Why in the News?
India successfully tested the Akash Prime Missile System in Ladakh, neutralizing two high-speed aerial targets at high altitude.
About Akash Prime:
- What It Is: Akash Prime is an upgraded version of the Akash Surface-to-Air Missile (SAM) system.
- High-Altitude Capability: Designed to operate effectively above 4,500 metres.
- Development: Developed by DRDO with BDL, BEL, and Army Air Defence.
- Operational Use: Proven in Operation Sindoor against aerial threats.
- Production Trials: Validated through First of Production Model (FoPM) firing trials.
- Deployment: Already in use at IAF bases and forward posts along the LAC in Ladakh.
Key Features:
- Seeker Upgrade: Equipped with an indigenous active Radio Frequency (RF) seeker for better accuracy.
- Altitude Adaptability: Engineered for high-altitude, cold-climate operations.
- Multi-Target Engagement: Capable of engaging multiple aerial threats at once.
- Speed & Accuracy: Travels at Mach 2.5 with up to 90% kill probability.
- Electronic Warfare: Equipped with ECCM features to resist electronic jamming.
- Radar Integration: Uses Rajendra radar for detection, targeting, and tracking.
- Operational Range: Effective engagement range of 25–30 km.
Other Variants of Akash:
- Akash Mark-I (1990–2005): First version under IGMDP; achieved successful dual-target intercepts by 2005.
- Akash-1S (2019): Enhanced version with 30 km range and 60 kg warhead; effective against aircraft and drones; tested successfully in May 2019.
- Akash Prime (2021 onwards): Added active RF seeker and altitude/weather resistance; tested on September 27, 2021.
- Akash-NG (Next Generation): Approved in 2016 with ₹470 crore funding; offers faster response and improved aerial threat protection.
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| [UPSC 2009] In the context of Indian defence, consider the following statements:
1. The Shourya missile flies with a speed of more than 8 Mach. 2. The range of Shourya missile is more than 1600 km. Which of the statements given above is/are correct ?
Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2* |
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Why in the News?
Researchers at the Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST) has detected radio emissions with circular polarisation near a massive young protostar, IRAS 18162-2048.
About Protostars:
- Definition: Early-stage stars formed by the gravitational collapse of dense regions in molecular clouds.
- Accretion Phase: They actively gather gas and dust but have not yet begun sustained nuclear fusion.
- Jet Ejection: Bipolar jets—high-speed streams of particles—are commonly emitted from their poles.
- Massive Protostars: Expected to evolve into stars with masses over 8–10 times that of the Sun.
- Role of Magnetism: Magnetic fields likely influence both jet formation and ejection mechanisms.
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About the Protostar IRAS 18162-2048:
- Overview: Situated about 4,500 light years away in the Milky Way.
- Jet Feature: Powers the HH80-81 jet—one of the galaxy’s largest and brightest protostellar jets.
- Magnetic Detection: First direct evidence of magnetic fields from the protostar itself, not just its jet.
- Observation Challenges: Heavily shrouded in dense gas and dust, making traditional observation difficult.
- Jet Dynamics: Suggests that magnetic fields and rotational energy drive its development.
Recent Observations:
- Detection Method: Observed circular polarisation in radio waves—where electromagnetic fields rotate along their path.
- Rarity: Circular polarisation is extremely faint and seldom detected, even in intense sources like active galactic nuclei.
- Scientific Milestone: First-ever estimation of magnetic field strength near a massive protostar using circular polarisation.
- Magnetic Field Strength: Estimated to be 100 times stronger than Earth’s magnetic field.
- Theoretical Support: Findings reinforce the theory that magnetic fields power jets from both stars and black holes.
| [UPSC 2023] Consider the following pairs:
Objects in space :: Description
1. Cepheids : Giant clouds of dust and gas in space
2. Nebulae : Stars which brighten and dim periodically
3. Pulsars : Neutron stars that are formed when massive stars run out of fuel and collapse How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?
Options: (a) Only one* (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None |
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Why in the News?
Machilipatnam, once a flourishing ancient port city on India’s east coast, is witnessing a major transformation with the construction of a modern Greenfield port.
About Machilipatnam:
- Alternate Names: Also known as Masulipatnam, Maisolia, or Manjarika.
- Geographic Location: Located in Krishna district, Andhra Pradesh, on the southeastern Coromandel Coast, at the mouth of River Krishna, ~70 km east of Amaravati.
- Historical Importance:
- One of the most significant east coast port cities for ~1,700 years.
- Played a key role in maritime trade across ancient, medieval, and early modern periods.
- Global Trade Connections:
- Attracted traders from Rome, Arabia, Persia, Southeast Asia, and Europe.
- Known for exporting high-quality Muslin textiles prized in Roman markets.
- The term “muslin” likely derives from “Maisolia,” an ancient name of the city.
- Cultural Contributions:
- Known for Kalamkari art, a traditional textile art featuring hand-painted or block-printed designs.
- Dynastic Port Usage:
- Satavahanas (1st BCE – 2nd CE): Used as a major trade gateway.
- Vishnukundins (4th–6th CE): Trade wealth supported Buddhist monument construction (e.g., Nagarjunakonda).
- Qutb Shahis (16th–17th CE): Transformed it into a global hub for diamonds, muslin, and Kalamkari.
- Nizams of Hyderabad (18th century): Controlled the port until partial cession to the British.
- Mentions in Ancient Texts:
- Appears as Maisolia in Periplus of the Erythraean Sea.
- Listed as Maisolos in Ptolemy’s Geographia.
- Colonial Involvement:
- Dutch built a fort in the 17th century.
- British East India Company established its first Bay of Bengal factory here in 1611.
- Between 1686–1759, it changed hands among French, Dutch, and British; seized by British from the French in 1759.
- Decline of the Port:
- Anchorage Issue: Unsuitable for large ships, with anchorage 5 miles offshore.
- Cyclone Damage: A severe cyclone in 1779 killed ~20,000 and destroyed Dutch structures.
- Trade Shift: Decline due to growing prominence of Madras (Chennai) and Visakhapatnam under British rule.
- Post-Independence Claim:
- In 1947, 7th Nizam of Hyderabad attempted to reclaim it for sea access to an independent Hyderabad state.
- Modern Revival:
- A Greenfield port at Manginapudi is under construction, expected to be operational by 2026.
- Aims to restore Machilipatnam’s historical maritime legacy.
| [UPSC 2023] With reference to ancient South India, Korkai, Poompuhar and Muchiri were well known as:
(a) capital cities (b) ports* (c) centres of iron and steel making (d) shrines of Jain Tirthankaras |
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Why in the News?
The Behdienkhlam Festival of Pnar (Jaintia) community in Meghalaya was recently celebrated.
About Behdienkhlam Festival:
- Cultural Role: Major religious and cultural festival of the Pnar (Jaintia) community in Meghalaya.
- Location: Four-day festival held in Jowai, West Jaintia Hills.
- Meaning: Means driving away the plague or evil.
- Timing: Celebrated in mid-July after sowing season.
- Purpose: Prayers for a good harvest and community cleansing.
- Faith: Observed mainly by followers of the Niamtre religion.
- Women’s Role: Women offer food to ancestors but do not dance in rituals.
Key Features:
- Rituals: Dolois perform rites to drive away disease and evil.
- Symbolic Act: Youth beat rooftops with bamboo sticks to expel evil.
- Rots: 30–40 ft decorated bamboo structures with social themes.
- Khnong Ritual: Teams pull a large wooden beam and immerse it in mud.
- Dad-Lawakor: Traditional football-like game predicting harvest success.
- Celebrations: Mass dancing at Wah Aitnar pool with drums and pipes.
| [UPSC 2012] Chapchar Kut is a festival celebrated in the state of:
Options: (a) Arunachal Pradesh (b) Assam (c) Mizoram* (d) Sikkim |
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PYQ Relevance:
[UPSC 2015] Earthquakes along the plate margins are still a cause of concern. India’s preparedness for mitigating their impact has significant gaps. Discuss various aspects.
Linkage: The article emphasizes that India’s seismic risk is rooted in the northward drift of the Indian Plate colliding with the Eurasian Plate, which shaped the Himalayas and makes the region “overdue for a ‘Great Himalayan Earthquake’. The question specifically mentions “earthquakes along the plate margins” and critically highlights “India’s preparedness for mitigating their impact has significant gaps. |
Mentor’s Comment: The 4.4 magnitude tremor in Delhi on July 10, 2025, though moderate, exposed the critical fragility of India’s infrastructure, especially in Delhi, where over 80% of buildings violate seismic safety norms. This event is part of a wider pattern of seismic activity across Asia, underlining the urgent need for earthquake preparedness. India, particularly northern and northeastern regions, lies in high-risk seismic zones (IV & V) due to the collision of tectonic plates, making a massive quake imminent. Urbanisation, outdated construction, and poor enforcement of seismic codes like IS 1893:2016 worsen the risk.
Today’s editorial analyses the vulnerability to earthquakes in India. This topic is important for GS Paper I (Geography) and GS Paper III (Disaster Management) in the UPSC mains exam.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
On July 10, 2025, a 4.4 magnitude earthquake struck near Delhi, exposing the fragile state of infrastructure.
Why is Delhi vulnerable to earthquakes?
- High Seismic Risk Zone: Delhi lies in Seismic Zone IV, indicating a severe seismic hazard with a peak ground acceleration (PGA) of around 0.24g. Eg: Similar Zone IV cities like Srinagar and Patna have experienced strong tremors in the past.
- Poor Structural Compliance: Over 80% of buildings in Delhi, especially those constructed before 2000, do not comply with seismic safety codes. Eg: Unregulated high-rise apartments in East Delhi lack ductile detailing or shear walls, making them prone to collapse.
- Liquefaction-Prone Areas: Areas like East Delhi and Yamuna floodplains are built on soft alluvial soils, which are susceptible to liquefaction during earthquakes. Eg: In the 2001 Bhuj earthquake, structures on soft soil experienced severe tilting and collapse.
- Rapid Urbanisation Without Planning: Delhi’s urban sprawl and dense population (over 33 million) have led to haphazard construction, often violating zoning and structural norms. Eg: Many illegal colonies like those in outer Delhi lack any seismic design considerations.
What are the vulnerable areas in India?
- Himalayan Region: The Himalayan belt is highly prone to earthquakes due to the collision of the Indian and Eurasian tectonic plates. Eg: Regions like Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and parts of Northeast India fall under Seismic Zone V.
- Indo-Gangetic Plain: This region experiences significant seismic activity due to the tectonic stress transfer from the Himalayan region. Eg: Parts of Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, and West Bengal lie in Seismic Zones III and IV.
- Peninsular India Fault Zones: Though considered geologically stable, intraplate faults in Peninsular India can still trigger strong earthquakes. Eg: Areas like Latur (Maharashtra), Koyna (Maharashtra), and Bhuj (Gujarat) have witnessed major quakes in the past.
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What are the steps taken by the Indian Government?
- Building Code Reforms: The government enforces Earthquake-Resistant Building Codes to ensure structural safety in seismic zones. Eg: The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) revised IS 1893 and IS 4326 to include updated seismic design norms across construction sectors.
- National Seismic Zoning: India has been zoned into seismic risk areas to guide planning and construction based on earthquake vulnerability. Eg: The country is divided into Zone II to Zone V, with Zone V (like parts of Uttarakhand, Kashmir) being most earthquake-prone.
- Disaster Management Framework: The government has established a dedicated institutional framework to coordinate disaster preparedness and response. Eg: The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) issues guidelines for earthquake risk mitigation and conducts regular mock drills and capacity-building programs.
What are the steps taken at the international level?
- Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015–2030): The United Nations adopted this global framework to strengthen disaster preparedness, promote resilient infrastructure, and reduce disaster losses. Eg: Countries like Japan and Chile have aligned their national disaster policies with Sendai priorities, emphasizing risk governance and early warning.
- Global Seismic Hazard Assessment Program (GSHAP): Led by the International Lithosphere Program, this initiative provides seismic hazard maps to help countries plan safer infrastructure. Eg: Italy and other European nations use GSHAP data to revise building codes and zoning laws in earthquake-prone zones.
- Early Warning Systems and Technology Sharing: Countries are collaborating to develop earthquake early warning systems and share real-time seismic data across borders. Eg: The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center and Japan’s Earthquake Early Warning System help neighbouring nations prepare faster for seismic events.
What global lessons can India adopt from other countries? (Way forward)
- Building Code Enforcement: Strong and regularly updated building codes ensure that infrastructure can withstand seismic shocks, reducing casualties and damage. Eg: After the 1995 Kobe earthquake, Japan revised its seismic building codes, which helped limit destruction during the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake.
- Early Warning Systems: Timely alerts enable people to take quick protective actions, such as evacuation or shutting down utilities, before the shaking begins. Eg: In 2017, Mexico City’s SASMEX system gave a 20-second alert before the quake struck, allowing residents to prepare.
- Retrofitting Incentives: Providing financial support for retrofitting older buildings motivates citizens to strengthen structures against earthquakes. Eg: The Earthquake Brace + Bolt program in California offers funds to homeowners, promoting structural safety in vulnerable areas.
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Why in the News?
Recently, India has achieved 50% of its installed power capacity from non-fossil sources, five years ahead of its Paris Agreement target. However, clean energy contributes under 30% of actual electricity supply due to low capacity utilisation rates.
Why is clean energy generation lower than installed capacity?
- Low Capacity Utilisation Factor (CUF): Clean energy sources operate at lower efficiency. For example, solar power has a CUF of ~20% and wind ~25–30%, while coal operates at ~60% CUF and nuclear at ~80%. Eg: As of June 2025, India’s installed non-fossil fuel capacity was 50% of 484 GW, but the actual electricity supplied from clean sources was only 28% of the total.
- Intermittent Generation and Time Dependence: Renewable energy depends on natural conditions — solar is only available during daylight hours, and wind is seasonal. Eg: In 2014-15, clean energy contributed 17% to total generation; despite reaching 50% installed capacity by 2025, generation rose only to 28%, reflecting the limitations of time-bound output.
- Lack of Energy Storage and Grid Flexibility: India lacks sufficient battery storage and smart grid infrastructure to store and distribute excess renewable energy. Eg: During daytime in summer, solar plants reduce coal dependence, but in the evening, coal still supplies 75% of the energy mix, due to the absence of stored solar power.
How does coal still dominate India’s energy mix?
- High Reliability and Base Load Supply: Coal provides consistent, round-the-clock electricity, making it ideal for base load demand that must be met continuously. Eg: Thermal power plants in Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand run 24/7 to supply power to industrial zones in eastern India.
- Established Infrastructure: India has a vast network of coal-based plants, railways for coal transport, and supply chains, making coal a readily usable resource. Eg: The Singrauli region in Madhya Pradesh has integrated coal mines and thermal plants that supply electricity to multiple states.
- Lower Initial Costs for Generation: Coal-based plants are already built and operational, allowing them to generate electricity at a lower short-term marginal cost than new renewable setups. Eg: NTPC’s older thermal plants continue operating profitably with sunk capital costs.
- Policy and Economic Dependence: Coal is a major contributor to government revenue and employment, especially in coal-rich states like Odisha and Jharkhand. Eg: The Mahanadi Coalfields Limited (MCL) contributes significantly to Odisha’s economy and supports thousands of livelihoods.
What can improve renewable energy reliability?
- Expansion of Renewable Energy Targets: India set a target of achieving 500 GW of non-fossil fuel capacity by 2030, in line with its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement.
- Promotion of Solar Energy (PM-KUSUM & Rooftop Solar): Schemes like PM-KUSUM promote solar pumps for agriculture, while the Rooftop Solar Programme aims to increase solar adoption in residential and commercial sectors.
- Green Energy Corridor Development: The government is investing in Green Energy Corridors to enable the smooth transmission of renewable power from generation points to demand centres. Eg Under Green Energy Corridor Phase-I, over 9700 circuit km of transmission lines and 220 substations were planned.
- Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme for Solar Manufacturing: Under the PLI scheme, the government provides financial incentives to boost domestic manufacturing of solar PV modules, reducing import dependence.
- Push for Energy Storage and Hybrid Projects: Promotion of battery storage, pumped hydro projects, and hybrid renewable energy parks (solar + wind + storage) to ensure round-the-clock clean energy supply.
Case studies:
- Germany – Battery Storage and Smart Grids: Germany has invested heavily in battery storage systems and smart grid technology under its Energiewende (energy transition) policy. This enables better integration of solar and wind energy, helping maintain grid stability even during peak renewable generation hours.
- Australia – Hybrid and Community-Based Renewable Projects: Australia has developed hybrid power plants that combine solar, wind, and battery storage (e.g., the Hornsdale Power Reserve in South Australia). It also supports community-led microgrids, improving reliability in remote areas with limited access to conventional grids.
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What can improve renewable energy reliability?
- Energy Storage Systems: Deploying large-scale battery storage and pumped hydro storage can store surplus energy from solar and wind sources and release it during periods of high demand or low generation.
- Smart Grid Infrastructure: Implementing smart grids enables real-time demand-supply balancing, better integration of variable renewables, and supports differential pricing to shift demand to renewable-rich hours.
- Hybrid Renewable Projects: Promoting hybrid systems that combine solar, wind, and storage ensures more consistent power output by compensating for the variability of individual sources.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2022] How much of India’s energy requirements are met by renewable energy by 2030 ? Justify your answer. How will the shift of subsidies from fossil fuels to renewables help achieve the above objective? Explain.
Linkage: The article talks about the India has achieved a significant milestone with 50% of its total electric power capacity sourced from non-fossil fuels (solar, wind, biomass, hydro, and nuclear power), the actual share of clean energy in the electricity supplied is below 30%. This question directly related to the India’s energy requirements are met by renewable energy.
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Why in the News?
Recently, a 20-year-old student in Odisha died after setting herself ablaze over ignored sexual harassment complaints, spotlighting the failure of redressal systems like Internal Complaint Committees (ICCs).
Why are crimes against women still rising despite strict laws?
- Inadequate Implementation of Legal Mechanisms: Institutions may not establish ICCs, or form them without independent or trained members, rendering them ineffective. Eg: The University Grants Commission (UGC) in 2022 reported that over 150 colleges across India had not constituted ICCs despite mandatory provisions under the 2013 POSH Act.
- Institutional Apathy and Lack of Accountability: Internal Complaint Committees (ICCs), mandated under the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace Act, 2013, are either non-functional or reactive rather than preventive. Eg: Following the Odisha incident, the State government had to direct all colleges to form ICCs within 24 hours, a reactionary step rather than proactive enforcement.
- Underreporting and Social Stigma: Many women do not report crimes due to fear of social backlash, victim-blaming, or lack of faith in the justice system. Eg: According to NCRB 2022, 4,45,256 crimes against women were registered, a 4% increase over 2021, with experts noting that many cases still go unreported, masking the real extent of violence.
- Lack of Awareness and Sensitisation: Many students and staff are unaware of their rights or how to report harassment, leading to silence and inaction. Eg: A 2023 survey by the All India Democratic Women’s Association (AIDWA) found that over 60% of women students in rural colleges were unaware of the existence of Internal Complaint Committees (ICCs).
How effective are Internal Complaint Committees?
- Effectiveness Varies Across Institutions: While ICCs are mandated under the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace Act, 2013, their effectiveness depends on proper constitution, independence, and stakeholder awareness. In many cases, ICCs exist only on paper.
- Lack of Training and Sensitisation Hampers Functioning: ICC members often lack training, legal knowledge, and sensitivity in handling cases, leading to mistrust and poor case resolution.
What are the steps taken by the Indian Government?
- Legal Reforms: Enacted the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013 post-Nirbhaya case, which introduced stricter punishments for rape, stalking, acid attacks, and voyeurism.
- Institutional Mechanisms: Made it mandatory to form Internal Complaint Committees (ICCs) under the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013 in all workplaces and educational institutions.
- Technology and Support Initiatives: Launched measures like the One Stop Centres, Women Helpline (181), and Nirbhaya Fund for setting up CCTV, panic buttons in public transport, and support for survivors of violence.
What steps can improve institutional accountability? (Way forward)
- Strict Enforcement of ICC Guidelines: Ensure timely formation, training, and functioning of Internal Complaint Committees (ICCs) with regular audits and penalties for non-compliance.
- Transparent Grievance Redressal Systems: Establish time-bound complaint resolution mechanisms, publicly accessible reporting channels, and third-party oversight to reduce bias.
- Protection and Support for Victims: Guarantee anonymity, non-retaliation, and access to counselling/legal aid for complainants to build trust in the system.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2017] Is the National Commission for Women able to strategize and tackle the problems that women face at both public and private spheres? Give reasons in support of your answer.
Linkage: The articles highlights the worrying trend of sexual violence occurring in spaces often considered safe, such as school and college campuses or workplaces. This PYQ directly addresses the effectiveness of institutional mechanisms by asking about the ability of the National Commission for Women (NCW) to tackle “problems that women face at both public and private spheres.
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Why in the News?
The Union Cabinet has approved the Prime Minister Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana (PMDDKY), aimed at enhancing agricultural productivity, promoting sustainable practices, and improving rural livelihoods.
About Prime Minister Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana (PMDDKY)
- Objective: Aims to transform agriculture in 100 low-performing districts by addressing productivity gaps.
- Inspiration: Modelled on NITI Aayog’s Aspirational Districts Programme; first scheme focused solely on agriculture and allied sectors.
- Launch: Announced in Union Budget 2025–26 and approved by the Union Cabinet chaired by PM Narendra Modi.
- Approach: Driven by convergence of schemes, collaboration across stakeholders, and healthy competition among districts.
Key Features:
- Scheme Integration: Merges 36 schemes from 11 ministries into one unified framework.
- Budget & Duration: ₹24,000 crore annual outlay for six years (starting 2025–26).
- District Selection:
- 100 districts with low productivity, cropping intensity, and credit access
- At least one district from each state/UT
- Focus Areas:
- Boosting productivity
- Promoting crop diversification and sustainability
- Improving irrigation and water efficiency
- Expanding post-harvest storage
- Enhancing credit access
- Performance Monitoring: Monthly ranking on 117 Key Performance Indicators (KPI) via centralized dashboard.
- Support Mechanism: NITI Aayog to provide capacity-building and reviews.
- Expert Note: Credit-based selection criteria may require refinement.
Implementation:
- District Planning: Each district to prepare an Agriculture and Allied Activities Plan.
- Plan Approval: Handled by District Dhan Dhaanya Samiti, chaired by the Collector and including progressive farmers.
- National Alignment:
- Agricultural self-sufficiency
- Soil and water conservation
- Promotion of organic/natural farming
- Governance: Committees at district, state, and national levels to guide execution.
- Monitoring: Central Nodal Officers (CNOs) to conduct field visits and track progress.
- Technical Support: Agricultural universities to serve as knowledge partners.
- Expected Outcomes: Boost farm income, create local livelihoods, and support Atmanirbhar Bharat through enhanced agri-productivity.
| [UPSC 2020] Under the Kisan Credit Card scheme, short-term credit support is given to farmers for which of the following purposes?
1. Working capital for maintenance of farm assets
2. Purchase of combine harvesters, tractors and mini truck
3. Consumption requirements of farm households
4. Post-harvest expenses
5. Construction of family house and setting up of village cold storage facility
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1, 2 and 5 only (b) 1, 3 and 4 only* (c) 2, 3, 4 and 5 only (d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 |
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Why in the News?
Researchers have reported the detection of an exceptionally massive black hole merger, labelled GW231123.
About Black Holes and Black Hole Merger:
- Overview: Black holes are extremely dense celestial objects whose gravitational pull is so strong that even light cannot escape.
- Types of Black Holes:
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- Stellar-mass: Around 20 times the mass of the Sun or more.
- Intermediate-mass: Between 100 and 100,000 times the mass of the Sun.
- Supermassive: From 100,000 to several billion times the mass of the Sun.
- Black Hole Merger:
- Occurs when two black holes orbit each other, lose energy via gravitational waves, and merge into a larger black hole.
- The GW231123 event involved black holes of approximately 140 and 100 solar masses, forming a final black hole of 225 solar masses — the largest detected through gravitational waves.
- Scientists suggest such massive black holes may form via hierarchical mergers (successive black hole mergers).
- Supports theories on the formation of supermassive black holes, often found at galactic centers.
Recent Observations:
- Event Timing: The GW231123 event was detected on November 23, 2023, though it occurred billions of years ago.
- Signal Characteristics:
- Lasted only a tenth of a second but matched Einstein’s predictions under General Relativity.
- Both black holes were rapidly spinning, hinting at a complex formation history.
- Scientific Significance:
- Involved intermediate-mass black holes, rarely observed in nature.
- Challenges existing models of black hole formation via stellar collapse.
- Indicates the presence of black holes in the so-called “forbidden mass gap”.
- Conference Presentation:
- Findings to be presented at the 24th International Conference on General Relativity and Gravitation (GR24) and the 16th Edoardo Amaldi Conference on Gravitational Waves, held in Glasgow, UK (July 14–18, 2025).
- Broader Implications:
- Opens new questions about the origin of massive black holes.
- Offers insights into gravitational physics, cosmology, astrophysics, and potentially particle physics or cosmic string theory.
- Model refinements are ongoing to better understand such extreme cosmic phenomena.
Gravitational Wave Detection Network:
- Nature of Gravitational Waves: Invisible ripples in spacetime caused by cataclysmic cosmic events like black hole collisions; predicted by Einstein in 1916.
- Global Detection Network (LIGO–Virgo–KAGRA):
- Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO):
- Operates two detectors in the United States (in the states of Louisiana and Washington).
- First detected gravitational waves in 2015, leading to a Nobel Prize in Physics in 2017.
- Virgo Observatory: Located near Pisa, Italy and operated by the European Gravitational Observatory.
- Kamioka Gravitational Wave Detector (KAGRA): Located underground in the Kamioka mine, Japan, and notable for its cryogenic mirror technology.
- LIGO-India:
- Under construction in Hingoli, Maharashtra in partnership with the US National Science Foundation.
- Involves scientists from 17 Indian institutions.
| [UPSC 2019] Recently, scientists observed the merger of giant ‘blackholes’ billions of light-years away from the Earth.
What is the significance of this observation?
Options: (a) Higgs boson particles’ were detected. (b) Gravitational waves’ were detected * (c) Possibility of inter-galactic space travel through ‘wormhole’ was confirmed. (d) It enabled the scientists to understand ‘singularity’. |
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Why in the News?
Scientists at the National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), Delhi, have successfully used CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technology to enhance phosphate uptake and utilization in japonica rice.
Back2Basics: CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing
- What It Is: A powerful gene-editing tool that allows targeted changes to DNA sequences.
- Full Form: Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats and CRISPR-associated protein 9.
- Nobel Prize: Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna won the 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for this discovery.
- Key Components:
- Cas9 Enzyme: Acts as molecular scissors to cut DNA at a specific location.
- Guide RNA (gRNA): Directs Cas9 to the exact DNA sequence to be edited.
- How It Works?
-
- A gRNA is designed to match the target DNA.
- Cas9 and gRNA form a complex inside the cell.
- The complex binds to the target and cuts the DNA.
- The cell’s repair system modifies the DNA—adding, deleting, or changing genetic material.
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About Japonica Rice:
- Overview: Japonica is one of the two major cultivated rice subspecies, the other being Indica.
- Research Use: The Nipponbare variety of Japonica was used in recent gene-editing experiments.
- Why Japonica is Preferred in Studies:
- High regeneration potential in tissue culture
- Easier genetic transformation and faster growth in lab conditions
- Relevance to India: While not widely cultivated in India, Japonica acts as a model variety for testing before applying results to Indian Indica varieties.
Key Features of the Japonica Rice Study:
- Gene Editing Technique: Used CRISPR-Cas9 to edit a 30 base-pair repressor binding site on the promoter of the OsPHO1;2 gene.
- Outcomes of the Edit:
- Enhanced phosphate uptake from the soil
- Improved phosphate transport from root to shoot
- Yield increased by up to 40% using only 10% of the usual phosphate fertilizer
- Normal seed traits retained: size, shape, starch, and phosphate levels
- Significance: Demonstrated precise, minimal gene editing as a proof-of-concept that can be adapted to Indian rice varieties.
| [UPSC 2018] With reference to the Genetically Modified mustard (GM mustard) developed in India, consider the following statements:
1. GM mustard has the genes of a soil bacterium that give the plant the property of pest-resistance to a wide variety of pests.
2. GM mustard has the genes that allow the plant cross-pollination and hybridization.
3. GM mustard has been developed jointly by the IARI and Punjab Agricultural University.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Options: (a) 1 and 3 only (b) 2 only * (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Why in the News?
To bridge the research capability gap in India’s state universities, the Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF) has launched the Prime Minister Professorships.
What is PM Professorships?
- Objective: A program to leverage retired experts and professionals to mentor emerging state universities.
- Relocation: Selected Professors must shift to host universities and offer sustained support.
- Goal: Democratize quality research across all regions and institutions.
- Eligibility:
Key Features:
- Host Institution Requirement
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- Placement: At Category A “spoke” institutions under ANRF’s PAIR programme
- Type: Mainly state universities with limited research capacity
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- Mentor faculty and students; Promote interdisciplinary collaboration.
- Enable 6-month internships in top institutions.
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- ₹30 lakh annual fellowship
- ₹24 lakh annual research grant
- ₹1 lakh overhead to host university
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- Tenure: Up to 5 years based on performance
- Full-time presence required
- No dual fellowship/salary
- IP rights per host institution norms
| [UPSC 2015] Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding National Innovation Foundation-India (NIF)?
1. NIF is an autonomous body of the Department of Science and Technology under the Central Government.
2. NIF is an initiative to strengthen the highly advanced scientific research in India’s premier scientific institutions in collaboration with highly advanced foreign scientific institutions.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
a) 1 Only * b) 2 Only c) Both 1 and 2 d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Why in the News?
The National Institute of Epidemiology (ICMR-NIE) has launched a community-driven initiative to promote awareness and encourage the adoption of low-sodium salt substitutes.
About the Silent Salt Consumption Epidemic:
- What is it: The epidemic refers to the widespread, unmonitored intake of excess salt leading to chronic diseases.
- Silent Nature of the Problem: It remains “silent” as its health impacts like hypertension and heart ailments develop gradually over time.
- Cultural and Behavioral Factors: Cultural dietary habits and low public awareness contribute to its persistence.
- Public Health Recognition: ICMR-NIE has termed it a public health crisis, prompting intervention projects in selected states.
Salt Consumption in India:
- Urban-Rural Disparity: Urban Indians consume about 9.2 grams of salt per day, while rural populations consume around 5.6 grams—both above safe limits.
- Gender-Based Consumption Data: A national survey (2023) revealed men consume 8.9 grams and women 7.1 grams daily.
- Dietary Practices and Salt Intake: The excessive intake is tied to Indian cooking styles, snack consumption, and processed food habits.
WHO Directives on Salt Consumption:
- Recommended Salt Intake: WHO recommends a maximum daily salt intake of 5 grams per person.
- Global Average Consumption: The global average salt consumption stands at 10.8 grams/day, highlighting a universal public health challenge.
- Suggested Interventions: WHO encourages the use of low-sodium salt substitutes and public education campaigns to reduce consumption.
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Issues with High Salt Consumption:
- Health Impact: Linked to kidney stones, osteoporosis, high blood pressure, cardiovascular diseases, and strokes.
- Mortality Burden: Globally, excess salt intake is responsible for around 5 million deaths annually.
- Limited Access to Low-Sodium Salt: Only 28% of retail outlets in Chennai had low-sodium salt; just 4% availability in small grocery shops.
| [UPSC 2005] Assertion (A): The person with diabetes insipidus feels thirsty. Reason (R): A person with diabetes insipidus suffers from excess secretion of vasopressin.
Options: (a) A is true but R is false* (b) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A (c) A is false but R is true
(d) A is false but R is false |
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Why in the News?
CERN scientists have detected a tiny but significant difference in how matter and antimatter versions of baryons behave — offering clues to why matter dominates the universe, despite both being created equally after the Big Bang.
What is CERN’s LHCb Experiment?
- Location: At the Large Hadron Collider near Geneva, on the France–Switzerland border.
- Name: LHCb = Large Hadron Collider beauty; focuses on beauty (bottom) quarks.
- Started: Built in early 2000s; began collecting data in 2009.
- Purpose: Studies particle decay, especially of beauty quark-containing particles, to test the Standard Model and search for small anomalies.
Matter vs Antimatter – The Big Puzzle:
- Matter: Everything around us is made of it.
- Antimatter: Mirror image of matter, with opposite charges.
- Big Bang Theory: Both should have been produced equally — and destroyed each other.
- But…: Only matter remains — a mystery science is still trying to solve.
- CP Symmetry: Physics expects matter and antimatter to behave identically (Charge-Parity symmetry).
- CP Violation: When this symmetry breaks — possibly explaining why matter survived.
What did Scientists Discover?
- Focus: Lambda-b baryons and their antimatter versions.
- Finding: A small but clear CP violation — they decayed differently.
- Significance: First such discovery in baryons (previously seen only in mesons).
- Certainty: Highly reliable — only 1 in 3.5 million chance it’s random.
Why is this Important?
- Helps explain why the universe is made of matter.
- Expands discovery of CP violation to heavier particles.
- Could hint at physics beyond the Standard Model.
- Moves us closer to solving one of the universe’s biggest mysteries.
| [UPSC 2013] The efforts to detect the existence of Higgs boson particle have become frequent news in the recent past. What is/are the importance/importances of discovering this particle?
1. It will enable us to under-stand as to why elementary particles have mass. 2. It will enable us in the near future to develop the technology of transferring matter from one point to another without traversing the physical space between them. 3. It will enable us to create better fuels for nuclear fission.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below.
Options: (a) 1 only* (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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PYQ Relevance:
[UPSC 2022] Discuss global warming and mention its effects on the global climate. Explain the control measures to bring down the level of greenhouse gases which cause global warming, in the light of the Kyoto Protocol, 1997.
Linkage: The fundamental objective behind global shipping’s decarbonization efforts is to reduce the level of greenhouse gases (GHGs) to combat global warming. The shift to green fuels like green ammonia and e-methanol by the shipping industry represents a crucial “control measure” aimed at achieving this objective. |
Mentor’s Comment: India is positioning itself as a global hub for green marine fuels like green methanol and green ammonia, aligning with global shipping’s decarbonisation goals by 2040–2050. With strong policy support, India is accelerating electrolyser manufacturing, advancing carbon capture technologies, and reviving its shipbuilding sector. By promoting green fuel exports, the country aims to seize a strategic opportunity in the global transition to clean energy and assert its maritime leadership in the emerging green shipping economy.
Today’s editorial analyses the green fuels in shipping decarbonisation. This topic is important for GS Paper III (Environment) in the UPSC mains exam.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
Recently, Global shipping is moving towards reducing carbon emissions by 2040–2050, which offers a major opportunity for India. Currently, most merchant ships run on fuels like Very Low Sulphur Fuel Oil (VLSFO), diesel, and liquefied methane gas.
What are green fuels?
- Green fuels are derived from green hydrogen, which is produced by electrolysis of water using renewable energy (e.g., solar, wind). Green ammonia is created by combining green hydrogen and nitrogen.
- Green methanol is produced from green hydrogen and CO₂ (captured from industrial sources). These fuels are carbon-neutral or low-carbon alternatives to conventional shipping fuels like VLSFO or LNG.
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How do green fuels aid in shipping decarbonisation?
- Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Green fuels like green methanol and green ammonia significantly reduce or eliminate CO₂ and GHG emissions compared to traditional fossil fuels such as VLSFO and LNG. Eg: Green methanol emits about 10% of CO₂ compared to VLSFO, while green ammonia emits virtually zero greenhouse gases.
- Compatibility with Existing Systems (for Transition): Green methanol is a suitable transitional fuel requiring minimal retrofitting of existing ship engines, supporting a smooth shift from fossil fuels. Eg: Over 360 methanol-capable ships are already in service or on order, including by global giants like Maersk and CMA CGM.
- Enables Compliance with Future Emission Norms: Adoption of green fuels ensures alignment with global decarbonisation goals and helps meet emission standards set for 2040–2050 by international maritime bodies. Eg: India’s initiative to build green fuel hubs at Tuticorin and Kandla supports compliance with IMO’s emission targets.
How can India become a global hub for marine green fuel production?
- Utilising Coastal Industrial Clusters for Integrated Green Fuel Zones: India can leverage existing coastal industrial zones to integrate green fuel production with port logistics, reducing supply chain costs and boosting efficiency. Eg: The Mumbai–Pune industrial corridor near the Jawaharlal Nehru Port can be developed into a green methanol hub with co-located renewable energy, CO₂ sources, and export terminals.
- Exporting Green Fuels Through Strategic Trade Partnerships: By forging long-term green energy export agreements with fuel-deficit countries, India can secure demand and scale up production. Eg: A partnership with the European Union’s FuelEU Maritime initiative could enable India to export green methanol to European ports aiming for carbon-neutral shipping.
- Establishing Research and Innovation Centers in Maritime States: Setting up marine green fuel R&D centres in states like Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, or Odisha can drive innovation in fuel production, storage, and engine retrofits. Eg: A dedicated Marine Energy Innovation Park in Visakhapatnam could support pilot projects for green ammonia engines and advanced electrolyser technology.
What are the challenges?
- High Capital Costs and Infrastructure Requirements: Transitioning to green fuels requires significant investments in retrofitting ships, building new vessels, and developing bunkering infrastructure. Eg: Installing methanol-compatible systems or ammonia handling setups onboard involves major design changes and safety adaptations, slowing adoption.
- Limited Availability and High Price of Green Fuels: Green fuels like e-methanol and green ammonia are still expensive and scarce due to high renewable electricity costsand limited production capacity. Eg: In February, e-methanol cost $1,950/tonne in Singapore, compared to $560/tonne for VLSFO, making the shift economically difficult.
What are the policy and financial tools that are key to scaling green methanol in India?
- Sovereign Guarantees and Off-take Assurance: Government-backed sovereign guarantees reduce investment risks and enable access to low-cost international finance, while off-take agreements ensure steady demand, improving project bankability.
- Production-Linked Incentives (PLI) and Domestic Manufacturing Support: PLI schemes for electrolyser manufacturing help reduce import dependence, lower production costs, and localise the green fuel value chain.
- Carbon Capture and CCUS Incentives: Policy incentives for Carbon Capture, Utilisation, and Storage (CCUS) make it viable to obtain CO₂ from industrial sources, which is essential for green methanol production using green hydrogen.
In what ways can green fuel shipbuilding boost India’s maritime sector?
- Revival of Domestic Shipyards through High-Value Orders: Building green fuel-compatible ships can generate consistent demand for Indian shipyards, modernising infrastructure and creating skilled employment. Eg: Reviving the Hindustan Shipyard Limited (HSL) in Andhra Pradesh with contracts for green ferries and coastal cargo vessels can reinvigorate domestic shipbuilding.
- Enhancing India’s Global Ship Export Potential: Developing expertise in green shipbuilding can position India as an exporter of eco-friendly vessels to emerging markets transitioning to low-emission fleets. Eg: India can export hybrid-electric and green methanol-compatible vessels to island nations in the Indian Ocean and Africa implementing IMO emission norms.
- Strengthening India’s Role in the Green Maritime Supply Chain: Green shipbuilding can attract global OEMs and technology partners, integrating India into the international green maritime supply chain. Eg: Setting up a Green Marine Innovation Cluster in Kochi with global collaboration could turn the region into a hub for next-gen ship components and propulsion systems.
Case study:
- Denmark – Green Methanol Leadership: Denmark, through Maersk, is leading the global shift to green methanol-powered shipping, with multiple vessels ordered and partnerships for fuel production. Government support and private sector collaboration have positioned Denmark as a model for green shipping innovation and sustainable maritime infrastructure.
- Japan – Advancing Green Ammonia Shipping: Japan is pioneering green ammonia as a marine fuel with state-backed funding, R&D, and prototype vessels under companies like NYK Line. Its investments in ammonia bunkering infrastructure and domestic shipbuilding are helping build a complete green maritime ecosystem.
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Way forward:
- Develop Integrated Green Maritime Ecosystems: India should establish green fuel production, bunkering, and shipbuilding hubs along key coastal regions by combining policy incentives, infrastructure investment, and private sector participation.
- Leverage Financial Tools and Global Partnerships: Use sovereign guarantees, PLI schemes, and international green financing to scale up green methanol projects, while forging strategic trade and technology alliances with global maritime leaders.
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Why in the News?
The Supreme Court of India’s May 2025 judgment in Re: Right to Privacy of Adolescents has come into the spotlight due to its landmark stance on adolescent sexuality, criminal justice, and the limitations of the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act in dealing with consensual relationships involving minors.
What about the POCSO Act?
The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012 is a comprehensive law enacted by the Government of India to protect children (below 18 years) from sexual abuse, sexual harassment, and pornography. It ensures a child-friendly legal process and provides for special courts to conduct speedy trials. |
Why is reforming the age of consent under POCSO being debated?
- Criminalisation of Consensual Adolescent Relationships: The current age of consent (18 years) under the POCSO Act criminalises all sexual activity involving minors, even when it is consensual and non-exploitative. Eg: In the 2025 Supreme Court case from West Bengal, a 14-year-old girl in a consensual relationship faced legal action, despite her opposition to the punishment of her partner.
- Disconnect Between Law and Ground Realities: There is a gap between the legal framework and social realities, as many POCSO cases involve romantic relationships rather than abuse. Eg: An Enfold study (2016–2020) found that 24.3% of POCSO cases in Assam, Maharashtra, and West Bengal involved consensual romantic relationships, with 82% of victims refusing to testify against the accused.
- Need to Recognise Adolescent Agency with Safeguards: Critics argue that adolescents aged 16–18 are capable of giving informed consent under certain conditions, and blanket criminalisation undermines their agency. Eg: The UNCRC’s General Comment No. 20 recommends non-criminalisation of consensual acts between adolescents of similar age and calls for laws that address coercion, not curtail autonomy.
How does the 2025 Supreme Court judgment reflect a rights-based approach?
- Upholding the Right to Dignity and Autonomy (Article 21): The Court acknowledged the woman’s emotional and financial struggles, choosing not to impose a sentence on the accused to protect her well-being and dignity. This affirms the constitutional right to life with dignity and shifts focus from punitive justice to restorative justice.
- Prioritising the Voice of the Affected Individual: By forming an expert committee to assess the now-adult woman’s preferences before sentencing, the Court ensured her voice and agency were central to the legal outcome, a key tenet of rights-based jurisprudence.
- Recognising Systemic Failures and Suggesting Reforms: The Court acknowledged the collective failure of social and legal systems and directed the central government to consider reforms such as comprehensive sexuality education, life-skills training, and rehabilitation support — addressing structural rights violations beyond the courtroom.
Case study:
- Canada – Close-in-Age Exemption: Canada sets the age of consent at 16, but allows consensual sexual activity between adolescents through close-in-age exemptions (e.g., a 14-year-old can engage in consensual activity with someone less than 5 years older).
- South Africa – Teddy Bear Clinic Case (2013): The Constitutional Court ruled that criminalising consensual sex between adolescents aged 12–15 violates their rights to dignity and privacy.
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How can the law better balance adolescent protection with agency? (Way forward)
- Introduce a Close-in-Age Exemption: Laws can decriminalise consensual relationships between adolescents close in age (e.g., 16–18), while still penalising exploitation or coercion. Eg: Several countries (like Canada) apply a “close-in-age” defence to avoid criminalising consensual teenage relationships.
- Differentiate Between Exploitative and Non-Exploitative Acts: Legal provisions should recognise that not all sexual activity involving adolescents is exploitative. The law must distinguish abuse of power from mutual adolescent relationships. Eg: General Comment No. 20 under UNCRC urges states not to criminalise non-exploitative, consensual adolescent activity.
- Incorporate Adolescent Perspectives in Legal Processes
Courts should ensure that adolescents’ voices and choices are considered, especially in determining intent, coercion, and consent. Legal procedures should be sensitive to their evolving capacities. Eg: In Re: Right to Privacy of Adolescents (2025), the Supreme Court consulted the adolescent before deciding sentencing.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2024] Right to privacy is intrinsic to life and personal liberty and is inherently protected under Article 21 of the Constitution. Explain. In this reference discuss the law relating to D.N.A. testing of a child in the womb to establish its paternity.
Linkage: The article talks about the right to privacy of young individuals, particularly in the context of their relationships and the subsequent legal interventions that deeply impact their lives. The Supreme Court’s revisiting of its stance and prioritizing the voice of the young person under Article 142 demonstrates the judiciary’s role in interpreting fundamental rights like privacy in complex social scenarios involving adolescents.
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Why in the News?
The 2025 BRICS Summit highlighted a significant shift in the global order, with the United States under Donald Trump bypassing multilateral institutions like the UN, promoting bilateralism, and weakening the Global South’s collective voice.
What does the decline of multilateralism mean for India?
- Reduced Collective Bargaining Power: With institutions like the United Nations (UN) being marginalised, India can no longer rely on multilateral forums to advocate for Global South interests. Eg: The BRICS 2025 Declaration failed to address the erosion of multilateralism or emphasize South-South cooperation.
- Shift Towards Bilateralism and Strategic Autonomy: India must engage through commerce-driven bilateral deals and assert strategic autonomy between global powers. Eg: India’s loss in the UNESCO Vice-Chair election to Pakistan underlines the need for stronger bilateral influence and independent foreign policy.
- Focus on Self-Reliance and Regional Partnerships: India should now concentrate on its own economic growth and build strong ties with nearby countries to reduce dependence on global powers. Eg: India linking trade deals with the U.S. to agreements with ASEAN nations shows a shift toward regional cooperation.
Why is South-South cooperation crucial for India now?
- Enhances Development Partnerships: South-South cooperation allows India to share low-cost technologies, development models, and capacity-building expertise with other developing countries. Eg: Through the Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC) programme, India trains professionals from over 160 countries in fields like IT, agriculture, and governance.
- Secures Access to Critical Resources: Collaboration with Global South nations helps India access vital natural resources and raw materials essential for its manufacturing and energy needs. Eg: India’s investment in lithium and cobalt mines in Africa supports its EV and battery manufacturing push under the Make in India initiative.
- Builds Resilience Against Western Dependency: Strengthening ties within the Global South reduces overreliance on Western economies and institutions, especially in times of geopolitical uncertainty or trade sanctions. Eg: The India-Brazil-South Africa (IBSA) Fund supports poverty alleviation and post-conflict reconstruction, demonstrating a collective southern-led approach.
How can India use its tech and industrial strengths globally?
- Exporting Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI): India can leverage its success in building scalable digital platforms to assist developing countries in digital governance and financial inclusion. Eg: India’s Modular Open-Source Identity Platform (MOSIP), modeled on Aadhaar, has been adopted by Philippines, Morocco, and Sri Lanka to develop their own digital ID systems.
- Promoting Green Industrial Innovation: India’s industrial base is increasingly oriented towards clean energy and sustainable manufacturing, which can be exported as part of global decarbonisation efforts. Eg: Indian companies like ReNew Power and Tata Power Solar are investing in solar and wind energy projects in Africa and Southeast Asia.
- Becoming a Global Hub for Frugal Innovation: India’s expertise in low-cost, high-impact technology (also known as frugal innovation) can benefit developing nations with limited resources. Eg: The Jaipur Foot, a low-cost prosthetic limb developed in India, is being distributed in countries like Rwanda and Honduras through international collaborations.
How can the 2026 BRICS Summit boost India’s leadership?
- Revitalising Global South Unity: India can use the Summit to reposition BRICS as a platform for South-South cooperation, shifting focus from collective bargaining in forums like G-77 to mutual prosperity and strategic autonomy among emerging economies.
- Showcasing Economic and Technological Strength: By highlighting its achievements in infrastructure, green energy, digital economy, and innovation (e.g. GenAI patents), India can project itself as a model for inclusive and sustainable growth, inspiring other developing nations.
- Shaping a Post-Multilateral Global Order: With declining trust in traditional multilateral institutions, India can steer BRICS toward new frameworks of trade, finance, and diplomacy, boosting its global influence and cementing leadership in a multipolar world.
What strategic shifts should guide India’s foreign policy? (Way forward)
- Reinforcing Strategic Autonomy: India must maintain a neutral stance amidst intensifying U.S.-China rivalry by prioritising core national interests over bloc politics. This includes independent voting in global forums and diversifying strategic partnerships beyond traditional allies.
- Pivot to the Global South: India should lead a rejuvenated South-South cooperation framework by promoting trade, technology, and development cooperation with developing countries, positioning itself as a voice and leader of emerging economies.
- Geo-Economic Realignment: Foreign policy should focus on economic diplomacy securing supply chains, signing bilateral trade pacts, and enhancing infrastructure and digital connectivity with the Indo-Pacific and ASEAN to counterbalance Western economic dependence.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2024] The West is fostering India as an alternative to reduce dependence on China’s supply chain and as a strategic ally to counter China’s political and economic dominance.’ Explain this statement with examples.
Linkage: The article talks about the U.S. is “engaging countries with strategic commerce-related bilateral deals that fragment the global order” and that its national interest now includes “containment of China’s influence”. This question directly reflects the shift in U.S. (part of “The West”) foreign policy as described in the article.
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Why in the News?
The Assam Forest Department is conducting DNA profiling of 2,500 rhino horns using the Rhino DNA Index System (RhODIS) to aid wildlife forensics and curb illegal trade.
What is Rhino DNA Index System (RhODIS)?
- Overview: It is a wildlife forensic tool designed to combat rhino poaching through DNA profiling.
- Development: It was originally developed by South Africa and later adapted for use in India.
- Working: The system helps build a genetic database of individual rhinos by collecting DNA from horns, tissues, dung, or blood samples.
- Utility: Each rhino has a unique DNA profile, making it possible to match confiscated horns with individual animals or poaching locations.
- Implementing Agency: In India, the Wildlife Institute of India (WII) is responsible for RhODIS genetic analysis under the RhODIS India program.
- Applications of RhODIS: The system plays a vital role in linking seized rhino horns to poaching incidents, providing admissible forensic evidence in court cases, tracking illegal wildlife trade routes and criminal networks, and monitoring genetic diversity and population health over time.
About One-Horned Rhinoceros:
- Overview: The Greater One-Horned Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) is a herbivorous megafauna species native to the Indian subcontinent.
- Distinctive Features: It is also called the Indian rhinoceros and is characterized by its single black horn and thick, armor-like skin.
- Conservation Status: It is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List, in Appendix I of CITES, and under Schedule I of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 (India).
- Major Habitats in India: Its primary habitats include Kaziranga, Pobitora, Manas, and Orang National Parks in Assam; Jaldapara and Gorumara National Parks in West Bengal; and the Dudhwa Tiger Reserve in Uttar Pradesh.
- Population Growth: Its has increased from around 1,500 in the 1980s to over 4,000 in 2024, with Assam alone holding 80% of the global population. Kaziranga National Park houses the largest population, with 2,613 rhinos as per 2022 data.
- Primary Threats: Major threats include poaching for horns driven by illegal wildlife trade and false beliefs about medicinal value, as well as habitat degradation due to floods, encroachment, and climate change.
- Indian Rhino Vision 2020 (Project Rhino): It was launched in 2005, aimed to spread the rhino population across seven protected areas.
| [UPSC 2019] Consider the following statements:
1. Asiatic lion is naturally found In India only.
2. Double-humped camel is naturally found in India only.
3. One-horned rhinoceros is naturally found in India only.
Which of the statements given above is / are correct?
Options: (a) 1 only* (b) 2 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Why in the News?
The Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship launched a week-long celebration to commemorate 10 years of the Skill India Mission.
About Skill India Mission:
- Launch: It was launched in 2015 by the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE) to empower India’s youth with employable skills.
- Training Target: The mission aims to train 40 crore individuals by 2022 across various economic sectors and make them job-ready.
- Progress Achieved: Over 2.27 crore people have been trained under the programme, including rural youth, women, and marginalized communities.
- Standardization and Quality Assurance: All training and certifications are aligned with the National Skills Qualification Framework (NSQF), ensuring uniform standards and industry relevance.
- Digital Integration: The courses are digitally integrated with DigiLocker and the National Credit Framework (NCrF) for secure storage and seamless academic and career progression.
- Employment and Education Linkages: It promotes formal recognition of skills, enhances industry alignment, and ensures better linkages with employment and higher education.
Components of Skill India Mission:
[A] Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana 4.0 (PMKVY 4.0)
- Focus: It provides short-term training, reskilling, and upskilling opportunities for the youth.
- Target Age Group: The scheme targets individuals aged 15 to 59 years.
- Courses Offered: More than 400 new courses have been introduced in emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), 5G, cybersecurity, green hydrogen, and drones.
- Recognition and Mobility: It emphasizes international mobility and recognition of prior learning (RPL) to certify existing skills.
- Alignment with Flagship Missions: It is aligned with flagship government missions like PM Vishwakarma, Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana, and the National Green Hydrogen Mission.
[B] Pradhan Mantri National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme (PM-NAPS)
- Objective: PM-NAPS aims to promote apprenticeship training across industries by providing financial support.
- Incentive Structure: It offers 25% of the stipend (up to ₹1,500 per month) through Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) to apprentices.
- Sectoral Expansion: The scheme has expanded apprenticeship opportunities in sectors like AI, robotics, blockchain, green energy, and Industry 4.0.
- Special Focus Areas: It gives special attention to small establishments, MSMEs, Aspirational Districts, and the North-East region.
- Target Age Group: The scheme targets individuals in the age group of 14 to 35 years.
[C] Jan Shikshan Sansthan (JSS) Scheme
- About: It is a community-based vocational training initiative.
- Target Beneficiaries: It focuses on empowering women, rural youth, and economically weaker sections through low-cost, flexible skilling programmes.
- Target Age Group: The scheme is designed for individuals aged 15 to 45 years.
- Integration with National Initiatives: The scheme is integrated with inclusive national initiatives like PM JANMAN and ULLAS (Understanding of Lifelong Learning for All in Society).
| [UPSC 2018] With reference to Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana, consider the following statements:
1. It is the flagship scheme of the Ministry of Labour and Employment.
2. It, among other things, will also impart training in soft skills, entrepreneurship, financial and digital literacy.
3. It aims to align the competencies of the unregulated workforce of the country to the National Skill Qualification Framework.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Options: (a) 1 and 3 only (b) 2 only (c) 2 and 3 only* (d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Why in the News?
The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) celebrated its 97th Foundation Day, marking nearly a century of contributions to Indian agriculture.
About ICAR:
- Overview: ICAR is an autonomous organization under the Department of Agricultural Research and Education (DARE), Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Government of India.
- Establishment: It was established on 16 July 1929 as the Imperial Council of Agricultural Research, following the recommendations of the Royal Commission on Agriculture.
- Legal Framework: It functions as a registered society under the Societies Registration Act, 1860.
- Headquarters: ICAR is headquartered in New Delhi and serves as the apex body for coordinating and managing agricultural research and education across the country.
- Structure: ICAR oversees a vast network of 113 research institutes and 74 agricultural universities, making it one of the largest national agricultural systems globally.
- Functions: It supports research in agriculture, horticulture, fisheries, animal sciences, and natural resource management.
Key Accomplishments of ICAR:
- Record Agricultural Production: India achieved record foodgrain production of 353.95 million tonnes in 2024–25. It became the largest global producer and exporter of rice and the top producer of milk (239.3 million tonnes), while ranking second in wheat, horticultural output, and fish production (18.42 million tonnes).
- Major Initiatives and Campaigns: It launched programmes such as One Scientist One Product, 100 Days 100 Varieties and Viksit Krishi Sankalp Abhiyan (reaching 1.35 crore farmers).
- Crop Science Research: Developed 679 field crop varieties, including 27 bio-fortified ones; introduced the world’s first genome-edited rice; improved varietal replacement in pulses and oilseeds; supported basmati rice exports worth ₹50,000 crore.
- Horticultural Innovation: Released 83 new varieties across fruits, vegetables, spices, flowers, and medicinal plants; distributed over 22 lakh high-quality planting materials; set up 9 Clean Plant Centres for disease-free germplasm.
- Fisheries Development: Implemented precision shrimp farming systems with high efficiency; developed low-carbon marine fish products and nutraceutical feeds; standardized breeding for 7 fish species.
- Natural Resource Management: Created a National Soil Spectral Library with 40,000 samples; developed 35 Good Agricultural Practices; promoted climate-resilient villages and crop diversification; reduced methane emissions in rice by 18% using microbial consortia.
- Livestock Sector Contributions: Registered 10 indigenous breeds; developed 5 vaccines and 7 diagnostic kits; distributed over 14.09 lakh poultry germplasm; introduced smart sensors for dairy quality monitoring.
- Major National Programmes: Launched the Global Centre of Excellence on Millets (Shree Anna), genome editing in 40 crops, the Second National Gene Bank, the MAHARISHI (Millets and Ancient Grains) Initiative, and national missions on edible oils, cotton, and emerging biotic threats.
| [UPSC 2018] With reference to the Genetically Modified mustard (GM mustard) developed in India, consider the following statements:
1. GM mustard has the genes of a soil bacterium that give the plant the property of pest-resistance to a wide variety of pests.
2. GM mustard has the genes that allow the plant cross-pollination and hybridization.
3. GM mustard has been developed jointly by the IARI and Punjab Agricultural University.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Options: (a) 1 and 3 only (b) 2 only* (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Why in the News?
The 2022 Annual Report on the Protection of Civil Rights (PCR) Act, 1955, sheds light on the declining registration of untouchability-related offences and systemic inefficiencies in enforcing the law.
Key Highlights of the 2022 Annual Report:
- The report was released by Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment.
- Only 13 cases were registered under the PCR Act in 2022, showing a decline from previous years.
- No state or UT declared any area as “untouchability-prone.”
- Courts had 1,242 cases pending; out of 31 disposed, ONLY 1 led to conviction.
- In contrast, 62,501 cases were filed under the SC/ST Act, highlighting its growing use.
- 18,936 inter-caste marriage couples received financial incentives, but data from several major states was missing.
About Protection of Civil Rights (PCR) Act, 1955 and Its Provisions:
- Enacted under Article 35 to implement Article 17 and criminalize untouchability.
- Originally titled the Untouchability Offences Act, 1955, renamed and strengthened in 1976.
- Key Provisions:
- No provision for pardon; any conviction leads to disqualification from elections.
- Penalties: Up to 2 years imprisonment, ₹2000 fine, or both.
- Any right denied due to untouchability is considered a civil right under the Act.
- Preventive Measures under the SC/ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989:
- Aimed at curbing atrocities and providing victim protection and rehabilitation.
- Establishes special courts and police cells.
- In some cases, allows firearms for self-defense by vulnerable SC/ST individuals.
Understanding ‘Untouchability’ and Its Abolition:
- What is it: Untouchability refers to social discrimination based on caste, historically excluding certain communities from public, religious, and social spaces.
- Constitutional Safeguard: Article 17 of the Constitution of India abolishes untouchability and prohibits its practice in any form.
- Legal Status: Any disability arising from untouchability is declared a punishable offence under Article 17.
- Nature of the Right under Article 17: Article 17 is an absolute fundamental right with no exceptions, applicable to both state and private actors.
- Lack of Definition: The term “untouchability” is not explicitly defined in the Constitution or in related legislation but is understood as referring to caste-based social discrimination.
- Scope of Discrimination: Untouchability includes denial of access to public utilities, places of worship, public services, education, and market services.
Various Judgments Related to Untouchability:
- Devarajiah v. Padmanna (1961): This case reaffirmed that Article 17 is intended to eliminate inhuman treatment based on caste distinctions.
- State of Karnataka v. Appa Balu Ingale (1993): The judgment likened untouchability to slavery and held that the caste system must be eradicated for democracy and the rule of law to survive.
- Union of India v. People’s Union for Democratic Rights (1982): The Court ruled that violations of Article 17 by private individuals also warrant state intervention.
- Union of India v. Safai Karamchari Andolan (2014): The Court directed the implementation of the Manual Scavengers and Dry Latrines (Prohibition) Act, 1993, and mandated rehabilitation, skill training, and compensation for families of victims of sewer deaths.
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| [UPSC 2020] Which one of the following categories of ‘Fundamental Rights incorporates against untouchability as a form of discrimination?
Options: (a) Right against Exploitation (b) Right to Freedom (c) Right to Constitutional Remedies (d) Right to Equality* |
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