On June 25, Chang’e-6 became the world’s first spacecraft to bring back samples from the far side of the Moon.
Chang’e-6 successfully returned with samples from the lunar far side, making China the first country to achieve this feat.
About Chang’e-6 Mission
The mission lasted 53 days, starting with a launch on May 3, 2024, and ending with the return capsule landing on June 25, 2024.
The lander descended into the South Pole-Aitken basin, one of the largest impact basins in the solar system, believed to contain material from the lunar mantle.
The lander used robotic scoops and drills to collect about 2 kilograms of lunar material, including both surface soil and subsurface samples.
Components of Chang’e-6
Lander: Equipped with drills and scoops for sample collection.
Ascender: Transported samples from the lunar surface to lunar orbit.
Orbiter: Carried the samples from lunar orbit back to Earth.
Returner: Brought the samples safely back to Earth.
Collaboration and Payloads
The mission carried instruments from international partners, including:
French DORN: Studied lunar dust and volatiles.
Italian INRRI: Measured distances using a retroreflector.
Swedish NILS: Detected negative ions on the lunar surface.
Pakistani ICUBE-Q CubeSat: Imaged the lunar surface and obtained magnetic field data.
Scientific Goals
Sample Analysis: Scientists aim to learn more about the Moon’s internal structure and the differences between its near and far sides.
China’s Lunar Exploration Program
Chang’e-6 follows previous missions under China’s Lunar Exploration Program, marking the next step in incremental technological advancements.
Phases of Exploration: The program has four phases:
First Phase: Reaching lunar orbit, completed by Chang’e 1 (2007) and Chang’e 2 (2010).
Second Phase: Landing and roving, achieved by Chang’e 3 (2013) and Chang’e 4 (2019).
Third Phase: Sample collection and return, accomplished by Chang’e 5 (2020) and Chang’e 6 (2024).
Fourth Phase: Developing a robotic research station near the Moon’s South Pole, aiming for crewed lunar landings in the 2030s.
Previous Lunar Sample Missions
Apollo 11 Mission (1969): The US mission brought 22 kg of lunar material, including 50 rocks.
Luna 16 Mission (1970): Soviet robotic mission brought lunar samples to Earth.
Chang’e-5 Mission (2020): Predecessor to Chang’e-6, returned 2 kg of lunar soil from the near side.
Significance of Sample Return Missions
Laboratory Analysis: Allows the use of sophisticated instruments to study the chemical, isotopic, mineralogical, structural, and physical properties of samples.
Long-term Preservation: Samples can be preserved and re-examined by future generations with advanced technology.
Technological Feat: Recovering samples from the far side is a significant technological achievement.
Step Towards Human Exploration: Success of Chang’e-6 is seen as a step towards China’s goal of landing astronauts on the Moon by 2030.
Launch Pad for Deep Space: The Moon could serve as a base for future deep space missions and extraterrestrial exploration.
Outcome: New Lunar Race
Global Participation: India, China, Japan, the US, and Russia launched lunar missions in 2023.
Future Missions: Over 100 Moon missions by governments and private companies are expected by 2030.
Long-term Goals: Unlike the 20th-century space race, today’s missions aim to establish a long-term presence and use lunar resources.
India’s Chandrayaan-4 Mission
Chandrayaan-4, under development by ISRO, will also be a sample return mission to be launched tentatively by 2028.
Chandrayaan-3 landed near the Moon’s South Pole last year, about 600 km from the target area for Chandrayaan-4.
PYQ:
[2016] Discuss India’s achievements in the field of Space Science and Technology. How the application of this technology helped India in its socio-economic development?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: K-Shape Recovery and its Features.
Why in the News?
India is experiencing a K-shaped recovery, with uneven growth patterns. This recovery is causing divergent inflation trends, with food and rural prices rising faster than other goods and services, and urban inflation.
What is K-Shaped Recovery?
A K-shaped recovery is an economic scenario in which different sectors, industries, or groups within an economy recover from a recession at markedly different rates.
This results in a divergent economic recovery pattern, with some parts of the economy experiencing robust growth and others continuing to struggle or even decline.
Features of K-Shaped Recovery
Divergent Recovery Rates: Certain sectors, such as technology and finance, may recover quickly and strongly. Other sectors, like hospitality and retail, may continue to struggle or recover much more slowly.
Income Inequality: High-income individuals and businesses may see significant improvements in their financial situations. Low-income individuals and small businesses may face prolonged financial hardships.
Sectoral Disparities: Industries that can adapt to remote work or have online business models (e.g., tech, e-commerce) thrive.
Indian Context: Consumption Patterns Post-Pandemic
High-End Goods Demand: Post-pandemic recovery is driven by increased demand for higher-end goods and services.
Mass Consumption Items: Lower-income households’ consumption of mass-market items remains relatively subdued.
Contrast Inflation Rate:
Rural vs. Urban Inflation: Rural inflation is outpacing urban inflation.
Food Prices vs. Other Goods: Food price inflation is higher compared to inflation in other goods and services.
Goods vs. Services Inflation: Goods inflation is higher than services inflation.
Input vs. Output Prices: Input prices are rising faster than output prices.
Policy Implications
Sensitive Policymaking: Government policies need to be sensitive to the impact on different groups affected by supply-side shocks.
Careful Planning: Reforms should be carefully explained and planned to mitigate adverse impacts.
PYQ:
[2021] Do you agree that the Indian economy has recently experienced V-shaped recovery? Give reasons in support of your answer.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: SVOM Satellite, Gamma Rays Bursts.
Why in the News?
The Space Variable Objects Monitor (SVOM) satellite jointly developed by China and France was launched from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center.
About Space Variable Objects Monitor (SVOM)
The SVOM is designed to study gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) resulting from explosive cosmic events like black hole births and neutron star collisions.
It is the first astronomy satellite developed jointly by China and France, following their collaboration on an oceanographic satellite launched in 2018.
Importance of Studying Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs)
GRBs are highly energetic bursts of gamma rays, lasting from less than a second to several minutes, occurring in distant parts of the universe.GRBs can erupt with a luminosity a quintillion times that of the Sun.
Types of GRBs:
Short GRBs: Result from collisions of neutron stars or a neutron star with a black hole, lasting less than two seconds, often followed by kilonovas.
Long GRBs: Result from the explosive deaths of massive stars, lasting two seconds or longer.
Mission and Objectives of SVOM
Primary Objective: To search for and study GRBs across the universe.
Data Collection: Measure and analyze electromagnetic radiation properties of GRBs.
Scientific Goals: Unlock mysteries about the universe’s evolution and gravitational waves, which are often associated with neutron star collisions.
Real-time Detection: Transmit GRB data to ground control within about one minute, enabling coordinated observations with ground-based stations globally.
Features and Capabilities of SVOM
Satellite Specifications: Weighs 930 kg and is equipped with four payloads, two developed by France and two by China.
French Contributions: ECLAIRs and MXT telescopes to detect and capture GRBs.
Chinese Contributions:
Gamma Ray Burst Monitor (GRM): Measures the spectrum of GRBs.
Visible Telescope (VT): Detects and observes visible emissions immediately after a GRB.
Orbit Details: Placed in a low Earth orbit at an altitude of 625 km, with an orbital period of 96 minutes.
Significance of SVOM’s Findings
Early Universe Insights: Aim to detect the earliest GRBs, providing information on the universe’s early stages and evolution.
Kilonova Detection: Capability to search for kilonovas, enhancing understanding of stellar evolution and the origin of heavy elements like gold and silver in the universe.
PYQ:
[2019] Recently, scientists observed the merger of giant ‘blackholes’ billions of light-years away from the Earth. What is the significance of this observation?
(a) ‘Higgs boson particles’ were detected.
(b) ‘Gravitational waves’ were detected.
(c) Possibility of inter-galactic space travel through ‘wormhole’ was confirmed.
(d) It enabled the scientists to understand ‘singularity’.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Wild Boars, Vermins under Schedule V.
Why in the News?
The Tamil Nadu government has approved the controlled hunting of wild boars causing distress to farmers near forest areas.
Presently, Wild boars are NOT listed as Vermin under the Schedule V of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.
About the Farmers’ Conflict Resolution Committee
The Committee includes representatives from the Departments of Forest, Revenue, Agriculture, and Horticulture, along with scientific experts and wildlife enthusiasts.
Objective: The committee was formed to study the impact of raids by elephants and wild pigs on agricultural crops.
Implementation Protocol:
Approval Process: The culling will require approval from a local three-member checking body.
Composition of the Checking Body: The body will include a forester or forest guard, the Village Administrative Officer, and the ward member.
Supervision: Culling operations must be conducted in the presence of these three members.
Zoning for Culling Operations
Areas adjacent to reserve forests will be divided into three zones:
Zone A: Within one kilometre from forest limits.
Zone B: One to five kilometres from forest limits.
Zone C: Beyond five kilometres from forest limits.
Restrictions: Shooting of wild pigs is prohibited within five kilometres of the reserve forest (Zones A and B).
Scientific Approach to Culling:
Scientific Methodology: The shooting of wild boars must adhere to a scientific approach, considering the intensity and frequency of conflict incidents.
Expert Concerns: Experts highlight the ecological role of wild boars and caution against indiscriminate killing.
About Indian Wild Boar
Details
Scientific Name
Sus scrofa cristatus
Habitat and Distribution
High grass, bushes, forests, high crops, dense forests, grasslands, scrublands, agricultural areas; Indian subcontinent, various altitudes from sea level to mountains
Gestation: around four months; Litter size: multiple piglets
Ecological Role
Seed dispersal aiding plant propagation;
Important prey species maintaining predator-prey balance in the ecosystem
Conservation Status
IUCN Red List: Least Concern
Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972: Schedule III
Proposed reclassification to Schedule V (vermin) due to agricultural damage.
Present Culling
Section 11-B (1) of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 allows the Chief Wildlife Warden to issue special orders to kill dangerous wild animals.
Back2Basics: Schedule III of WPA, 1972
Protection Level: Lesser degree of protection compared to Schedule I and II.
Prohibition: Hunting of these species is prohibited except under special circumstances defined by the Act.
Penalties: Violations related to these species attract penalties, though they are less stringent than those for higher schedules.
Species Listed in Schedule III: As per the latest available data, the following are examples of species listed under Schedule III of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972:
Chinkara (Gazella bennettii): Also known as the Indian Gazelle, found in various parts of India.
Blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra): A species of antelope native to India.
Blue Bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus): Also known as the Nilgai, the largest Asian antelope.
Indian Wild Boar (Sus scrofa cristatus): A subspecies of the wild boar native to the Indian subcontinent.
Sambar (Rusa unicolor): A large deer native to the Indian subcontinent.
Legal Provisions:
Hunting Prohibition: Hunting any animal listed under Schedule III is prohibited except for purposes like scientific research, education, and when permitted by the authorities under specific conditions.
Penalties: The penalties for offenses involving Schedule III animals include imprisonment up to three years, or a fine up to Rs. 25,000, or both.
PYQ:
[2017] In India, if a species of tortoise is declared protected under Schedule I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, what does it imply?
(a) It enjoys the same level of protection as the tiger.
(b) It no longer exists in the wild, a few individuals are under captive protection; and now it is impossible to prevent its extinction.
(c) It is endemic to a particular region of India.
(d) Both B and C stated above are correct in this context.
It was first issued in 1917 by the Dogra Maharaja of J&K, the ordinance remains in effect.
The ordinance mandates death or rigorous imprisonment for life, or imprisonment up to 10 years with a fine for aiding the enemy or engaging in actions detrimental to Indian military operations.
Its Evolution:
Post-Partition Incorporation: The ordinance was retained as a law in J&K post-1947 and amended over time.
Changes Post-2019: Following the repeal of Article 370, the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act retained the Enemy Agents Ordinance and other security laws while replacing many state laws with Indian laws, such as the Indian Penal Code.
Trial Procedures under the Ordinance
Special Judge Appointment: Trials are conducted by a special judge appointed by the government in consultation with the High Court.
Legal Representation: Accused individuals can only engage a lawyer if permitted by the court.
No Appeal Provision: Verdicts can only be reviewed by a High Court judge chosen by the government, with the decision being final.
Publication Bar: Unauthorized disclosure or publication of trial information is punishable by imprisonment up to two years, fine, or both.
Notable Application of the Ordinance
Notable Cases: Many Kashmiris have been tried under the ordinance, including Maqbool Bhat, the founder of Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front, who was hanged in Tihar Jail in 1984.
Current Context: The Enemy Agents Ordinance continues to be a critical tool in addressing militant assistance in J&K, reflecting the stringent legal measures in place to maintain security.
PYQ:
[2019] The banning of ‘Jamaat-e-Islami’ in Jammu and Kashmir brought into focus the role of over-ground workers (OGWs) in assisting terrorist organizations. Examine the role played by OGWs in assisting terrorist organizations in insurgency affected areas. Discuss measures to neutralize the influence of OGWs.
[2019] Indian government has recently strengthen the anti-terrorism laws by amending the unlawful activities (Prevention) Act, (UAPA), 1967 and the NIA Act. Analyze the changes in the context of prevailing security environment while discussing scope and reasons for opposing the UAPA by human rights organisations.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Sucheta Kripalani
Why in the News?
June 25 is the birth anniversary of “Sucheta Kripalani”,India’s first woman Chief Minister.
Who wasSucheta Kripalani?
Sucheta Kripalani was born on June 25, 1908, in Ambala, Punjab. Daughter of S. N. Majumdar, a government surgeon. She studied at Indraprastha College for Women and St. Stephen’s College, University of Delhi.
She married J. B. Kripalani, a former Congress president and Gandhian, in April 1936 against familial and Mahatma Gandhi’s wishes.
Political Journey and Chief Ministership
Early Career: Joined BHU to teach Constitutional History in 1929, participated in Satyagraha, and was imprisoned in 1940.
Congress Role: Organized the foreign affairs wing of AICC and later founded the All India Mahila Congress.
She won by a margin of 99 votes over Kamalapati Tripathi and was sworn in as CM on October 2, 1963.
Contributions and Achievements
Educational Reforms: Waived school fees for girls up to Class 10 from January 1965. Established Meerut University and Kanpur University.
Social Reforms: Increased reservation for SCs in government jobs to 24% in Group C and 45% in Group D until the 18% target was achieved.
Infrastructure Developments: Established a Sainik School in Ghorakhal, a new medical college in Meerut, and the UP Awas Vikas Parishad. She created the post of agriculture production commissioner.
Crime Control: Neutralized many dacoits in the Chambal Valley with the help of the Police Radio Unit.
Anti-Corruption Stance: Emphasized the need to tackle growing corruption in public services, supporting the Union government’s initiative to appoint a vigilance commission.
Multifaceted Contributions: Involved in relief activities for the 1934 Bihar earthquake, Noakhali riots, Tibetan refugee rehabilitation, and the Indo-Pak War of 1971.
Criticism and Response: Faced criticism for being influenced by English, despite being a staunch supporter of Hindi. Advocated for creating an atmosphere for Hindi in governance.
Later Life and Legacy
Post-CM Career: Served as Lok Sabha MP until 1971.
Impact: Her tenure as CM and various social contributions left a lasting impact on Indian politics and society, especially in terms of women’s leadership and social reforms.
PYQ:
[2011] With reference to the Indian freedom struggle, Usha Mehta is well-known for:
(a) Running the secret Congress Radio in the wake of the Quit India Movement
(b) Participating in the Second Round Table Conference
(c) Leading a contingent of the Indian National Army
(d) Assisting in the formation of Interim Government under Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Nicobar Triangle, GNI Project
Why in the News?
The opposition party has demanded the immediate suspension of all clearances granted to NITI Aayog’s Great Nicobar Island (GNI) Project.
It alleged violations of due process, legal and constitutional provisions protecting tribal communities.
Great Nicobar Island: An Overview
Geography and Ecology: Southernmost tip of India, part of the Andaman and Nicobar archipelago comprising 600-odd islands.
Environment: Hilly, covered with lush rainforests, annual rainfall of around 3,500 mm.
Biodiversity: Hosts numerous endangered and endemic species including the giant leatherback turtle, Nicobar megapode, Great Nicobar crake, Nicobar crab-eating macaque, and Nicobar tree shrew.
Area: 910 sq km with mangroves and Pandan forests along the coast.
Indigenous Communities:
Shompen Tribe: Approximately 250 people live in interior forests, predominantly hunter-gatherers, classified as a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group.
Nicobarese Community: Two groups – Great Nicobarese and Little Nicobarese, practice farming and fishing.
Resettlement: The Great Nicobarese were resettled in Campbell Bay after the 2004 tsunami.
Administrative Hub: Campbell Bay serves as the administrative hub, housing local offices of the Andaman and Nicobar administration and the panchayat.
Back2Basics:“Nicobar Triangle”
It is named after the Nicobar Islands, which are located at the northern apex of this triangular area.
The islands within the Nicobar Triangle include:
Nicobar Islands: This group of islands belongs to India and is situated to the south of the Andaman Islands. They are known for their diverse flora and fauna and are inhabited by indigenous tribes.
Andaman Islands: Located to the north of the Nicobar Islands, the Andaman Islands are also part of India. They are well-known for their lush forests, coral reefs, and indigenous tribes.
Indonesian Archipelago: To the south and southeast of the Nicobar Islands lies the Indonesian archipelago, which includes thousands of islands spanning a vast area between the Indian and Pacific Oceans.
What is GNI Project?
The GNI Project refers to the “Holistic Development of Great Nicobar Island,” a proposed mega project being piloted by NITI Aayog.
Implementing Agency: The project is to be implemented by the Andaman and Nicobar Islands Integrated Development Corporation (ANIIDCO).
Historical Context: Development plans for a port in Great Nicobar date back to the 1970s, aimed at leveraging its strategic location near the Malacca Strait.
The project aims to develop the southern end of the Andaman and Nicobar group of Islands in the Bay of Bengal by constructing –
Transshipment port
Dual-use military-civil international airport
Power plant (450 MVA gas and solar-based) and
A township over a span of 30 years on more than 160 sq. km of land, of which 130 sq. km is primary forest
Features of the Project
Transshipment hub of the East: The proposed port will allow Great Nicobar to participate in the regional and global maritime economy by becoming a major player in cargo transshipment.
Naval control: The port will be controlled by the Indian Navy, while the airport will have dual military-civilian functions and will cater to tourism as well.
Urban amenities: Roads, public transport, water supply and waste management facilities, and several hotels have been planned to cater to tourists.
Significance of the project
Economic significance: The proposed port would allow GNI to become a significant player in cargo transhipment, as it is positioned equidistant from Colombo, Port Klang (Malaysia), and Singapore.
Strategic significance: The proposal to develop GNI has been on the table since the 1970s, and it has been highlighted repeatedly as a crucial element for national security and consolidation of the Indian Ocean Region.
In recent years, the escalating Chinese presence in the Indian Ocean has added greater urgency to this imperative.
Issues with the Project
The project entails the deforestation of 130 sq km, and felling 10 lakh trees, threatens biodiversity at Galathea Bay, displaces indigenous tribes, lacks thorough impact assessments, and poses seismic risks to vulnerable communities.
Due-process Violations highlighted by the ‘Opposition’
(1) Did not recognise the grant ownership: The island administration did not recognise or grant ownership of any forest land to local tribespeople as per FRA, a requisite step under the Forest Conservation Rules, 2017, before Stage-I clearance is granted.
This is despite the fact that Rule 6(3)(e) of Forest Conservation Rules-2017 (FCR) requires that any diversion of forest land first requires the District Collector to recognise and vest rights to locals under the FRA.
The legislation allows forest communities the right to control and manage the use of the forest land over which they hold titles, and their consent is mandatory for diverting it.
(2) Inconsistencies with Stage-I Clearance: The Stage-I clearance for the project was granted in October 2022, two years after the application was received. Monthly progress reports show that the district administration did not process any claims over forest land under the FRA in the 26 months since project sanction.
(3) Withdrawal of Consent: Weeks after the Stage-I clearance was granted, the Tribal Council at Campbell Bay withdrew the consent granted by the Gram Sabha.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Global Craft Cities in India, World Crafts Council International (WCCI)
Why in the News?
Srinagar has become the fourth Indian city to be recognised as a ‘World Craft City’ by the World Craft Council (WCC), three years after it was designated as part of the UNESCO Creative City Network (UCCN) for crafts and folk arts.
Craft Sector in Kashmir
The Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage-Kashmir (INTACH-K) is working with the J&K Handicrafts department to map Srinagar’s craft sector in preparation for the final nomination.
Srinagar boasts a rich artisanal heritage, with over 20,000 registered craftsmen engaged in various disciplines such as papier mâché, walnut wood carving, hand-knotted carpets, and more.
Handicrafts contribute significantly to the local economy, with approximately 2.64% of J&K’s overall economic output attributed to the sector by 2016-17.
Notable Craft: Papier-Mache, Walnut Wood Carving, Carpets, Sozni embroidery and Pashmina and Kani shawls.
About World Craft Council (WCC International)
Details
What is it?
Non-profit, Non-governmental organization
Working
Establishment in 1964;
Registered in Belgium as an international association without lucrative purpose (AISBL).
Affiliated to the UNESCO
Founders
Kamaladevi Chattopadhay and Aileen Osborn Webb
Purpose
To promote fellowship among craftspersons worldwide, foster economic development through craft-related activities, organize exchange programs, workshops, conferences, seminars, and exhibitions, and offer encouragement and advice to artisans.
Legal Status
Registered in Belgium as an international association without lucrative purpose (AISBL)
WCC is organized into five regions: Africa, Asia Pacific, Europe, Latin America, and North America.
Meetings
European branch meets annually;
The General Assembly occurs every four years (took place in Chennai in 2012).
What is World Craft City (WCC) Designation?
The WCC initiative was launched in 2014 by the World Crafts Council AISBL (WCC-International).
It recognizes the pivotal role local authorities, craftspeople, and communities play in cultural, economic, and social development worldwide.
India has only 3 cities designated as World Craft City:
Jaipur (Kundan Jadai (Gem setting), Meenakari Jewellery, Lac-based craft, Gotta Patti Work etc. )
Mysuru (Kinnal paintings, Sandalwood carvings, Rosewood Inlay etc. )
Mamallapuram (Stone Carving continuing since Pallava dynasty (275 CE to 897 CE))
PYQ:
[2018] Safeguarding the Indian art heritage is the need of the moment. Comment (10M)
[2018] Consider the following pairs:
Puthukkuli shawls — Tamil Nadu
Sujni embroidery — Maharashtra
Uppada Jamdani saris — Karnataka
Craft Heritage of which of the pairs given above is/are correct?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Brahmos Missile
Why in the News?
The BrahMos cruise missiles so inducted are termed a “game changer” by the Philippines envoy. The missiles provide credible defence and deterrent capabilities to the Philippines’ armed forces.
About BrahMos Missiles
BrahMos is a joint venture between the DRDO and Russia’s NPO Mashinostroyeniya.
The name BrahMos comes from the two rivers, the Brahmaputra of India and the Moskva of Russia.
The first successful test in 2001 was conducted from a specially designed land-based launcher.
Capabilities:
BrahMos is a medium-range ramjet supersonic cruise missile.
Launched from: submarines, ships, aircraft, or land.
It is the fastest supersonic cruise missile in the world.
It has two stages:
The first stage comprised a solid-fuelrocket booster and
The second stage comprises a liquid-fueled ramjet. ( because it provides the capability to manoeuvre and increase the range of missiles)
Warhead:
Ship-launched and land-based missiles can carry a 200 kg warhead,
Aircraft-launched variant (BrahMos A) can carry a 300 kg warhead.
Variants and Range
The missile travels at speeds of Mach 2.8 to 3.0, which is being upgraded to Mach 5.0.
A hypersonic version of the missile, BrahMos-II, is also presently under development with a speed of Mach 7-8 to boost aerial fast strike capability.
Initially restricted by the Missile Technology Control Regime to a range of 290km, the BrahMos missile’s range was extended to 450km following India’s entry into the regime in June 2016.
Ongoing efforts aim further to extend the missile’s range beyond 600km, enhancing its operational reach and effectiveness in various scenarios.
India-Philippines Relations: A quick recap
Context: 2023 marked the 75th anniversary of bilateral relations between India and the Philippines.
Equipment Transfers: These agreements facilitated government-to-government procurement of defence material and equipment.
Details of the BrahMos Deal
A MoU on defence cooperation was signed in 2006, reinforced by a 2017 MoU on defence industry and logistics cooperation.
Contract Details: In January 2022, the Philippines signed a $375 million deal with India for three batteries of shore-based anti-ship BrahMos missiles.
First Export Customer: The Philippines became the first export customer for the joint India-Russia venture.
Delivery Milestone: The first batch of missiles was delivered in April 2024.
Boost to India’s Defence Export: This deal marks India’s first overseas export of the BrahMos, showcasing India’s growing defence industry capabilities.
Bilateral Trade and Economic Cooperation
Trade Milestone: In 2023, bilateral trade crossed the $3 billion mark for the first time, with a trade balance in India’s favour.
Preferential Trade Agreement (PTA): Ongoing negotiations for a PTA aim to enhance trade balance and diversification.
Trade Partnerships: India is among the top 15 trade partners for the Philippines.
Modernisation of the Philippines Armed Forces
Phase-3 Modernisation: The Philippines armed forces are in phase-3, termed Horizon-3, of their modernisation programme.
Focus Areas: They are looking at acquiring ships, aircraft, and radars, and enhancing Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA).
Strategic Goals: Aiming to defend entitlements and secure their Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) against China over its claims for the South China Sea.
PYQ:
[2014] Which reference to the Agni-IV Missile,
which of the following statements is/are correct?
It is a surface-to-surface missile.
It is fuelled by liquid propellant only.
It can deliver one-tonne nuclear warheads about 7500 km away.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NTA
Why in the News?
A seven-member high-level committee was constituted under the chairmanship of K. Radhakrishnan, former ISRO Chairman, by the Ministry of Education to reform the National Testing Agency (NTA).
About National Testing Agency (NTA)
NTA is a premier, specialist, autonomous and self-sustained testing organization to conducts entrance examinations for admission/fellowship in higher educational institutions.
It was established in 2017 with a grant amount of Rs.25 crore from the Union Government.
NTA is responsible for conducting exams such as:
Joint Entrance Examination – Main (JEE Main)
National Eligibility cum Entrance Test-Undergraduate (NEET-UG) as well as NEET PG
National Eligibility Test (NET)
Common Management Admission Test (CMAT)
Graduate Pharmacy Aptitude Test (GPAT).
The NTA is chaired by an eminent educationist who will be appointed by the Ministry of Education.
There will be a Board of Governors comprising members from user institutions.
National Testing Agency (NTA) Under Scrutiny
The NTA has been criticized after the NEET paper leak controversy and the subsequent scrapping of exams like UGC-NET due to “lack of integrity”.
The committee aims to establish a robust process for conducting various entrance examinations end to end.
NTA Reform Panel: Committee Composition
Committee Head: K. Radhakrishnan, former Chairman of ISRO and Chairman of the Board of Governors at IIT-Kanpur.
Two-Month Timeline: The committee aims to meet ten times over the next two months to develop comprehensive recommendations.
Key Issues and Focus Areas:
Data Security Protocol: Develop a manual to fix a data security protocol to prevent question paper leaks.
Printing and Process Integrity: Review processes for printing question papers, onboarding printers, and training staff to minimize external participation.
Organisational Restructuring: Consider adding a data security vertical in the NTA organogram and implementing transparent processes, requiring organizational restructuring.
Examination Investigation and Security:
Root Cause Analysis: The committee will investigate the initial cause of question paper leaks to identify and plug gaps.
Modes of Examination: Examine different modes of conducting examinations:
JEE (Mains) and JEE (Advanced) are computer-based tests.
NEET-UG is conducted in pen-paper Optical Mark Recognition (OMR) mode.
Challenges faced by NTA
Infrastructure Limitations: Currently, India lacks the infrastructure to conduct computer-based tests online for more than three lakh students simultaneously.
Large-Scale Exams: NEET-UG involves up to 24 lakh students appearing in pen and paper OMR mode at once.
Conclusion
The reforms are critical to restoring the integrity of entrance examinations in India, ensuring secure and fair testing processes.
The committee’s recommendations will play a pivotal role in shaping the future operations of the NTA and entrance examination protocols.
Back2Basic: University Grants Commission (UGC)
Details
Establishment
Came into existence on 28th December, 1953.
Became a statutory organization by an Act of Parliament in 1956.
Legislation
The UGC Act, 1956.
Nodal Ministry
Ministry of Human Resource Development (now Ministry of Education).
Responsibilities
Providing funds to universities and colleges.
Coordination, determination, and maintenance of standards of teaching, examination, and research in institutions of higher education.
Mandate
Promoting and coordinating university education.
Determining and maintaining standards of teaching, examination, and research in universities.
Framing regulations on minimum standards of education.
Monitoring developments in collegiate and university education.
Disbursing grants to universities and colleges.
Serving as a link between the Union and state governments and institutions of higher learning.
Advising Central and State governments on measures necessary for the improvement of university education.
Unique Distinction
Only grant-giving agency in India with the dual role of funding and maintaining standards in higher education institutions.
Functions
Promoting and coordinating university education.
Determining and maintaining standards of teaching, examination, and research in universities.
Framing regulations on minimum standards of education.
Monitoring developments in collegiate and university education.
Disbursing grants to universities and colleges.
Serving as a link between the Union and state governments and institutions of higher learning.
Advising Central and State governments on measures necessary for the improvement of university education.
Link Role
Acts as a vital link between Union and State governments and institutions of higher learning.
Advisory Role
Advises the Central and State governments on necessary measures for the improvement of university education.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021
Why in the News?
The Centre has notified amended rules allowing women government employees to take 180 days of maternity leave for children born through surrogacy.
Changes are introduced in the Central Civil Services (Leave) Rules, 1972.
There were previously no rules granting maternity leave to women government employees for children born through surrogacy.
Back2Basics: Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021
Purpose: The Act aims to regulate surrogacy in India by prohibiting commercial surrogacy and allowing only altruistic surrogacy.
Eligibility Criteria:
Only Indian couples who have been legally married for at least five years can opt for surrogacy.
The woman must be between 25 to 50 years old, and the man must be between 26 to 55 years old.
Both partners must not have any living biological, adopted, or surrogate children.
Surrogate Mother Criteria:
The surrogate mother must be a close relative of the intending couple.
She should be a married woman having her own child and must be 25 to 35 years old.
Prohibitions:
Commercial surrogacy is banned under this Act.
Any form of payment to the surrogate mother beyond medical expenses and insurance coverage is prohibited.
Penalties:
Engaging in commercial surrogacy can lead to imprisonment up to 10 years and a fine up to Rs 10 lakhs.
Regulatory Bodies:
The Act establishes a National Surrogacy Board at the national level and State Surrogacy Boards at the state level to oversee the implementation of the law.
About the Central Civil Services (Leave) (Amendment) Rules, 2024
The amendment is issued under this notification, exercising the powers conferred by the proviso to Article 309 of theConstitution.
Article 309 provides that acts of the appropriate Legislature may regulate the recruitment and conditions of service of personsappointed to public services and posts in connection with the affairs of the Union or any State.
Authority: The President of India has made these amendments to the Central Civil Services (Leave) Rules, 1972.
Features and Benefits:
Surrogacy Inclusion: These amendments specifically address the needs of surrogacy, providing equitable maternity, paternity, and childcare leave benefits to government employees involved in surrogacy.
Enhanced Leave Entitlements:
Maternity Leave: 180 days for both the surrogate and the commissioning mother.
Paternity Leave: 15 days for the commissioning father within six months of the child’s birth.
Child Care Leave: Available to the commissioning mother. Female government servants and single male government servants are already allowed childcare leave for a maximum of 730 days (2 years!) during their entire service for the care of their two eldest surviving children.
Flexibility and Inclusivity:
The amendments aim to provide more flexible and inclusive leave options for government employees, recognizing diverse family structures and reproductive choices.
Support for Families:
These changes enhance support for government employees, ensuring they can adequately care for their children and family needs, especially in cases of surrogacy.
Administrative Implementation:
The rules simplify the process for applying for and approving leave, ensuring that employees can easily access their entitlements.
Impact:
Employee Well-being: Improved leave policies contribute to better work-life balance and overall well-being for government employees.
Gender Equality: By providing paternity leave and child care leave in surrogacy cases, the rules promote gender equality and shared parenting responsibilities.
Organizational Efficiency: Streamlined leave procedures and clear guidelines help maintain productivity and efficiency within government departments.
PYQ:
[2020] In the context of recent advances in human reproductive technology, “Pronuclear Transfer” is used for:
(a) fertilization of egg in vitro by the donor sperm
(b) genetic modification of sperm-producing cells
(c) development of stem cells into functional embryos
(d) prevention of mitochondrial diseases in offspring
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Economic difficulties in Male
Why in the news?
Amid mounting domestic and foreign policy challenges in Male, Mohamed Muizzu appears to be seeking reconciliation with India.
Economic Difficulties in Maldives
Debt Burden: Maldives faces severe economic strain with a debt-to-GDP ratio of 110% and significant debt servicing obligations, including around $512 million annually in 2024 and 2025.
Foreign Reserves: Foreign reserves are critically low at $622 million, insufficient to cover debt maturities and sustain imports amid rising inflation.
Dependence on Imports: Heavy reliance on imports for essential goods exacerbates economic vulnerabilities, particularly amidst food and fuel inflation.
Revenue Generation: The government struggles with low domestic revenue generation capacity, further complicating fiscal management and debt sustainability.
Diversification Efforts: Efforts to diversify economic partnerships beyond traditional allies like India and China reflect a strategy to mitigate economic dependencies and attract diverse investments.
What do the ties between India and China imply?
Geopolitical Competition: India and China’s engagements in countries like the Maldives reflect a broader competition for influence in the Indian Ocean region. Both countries strategically invest in infrastructure and security partnerships to enhance their regional foothold.
Economic Leverage: China’s substantial investments in the Maldives, including infrastructure projects under the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), provide economic leverage but also raise concerns about debt sustainability and strategic dependencies.
Strategic Alignment: While India emphasizes developmental assistance and strategic partnerships focused on security and governance, China’s engagements often prioritize infrastructure development and economic cooperation, reflecting different strategic priorities.
Regional Stability: Both India and China play pivotal roles in ensuring stability and security in the Indian Ocean region. Their respective approaches influence regional dynamics and perceptions among neighbouring countries regarding economic partnerships and security alignments.
India’s stand
Balanced Approach: India continues to engage with the Maldives despite geopolitical shifts and maintains a stance of constructive diplomacy, offering economic support and emphasizing mutual respect.
Long-term Engagement: Inviting President Muizzu to Prime Minister Modi’s swearing-in signals India’s commitment to long-term bilateral relations and stability in the Indian Ocean region.
Strategic Importance: India views the Maldives as crucial for maritime security and regional stability, underpinning its continued diplomatic efforts and economic assistance.
Conclusion: India can increase its economic assistance to the Maldives through grants, concessional loans, and capacity-building initiatives aimed at improving fiscal management and revenue generation capabilities. And focus on projects that enhance infrastructure resilience, promote sustainable development, and support economic diversification efforts beyond traditional sectors.
Mains PYQ:
Q Discuss the political developments in Maldives in the last two years. Should they be of any cause of concern to India? (UPSC IAS/2013)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Finance commission
Mains level: 16th Finance Commission can catalyse municipal-level financial reforms
Why in the news?
With the new Lok Sabha and Union government in place, this final piece focuses on how the 16th Finance Commission can drive substantive public finance reforms for India’s cities.
Note: The Sixteenth Finance Commission has been requested to make its recommendations available by October 31, 2025, covering an award period of 5 years commencing 1st April, 2026.
16th Finance Commission can catalyse municipal-level financial reforms
Strengthening State Finance Commissions: The Commission should emphasize the need for state governments to constitute state finance commissions on time, provide them with adequate resources, and ensure their recommendations are taken seriously.
Fiscal Decentralization: The 16th FC should recommend a formula-based approach for predictable fiscal transfers from state governments to municipalities, moving away from the current practice of ad hoc, discretionary grants. This will enhance the financial autonomy of urban local bodies.
Revenue Optimization: The Commission should incentivize municipalities to enhance their own revenues through measures like property tax reforms, user charges, and leveraging land assets. This will reduce their dependence on state grants and promote fiscal responsibility.
Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management: The 16th FC can provide incentives for municipalities to adopt fiscal responsibility and budget management frameworks to accelerate municipal borrowings for infrastructure development. This will enable cities to access capital markets for financing their growth.
Transparency and Citizen Participation: The 16th FC can encourage municipalities to enhance transparency and citizen participation in urban governance for improved accountability at the neighbourhood level. This will make urban local bodies more responsive to the needs of citizens.
Need for the Reforms
Inadequate Funding and Resource Utilization: Indian cities face significant financial shortfalls and struggle to effectively utilize the funds they have, leading to underdeveloped infrastructure and services.
Lack of Accountability: There is minimal accountability regarding how municipal spending improves citizens’ lives, resulting in inefficient use of resources and unmet public needs.
Fiscal Decentralization: Cities need predictable fiscal transfers for effective planning, but state governments often delay constituting State Finance Commissions (SFCs) and implementing their recommendations.
Revenue Optimization: Cities underutilize their revenue-generating powers due to outdated valuation processes controlled by state governments. Comprehensive reforms are needed at all stages of revenue collection.
Transparency and Fiscal Responsibility: The legal framework for financial accounting, reporting, and budgeting is inconsistent across states. Standardized formats, mandatory accounting standards, and management accounting systems are necessary to improve transparency and fiscal responsibility.
Activities by State Governments
Timely Constitution and Implementation of State Finance Commissions: State governments must ensure the timely establishment and effective implementation of SFC recommendations to support fiscal decentralization and provide predictable funding to cities.
Updating Valuation Processes: States should regularly update guidance values or circle rates to reflect current market values, enabling cities to optimize revenue collection and ensure financial sustainability.
Enhancing Legal and Institutional Frameworks: States should establish and enforce standardized formats for financial accounting, reporting, and budgeting to ensure consistency, transparency, and comparability across municipalities.
Empowering Local Governments: States should delegate reasonable expenditure authority to city councils, reducing dependency on state-level approvals and enabling more efficient and responsive local governance.
Mandating Transparency and Citizen Participation: States should mandate public disclosure of municipal financial data and project details in machine-readable formats and support the implementation of participatory budgeting to enhance transparency and citizen involvement in governance.
Conclusion: The 16th Finance Commission can drive critical municipal-level financial reforms by strengthening state finance commissions, promoting fiscal decentralization, optimizing revenues, enhancing fiscal responsibility, and encouraging transparency and citizen participation in governance.
Mains PYQ:
Q How is the Finance Commission of India constituted? What do you know about the terms of reference of the recently constituted Finance Commission? Discuss. (15) (UPSC IAS/2018)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: PESA Act
Mains level: How PESA ensures Equitable Representation
Why in the News?
Conservation policies in India have long wrestled with dual conflicts: balancing conservation goals against local communities’ resource extraction needs, and reconciling conservation with the imperative of economic development.
Structural Mandate of Panchayat (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act (PESA):
PESA was passed in 1996 and it mandates local government councils in Scheduled Areas to reserve all chairperson positions and at least half of the seats for Scheduled Tribes (ST).
This legislative framework is designed to empower marginalized communities by giving them a direct say in local governance and resource management.
Implementation in India:
Unlike the 73rd Amendment (which applies to non-Scheduled Areas), PESA ensures mandated representation for STs in decision-making bodies.
Variations in PESA implementation across states highlight challenges and successes in translating legislative intent into effective governance structures.
How it Ensures Equitable Representation:
Impact on Forest Conservation: The study employs a “difference-in-differences” methodology to analyze the effect of PESA on forest cover. Findings indicate that areas with mandated ST representation under PESA experience lower rates of deforestation and higher afforestation rates compared to areas without such representation.
Economic Incentives for Conservation: ST communities, dependent on forest resources for livelihoods, are incentivized to protect forest cover under PESA. This “forest stewardship” mechanism emerges as STs engage in sustainable practices and resist deforestation pressures driven by mining and commercial interests.
On Democratic Decentralization:
Comparison with Administrative Decentralization: The paper distinguishes between administrative decentralization (focused on efficiency) and democratic decentralization. Democratic decentralization, as exemplified by PESA, emphasizes representative and accountable local governance structures with decision-making autonomy over resource management.
Single Umbrella Institution: Advocates for consolidating power into a single, empowered institution that integrates both conservation and development objectives. Such an institution would better navigate the complexities of balancing local economic interests with sustainable conservation practices.
Conclusion: PESA serves as a critical example of how legislative mandates for political representation can drive positive environmental outcomes while addressing socio-economic disparities among forest-dwelling communities in India.
Mains PYQ:
Q What are the two major legal initiatives by the state since Independence, addressing discrimination against Scheduled Tribes (ST)? (UPSC IAS/2017)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Power markets working and Power exchanges in India
Why in the news?
Amid rising summer demand, the government has permitted the trading of excess electricity produced from “linkage coal” within the nation’s power markets.
What is the Power Market?
A power market is a platform where electricity is bought and sold, enabling generators and consumers to trade electricity based on market-driven prices and conditions.
Types of Markets related to Power exchanges in India include:
Spot Markets: These include real-time markets (RTM) and day-ahead markets (DAM). RTM allows for immediate buying and selling of electricity, while DAM involves bidding for electricity to be delivered the next day.
Term-Ahead Markets: These markets facilitate trades for longer durations, ranging from hours to several days in advance, providing more certainty and planning for market participants.
Their working and Power exchanges in India
Market Operation: Power exchanges in India operate as platforms where electricity generators (sellers) and consumers (buyers) participate in trading electricity. Generators submit offers indicating the quantity of electricity they can supply at various prices, while buyers submit bids indicating the quantity they wish to purchase at various prices.
Renewable Energy Certificates (REC): Power exchanges also manage the trading of Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs). RECs represent the environmental attributes of renewable electricity generated and can be sold to utilities to meet their renewable purchase obligations (RPOs).
Regulation: Power exchanges are regulated by the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) in India. The regulatory framework ensures fair and transparent trading practices, oversees market operations and sets rules to promote market integrity.
Market Dominance: The Indian Energy Exchange (IEX) is the dominant power exchange in India, handling the majority of electricity trading volume. Other exchanges include Power Exchange India Limited (PXIL) and Hindustan Power Exchange Ltd (HPX), though IEX holds more than 90% of the market share.
Their advantages
Flexibility: Enables generators to respond swiftly to fluctuating electricity demand by selling surplus power at market-driven prices, enhancing grid stability.
Efficiency: Optimizes utilization of coal-based power generation assets, minimizing wastage and maximizing revenue through market-based transactions.
Transparency: Promotes transparent pricing mechanisms in the electricity sector, fostering competitive market dynamics and benefiting consumers with potentially lower electricity costs.
The Road Ahead for Power Exchanges:
Market Coupling: It matches bids from different power exchanges to discover a uniform market clearing price, promoting efficiency and reducing price disparities across regions.It enhances price discovery, market stability, and regional grid integration by providing a reliable reference price for policymakers.
Capacity Markets: It compensates generators for maintaining available capacity, incentivizing investment in reliable generation infrastructure. They ensure long-term grid reliability, especially during peak demand periods, aligning India’s power market with international standards and attracting investment.
International Alignment and Competitiveness: India’s adoption of advanced market structures (like market coupling and capacity markets) aims to align with mature international markets.These developments can foster greater competition, attract investment, and enhance overall sector efficiency and reliability.
Mains PYQ:
Q Write a note on India’s green energy corridor to alleviate the problem of conventional energy. (UPSC IAS/2013)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Present Himalayan states
Mains level: Problems Associated with Lack of Political Will on Environmental Governance
Why in the news?
As a new term begins for the government and the Lok Sabha, it must prioritize environmental concerns. No government has ever truly prioritized the environment, and the last one, focused on development, actively harmed it.
Present Himalayan states
The Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) encompasses the portion of the Himalayas located within India, extending across thirteen Indian States and Union Territories, including Ladakh, Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, West Bengal, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Tripura, Assam, and Arunachal Pradesh.
Problems Associated with Lack of Political Will on Environmental Governance
Neglect of Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation: Inadequate actions to reduce carbon emissions and build climate resilience.And failure to address the remediation aspects of climate change, such as food security and disaster preparedness.
Degradation of Forest Cover: Significant decline in both quantitative and qualitative forest cover.Recent legislation weakening forest protections, leading to further environmental damage.
Deteriorating Urban Environments: Severe air pollution and water scarcity in major cities, adversely affect public health.Poor sewage treatment infrastructure, resulting in heavily polluted rivers and water bodies.
Environmental Degradation in the Himalayas: Rapid glacial melting and altered weather patterns threatening water and food security. Government inaction on local environmental protests and concerns highlights a disconnect between policy and grassroots needs.
Ineffective Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA): EIAs are reduced to mere formalities, failing to prevent environmentally harmful projects.Dilution of EIA regulations and lack of meaningful stakeholder engagement, compromising environmental protection efforts.
How This Can Be Restored?
Enhanced Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA): Strengthen EIA mechanisms, elevate them to statutory status, and ensure they are thorough and transparent to prevent projects from causing environmental harm.
Restoration Projects: Initiate large-scale conservation and restoration projects for glaciers, forests, and rivers in the Himalayan region.
Community Involvement: Actively involve local communities and stakeholders in decision-making processes to ensure their concerns and knowledge are integrated into policy-making.
Strict Enforcement of Environmental Laws: Improve enforcement of existing environmental regulations and increase penalties for violations to deter harmful activities.
Sustainable Development Policies: Develop and implement policies that balance development with environmental conservation, ensuring long-term ecological health and resilience.
Revised Legislation: Reassess and amend legislation like the Forest (Conservation) Amendment Bill, 2023, to provide stronger protections for natural habitats.
Resilience Building: Invest in infrastructure and programs aimed at enhancing resilience against climate change impacts, such as improved water management systems and disaster preparedness plans.
Government steps taken:
The National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem (NMSHE) was launched as part of India’s National Action Plan on Climate Change to holistically address the vulnerabilities of the Himalayan ecosystem.
Under NMSHE, the government has developed a common framework and methodology for climate vulnerability and risk assessment across 12 Himalayan states.
The government has also established the “G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment & Development” to focus on sustainable development and environmental conservation in the Indian Himalayan Region.
Conclusion: To achieve Sustainable Development Goal 13 (Climate Action), India must enhance environmental governance, prioritize climate resilience, and enforce robust conservation policies to protect the Indian Himalayan Region and its ecosystems.
Mains PYQ:
Q Climate change is a global problem. How India will be affected by climate change? How Himalayan and coastal states of India will be affected by climate change? (15) (UPSC IAS/2017)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: The major challenges that Indian Railways face
Why in the news?
The turmoil has not subsided since the tragic accident involving the GFCJ container train, which, while travelling at high speed, collided with the 13174 Agartala-Sealdah Kanchanjunga Express, resulting in 11 deaths and approximately 40 injuries.
Indian Railways: Recent Issues
Tragic Accident: The GFCJ container train collided with the 13174 Agartala-Sealdah Kanchanjunga Express, causing 11 deaths and around 40 injuries.
Premature Conclusions: The Chairperson of the Railway Board prematurely blamed the container train crew and provided incorrect information about casualties.
Slow Rollout of Kavach System: Kavach, an indigenous signalling system to prevent collisions, has been slowly implemented due to limited industrial capacity.
Staffing Issues: Indian Railways is overstaffed but has critical vacancies in safety-sensitive positions, leading to stress and overwork for existing staff.
Ambiguous Protocols: Ambiguous rules for handling Automatic signal failures create confusion and increase the risk of accidents.
What are the major challenges that Indian Railways faces?
Safety Concerns: Inadequate measures to prevent collisions and improve overall safety, despite technological advancements.
Staffing Shortages: Critical vacancies in essential roles such as loco pilots, train managers, and signal maintainers, lead to overworked staff.
Slow Technological Implementation: Delayed implementation of safety technologies like the Kavach system due to limited industrial capacity and lack of focus.
Ambiguous Safety Protocols: Poorly drafted rules and unclear protocols for handling signal failures and emergencies.
Managerial and Communication Issues: Premature conclusions and miscommunication by top management, undermine trust and effective crisis management.
What can be the solution?
Enhanced Safety Protocols: Strengthen and clarify protocols for Automatic signal failures and other emergency situations.
Accelerated Technology Adoption: Fast-track the implementation of safety technologies like the Kavach system, with targets of 4,000 to 5,000 km/year.
Increase Recruitment in Critical Areas: Fill vacancies in essential safety roles promptly to reduce stress and workload on existing staff.
Encourage Industrial Capacity Building: Support and incentivize allied industries to increase capacity for producing and implementing safety technologies.
AI-Enabled Safety Monitoring: Implement AI-enabled applications to analyze digital data from station loggers and train microprocessors for actionable safety insights.
Focus on Managerial Accountability: Ensure that managerial issues are thoroughly investigated and addressed to improve overall safety management.
Steps taken by the government:
The government has established the Rashtriya Rail Sanraksha Kosh (RRSK), a dedicated fund with a corpus of Rs. 1 lakh crore over 5 years, to finance critical safety asset replacement, renewal, and upgradation.
The government has implemented Electrical/Electronic Interlocking Systems at 6,427 stations as of May 2023, which centrally operate points and signals to eliminate human error-related accidents.
Conclusion: Strengthen and clarify safety protocols for handling signal failures and emergencies, ensuring clear guidelines and training for staff. Fast-track the implementation of safety technologies like the Kavach system, setting annual targets of 4,000 to 5,000 km to improve overall safety and prevent collisions.
Mains PYQ:
Q Why is Public Private Partnership (PPP) required in infrastructural projects? Examine the role of PPP model in the redevelopment of Railway Stations in India. (UPSC IAS/2022)
India’s last census was conducted in 2011, and the scheduled Census 2021 has been indefinitely postponed, citing the COVID-19 pandemic. This delay has significant implications for welfare schemes and policy planning reliant on accurate population data.
Significance of Census Calculation
Foundation for Policy Planning and Governance: Census data forms the foundational basis for policy planning and governance across various sectors such as education, healthcare, infrastructure development, and social welfare.
Allocation of Resources and Welfare Benefits: Census figures are crucial for determining the allocation of resources and distribution of welfare benefits like food subsidies, housing schemes, healthcare facilities, and educational resources.
Monitoring Socio-Economic Development: Census data enables monitoring of socio-economic development indicators over time, such as literacy rates, employment patterns, poverty levels, and household incomes.
Present Observations:
Global Comparison: India is among a minority of countries (44 out of 233) that have not conducted the latest census, despite most nations managing to proceed with their census rounds after March 2020, amidst the pandemic. This delay places India alongside conflict-affected countries and those facing economic crises.
Regional Context: Among BRICS nations, India is the only country yet to conduct its latest census, contrasting with others such as Brazil, China, South Africa, and Russia, which have completed their census rounds during or after the pandemic.
Dependency on Census Data: Census data serves as the primary source for accurate demographic information at grassroots levels, crucial for planning and implementing welfare schemes across various sectors, including education, healthcare, and social security.
Implications for Society:
Welfare Scheme Implementation: The absence of updated census figures hampers the effective implementation of welfare schemes such as the Public Distribution System (PDS), National Family Health Survey, and National Family Security Act. Outdated population data from 2011 leads to inaccuracies in identifying beneficiaries, potentially excluding millions from essential services and entitlements.
Education and Social Development: Schemes like the Eklavya Model Residential School (EMRS), aimed at providing quality education to Scheduled Tribe (ST) children, are adversely affected. Allocation decisions based on 2011 census data may not accurately reflect current demographic realities, leading to misplaced resource distribution and missed opportunities for targeted interventions.
Economic and Social Planning: Census data plays a pivotal role in economic planning, resource allocation, and policy formulation. Without updated population figures, India faces challenges in devising evidence-based policies that address regional disparities, socio-economic needs, and demographic shifts effectively.
Conclusion: The indefinite postponement of Census 2021 in India has profound implications for governance, socio-economic planning, and equitable development. Addressing these challenges requires expedited efforts to conduct the census and ensure accurate demographic data to inform inclusive policy frameworks.
Mains question for practice:
Q Discuss the present observations regarding India’s census delay and analyze its implications. 15M
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: GST Council
Mains level: Powers and Functions of GST Council
Why in the news?
The 53rd meeting of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) Council convened in Delhi, chaired by Nirmala Sitharaman, Union Minister for Finance and Corporate Affairs, on Saturday, June 22nd.
What is the GST Council?
The GST Council is a constitutional body established under Article 279A of the amended Constitution of India.
It is a joint forum consisting of the Union Finance Minister (as Chairperson), the Union Minister of State for Finance, and representatives from each state and Union Territory (UT) with legislatures.
The Council is responsible for making recommendations on issues related to GST, including tax rates, exemptions, and model GST laws.
Powers and Functions of the GST Council
Recommendations on GST Issues: The Council advises the Union and State Governments on matters related to the goods and services tax.
Tax Rates: It decides on the rates of GST applicable to goods and services, including any modifications or exemptions.
Dispute Resolution: It addresses disputes that may arise between the Union and States or among States regarding GST.
Administrative Changes: The Council can recommend administrative changes to improve the efficiency of GST implementation.
Review and Revision: Periodically review GST rates and provisions to align with economic realities and policy objectives.
Evolution of the GST Council since its inception:
Formation and Initial Years: Established in 2016 after the passage of the 122nd Constitutional Amendment Act. The Council began functioning in 2017 when GST was implemented nationwide.
Operational Efficiency: Over the years, the Council has evolved to streamline decision-making processes, including real-time discussions and consensus-building among members.
Expansion of Scope: Initially focusing on setting basic tax rates and exemptions, the Council’s scope expanded to include amendments to GST laws and procedural changes.
Judicial Scrutiny: In 2022, the Supreme Court clarified that the Council’s recommendations are not binding but reflect collaborative efforts between the Union and States.
Adaptation to Challenges: Adapted to economic fluctuations, pandemic challenges (like the postponement of GST filing deadlines during COVID-19), and evolving sectoral needs.
Interstate Dynamics: The voting structure of the Council, with states collectively having a two-thirds voting share, underscores its federal and cooperative nature.
Conclusion: The GST Council, pivotal since 2017, advises on GST matters, sets tax rates, resolves disputes, and evolves with economic shifts. Its federal structure ensures collaborative decision-making for efficient tax administration in India.
Mains PYQ:
Q Enumerate the indirect taxes which have been subsumed in the Goods and Services Tax (GST) in India. Also, comment on the revenue implications of the GST introduced in India since July 2017. (UPSC IAS/2019)
Recently a study was conducted on Prompt Fission Neutron Spectrum (PFNS) by the US. This study holds significance for design updates in India’s second stage of its nuclear power programme.
India’s Progress in Nuclear Energy
On March 4, India advanced to the second stage of its nuclear power programme by beginning the core-loading process of the Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) at the Madras Atomic Power Station in Kalpakkam.
India’s 3-stage Nuclear Power Program:
Description
Timeline
Stage 1
Relies on pressurized heavy water reactors (PHWRs) using natural uranium as fuel.
Initiated in the 1950s;
Operational since the 1960s
Stage 2
Focuses on developing fast breeder reactors (FBRs) using plutonium-239 produced in Stage 1.
Initiated in the 1970s;
Development phase
Stage 3
Involves the development of thorium-based reactors utilizing India’s significant thorium reserves.
Initiated in the late 1980s/early 1990s;
Research & Development phase
What is Prompt Fission Neutron Spectrum (PFNS)?
Definition: PFNS refers to neutrons emitted right after a Pu-240 nucleus captures a neutron but before it reaches a stable state.
Previous Studies: To date, only one study has investigated PFNS for Pu-240-induced fission at 0.85 mega-electron-volt (MeV). Recently, researchers in the U.S. conducted a second study with neutrons of higher energy than 0.85 MeV.
New Findings: The findings reveal significant differences between predicted and measured PFNS, aiding reactor designers and nuclear medicine practitioners.
About Plutonium-240 and its Fission
Neutron Capture: When a Pu-239 nucleus captures a neutron, it can either undergo fission or become Pu-240.
Pu-240 is common in nuclear reactors and nuclear weapon test fallout.
Pu-240 Behavior: Pu-240 capturing a neutron typically turns into Pu-241.
If Pu-240 undergoes fission, there’s uncertainty about the energy of its fission products.
Current models use complex calculations to estimate this output.
Do you know?
Plutonium is created from Uranium-238 in nuclear reactors.
Plutonium-239 is a weapon-grade fissile material (i.e. used to make nuclear weapons).
Pu-239 and Pu-240 are by-products of nuclear reactor operations and nuclear bomb explosions.
Relevance of PFNS Study to India’s PFBR
PFBR Use: The PFBR uses plutonium from CANDU (Canada Deuterium Uranium) reactor spent fuel, which contains Pu-240. Reprocessed PFBR spent fuel will also contain Pu-240.
Importance of New Data: New data on Pu-240 behaviour is essential for improving reactor efficiency and safety.
Production and Characteristics of Pu-240
Creation of Pu-239: Pu-239 is created when U-238 is exposed to neutrons in a reactor. As Pu-239 captures neutrons, it turns into Pu-240, which builds up over time.
Spontaneous Fission: Pu-240 undergoes spontaneous fission, emitting alpha particles, and is considered a contaminant in weapons-grade plutonium, where its composition is kept below 7%.
Reactor-Grade Plutonium: Plutonium with more than 19% Pu-240 is classified as reactor-grade.
Experimental Findings on PFNS
Research at LANSCE: Researchers at Los Alamos Neutron Science Centre (LANSCE) conducted tests by bombarding a pure Pu-240 sample with neutrons of 0.01-800 MeV energy.
Detection Setup: The setup included liquid scintillators to detect emitted particles, using a small Pu-240 sample to minimize alpha particle emission.
Measurement Focus: They measured the energies of neutrons and other fission products, focusing on neutron-induced fission data.
PYQ:
[2023] Consider the following statements:
Statement-I: India, despite having uranium deposits, depends on coal for most its electricity production.
Statement-II: Uranium, enriched to the extent at of least 60%, is required for the production of electricity.
Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?
(a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I
(b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-1
(c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect
(d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct
