Prelims Only | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Effects Of Liberalization On The Economy, Changes In Industrial Policy and their effects on Industrial Growth
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Oeko-Tex Certification, Eri Silk
Why in the News?
The North Eastern Handicrafts and Handlooms Development Corporation (NEHHDC), under the Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region (DoNER), has achieved the prestigious Oeko-Tex certification for its Eri Silk.
What isOeko-Tex Certification?
Details
Establishment
Founded in 1992 by the Oeko-Tex Association.
Comprises 18 independent textile research and testing institutes.
Certification System
Independent testing and certification for textile safety and environmental standards.
Key Standards
– STANDARD 100: Tests textiles for harmful substances.
– MADE IN GREEN: Ensures environmentally friendly and socially responsible production.
– LEATHER STANDARD: For leather products, free from harmful chemicals.
– STeP: Certification for sustainable textile production facilities.
– ECO PASSPORT: Certifies safe chemicals used in textiles.
– DETOX TO ZERO: Supports elimination of hazardous chemicals in production.
Testing Process
Products tested for harmful substances like heavy metals, formaldehyde, azo dyes, etc.
Global Recognition
Trusted worldwide for ensuring product safety, environmental friendliness, and social responsibility.
Benefits
– Consumers: Assurance of safe, chemical-free products.
– Manufacturers: Access to global markets, improved brand reputation.
– Environment: Promotes sustainable and eco-friendly production.
Usage
Found on clothing, home textiles, bedding, footwear, and more.
About Eri Silk
Eri Silk is the world’s only vegan silk, where the moth naturally exits the cocoon, making it cruelty-free.
Unlike conventional silk production, where cocoons are boiled to extract the silk filament.
It is also known as Ahimsa Silk.
It is primarily produced in the North-Eastern states of India, especially Assam; also found in Meghalaya, Nagaland, Manipur, and other states.
Its production is deeply rooted in the traditions of tribal communities in Assam and adjacent hill areas.
Significant Features of Eri Silk:
Production Process: Known as Ericulture; involves rearing silkworms on castor plants; the silk is spun rather than reeled due to the naturally pierced cocoons.
Eco-Friendly: Requires minimal chemicals and water; only 20 litters of water needed toconvert 1 kg of raw Eri fiber into yarn.
Unique Properties: Isothermal (temperature-regulating), anti-fungal, washable, durable, and less shiny than other silks.
PYQ:
[2013] What is an FRP composite material? How are they manufactured? Discuss their application in aviation and automobile industries. (100 words)
This marks the third and final development flight of the SSLV.
AboutEOS-08 Satellite:
Details
Type
Earth Observation Satellite (EOS)
Design Platform
Built on ISRO’s Microsat/IMS-1 bus, known for its compact and efficient design.
Orbit
Operates in a Circular Low Earth Orbit (LEO) at an altitude of 475 km with an inclination of 37.4°.
Mission Life
1 year
Payloads
– Electro Optical Infrared Payload (EOIR): Captures images in MIR and LWIR bands for surveillance, disaster monitoring, and environmental assessments.
– Global Navigation Satellite System-Reflectometry (GNSS-R) Payload: Monitors ocean surface winds, soil moisture, and inland water bodies using GNSS-R-based remote sensing.
– SiC UV Dosimeter: Monitors UV irradiance, particularly for ISRO’s Gaganyaan Mission, ensuring safety against UV radiation.
Technological Innovations
– Integrated Avionics System: Combines Communication, Baseband, Storage, and Positioning (CBSP) functions into one system.
– Embedded Technologies: Includes a Structural Panel Embedded with PCB, Embedded Battery, enhancing structural efficiency and power reliability.
– Advanced Antennas: Micro-DGA (Dual Gimbal Antenna) and M-PAA (Phased Array Antenna) for precise control and enhanced signal transmission.
– Flexible Solar Panels & Nano Star Sensor: Improves energy efficiency and satellite orientation in space.
Back2Basics: Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV)-D3
SSLV is designed to launch Mini, Micro, orNanosatellites (10 to 500 kg) into a 500 km planar orbit.
SSLV is a 3-stage launch vehicle with all solid propulsion stages and a liquid propulsion-based Velocity Trimming Module (VTM) as the terminal stage.
SSLV is designed for low cost and low turn-around time.
The vehicle offers flexibility in accommodating multiple satellites and is capable of launch-on-demand.
SSLV requires minimal launch infrastructure, making it a versatile option for satellite deployment.
PYQ:
[2018] With reference to India’s satellite launch vehicles, consider the following statements:
PSLVs launch the satellites useful for Earth resources monitoring whereas GSLVs are designed mainly to launch communication satellites.
Satellites launched by PSLV appear to remain permanently fixed in the same position in the sky, as viewed from a particular location on Earth.
GSLV Mk III is a four-stage launch l vehicle with the first and third stages l using solid rocket motors; and the second and fourth stages using liquid rocket engines.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Green Tug Transition Program (GTTP)
Why in the News?
The Union Minister of Port Shipping and Waterways has launched the standard operating procedures for Green Tug Transition Program (GTTP).
What is the Green Tug Transition Program (GTTP)?
The GTTP aims to transition conventional fuel-based harbour tugs to greener, more sustainable alternatives.
The program is a part of India’s broader efforts to decarbonize maritime operations and promote environmental sustainability in the maritime sector.
The GTTP is also aligned with the ‘Panch Karma Sankalp,’ a strategic framework for enhancing India’s commitment to a greener and more sustainable maritime industry.
Key Features:
(1) Decarbonization of Maritime Operations
Objective: Replace conventional tugs with green tugs powered by cleaner fuels like battery-electric, hybrid, methanol, and green hydrogen.
Impact: Significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions in Indian ports.
(2) Phased Implementation
Phase 1 (2024-2027): Four Major Ports (Jawaharlal Nehru, Deendayal, Paradip, and V.O. Chidambaranar) will each procure or charter two green tugs.
Technology: Initial tugs will be battery-electric with provisions for adopting newer technologies.
(3) Standardization and Compliance
ASTDS-GTTP Standards: By 2040, all tugs in Indian Major Ports will comply with green standards, ensuring an eco-friendly fleet.
(4) Alignment with National Visions
Maritime India Vision 2030: Supports goals like sourcing 60% of port power from renewable energy and reducing carbon emissions by 30% per ton of cargo by 2030.
Maritime Amrit Kaal Vision 2047: Aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from port vessels by 30% by 2030.
PYQ:
[2023] Consider the following pairs:
Port
Well known as
1. Kamarajar Port
First major port in India registered as a company
2. Mundra Port
Largest privately owned port in India
3. Visakhapatnam Port
Largest container port in India
How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?
(a) Only one pair
(b) Only two pairs
(c) All three pairs
(d) None of the pairs
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Impact of Climate change on Panama Canal;
Why in the News?
The Panama Canal, which links the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans through the Isthmus of Panama, opened to ships 110 years ago. Now, it is facing a serious threat to its existence.
System of Water Elevators
The Panama Canal utilizes a sophisticated lock system that functions as water elevators, allowing ships to navigate the elevation difference between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. This system is essential because the two oceans are at different elevations, with the Pacific being slightly higher.
Operation of the Locks
Ship Enters: A ship approaches the first lock chamber, which is at sea level. The gate opens to allow the ship into the chamber and then closes behind it.
Water Level Adjustment: The valve between the first and second chamber (at a higher elevation) is opened, allowing water to flow into the first chamber from the adjacent higher chamber. This increases the water level in the first chamber.
Transition: Once the water levels between the two chambers are equalized, the gate between them opens, allowing the ship to move into the next chamber. This process is repeated until the ship reaches the desired elevation of 85 feet at Gatun Lake.
Lowering: The reverse process occurs when lowering ships back to sea level at the other end of the canal.
Note: Each passage requires over 50 million gallons (approximately 200 million liters) of freshwater, primarily sourced from Lake Gatun, which is vital for the canal’s operation.
Threat of Climate Change
Recent droughts have led to significantly lower water levels in Lake Gatun because droughts were exacerbated by climate change and the El Niño phenomenon, which have led to significantly reduced water levels in the lake.
In 2023, rainfall was 43% lower than average, making it one of the driest years on record for the region. which reduced the number of ships able to transit the canal.
In December, traffic dropped to as low as 22 ships per day, highlighting the vulnerability of the canal to climatic variations.
Contentious Solution
Proposed Dam: This $1.6 billion project aims to create an additional water source for the canal on the Rio Indio, potentially securing water availability for the next 50 years. However, it has sparked controversy due to its social implications.
Displacement Issues: The dam would flood the homes of approximately 2,000 residents, predominantly from lower socio-economic backgrounds, forcing them to relocate and lose their livelihoods. This raises significant ethical concerns regarding the balance between infrastructure needs and the rights of affected communities
Conclusion:
Before proceeding with the Rio Indio dam project, engage in thorough consultations with the affected communities, ensuring their voices are heard in the decision-making process. Need to develop a fair compensation and resettlement plan that prioritizes the socio-economic well-being of displaced residents, offering alternative livelihoods and housing options to minimize the negative impact on vulnerable populations.
Do you know about another elevation-based canal system?
Kiel Canal (Germany): The Kiel Canal features locks that raise and lower vessels to navigate the elevation differences between the North Sea and the Baltic Sea. It is one of the busiest artificial waterways in the world.
Welland Canal (Canada): This canal connects Lake Ontario and Lake Erie and includes a series of locks that lift ships approximately 43 meters (141 feet) to bypass Niagara Falls. It is an essential part of the Great Lakes shipping route.
Trade from Panama Canal:
The Panama Canal moves roughly $270 billion worth of cargo annually, which is the trade route taken by 40% of all U.S. container traffic alone. It handles about 5% of all global maritime trade.
Mains PYQ:
Q Mention the significance of straits and isthmus in international trade. (UPSC IAS/2022)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Challenges related to air pollution in India;
Why in the News?
India has 83 of the world’s 100 most polluted cities. Air pollution caused 2.1 million deaths, with 99% breathing air below WHO standards.
Share of Road Transport in India’s CO2 Emissions as per the International Energy Associates
Road transport is responsible for approximately 12% of India’s total CO2 emissions. Within this sector, heavy vehicles are a significant contributor to particulate matter (PM2.5) emissions, which are particularly harmful due to their ability to penetrate deep into the lungs and enter the bloodstream.
Studies indicate that heavy vehicles contribute to about 60-70% of total vehicular PM emissions and 40-50% of total Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) emissions in urban areas. This highlights the critical role that road transport plays in India’s overall air pollution problem.
Why has the vehicular scrapping policy not been effective in States like Karnataka and Maharashtra?
Insufficient Scrapping Facilities: Both states have a limited number of registered vehicle scrapping facilities (RVSFs). For instance, Karnataka has only two authorized RVSFs located in Devanahalli and Koratagere, which are unable to handle the volume of vehicles eligible for scrapping.
Voluntary Compliance: The policy’s reliance on voluntary participation has resulted in low engagement from vehicle owners. For example, the policy targets around 20 lakh vehicles for scrapping, but without mandatory compliance, many older, polluting vehicles continue to operate on the roads
Lack of Awareness and Less Incentives: There is a lack of awareness regarding the benefits of scrapping old vehicles among the public. Although the policy offers incentives, such as tax relief for scrapping vehicles may not be sufficient to encourage widespread participation.
Bureaucratic delays: The implementation of the scrapping policy has faced bureaucratic delays and inconsistencies. In Maharashtra, despite announcing incentives for scrapping old vehicles, the actual impact has been limited due to slow bureaucratic processes and a lack of effective enforcement.
Steps taken:
The Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) has taken several significant steps towards enhancing fuel efficiency and reducing carbon emissions in the transport sector through the implementation of the Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) norms.
Introduction of CAFE Norms: The BEE has proposed the CAFE III and CAFE IV norms, which aim to set stringent targets for carbon emissions from passenger vehicles.
CAFE III, effective from 2027 to 2032, sets a target of 91.7 grams of CO2 per kilometer, while CAFE IV, from 2032 to 2037, aims for 70 grams of CO2 per kilometer. These targets are designed to drive innovation and encourage the adoption of cleaner technologies in the automotive sector.
Transition to WLTP Testing: A significant step is the commitment to transition from the Modified Indian Driving Cycle (MIDC) to the World Light Duty Vehicle Testing Procedure (WLTP) by March 31, 2027.
The WLTP provides a more accurate and globally harmonized measure of a vehicle’s fuel consumption and emissions, ensuring that the targets reflect real-world driving conditions more effectively.
Penalties for Non-Compliance: The BEE has outlined financial penalties for manufacturers that fail to meet the established fuel efficiency standards.
For instance, if a manufacturer’s average fuel efficiency exceeds the limit by up to 0.2 liters per 100 km, a penalty of ₹25,000 per vehicle applies. If it exceeds by more than 0.2 liters, the penalty increases to ₹50,000 per vehicle.
Way forward:
Enhance Infrastructure and Accessibility: Need to increase the number of registered vehicle scrapping facilities (RVSFs) across states like Karnataka and Maharashtra to make the process more accessible.
Strengthen Policy Enforcement and Incentives: Transition from voluntary to mandatory compliance for the scrapping of old and polluting vehicles. This can be supported by enhancing public awareness campaigns that highlight the environmental and financial benefits of vehicle scrapping.
Mains PYQ:
Q Mumbai, Delhi and Kolkata are the three Megacities of the country but air pollution is a much more serious problem in Delhi as compared to the other two. Why is this so? (UPSC IAS/2015)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Challenges related to Data Access;
Why in the News?
Recently, corporations adopting stakeholder capitalism are focusing on products like Generative AI, which require governance models that balance profit-making with broader social responsibilities, reflecting a shift in corporate priorities.
Data Access Issues
Dependence on Data for AI Development: The advancement of AI technologies necessitates access to vast amounts of data, including personal and sensitive information. This reliance raises significant privacy concerns, as improper handling of this data can lead to breaches of privacy rights.
Regulatory Scrutiny: Companies like Meta have faced regulatory challenges regarding data usage for AI training. For example, Meta was asked to pause its plans to train large language models using public content from Facebook and Instagram due to privacy concerns raised by regulators, highlighting the tension between data access and compliance with privacy laws.
Algorithmic Bias: AI systems can perpetuate existing biases present in the data they are trained on, leading to discriminatory outcomes. For instance, Amazon discontinued a recruiting algorithm that displayed gender bias.
Purpose vs. Strategy
Conflict Between Purpose and Profit: Many companies, including OpenAI, initially adopted governance structures aimed at public benefit but faced challenges when profit motives clashed with their social objectives. The dismissal of CEO Sam Altman over concerns about prioritizing commercialization over user safety exemplifies this conflict.
Shareholder Primacy: Despite the adoption of alternative governance models, the underlying shareholder primacy often prevails. The pressure to generate profits can overshadow the intended social benefits, leading to a situation where public good becomes secondary to financial gains.
Corporate Governance issue: The governance issues faced by OpenAI, particularly the internal conflict that led to Altman’s firing, raise questions about the effectiveness of public benefit corporate structures in balancing profit and purpose, especially in tech companies reliant on investor capital.
Potential Shift to For-Profit Structures: Rumors about OpenAI considering a transition to a for-profit governance model indicate a trend where companies may abandon their social objectives in favour of profit maximization.
Workable Strategy (Way forward)
Framing Ethical Standards: Developing comprehensive ethical guidelines for AI product companies is crucial. These standards should address data privacy, algorithmic fairness, and accountability, ensuring that AI technologies are developed responsibly and equitably.
Incentivizing Public Benefit Objectives: Corporations should be incentivized to adopt public benefit purposes that align with their business strategies. This could involve financial incentives for companies that demonstrate long-term profit gains from socially responsible practices.
Reducing Compliance Costs: To encourage adherence to public benefit objectives, it is essential to lower the compliance costs associated with implementing ethical practices.
Mains PYQ:
Q The emergence of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (Digital Revolution) hasinitiated e-Governance as an integral part of government”. Discuss. (UPSC IAS/2020)
Space weather refers to the varying conditions within the solar system and its heliosphere, influenced by the Sun and solar wind.
The main components of space weather include: solar wind, coronal mass ejections, and solar flares.
These components can compress the Earth’s magnetosphere, triggering geomagnetic storms.
This can disrupt communication, power transmission, damage spacecraft electronics, and pose threats to astronauts.
Solar Cycle and Its Importance
The activity of the Sun follows an approximately 11-year periodic cycle, marked by variations in the number of sunspots on the Sun’s surface.
This solar cycle influences space weather, Earth’s atmosphere, and climate variations.
Predicting the amplitude of the solar cycle is a major challenge in astrophysics, as it directly affects related phenomena and space weather.
Research Findings
IIA researchers discovered that the width of supergranular cellson the solar surface during the minimum year of the solar cycle is correlated with the number of sunspots observed during the subsequent solar cycle maximum.
This simple method can be used to predict the strength of the upcoming solar cycle, which is valuable for space weather forecasting.
What are Supergranular Cells?
Supergranular Cells are large convective cells on the Sun’s surface, with diameters of about 30,000 km.
These cells are part of the solar convection zone where hot plasma rises, cools as it reaches the surface, and then sinks back down in a continuous cycle.
Characteristics:
Supergranular cells are larger than granules, another type of convective cell on the Sun. Its borders, known as supergranular lanes, are about 5,000 km thick.
Plasma within these cellsmoves from the center of the cell toward the edges, where it sinks back into the Sun’s interior. This movement creates a network of lanes that can be observed on the solar surface.
Supergranular cells are associated with the magnetic field concentrations on the Sun’s surface, often where sunspots and other magnetic features appear.
PYQ:
[2022] If a major solar storm (solar flare) reaches the Earth, which of the following are the possible effects on the Earth?
GPS and navigation systems could fail.
Tsunamis could occur at equatorial regions.
Power grids could be damaged.
Intense auroras could occur over much of the Earth.
Forest fires could take place over much of the planet.
Orbits of the satellites could be disturbed.
Shortwave radio communication of the aircraft flying over pola-regions could be interrupted.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1, 2, 4 and 5 only
(b) 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7 only
(c) 1, 3, 4, 6 and 7 only
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National Pest Surveillance System (NPSS)
Why in the News?
The Centre has launched the AI-based National Pest Surveillance System (NPSS) to help farmers connect with agriculture scientists and experts for pests’ control.
What is the National Pest Surveillance System (NPSS)?
The NPSS is an AI-based platform launched by the government on August 15, 2024.
It is designed to help farmers connect with agricultural scientists and experts for effective pest control using their phones.
It aims to reduce farmers’ dependence on pesticide retailers.
It provides data for selected crops i.e. Rice, Cotton, Maize, Mango and Chilies.
How will farmers use it?
Farmers can take photos of infested crops or pests using the NPSS platform, which are then analyzed by scientists and experts.
Then they will suggest the correct quantity of the pesticide at the right time, reducing excessive pesticide use.
Target Groups: Approximately 14 crore farmers across India.
Significance
It will reduce crop damage, improve pest management practices, and reduce the risk of soil damage by minimizing excessive pesticide use.
PYQ:
[2014] With reference to Neem tree, consider the following statements:
1. Neem oil can be used as a pesticide to control the proliferation of some species of insects and mites.
2. Neem seeds are used in the manufacture of biofuels and hospital detergents.
3. Neem oil has applications in pharmaceutical industry.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: About the Kothari commission;
Mains level: Suggestions from the Kothari Commission;
Why in the News?
Public service doesn’t have exclusive rights to serve the nation, nor does it offer any special opportunities for doing so.
Present Status of Civil Services in India
Reputation and Credibility: Recent controversies, such as the case of IAS probationer Puja Khedkar, who has allegedly misused quotas and provided false documentation shadow over the credibility of UPSC.
High Aspirations and Struggles: The civil service job is a highly demandable career in India. It is often viewed as a prestigious and stable option which leads to a competitive environment where many aspirants repeatedly attempt the UPSC exams leading to mental health struggles and societal pressure.
Coaching Industry Influence: The expansive coaching industry thrives on the aspirations of civil service candidates by capitalizing on the high failure rates and the desperation of aspirants.
About the Kothari Commission:
The Kothari Commission, officially known as the Education Commission of 1964-66, was established by the Government of India to comprehensively evaluate the educational system and recommend reforms. It was chaired by Dr. D. S. Kothari.
The Commission aimed to align education with national development goals and address various shortcomings in the existing system.
Its report, titled “Education and National Development,” was submitted on June 29, 1966.
Suggestions from the Kothari Commission:
The Kothari Commission’s recommendations, which aimed to reform education and public service, can provide a framework for addressing the current challenges in the civil services:
Age Limit Adjustments: The government should reduce the upper age limit for candidates from around 34-35 years to 25 years, with allowances for special categories which could help mitigate the prolonged pursuit of civil services and reduce the burden on young aspirants.
Limiting Attempts: Restricting the number of attempts to three, with an additional attempt for special categories which could help streamline the process and discourage the excessive commercialization of coaching services that exploit aspirants’ ambitions.
Broadened Perspectives on Service: Encouraging young people to view various professions as valid forms of national service rather than solely focusing on government positions.
Way forward:
Reforming Recruitment and Training Processes: To enhance credibility and transparency in civil services recruitment, the UPSC and related bodies could implement stricter verification processes for candidates’ credentials, including quotas and documentation.
Diversifying Career Awareness and Opportunities: The government, along with educational institutions like CBSE can promote awareness of diverse career paths beyond civil services, emphasizing the value of contributing to the nation through various professions.
Mains PYQ:
Q Initially Civil Services in India were designed to achieve the goals of neutrality and effectiveness, which seems to be lacking in the present context. Do you agree with the view that drastic reforms are required in Civil Services. Comment (UPSC IAS/2017)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Challenges in the Indian healthcare system;
Why in the News?
India’s healthcare since globalization has improved greatly, and is globally recognized due to skilled professionals, effective policies, and strong institutions which draw patients from over 147 countries.
Economic implications of being a preferred Medical Destination:
Foreign Exchange Savings: India saves billions in foreign exchange as fewer Indians need to travel abroad for advanced medical treatments.
Revenue Generation: The influx of international patients generates over $9 billion annually, contributing to economic growth.
Job Creation: The medical tourism sector creates employment opportunities in healthcare, hospitality, transportation, and pharmaceuticals.
Cost-Effective Treatments: India’s affordable yet high-quality medical services attract patients globally, further boosting the economy.
What are the challenges?
Shortage of Healthcare Professionals
Current Shortage: India is estimated to be short of around 600,000 doctors, leading to a doctor-patient ratio of approximately 0.7 doctors per 1,000 people, which is significantly lower than the World Health Organization’s recommended ratio of 1 doctor per 1,000 people.
Future Demand: By 2030, the demand for healthcare professionals in India is expected to double, driven by an ageing population and the increasing burden of non-communicable diseases.
Inadequate Public Healthcare Spending
Low Expenditure: As of 2021-22, India’s public healthcare expenditure stood at 2.1% of GDP, which is significantly lower than that of many developed countries, For instance, countries like Japan and France spend about 10% of their GDP on healthcare, while the United States spends 16.9%.
Comparison with Neighbors: Even neighbouring countries like Bangladesh and Pakistan allocate over 3% of their GDP to public healthcare.
Unequal Access to Healthcare
Urban-Rural Disparity: There is a stark disparity in healthcare access between urban and rural areas. Rural regions often lack basic healthcare facilities, leading to limited access to quality services for a significant portion of the population.
Healthcare Infrastructure: India’s healthcare infrastructure is inadequate to meet the growing demands of its population. For instance, India has one of the lowest per capita bed counts in the world, with only about 0.5 hospital beds per 1,000 people, compared to the OECD average of 4.7 beds per 1,000 people.
High Out-of-Pocket Expenditure
Financial Burden: Approximately 75% of healthcare expenditure in India is borne out-of-pocket by individuals and families.
Need for a Strong Vision (Way forward)
“Heal in India” Initiative: The Prime Minister’s vision of “Heal in India” emphasizes positioning India as a global healthcare leader. This initiative is not merely a slogan but a strategic approach to enhance India’s reputation as a preferred medical destination.
Youth Engagement: Inspiring the youth to pursue careers in healthcare is crucial for sustaining growth in this sector. By encouraging innovation and entrepreneurship among young Indians, the country can ensure a robust healthcare system.
Investment in Public Healthcare: Increase public healthcare spending to improve infrastructure, especially in rural areas, and bridge the urban-rural disparity.
Focus on Medical Device Manufacturing: Promote domestic production of medical devices under the “Make in India” initiative to reduce dependency on imports.
Mains PYQ:
Q Appropriate local community-level healthcare intervention is a prerequisite to achieve ‘Health for All’ in India. Explain. (UPSC IAS/2018)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ramsar Wetland sites in India
Why in the News?
The Environment Ministry announced the designation of three more wetlands: Nanjarayan Bird Sanctuary (TN), Kazhuveli Bird Sanctuary (TN) and Tawa Reservoir (MP) as Ramsar Sites.
This makes the total Ramsar sites count in India to 85.
About the newly designated Ramsar Sites:
Location
Geographical Features
Key Species
Ecosystem
Nanjarayan Bird Sanctuary
Tiruppur District, Tamil Nadu
Located on the banks of Nanjarayan Tank;
~125 hectares
Herons, egrets, pelicans
Wetland habitats, surrounded by agricultural lands
Kazhuveli Bird Sanctuary
Villupuram District, Tamil Nadu
Brackish water wetland near Bay of Bengal;
~5,000 hectares
Flamingos, pelicans, storks, waterfowl
Mix of freshwater and saltwater habitats, includes mangroves
Tawa Reservoir
Hoshangabad District, Madhya Pradesh
Part of Narmada River Basin, foothills of Satpura Range;
~225 sq. km
Mahseer fish, surrounded by Satpura forests
Aquatic life, forested surroundings
Important Facts:
India became a signatory to the Ramsar Convention in 1982.
India is one of the contracting parties to the Ramsar Convention, which was signed in Ramsar, Iran, in 1971.
With the inclusion of these 3 new sites, India now has 85 Ramsar sites, covering a total area of 13,58,068 hectares.
Tamil Nadu currently has the highest number of Ramsar sites in India, with 18 sites, followed by Uttar Pradesh with 10 sites.
India’s Ramsar wetlands constitute about 10% of the total wetland area in the country, spread across 18 states.
UK leads globally with 175 sites, followed by Mexico with 142 sites.
Bolivia, however, has the largest area under Ramsar protection, spanning 148,000 sq. km.
According to the National Wetland Inventory and Assessment by ISRO, India’s wetlands cover approximately 1,52,600 sq. km., which is 4.63% of total geographical area.
India has 19 types of wetlands, with Gujarat having the largest area, followed by Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal.
PYQ:
[2019] Consider the following statements:
Under Ramsar Convention, it is mandatory on the part of the Government of India to protect and conserve all the wetlands in the territory of India.
The Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2010 were framed by the Government of India based on the recommendations of the Ramsar Convention.
The Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2010 also encompass the drainage area or catchment regions of the wetlands as determined by the authority.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Captagon Drug
Why in the News?
Captagon, the “poor man’s cocaine,” has become increasingly popular among young adults in the Middle East and North Africa.
What is the Drug Captagon?
Captagon is a synthetic drug that was originally developed in Germany in the 1960s and 1970s.
It was initially created as a pharmaceutical treatment for attention deficit disorders, narcolepsy, and sometimes depression.
The primary active ingredient in Captagon is fenethylline, a compound that, once ingested, is metabolized into two powerful stimulants: amphetamine and theophylline.
These substances stimulate the central nervous system, leading to increased alertness, reduced fatigue, and a sense of euphoria.
How Addictive is Captagon?
Captagon is highly addictive due to its powerful effects on the brain and body.
As a psychostimulant, Captagon significantly impacts the central nervous system, leading to a range of effects that can make it very difficult for users to stop taking the drug once they start.
It is also reportedly used byfighters in conflict zones to enhance their endurance and suppress fatigue.
The primary effects of Captagon include:
Euphoria: Users often experience an intense feeling of happiness or well-being.
Increased Wakefulness: The drug reduces the need for sleep, keeping users awake and alert for extended periods.
Enhanced Physical and Mental Performance: Users may feel stronger, more focused, and more capable of performing both physically and mentally demanding tasks.
However, the heavy use of Captagon comes with serious risks such as cognitive impairment, cardiovascular issues, and risk of addiction.
Where is Captagon Made?
In recent years, Syria the “narco state” of Middle East has emerged as the largest producer of Captagon.
Its production increased after 2011 Arab Spring protests, which led to civil unrest and conflict in the region.
PYQ:
[2019] Consider the following statements:
The United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) has a ‘Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air’.
The UNCAC is the ever-first legally binding global anti-corruption instrument.
A highlight of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) is the inclusion of a specific chapter aimed at returning assets to their rightful owners from whom they had been taken illicitly.
The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) is mandated by its member States to assist in the implementation of both UNCAC and UNTOC.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2, 3 and 4 only
(c) 2 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Extremophile bacteria
Why in the News?
Researchers have isolated extremophile bacteria from harsh environments like volcanic vents, permafrost, acid mines, deep-sea hydrothermal vents, and lakes beneath polar ice caps.
What are Extremophiles?
Extremophiles are microorganisms that thrive in extreme environmental conditions where other life forms typically cannot survive.
For example: Volcanic vents, Permafrost, Acid mines, Deep-sea hydrothermal vents, dark lakes buried beneath polar ice caps, on the exteriors of spacecraft, around nuclear waste storage sites.
Adaptation and Evolution:
Extremophiles have developed unique biological and biochemical processes over millions of years to adapt to diverse habitats.
Unlike more complex life forms, which have one set of proteins, extremophiles have multiple sets of proteins, each adapted to specific environmental conditions.
These proteins are ‘activated’ based on the surrounding environment, enabling survival during extreme conditions like high temperatures, lack of water, or high acidity.
Significance: Some scientists believe that life on Earth may have begun as an extremophile in extreme environmental niches before spreading and adapting to more temperate ecosystems.
About the ‘Earth Microbiome Project’
It is a global initiative aimed at mapping, organising, and understanding the diversity of microbial life across different environmental niches on Earth.
The project was founded in 2010.
Objective:
To sequence 200,000 genetic samples from diverse environments.
To assemble 500,000 microbial genomes, creating a comprehensive map of microbial diversity on Earth.
Significance:
The project is part of broader efforts to understand the microbial world, which is still in its infancy.
It is related to other significant projects like the ‘Earth Biogenome Project,’ which aims to sequence the genomes of all eukaryotic organisms on the planet.
Understanding microbial diversity has numerous biological and industrial applications, such as developing new enzymes for molecular biology or finding new ways to adapt organisms to challenging environments.
PYQ:
[2017] With reference to agriculture in India, how can the technique of ‘genome sequencing’, often seen in the news, be used in the immediate future?
1. Genome sequencing can be used to identify genetic markers for disease resistance and drought tolerance in various crop plants.
2. This technique helps in reducing the time required to develop new varieties of crop plants.
3. It can be used to decipher the host-pathogen relationships in crops.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
There has been a significant increase in importsof precious metals from the UAE under the trade agreement.
Global Trade Research Initiative (GTRI) has raised concerns about the spurt in imports of gold, silver, platinum, and diamonds with zero tariffs in the coming years.
GTRI’s report highlights potential revenue losses and a shift in import business from banks to private traders, favouring Dubai-based firms.
It also claims that many imports do not meet the Rules of Origin conditions, making them ineligible for concessions.
Review of IT Hardware Import Regime
When asked about the review of the new authorisation regime for monitoring imports of certain IT hardware products, Barthwal indicated that the government would make a decision at the appropriate time.
The government had previously adjusted import restrictions on laptops and computers, allowing importers to bring in shipments under an ‘authorisation’ system until September.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: PHEIC, Mpox
Why in the news?
The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared mpox as a “public health emergency of international concern” (PHEIC).
What is a PHEIC?
A PHEIC is a formal declaration by the WHO under the International Health Regulations (IHR), 2005.
It refers to an “extraordinary event” posing a public health risk through the international spread of disease, potentially requiring a coordinated global response.
Criteria for PHEIC:
Serious and unusual event: Poses a significant public health risk.
Cross-border implications: Affects more than one country.
International response needed: Requires immediate global coordination.
Purpose: Mobilizes resources, raises awareness, and coordinates efforts to manage and contain the threat.
What is Mpox?
Mpox is a disease caused by the orthopoxvirus, related to the smallpox virus.
First detected in humans in 1970, it is endemic in central and West Africa.
Transmission: Spread from animals to humans (zoonotic) and between humans via close contact, respiratory droplets, or contaminated materials.
Symptoms: Fever, rash, swollen lymph nodes; can lead to severe complications or death.
Vaccination: WHO recommends vaccines, widely used in Nigeria and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) to control outbreaks.
Recent Developments:
In recent years, there has been an increase in mpox cases, including the emergence of new strains such as clade 1b, which has spread to countries outside of its typical endemic regions.
This led to the declaration of mpox as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) due to its potential for widespread impact.
PYQ:
[2014] Consider the following diseases
1. Diphtheria
2. Chickenpox
3. Smallpox
Which of the above diseases has/have been eradicated in India?
Explained | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution - historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Tussle between the Lt. Governor and elected government of Delhi;
Why in the News?
The Supreme Court ruled that Delhi’s LG can independently nominate 10 aldermen to the MCD which escalates tensions between the Union, Delhi, and local governments.
How did the Delhi government evolve?
At the commencement of the Constitution in 1950, Delhi was classified as a Part C State.
Following the state reorganisation in 1956, it became a Union Territory governed by an administrator.
The Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD) was established in 1958, and a limited local government was introduced in 1966.
Based on the Balakrishnan Committee’s recommendations in 1989, the 69th Constitutional Amendment in 1991 created a Legislative Assembly and council of ministers for the NCT of Delhi.
However, the Union government retained control over public order, police, and land, excluding these subjects from the Delhi government’s jurisdiction.
Why is there constant tension and friction between the Union government and the Delhi government?
Legal Disputes: Legal battles have escalated tensions, particularly following Supreme Court judgments that have altered the balance of power between the elected Delhi government and the Lieutenant Governor (LG). For instance, recent rulings have clarified the LG’s powers, allowing for unilateral actions that bypass the council of ministers.
Control Over Key Areas: The Union government retains control over critical areas such as police, public order, and land, which limits the Delhi government’s autonomy.
Administrative Confusion: The presence of multiple layers of governance, including the MCD and other local bodies, complicates accountability and governance, leading to blame-shifting during crises, such as the recent incidents of electrocution and flooding.
Budgetary Conflict: The Delhi State Government has accused the Central Government of underfunding the MCD, leading to poor civic services, while the Central Government has argued that the State Government is not providing adequate support.
Division and Unification of MCD: In 2012, the MCD was trifurcated into three separate entities by the Congress-led state government, a move seen as an attempt to decentralize power. However, in 2022, the BJP-led Central Government passed a law to reunify the MCD, citing administrative efficiency, but the move was perceived by the Delhi State Government as an effort to centralize control.
What did the 1989 Balakrishnan committee recommend?
On Union Territory Status: The Balakrishnan Committee recommended that Delhi must remain a Union Territory rather than achieving full statehood.
On Governance Structure: The committee proposed a governance model that included an Administrator exercising powers based on the advice of the Council of Ministers, ensuring a balance of power while maintaining central oversight.
On Representation and Accountability: The committee emphasized the need for a more effective representative democratic system to safeguard the rights of Delhi’s growing population.
How has the Municipal Corporation of Delhi been involved in the power tussle?
Multiple Authorities: The MCD operates under the Union government’s control, adding complexity to the governance structure in Delhi. For example in public services and urban management.
Electoral Conflicts: The MCD’s elected representatives have often been caught in the crossfire of political disputes between the Union and Delhi governments, leading to inefficiencies and a lack of coherent governance. The recent tragedies in the city have highlighted the consequences of this blame-shifting.
Way Forward:
Revisiting Governance Structure: A constitutional amendment could be considered to delineate the powers of the central government and the Delhi government more clearly. For instance, the area of New Delhi (50-100 square kilometres) could be under central control, while the rest could be governed by the Delhi Assembly.
Implementation of triple chain accountability: Implementing the spirit of the Supreme Court’s 2023 judgment, which emphasized a triple chain of accountability, could help restore balance and ensure that all layers of government are accountable to the people.
Promoting Consensus-Based Governance: Encouraging dialogue and consensus between the different layers of government could help mitigate conflicts and foster a more cooperative governance environment.
Mains PYQ:
Q Whether the Supreme Court Judgement (July 2018) can settle the political tussle between the Lt. Governor and elected government of Delhi? Examine.(2018)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: What is Ballast Water?
Mains level: Serious concern due to Ballast Water;
Why in the News?
The TN Water Resources Department (WRD) has informed the National Green Tribunal that it has requested ₹160 crore from Kamarajar Port in Ennore, Tamil Nadu, to address the removal of invasive mussels along the coast near the port.
The WRD has accused Kamarajar Port of being primarily responsible for the spread of this invasive species due to its failure to regulate ballast water from ships.
What is Ballast Water?
Ballast water is fresh or saltwater held in the ballast tanks of ships. It is used to provide stability and maneuverability during a voyage, especially when a ship is not carrying enough cargo or when additional stability is required due to rough seas.
Ballast water can carry a variety of biological materials, including bacteria, microbes, and small invertebrates. When discharged at a new location, this water can introduce non-native species into local ecosystems, potentially leading to ecological imbalances.
How Serious is the Problem?
Invasive Species in India: Scientists have recorded nearly 30 invasive species entering Indian waters through ship ballast water, with the charru mussel (Mytella strigata) being one of the most harmful. This species has replaced native species in critical habitats like Pulicat Lake in Tamil Nadu.
Ecological Impact: The introduction of invasive species can disrupt local ecosystems, outcompete native organisms, and significantly affect biodiversity. The charru mussel has a high survival rate and prolific reproduction, exacerbating its impact on marine environments.
Economic Consequences: The proliferation of invasive species can hinder fishing activities and affect the livelihoods of local communities dependent on marine resources.
What are Global Regulations?
Ballast Water Management (BWM) Convention: The International Maritime Organization (IMO) adopted the BWM Convention, which came into force in 2017. This convention aims to prevent the spread of harmful aquatic organisms and pathogens through ballast water.
Under the BWM Convention, ships must manage their ballast water to ensure that aquatic organisms and pathogens are removed or rendered harmless before discharge.
Compliance: Countries like Australia and New Zealand have stringent regulations to prevent ballast water from damaging their marine ecosystems, including rigorous checks of ballast water management systems.
What is India’s Position?
As of July 2023, India has not signed the BWM Convention, meaning there are no obligations for ships calling at Indian ports to comply with its regulations. This lack of participation raises concerns about the unchecked discharge of ballast water.
While other maritime regulations apply in Indian ports but the discharge of ballast water is not subject to checks or regulations, leading to potential ecological risks.
Way forward:
Adopt and Implement the BWM Convention: India should consider ratifying the Ballast Water Management (BWM) Convention to align with international standards.
Strengthen Domestic Regulations and Awareness: Even before ratifying the BWM Convention, India can introduce national legislation to regulate ballast water discharge in its ports.
Mains PYQ:
Q How does biodiversity vary in India? How is the Biological Diversity Act,2002 helpful in conservation of flora and fauna? (2018)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Role of Private sector in RandD;
Why in the News?
The establishment of the Anusandhan National Research Foundation and its funding structure clearly signals the government’s intended direction.
Research Policy in India
Shift Towards Corporatisation: The Indian government’s approach encourages research institutions to generate revenue through external sources, moving away from reliance on public funding.
This trend aligns with the 2015 Dehradun Declaration, which advocated for marketing patents to self-finance research initiatives.
Focus on Market-Driven Research: The ANRF aims to align research outcomes with market needs, promoting the idea that scientific advancements should have immediate applications.
This is evident in the emphasis on prototype development, which assesses the marketability of research products, which was highlighted in the 2024 Budget speech.
Integration of Industry and Academia: The ANRF is designed to forge collaborations between research institutions and the private sector by earmarking a substantial portion of its funding (approximately 72%) from private sources, bridging the gap between scientific research and commercial application.
Note: The Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF) is a significant initiative in India’s research landscape, established under the Anusandhan National Research Foundation Act, 2023.
Funding Mechanism of ANRF
Budget Allocation: The ANRF will be allocated ₹50,000 crore over five years, with a significant portion expected to come from non-government sources, including industry and philanthropic contributions.
Governance Structure: The ANRF will be governed by a board that includes industry representatives and experts, ensuring that funding decisions align with market demands and technological advancements.
What are the signals despite the stated objective of ANRF?(challenges)
Potential Undermining of Curiosity-Driven Research: The private sector does not want to fund basic research because it has no immediate commercial applications which ultimately leads to a decline in foundational scientific exploration.
Public Funding Concerns: The government’s expectation for private sector funding raises questions about the sustainability of public investment in research.
The current ratio of public funding for science research in India (0.6% to 0.7% of GDP) is significantly lower than that of countries like South Korea (around 4.8% of GDP).
India’s Achievements Despite a Low GDP Investment in R&D:
High Production of PhDs: Annually, India generates approximately 40,813 PhDs, ranking third globally after the United States and China.
Robust Research Output: India’s research output remains substantial, with over 300,000 publications in 2022, making it the third-largest producer of scientific publications globally.
Growth in Patent Grants: India has shown remarkable progress in intellectual property creation, securing 30,490 patents in 2022, placing it sixth globally.
Improvement in Global Rankings: India has made significant strides in global innovation rankings and research quality. It improved its position on the Global Innovation Index (GII) from 81st place in 2015 to 40th in 2023.
India climbed to the 9th rank in the Nature Index 2023, surpassing countries like Australia and Switzerland.
Investment in Autonomous R&D Institutions: A considerable portion of India’s R&D funding is directed towards autonomous research laboratories. The total investment in R&D reached approximately $17.2 billion in 2020-21, with a significant allocation to key scientific agencies such as the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR).
Comparison with Other Countries
As of 2023, India’s gross expenditure on R&D stands at approximately 0.64% of its GDP.
United States: The U.S. invests about 3.46% of its GDP in R&D
South Korea: South Korea leads with an impressive 4.8% of GDP allocated to R&D.
Germany: Germany’s R&D spending is around 3.1% of GDP.
China: China’s investment in R&D is approximately 2.4% of GDP.
Taiwan: Taiwan also invests around 3.77% of its GDP in R&D.
Way Forward:
Strengthening Public Funding for Basic Research: To ensure a balanced research ecosystem, the government should increase public investment in foundational scientific research.
Enhancing Industry-Academia Collaboration: The government should facilitate stronger partnerships between research institutions and the private sector while maintaining a focus on both applied and basic research.
Mains PYQ:
Q What are the research and developmental achievements in applied biotechnology? How will these achievements help to uplift the poorer sections of the society? (2021)
