: Regular disclosures help identify any undue financial interest that could influence judicial decisions. Eg: A judge ruling on a corporate dispute may be biased if they own shares in one of the companies involved — disclosures would reveal this.
- Strengthens Institutional Transparency and Ethics: It sets an ethical benchmark for the judiciary and other branches of government, promoting clean and transparent governance. Eg: The Supreme Court’s recent Full Court resolution (April 2025) to make all judges’ assets public reflects a significant move toward institutional integrity.
How can the Supreme Court’s asset disclosure push drive wider judicial reforms?
- Sets a Precedent for High Courts: The Supreme Court’s collective decision encourages other High Courts to adopt similar transparency measures, creating a ripple effect across the judiciary. Eg: After the Supreme Court’s Full Court resolution (April 2025), pressure has increased on High Courts like Madras and Chhattisgarh, where disclosure rates remain low.
- Catalyzes Legislative and Policy Reforms: The move strengthens the case for mandatory annual disclosures through legislation, as recommended by parliamentary committees. Eg: The 2023 Parliamentary Standing Committee Report called for laws requiring asset declarations by all judges — the Supreme Court’s step gives it momentum.
- Promotes a Culture of Judicial Accountability and Ethics: Voluntary public disclosures help build a culture of openness, paving the way for broader reforms like transparent appointments, performance reviews, and grievance redressal. Eg: Similar transparency efforts contributed to the creation of the National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC) debate and ongoing calls for reforming the collegium system.
Who are the key institutions responsible for enforcing judges’ asset disclosure?
- The Supreme Court of India: As the apex judicial authority, the Supreme Court plays a norm-setting role, influencing High Courts through its own practices and resolutions. Eg: The Full Court resolution of April 2025, where all 33 Supreme Court judges agreed to make their asset declarations public, sets a national benchmark for judicial transparency.
- High Courts and Their Chief Justices: Each High Court is responsible for framing internal guidelines and encouraging or mandating its judges to disclose assets. Eg: The Kerala High Court, where 41 out of 44 judges have declared their assets, demonstrates effective internal leadership and commitment to transparency.
- Parliament and Parliamentary Standing Committees: Through legislative oversight and recommendations, Parliament can initiate legal mandates for asset disclosures and hold the judiciary accountable in the public interest. Eg: The 2023 Standing Committee Report on Judicial Reforms recommended that the government make annual property disclosures by all judges a statutory requirement.
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Way forward:
- Enact a Statutory Framework for Mandatory Annual Disclosures: The government should introduce legislation making annual asset and liability declarations mandatory for all judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts. This would ensure uniformity, legal backing, and prevent selective or voluntary compliance.
- Establish an Independent Oversight Mechanism for Verification and Monitoring: Set up an independent judicial accountability commission or ethics body to verify disclosures, monitor compliance, and address grievances related to judicial integrity.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2021] “An independent and empowered social audit mechanism is an absolute must in every sphere of public service, including the judiciary, to ensure performance, accountability and ethical conduct. Elaborate
Linkage: Disclosure of assets is important to ensure that judges act responsibly and ethically. It helps build trust among the people and also supports the authority of the Constitution.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Health-related issues;
Why in the News?
A healthy and nutritious diet costs much more than just eating enough to fill the stomach. Because of this, around three billion people worldwide cannot afford to eat healthy diet.
What is the primary difference between a calorie-sufficient diet and a healthy diet?
| Aspect |
Calorie-Sufficient Diet |
Healthy Diet |
Example (Eg) |
| Purpose |
Provides minimum energy to survive |
Provides energy + essential nutrients for overall health |
Eating only rice vs. eating rice with dal, vegetables, and curd |
| Nutrient Content |
Lacks micronutrients (vitamins, minerals, proteins) |
Rich in macro and micronutrients (carbs, proteins, fats, vitamins) |
Rice alone vs. balanced meal with fruits, vegetables, proteins |
| Food Variety |
Limited to cheap staples like rice, maize, or flour |
Includes diverse food groups (grains, fruits, dairy, protein, etc.) |
Maize flour daily vs. varied diet with pulses, greens, dairy |
| Health Impact |
May cause “hidden hunger” and nutritional deficiencies |
Promotes growth, immunity, and good physical and mental health |
Feeling full but weak vs. feeling full and energized |
| Affordability |
Very cheap (less than $1/day) |
Expensive (around $3.67/day globally) |
Affordable for poor families vs. out of reach for billions |
Why are the three billion people unable to afford a healthy diet globally?
- High Cost of Nutritious Foods: Healthy diets with fruits, vegetables, proteins, and dairy are much more expensive than basic staples. Eg: A meal with rice, lentils, vegetables, and milk costs much more than a plain rice or maize meal.
- Low Incomes in Poor Countries: In many low-income countries, the median income is lower than the daily cost of a healthy diet. Eg: In parts of Sub-Saharan Africa, people would need to spend over 100% of their income just to afford healthy food.
- Most Income Spent on Non-Food Essentials: People also need to spend on housing, transport, education, etc., leaving less money for nutritious food. Eg: A poor family may prioritize rent and school fees, and manage meals with only the cheapest staples.
- Dependence on Starchy Staples: Many rely heavily on calorie-dense but nutrient-poor foods like rice, maize, or wheat due to affordability. Eg: A person eats only maize porridge daily, missing out on proteins, vitamins, and minerals.
- Limited Production by Small Farmers: Even subsistence farmers may not produce enough variety to meet dietary needs, and cannot afford to buy it either. Eg: A farmer growing only rice and vegetables may lack access to milk, eggs, or fruits, leading to an unbalanced diet.
Where is the affordability of a healthy diet the lowest, affecting over 80% of the population?
- Sub-Saharan Africa: This region has the highest percentage of people who cannot afford a healthy diet. Eg: In countries like Chad, Burundi, or Niger, more than 80% of the population cannot afford fruits, dairy, or protein-rich foods regularly.
- South Asia: Countries like India, Nepal, and Bangladesh have large populations with low incomes, making even basic healthy foods costly. Eg: In rural India, a balanced diet might cost nearly an entire day’s wage.
How do subsistence farmers fit into the statistics on food affordability according to the FAO report?
- Included in Affordability Calculations: The FAO includes the value of food produced for self-consumption when calculating affordability. Eg: A farmer growing their own rice and vegetables is considered as having partial income from that food production.
- Still Unable to Afford or Produce a Healthy Diet: Even with homegrown food, many subsistence farmers cannot meet the dietary diversity needed for good health. Eg: A small farmer in rural Nepal may grow millet but can’t access milk, eggs, or leafy greens.
- Dependence on Staple Crops: Most subsistence farmers rely on calorie-rich but nutrient-poor staples like maize or cassava. Eg: A family in Malawi surviving mostly on maize lacks essential proteins and vitamins.
- Limited Market Access and Income: They often have little surplus to sell and low access to markets, limiting their purchasing power for other foods. Eg: A farmer in northern Nigeria may produce yams but can’t reach a market to sell or buy fruits.
- Vulnerable to Shocks and Seasonal Gaps: Crop failures, poor rainfall, or pests can wipe out their food supply and worsen affordability. Eg: In drought-prone Kenya, crop failure forces families to skip meals or rely on relief aid.
What are the steps taken by the Indian government?
- Poshan Abhiyaan (National Nutrition Mission): Launched to reduce malnutrition among children, pregnant women, and lactating mothers through better monitoring, awareness, and convergence of nutrition schemes. Eg: Promotion of locally sourced nutritious food and growth monitoring of children.
- Mid-Day Meal Scheme (PM POSHAN): Provides free nutritious meals to school children to improve school attendance and address childhood hunger and malnutrition. Eg: Meals include rice, dal, vegetables, and sometimes eggs or milk.
- Fortification of Staples: The government promotes adding essential micronutrients (like iron, folic acid, and vitamin B12) to staples such as rice, wheat, and edible oils. Eg: Distribution of fortified rice through the Public Distribution System (PDS).
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Way forward:
- Invest in Local Production and Diversification of Nutritious Foods: Governments and NGOs should support smallholder farmers to grow a wider range of nutritious crops (e.g., pulses, fruits, vegetables, dairy, poultry). Eg: Promoting kitchen gardens, poultry, and millet farming in rural India to diversify diets.
- Make Healthy Foods Affordable Through Policy and Subsidies: Implement targeted subsidies or cash transfers for poor households to afford healthy food groups. Eg: Expanding India’s mid-day meal and ICDS schemes with eggs, fruits, and vegetables for children.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2024] Poverty and malnutrition create a vicious cycle, adversely affecting human capital formation. What steps can be taken to break the cycle?
Linkage: Poverty and malnutrition which are key reasons why three billion people cannot afford a healthy diet. The inability to afford nutritious food leads to malnutrition, which in turn perpetuates poverty by hindering human capital development.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ottawa Convention
Why in the News?
NATO members including Poland, Finland, and the three Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania) have recently expressed intentions to withdraw from the Ottawa Convention.
About the Ottawa Convention
- The Ottawa Convention is an international treaty adopted in 1997 aimed at banning the use, production, stockpiling, and transfer of anti-personnel mines.
- It is also known as the ‘Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Treaty.’
- It specifically targets anti-personnel mines and EXCLUDES anti-vehicle mines, remote-controlled mines, and other types of munitions.
- Signatories: 165 countries had joined by March 2025.
- But major powers like the United States, China, Russia, India, and Israel have not signed.
- Key Features: Signatories must destroy all stockpiled anti-personnel mines within 4 years of ratification, with some allowances for mines retained for training.
Objectives of the Treaty
- End Human Suffering: The primary goal is to end the human suffering caused by landmines.
- Prevent Civilian Casualties: It seeks to prevent civilian casualties, especially long after conflicts have ended.
- Rehabilitation and Restoration: The treaty also aims to assist in the rehabilitation of victims and the restoration of land previously mined for civilian use.
Significance of the Convention
- Victims’ Profile: According to the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), more than 80% of mine victims are civilians.
- Convention Provisions: The convention includes provisions to assist victims, many of whom suffer permanent disabilities such as loss of limbs.
| [UPSC 2015] Which among the following are Nuclear Weapons States as recognized by the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of nuclear weapons, commonly known as Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)?
1. China 2. France 3. India 4. Israel 5. Pakistan
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 1, 3, 4 and 5 only (c) 2, 4 and 5 only (d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi Tree
Why in the News?
PM Narendra Modi recently visited the Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi temple in the historic city of Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka.
About the Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi Tree
- The Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi tree is considered the oldest living cultivated plant globally.
- It is believed to have grown from a branch of the original Bodhi Vruksha in Bodhgaya under which Gautam Buddha attained enlightenment.
- This branch was carried to Sri Lanka by Sanghamitra, eldest daughter of Emperor Ashoka and his first wife, Queen Devi.
- The original tree under which Buddha meditated was reportedly destroyed, possibly by Ashoka’s wife Tishyarakshita in some legends.
- Sanghamitra’s arrival in Sri Lanka with the tree is commemorated during the Uduvapa Poya, a festival observed annually on a full moon night in December.
Legend of Sanghamitra’s Journey to Sri Lanka
- Sanghamitra, originally named Ayapali, lived from 282 BC to 203 BC.
- Following the Third Buddhist Council (held in 250 BC in Pataliputra) during Ashoka’s reign, it was decided to send missionaries to various regions, including Sri Lanka, to spread Buddhism.
- The mission to Sri Lanka was led by Mahinda (Mahendra), Ashoka’s son, who converted King Devanampiya Tissa of Anuradhapura to Buddhism.
- After several royal ladies expressed interest in joining the Buddhist monastic order, Mahinda sent for his sister, Sanghamitra, to initiate them.
- Both siblings lived in Anuradhapura for the rest of their lives.
- She played a pivotal role in establishing the Order of Nuns (Bhikkhuni Sangha or Meheini Sasna) in Sri Lanka, which later spread to other Theravada Buddhist countries like Burma, China, and Thailand.
| [UPSC 2020] With reference to the religious history of India, consider the following statements:
1. Sthaviravadins belong to Mahayana Buddhism. 2. Lokottaravadin sect was an offshoot of Mahasanghika sect of Buddhism. 3. The deification of Buddha by Mahasanghikas fostered the Mahayana Buddhism.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Pamban Bridge
Why in the News?
The newly constructed Pamban Bridge was inaugurated by PM Modi to replace a 110-year-old structure that connected Rameswaram to the Indian mainland.
About the Pamban Bridge
- The Pamban Bridge, completed in 1914, was India’s first sea bridge, connecting Rameswaram on Pamban Island to the mainland.
- It featured a double-leaf bascule span, allowing ships to pass through when the bridge lifted.
- Standing 12.5 meters above sea level and spanning 145 piers, the bridge faced challenges, including cyclones and workforce issues.
- The old bridge had become unsafe due to severe corrosion and structural weaknesses, highlighted by vibrations detected in 2022.
- The new bridge features a vertical lift span that can raise in just 5 minutes, with a 22-meter clearance to allow larger vessels to pass, compared to the old bridge’s 1.5 meters.
- Trains can now travel at speeds up to 75 km/h, a significant improvement from the previous 10 km/h limit.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: CAPTCHA
Why in the News?
This newscard is an excerpt from the original article published in The Hindu.
What is CAPTCHA?
- CAPTCHA stands for Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart.
- It is a security measure used to differentiate humans from automated bots on websites.
- It helps protect websites against spam and misuse by ensuring that the user performing actions is a human.
- It was developed in the early 2000s by Luis von Ahn, Manuel Blum, Nicholas J. Hopper, and John Langford as a response to the proliferation of automated bots on the internet that created fake accounts, spammed websites, and stole data.
- The first patent for CAPTCHA was filed in 2003.
How Does CAPTCHA Work?
- CAPTCHA presents tasks that are easy for humans to solve but hard for machines.
- These tasks typically involve recognizing distorted text, images, or sounds that machines cannot interpret as reliably as humans.
- It operates on the principle of the Turing test, designed by British mathematician Alan Turing in the 1950s.
- This assesses a machine’s ability to exhibit human-like behaviour.
- Over the years, CAPTCHA has evolved from simple text recognition to more complex tests:
- Image Recognition CAPTCHA: Users are asked to identify specific objects within images, such as cars, traffic lights, or storefronts.
- reCAPTCHA: Launched by Google in 2009, this system not only serves as a CAPTCHA but also helps digitize text from scanned documents. Users transcribe words that OCR software has been unable to recognize.
- Invisible reCAPTCHA: Introduced by Google in 2014, this version analyzes the user’s interaction with the website, such as mouse movements, to determine if they are human without needing them to complete a specific challenge.
Limitations of CAPTCHA
- Accessibility Issues: CAPTCHA can be challenging for people with disabilities, such as visual or hearing impairments.
- User Inconvenience: The need to solve CAPTCHAs can be cumbersome, particularly on mobile devices, and may detract from user experience.
- Advancing Bot Technology: As bots become more sophisticated with AI, they are increasingly capable of bypassing CAPTCHA systems, necessitating more complex solutions.
| [UPSC 2019] Consider the following statements: A digital signature is
1. an electronic record that identifies the certifying authority issuing it
2. used to serve as a proof of identity of an individual to access information or server on Internet.
3. an electronic method of signing an electronic document and ensuring that the original content is unchanged
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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PYQ Relevance:
[UPSC 2019] The long-sustained image of India as a leader of the oppressed and marginalised Nations has disappeared on account of its new found role in the emerging global order”. Elaborate.
Linkage: India’s historical role as a voice for the “Global South” and how its current global positioning might be perceived differently. This article argues for the Global South to take a leading role, which resonates with India’s past image. |
Mentor’s Comment: As the Ukraine war moves toward a fragile ceasefire, the big question is who will ensure lasting peace. Western countries suggest a European-led peacekeeping force, but Russia rejects NATO troops. Instead, nations from the Global South—Africa, Asia, and Latin America—could lead a neutral UN mission, showing they can help maintain global peace and stability.
Today’s editorial looks at how countries from the Global South could lead a peacekeeping mission in the Ukraine war. This topic is useful for General Studies Paper 2 in the UPSC mains exam.
_
Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
The war in Ukraine gives the Global South a chance to show it can be a fair and trusted force in bringing peace and stability to the world.
Why is a Global South-led peacekeeping mission preferred over a European-led one in Ukraine?
- Neutrality and Trustworthiness: Global South countries are not directly involved in the Ukraine war and have largely remained neutral, making them more acceptable to both parties Example: India maintains diplomatic ties with both Russia and Ukraine — PM Modi met both leaders within weeks, signalling impartiality.
- Avoiding NATO-Russia Tensions: European-led missions are viewed by Russia as NATO extensions, which could escalate rather than resolve the conflict. Example: Russian Foreign Minister Lavrov warned that European troops would “fuel the conflict,” not ease it.
- Strong UN Peacekeeping Experience: Global South nations have a proven record in UN peacekeeping across various conflict zones. Example: The African Union has led missions in Somalia and Sudan; India has contributed over 2,90,000 peacekeepers to UN missions.
- Public Opposition in Europe: European populations are reluctant to support troop deployments in Ukraine, limiting the viability of a European-led mission. Example: French citizens largely opposed Macron’s suggestion to send French troops for peacekeeping earlier this year.
- Symbol of Multipolar Global Order: A Global South-led mission would demonstrate their growing role in global governance and diplomacy. Example: Countries like Brazil, Indonesia, and South Africa are part of BRICS and actively engage in UN initiatives, signalling rising influence.
Why does Russia oppose European or NATO-led peacekeeping forces in Ukraine?
- Perceived NATO Expansion: Russia sees any European-led force as a cover for NATO expansion, violating its red lines on NATO’s eastward movement. Example: Moscow described a European-led mission as a “NATO Trojan horse” — a disguised attempt to increase NATO’s footprint in Ukraine.
- Threat to Russian Security: A European or NATO presence near Russian borders is seen as a direct security threat, escalating tensions. Example: Russia strongly reacted when NATO troops were deployed in Eastern Europe after 2014, citing encirclement fears.
- Lack of Impartiality: Russia considers NATO countries partial and hostile, incapable of mediating fairly between Ukraine and Russia. Example: NATO nations have supplied Ukraine with weapons and intelligence, eroding their neutrality in Russia’s view.
- Potential for Escalation: Deploying NATO-aligned forces could turn peacekeepers into targets, risking direct confrontation between Russia and NATO. Example: Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov warned that NATO troops in Ukraine would “further fuel the conflict.”
- Undermining Diplomatic Efforts: Russia believes a NATO role in peacekeeping would delegitimize any ceasefire, making negotiations harder. Example: Russia has supported talks in neutral venues like Riyadh, avoiding NATO-influenced settings for peace discussions.
Which Global South countries are suited for peacekeeping in Ukraine, and what proves their capability?
- India has vast experience in UN peacekeeping, having contributed over 2,90,000 troops to 50+ UN missions. Example: In 2007, India deployed the first all-women peacekeeping contingent to Liberia, showcasing professionalism and inclusivity.
- Brazil has led several UN missions, especially in Latin America and Africa, and is known for diplomatic balance. Example: Brazil commanded the UN Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) from 2004 to 2017, showing leadership in volatile environments.
- South Africa: With deep regional peacekeeping experience via the African Union and UN, South Africa balances diplomacy with force. Example: South Africa has contributed troops to peacekeeping missions in the Democratic Republic of Congo (MONUSCO) under challenging conditions.
- Indonesia has a consistent record of contributing troops and police to UN missions, emphasizing neutrality and professionalism. Example: It currently contributes forces to UN missions in Lebanon (UNIFIL) and the Central African Republic (MINUSCA).
- Chile specializes in demining and post-conflict reconstruction, vital for Ukraine’s recovery. Example: Chilean experts have worked with UN missions on landmine removal in post-war zones, a skill urgently needed in Ukraine.
How can India’s peacekeeping legacy support a UN mission in Ukraine?
- Reputation for Neutrality: India maintains balanced diplomatic relations with Russia, Ukraine, and the West, making it a credible and neutral peacekeeping leader. Example: PM Modi’s meetings with both President Putin and President Zelenskyy within weeks reflect India’s impartial diplomatic posture.
- Extensive Peacekeeping Experience: India is one of the largest contributors to UN peacekeeping, with over 2,90,000 troops having served in 50+ missions worldwide. Example: India’s leadership in UN missions in South Sudan (UNMISS) and Congo (MONUSCO) shows operational effectiveness in complex conflict zones.
- Pioneering Gender-Inclusive Peacekeeping: India was the first country to deploy an all-women police contingent in a UN mission. Example: In 2007, Indian women peacekeepers served in Liberia, enhancing community trust and addressing gender-based issues in post-conflict societies.
Way forward:
- Leverage India’s Neutral Diplomatic Standing: India can lead or coordinate a Global South-led mission due to its balanced ties with Russia, Ukraine, and the West — ensuring credibility and acceptance by all parties. e.g. India’s PM meetings with both Putin and Zelenskyy show diplomatic neutrality.
- Utilize India’s Peacekeeping Expertise:
India should offer experienced troops, including women contingents, to promote trust, inclusivity, and effectiveness in conflict zones. e.g. India’s success in UNMISS and the all-women unit in Liberia reflect its capability.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Major key Amendments;
Why in the News?
After over 12 hours of debate and late-night voting, tensions rose over ministers taking a break and Congress faced criticism from INDI allies over supporting a government-backed Bill.
What are the key provisions of the Waqf (Amendment) Bill?
- Inclusion of Non-Muslim Members: The Bill makes it mandatory to have at least two non-Muslim members in both the Central Waqf Council and State Waqf Boards. Eg: A State Waqf Board in Uttar Pradesh will now include two non-Muslim members to ensure diversity and broader oversight.
- Enhanced Transparency and Accountability: The bill mandates the digitization of all Waqf records on a centralized portal, ensuring real-time monitoring and preventing unauthorized transactions. Eg: Waqf institutions earning over ₹1 lakh annually must undergo audits by state-sponsored auditors.
- Women Must Receive Inheritance Before Waqf: Before any property is dedicated as Waqf, women must receive their rightful share of inheritance under Islamic law. Eg: A man cannot donate ancestral property to a mosque as Waqf unless his daughters have first received their inheritance portion.
- Waqf Boards Cannot Arbitrarily Declare: The amendment removes the Waqf Board’s earlier power to unilaterally declare any property as Waqf without due process. Eg: If there’s a dispute about a piece of land, the Waqf Board must now legally verify ownership instead of directly labeling it as Waqf land.
- Restructuring of Waqf Tribunals: The structure of Waqf Tribunals is changed to include a district judge, a joint secretary-level government officer, and an expert in Muslim law. Appeals can go to the High Court within 90 days. Eg: A property dispute handled by the Waqf Tribunal in Delhi can now be appealed in the Delhi High Court within three months.
Why did the Opposition criticize the Bill?
- Violation of Religious Freedom and Philanthropy Rights: The Opposition argued that banning non-Muslims from creating Waqf violates their freedom to donate or support causes of other religions. Eg: If a Hindu philanthropist wishes to donate land to a mosque for educational purposes, the law now prohibits it from being treated as Waqf.
- Interference in Personal and Religious Affairs: Critics said the Bill marks excessive state interference in the religious practices of Muslims, especially by restructuring Waqf Tribunals and mandating non-Muslim representation in Waqf Boards. Eg: The inclusion of non-Muslims in bodies managing Islamic religious endowments is seen by some as an imposition on community autonomy.
- Lack of Consultation and Political Targeting: Opposition parties claimed the Bill was introduced without adequate consultation with stakeholders, including Muslim scholars, religious leaders, or civil society groups. It was viewed as part of a broader political narrative targeting minorities. Eg: The sudden change in who can create Waqf (only Muslims with 5+ years of practice) was criticized as being done without meaningful dialogue with the affected community.
How much property is currently recorded under Waqf in India?
- Registered properties: As of March 2025, Waqf boards in India manage approximately 8.72 lakh (872,000) registered properties, encompassing over 38 lakh (3.8 million) acres of land. Eg: Uttar Pradesh: Approximately 2.1 lakh Waqf properties, West Bengal: Around 78,000 properties and Kerala: About 55,000 properties.
- Spread Across Prime Urban and Rural Areas: Waqf land is spread across prime locations in cities and fertile lands in villages, often facing issues of encroachment and poor management. Eg: In Delhi and Mumbai, many Waqf lands are located in commercial hubs, but are underutilized or illegally occupied.
Who can donate to Waqf under the new law?
Under the Waqf (Amendment) Bill, 2025, only practicing Muslims who have been adhering to their faith for at least five years are eligible to donate property as Waqf. This provision aims to ensure that donations are genuine and voluntary, reinstating a pre-2013 rule |
How has this changed from the 2013 Waqf Act?
| Aspect |
Waqf Act, 2013 |
Waqf (Amendment) Bill, 2025 |
| Who can create Waqf |
Any person (including non-Muslims) could create a Waqf |
Only practicing Muslims (for at least 5 years) can create Waqf |
| Inclusion of non-Muslims in Waqf Boards |
Only Muslims were members of Waqf Boards and the Central Waqf Council |
At least 2 non-Muslim members must be included in both Boards and Council |
| Waqf Board’s power to declare property |
Waqf Boards could unilaterally declare any property as Waqf (Section 40) |
This power is removed; Boards cannot declare any property Waqf without due process |
| Women’s inheritance rights in family Waqf |
Not clearly defined or enforced |
Ensures women receive inheritance before family property is converted into Waqf |
| Composition of Waqf Tribunals |
Tribunals had members appointed by the state, often lacking legal or religious expertise |
Must include a district judge, joint secretary-level officer, and Muslim law expert |
| Appeal Mechanism |
Appeals were limited and unclear in some cases |
Clear provision for appeal to the High Court within 90 days |
Way forward:
- Promote Inclusive Dialogue and Trust-building: Establish structured consultations with religious leaders, civil society, and legal experts to address concerns and foster transparency.
- Strengthen Implementation with Oversight: Ensure effective digitization, fair dispute resolution, and regular audits through independent oversight bodies to prevent misuse and encroachment.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2019] What are the challenges to our cultural practices in the name of secularism.
Linkage: Potential conflicts between secular principles and the freedom to practice cultural and religious traditions in India.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Gender issues;
Why in the News?
International Transgender Day of Visibility, held on March 31, brings attention to the problems transgender people still face, like unfair treatment in schools, jobs, and healthcare.
What challenges do transgender individuals face despite the 2019 Transgender Rights Act?
- Delays in Legal Recognition and ID Issuance: The certification process for transgender identity is slow and bureaucratic. e.g. As of December 2023, over 3,200 applications on the National Portal were pending beyond the 30-day limit.
- Lack of Self-Determination in Identity Recognition: The Act mandates a certification process rather than allowing self-identification, unlike global best practices. e.g. Transgender persons must get approval from a district magistrate instead of simply self-declaring their identity.
- Poor Implementation of Welfare Schemes: Many government schemes meant for transgender individuals are poorly implemented or inaccessible. e.g. In Delhi, out of about 4,200 transgender people (2011 Census), only 23 ID cards were issued by April 2022.
- No Provisions for Protection from Family Rejection or Police Harassment: The Act does not address key social challenges like violence, rejection, or abuse. e.g. Transgender persons facing domestic violence or harassment by authorities have little legal recourse under the Act.
- Continued Social Exclusion and Stigma: Despite legal recognition, social acceptance remains low, leading to discrimination in daily life. e.g. Many transgender individuals are still denied housing, employment, and public services due to prejudice.
Why does economic exclusion persist for the transgender community in India?
- Hiring Discrimination and Workplace Bias: Transgender individuals face exclusion during recruitment and hostility at work. e.g. A 2022 study reported a 48% unemployment rate among transgender people, far higher than the national average of 7-8%.
- Limited Industry Adoption of Inclusive Policies: Only a few companies have adopted transgender-inclusive hiring and workplace practices. e.g. while Tata Steel hired over 100 transgender employees, such initiatives are not widely adopted across industries.
- Barriers to Financial Inclusion: Many transgender individuals face hurdles in opening bank accounts or accessing credit. e.g. Despite a 2024 clarification allowing LGBTQ+ individuals to open joint bank accounts, broader financial exclusion still persists.
How do barriers in education and healthcare impact transgender inclusion?
- High Dropout Rates Due to Bullying and Harassment: Discrimination in schools leads to low retention and poor educational outcomes. e.g. In Kerala, 58% of transgender students dropped out due to bullying and lack of support.
- Low Literacy Levels Limit Opportunities: Inadequate access to quality education restricts upward mobility. e.g. The 2011 Census reported a transgender literacy rate of 56.1%, compared to the national average of 74.04%.
- Lack of Gender-Sensitive Infrastructure in Schools and Colleges: The absence of gender-neutral toilets and inclusive curricula creates an unwelcoming environment. e.g. Few institutions offer facilities like separate hostel rooms or transgender cells; Maharashtra is among the few states addressing this.
- Denial of Basic Healthcare Services: Transgender individuals are often refused treatment or face discrimination in hospitals. e.g. A National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) survey found that 27% were denied healthcare due to their gender identity.
- Limited Access to Gender-Affirming Treatments: High costs and lack of insurance make crucial medical procedures unaffordable. e.g. Gender-affirming surgeries cost between ₹2 lakh to ₹5 lakh, and despite the launch of Ayushman Bharat TG Plus, implementation is patchy.
Which state-level initiatives support transgender students in education?
- Maharashtra – Transgender Cells in Colleges: The state has established dedicated support cells in colleges to address the needs of transgender students. e.g. These cells help create a more inclusive academic environment by offering counseling and redressal mechanisms.
- Kerala – Reservation and Hostel Facilities: Kerala has introduced reserved seats for transgender students in universities and provided separate hostel facilities. e.g. The University of Kerala reserves seats for transgender individuals in postgraduate courses and provides dedicated accommodations.
- Tamil Nadu – Scholarships and Welfare Schemes: Tamil Nadu provides scholarships and educational assistance specifically for transgender students. e.g. The Third Gender Welfare Board supports education, skill training, and financial aid for transgender persons.
What measures can ensure genuine inclusion beyond symbolic visibility days?
- Enforce Anti-Discrimination Laws and Policies: Strong legal enforcement is needed to protect transgender rights in workplaces, schools, and public spaces. e.g. Implementing mandatory anti-discrimination clauses in employment policies can reduce workplace bias and ensure accountability.
- Promote Gender Sensitisation in Institutions: Regular awareness and training programs in schools, universities, and offices can change attitudes. e.g. Including transgender awareness in school curricula and conducting sensitisation workshops in workplaces helps reduce stigma and foster inclusion.
- Support Transgender Economic Empowerment: Inclusive hiring, access to credit, and government-backed entrepreneurship programs can boost livelihoods. e.g. Initiatives like targeted financial schemes and diversity hiring programs can help transgender entrepreneurs start businesses and gain financial independence.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2024] Despite comprehensive policies for equity and social justice, underprivileged sections are not yet getting the full benefits of affirmative action envisaged by the Constitution. Comment.
Linkage: Lack of progress for underprivileged sections despite policy efforts.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Heard and McDonald Islands
Why in the News?
Donald Trump imposed a 10% tariff on imports from the Heard and McDonald Islands, despite no human presence there for nearly a decade.
About the Heard and McDonald Islands
- The Heard and McDonald Islands are located in the Southern Ocean, approximately 4,100 km south-west of Perth, Australia, and 1,600 km to the north of the Antarctic coast.
- The islands are unincorporated external territories of Australia, meaning they are not part of any Australian state but are directly administered by the Australian government.
- The islands are home to seals, penguins, and albatrosses, and serve as crucial breeding grounds for these species.
- The islands have been designated as UNESCO World Heritage Sites due to their ecological significance, particularly their rich biodiversity.
- Heard Island:
- Heard Island spans an area of approximately 368 square kilometers.
- The island’s highest point is Mawson Peak, an active volcano standing 2,745 meters (9,006 feet) above sea level.
- Mawson Peak is one of the most active volcanoes in the southern hemisphere, with eruptions as recent as 2016.
- McDonald Islands:
- It is much smaller, covering only 2.5 square kilometers.
- Geological Nature: These islands are volcanic and part of the same volcanic chain as Heard Island.
- Climate
- Both islands experience an extremely cold subantarctic climate, with heavy winds, snow, and ice for much of the year.
- Temperatures rarely exceed 5°C (41°F) even in summer.
Strategic Significance
- The islands are strategically located between Australia and Antarctica, important for monitoring the Southern Ocean, vital for global biodiversity and climate studies.
- They play a key role in scientific research, particularly in volcanology, glaciology, and climate change, with Australia operating a research station on Heard Island.
- The islands are protected under the Antarctic Treaty System, ensuring no military activity or commercial exploitation in the region.
- Rich in marine resources, the surrounding waters are also safeguarded to prevent overfishing and environmental harm.
- Their geopolitical importance grows as international competition and territorial claims around Antarctica and the Southern Ocean increase.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Undersea Cables
Why in the news?
India is gradually expanding its undersea cable infrastructure, with new systems like Airtel’s 2Africa Pearls and SEA-ME-WE-6 boosting its international internet bandwidth.
What are Undersea Cables?
- Undersea cables are fiber optic cables laid on the ocean floor that connect internet networks between countries.
- These cables are heavily insulated and contain fiber optic strands for transmitting data.
- They surface at landing points, connect to landing stations, and then link to broader terrestrial networks.
- Approximately 600 undersea cables exist globally.
- These cables handle 90% of global data, 80% of world trade, and $10 trillion in financial transactions.
|
India’s Current Undersea Cable Ecosystem:
- India’s two main hubs for subsea cables are Mumbai and Chennai.
- 17 international cables land in India, with 95% of subsea cables concentrated in a 6-km stretch in Versova, Mumbai.
- India has two domestic cable systems:
- Chennai–Andaman–Nicobar Islands (CANI)
- Kochi–Lakshadweep Islands
- While current bandwidth is considered sufficient, rising data traffic may soon outpace available capacity.
- Experts warn that India’s current capacity may become inadequate in the near future.
- India contributes only 1% of global cable landing stations and 3% of subsea cable systems, highlighting its underrepresentation in the global network.
| [UPSC 2016] With reference to ‘LiFi’, recently in the news, which of the following statements is/are correct?
1. It uses light as the medium for high speed data transmission.
2. It is wireless technology and is several times faster than ‘WiFi’.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Exercise INDRA 2025
Why in the News?
The bilateral naval exercise INDRA 2025 between the Indian and Russian navies was held from 28 March to 02 April 2025.
About Exercise INDRA
- INDRA is a biennial joint military exercise that began in 2003.
- Over time, INDRA transformed into a tri-service exercise involving Army, Navy, and Air Force, making it more comprehensive and multifaceted.
- Recent Editions of INDRA:
- 2021 (12th Edition): Held in Volgograd, Russia; Focused on counter-terrorism operations and enhancing operational synergy.
- 2023 (13th Edition): Conducted in the Bay of Bengal, India; Involved naval forces from both countries, enhancing maritime cooperation and joint operations.
- 2025 (14th Edition): It is being conducted in two phases: Harbour phase at Chennai and Sea phase in the Bay of Bengal.
Strategic Importance
- The exercise reinforced jointmanship between the Indian and Russian forces, strengthening their ability to collaborate in maritime security operations.
- It highlighted the shared commitment to upholding maritime order and promoting global peace and stability.
- Best practices were exchanged, fostering a deeper understanding of each other’s operational doctrines and enhancing the capacity to respond effectively to contemporary maritime security challenges.
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Central Sector Scheme for Promotion of International Cooperation for AYUSH
Why in the News?
The Ministry of Ayush is implementing the Central Sector Scheme for Promotion of International Cooperation for AYUSH to enhance global recognition and development of AYUSH systems, including Ayurveda, Yoga, Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy.
About the Scheme
- The scheme focuses on promoting AYUSH systems internationally, contributing to their global growth.
- The scheme is announced on the AYUSH website, and applications are invited through open advertisements.
- Proposals are screened by a committee and approved for financial assistance based on needs and activity limits.
- Key Components of the Scheme:
-
- International Exchange of Experts & Officers: Facilitates deputation of AYUSH experts for international conferences and training.
- Incentives for Drug Manufacturers: Provides financial support for international propagation and product registration.
- Market Development Support: Supports exhibitions, conferences, and market surveys for international market development.
- Promotion through Young Postgraduates: Deploys young postgraduates to promote AYUSH abroad through NGOs.
- Translation and Publication: Funds the translation and publication of AYUSH literature in foreign languages.
- AYUSH Information Cells/Health Centres: Establishes AYUSH cells and health centers in foreign countries through Indian missions.
- International Fellowship Programme: Offers fellowships to foreign nationals to study AYUSH courses in India.
Significance of Yoga and AYUSH in India’s International Outreach
- The International Day of Yoga (IDY) was declared by the United Nations in 2014, with ₹161 crore spent on its promotion. IDY celebrations spread Yoga’s global message.
- Yoga is now part of the National Curriculum Framework (NCF), making it compulsory for students from Class I to Class X.
- The Yoga Certification Board (YCB) under the Ministry of Ayush certifies yoga professionals and accredits institutions, ensuring quality and standards in Yoga practice.
- The Ministry of Ayush has signed 24 Country-to-Country MoUs and 51 Institute-to-Institute MoUs to promote Indian traditional medicine systems globally.
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PYQ Relevance:
[UPSC 2024] Can India become a space power by solely relying on its indigenous technology, or is it imperative to forge technological alliances and collaborations with other nations to stay competitive in the global space race? Elaborate your views.
Linkage: India’s choice to partner with Starlink, a US-based network, over waiting for indigenous solutions or potentially partnering with China, illustrating the geopolitical considerations in space technology. |
Mentor’s Comment: Many parts of India still lack fiber and mobile networks. Starlink’s tie-up with Airtel and Jio helps bring fast Internet to remote areas without big infrastructure costs. While good for business, it raises concerns about U.S. digital control. Starlink’s dominance, with 7,000 satellites, risks creating a monopoly and giving private firms major control over key infrastructure.
Today’s editorial analyzes Starlink’s tie-up with Airtel and Jio and its impact. This will help in GS paper 2 and GS Paper 3.
_
Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
It’s still unclear whether satellite Internet will help everyone get connected or just make the digital gap worse in a new way from space.
What are the economic and strategic benefits of India’s partnership with Starlink?
- Bridging the Digital Divide: Enables high-speed internet access in rural, remote, and hilly areas where laying fiber-optic cables is difficult or expensive. Eg: Remote villages in Ladakh or Northeast India can access e-learning, telemedicine, and government services through satellite internet.
- Cost-effective Infrastructure Expansion: Reduces the capital and operational costs for Indian telecom companies like Airtel and Jio, as satellite internet bypasses the need for expensive terrestrial infrastructure. Eg : Instead of building hundreds of towers in sparsely populated areas, Airtel can provide service using Starlink’s satellite network.
- Strategic Geopolitical Alignment: Aligns India with the U.S.-led democratic digital alliance, distancing itself from authoritarian tech ecosystems like China’s GuoWang. Eg: Choosing Starlink over Chinese alternatives reflects India’s broader Indo-Pacific strategy of cooperation with like-minded nations.
- Boost to Domestic Capability via Partnership Model: Collaborating through Indian partners (Airtel, Jio) offers regulatory oversight, scope for technology transfer, and growth of India’s tech ecosystem. Eg: Local data routing, domestic satellite ground stations, and service operations can help build technical capacity and expertise in India.
- Strategic Communication Redundancy Enhances national security by providing backup communication systems during disasters or network blackouts. Eg: During natural calamities like cyclones or earthquakes, satellite internet can keep remote regions connected when ground networks fail.
Why is Starlink’s monopolistic control a concern, and how does it impact India?
- Overdependence on a Foreign Private Entity: Reliance on Starlink gives a U.S.-based private firm significant control over India’s digital backbone in remote areas.
Eg: If Starlink alters service terms or suspends access due to U.S. geopolitical interests, India’s connectivity in border or conflict zones could be compromised.
- National Security Risks: Communication infrastructure operated from outside the country raises concerns over surveillance, data sovereignty, and wartime disruption. Eg: During the Russia-Ukraine war, Starlink restricted access to its services in conflict zones — India could face similar risks in sensitive areas like Jammu & Kashmir or Arunachal Pradesh.
- Market Distortion and Limited Competition: Starlink’s first-mover advantage and satellite volume (~7,000 satellites) could outcompete smaller or local satellite internet ventures. Eg: Domestic players like ISRO’s satellite internet plans or private Indian firms may struggle to gain market share or scale up effectively.
- Pricing Power and Affordability Issues: Monopoly allows Starlink to set high prices, making services unaffordable for large sections of rural and poor populations. Eg: Without competition or regulation, satellite internet packages may remain out of reach for rural schoolchildren or small farmers.
- Reduced Technological Sovereignty: Long-term reliance may hinder India’s ability to develop indigenous alternatives, stalling progress toward digital self-reliance. Eg: Starlink dominance might delay ISRO’s or IN-SPACe’s efforts in launching Indian LEO satellite constellations.
Who are the key global players in satellite internet?
| Player |
Country |
Project Name |
Key Features |
Example / Status |
| SpaceX |
USA |
Starlink |
– Operates 7,000+ satellites in Low Earth Orbit (LEO)
– Provides global broadband internet |
– Services available in 70+ countries
– Partnerships with Airtel & Jio in India for rural access |
| China Satellite Network Group |
China |
GuoWang |
– State-run project for national security & digital sovereignty
– Aims to deploy 13,000+ satellites |
– Strategic focus on Indo-Pacific and Belt & Road countries |
| Amazon |
USA |
Project Kuiper |
– Plans to deploy 3,000+ satellites
– Emerging competitor in global internet services |
– FCC approved
– Aims to launch by 2026
– Focus on North America & developing markets |
How does India’s choice of Starlink over indigenous or Chinese alternatives reflect its Indo-Pacific strategy?
- Strategic Alignment with Democratic Partners: India’s preference for Starlink (a U.S.-based company) indicates alignment with democratic nations in the Indo-Pacific region. Eg: By avoiding Chinese alternatives like GuoWang, India reinforces its commitment to frameworks like Quad (India, U.S., Japan, Australia) that promote a free, open, and secure Indo-Pacific.
- Countering China’s Digital Influence: India’s decision helps prevent Chinese technological dominance in Asia, especially in sensitive sectors like space and communication.Eg: Partnering with Starlink counters China’s Digital Silk Road ambitions and limits Beijing’s potential surveillance or control via GuoWang.
- Enhancing Strategic Interoperability: Collaborating with U.S. technologies builds compatibility with partner nations’ digital and defense infrastructure. Eg: Starlink’s use in defense communication, as seen in Ukraine, could serve as a backup during emergencies in border regions like Ladakh or Arunachal Pradesh.
- Economic Pragmatism and Speed: India needs fast, scalable connectivity. Starlink offers a quicker solution compared to long timelines for domestic capability development. Eg: Indigenous LEO satellite programs are still in nascent stages, while Starlink is already operational, helping bridge rural digital gaps.
- Signal of Strategic Autonomy, Not Dependency: By routing Starlink through Indian firms like Jio and Airtel, India retains some control, showing a model of “managed dependency.” Eg: Unlike full foreign control, this hybrid model mirrors India’s “Act East” and “Neighbourhood First” policies that balance strategic autonomy with global partnerships.
What steps can ensure digital sovereignty? (Way forward)
- Develop Indigenous Satellite Infrastructure: Investing in homegrown satellite constellations enhances strategic independence and reduces reliance on foreign networks.Eg: ISRO and private players like IN-SPACe can develop India’s own LEO satellite systems to serve rural and border areas.
- Enforce Strong Regulatory Frameworks: Mandating data localization, technology transfer, and operational oversight ensures control over foreign tech operations. Eg: India can require local data storage and security vetting for Starlink services, similar to norms for other digital services.
- Strengthen Public Sector Participation: Involving state-owned enterprises like BSNL in satellite internet rollouts can provide public oversight and reduce strategic vulnerabilities.Eg: Partnering Starlink with BSNL could combine reach and regulation, giving the government more control over critical infrastructure.
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