Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Genomic Medicine
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Over the past two decades, genomics and the use of genetic information in healthcare have undergone significant transformations.
- Once limited to major research centers, personal genome sequencing has become widely accessible, empowering individuals with detailed knowledge of their genetic makeup.
What is genome sequencing?
- Genome sequencing is the process of determining the complete DNA sequence of an organism’s genome.
- The genome is the entire set of genetic material (DNA in the case of most organisms) that provides the instructions for building, maintaining, and functioning of the organism.
- Genome sequencing involves identifying the order of nucleotides (adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine) in an organism’s DNA.
Applications of Personal Genome Sequencing
- Disease Risk Assessment: Personal genome sequencing can identify genetic variants associated with an increased risk of certain diseases, such as cardiovascular conditions, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders.
- Pharmacogenomics: Personal genome sequencing helps predict how an individual will respond to specific medications, allowing for the customization of drug prescriptions based on genetic factors.
- Cancer Genomics: Personal genome sequencing of cancer cells helps identify specific mutations driving tumor growth.
- Rare Genetic Disorders: Personal genome sequencing is a powerful tool for diagnosing rare genetic disorders, particularly in cases where traditional diagnostic methods may be inconclusive.
- Reproductive Health: Couples planning to have children can undergo personal genome sequencing to assess the risk of passing on genetic conditions to their offspring.
- Forensic Identification: Personal genome sequencing can be used in forensics for human identification and the resolution of criminal investigations.
- Research and Scientific Discovery: Aggregated personal genomic data from large populations contribute to ongoing research, advancing our understanding of the genetic basis of diseases and human biology.
Case Study: Iceland’s Genetics Research
- Iceland’s Unique Demographics: Iceland’s historical demographic isolation and early initiation of population-level genome sequencing have made it a focal point in genetics research.
- Research on Lifespan and Genetic Variants: A study in Iceland suggested that actionable incidental genetic variants could potentially improve lifespan, with significant findings related to cancer-related genotypes.
Future of Genome Sequencing and Healthcare
- Increasing Accessibility: As genome sequencing becomes more accessible and affordable, regular population-scale sequencing and newborn sequencing initiatives are becoming more feasible.
- Benefits for Population Health: Widespread implementation of these programs could provide medically actionable insights, enabling proactive and effective disease treatment and prevention.
- Advancements in Technology: Current genome sequencing technologies, often referred to as second-generation sequencing, have limitations in handling repetitive sequences and resolving structural variations. Third-generation sequencing technologies, such as single-molecule sequencing, are expected to overcome these challenges and provide longer read lengths, improving the accuracy and completeness of genome sequences.
Conclusion
- The advancements in genomics are paving the way for a more proactive and personalized approach to healthcare, with significant potential for disease prevention and management.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Health Tax
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Public health researchers recommend a health tax of 20% to 30% on sugar, sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), and high-fat, salt, and sugar (HFSS) products, in addition to the existing GST.
- The recommendation stems from a UNICEF-funded project, aiming to influence policies to reduce sugar consumption.
Study Insights and Recommendations
- Targeting Bulk Consumers: The study suggests taxing bulk consumers like confectionery manufacturers, rather than household sugar purchases.
- Definition of Sugar: The study includes all forms of refined, unrefined sugar, and gur (brown cane sugar) used by manufacturers.
- Impact on Manufacturers: Manufacturers, who buy up to 55% of India’s annual sugar production, are expected to be more price-sensitive than households.
Tax Implications and Demand Reduction
- Niti Aayog’s Interest: Niti Aayog is exploring the impact of health taxes and warning labels on food products to promote healthy eating in India.
- Current and Proposed Tax Rates: Sugar is currently taxed at 18% GST. The proposed additional tax could raise the total tax to 38-48%.
- Price Elasticity Metric: The study uses ‘Price Elasticity’ to estimate demand reduction. A 10% price increase could lead to a 2% demand reduction for households and a 13-18% reduction for manufacturers.
- Health Tax on Beverages and HFSS Products: A 10-30% health tax on SSBs could decrease demand by 7-30%, while a similar tax on HFSS products might lead to a 5-24% decline.
Government Revenue and Public Health Impact
- Increase in Tax Revenues: Additional taxes could boost government revenues by 12-200% across different scenarios.
- Current Tax Rates on Products: Sugar attracts 18% GST, SSBs 28% GST plus 12% cess, and HFSS products 12% GST.
- Public Health Benefits: Higher taxes on unhealthy foods could reduce obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and certain cancers.
India’s Sugar Consumption and Health Risks
- India’s Sugar Intake: India is the world’s largest sugar consumer, with an average consumption of 25 kg per person per year, exceeding WHO recommendations.
- Rise in Sugar-Related Health Issues: There has been a significant increase in the sale of aerated drinks and HFSS food products, contributing to obesity and diabetes.
Taxation and Reformulation
- Encouraging Product Reformulation: The proposed tax rate is linked to sugar volume, encouraging manufacturers to reduce sugar content in products.
- Taxing Sugar Replacements: The study also recommends taxing artificial sweeteners to prevent manufacturers from switching to cheaper, unhealthy alternatives.
Global Precedents and Outcomes
- Health Tax Implementation Worldwide: Over 70 countries, including Mexico, Chile, and South Africa, have implemented health taxes on sugar and related products.
- Positive Outcomes in Mexico: In Mexico, the taxation on SSBs led to decreased consumption of taxed beverages and a reduction in mean BMI among younger age groups.
Conclusion
- Potential for Health Improvement: Imposing a health tax on sugar and related products could significantly contribute to public health improvement in India.
- Consideration of Economic Factors: The success of such a policy will depend on balancing health benefits with economic impacts on consumers and manufacturers.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: OTT Regulation
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The Centre’s new draft Broadcasting Services (Regulation) Bill, 2023, aims to revamp the regulatory framework for the broadcasting sector in India.
- The Bill extends regulatory oversight from conventional television services to OTT platforms, digital content, and emerging technologies.
Key Provisions of the Draft Bill
- Single Legal Framework: The Bill seeks to establish a unified legal structure for various broadcasting services, replacing the three-decade-old Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Act.
- Mandatory Registration and Self-Regulation: It introduces mandatory registration for broadcasting services, the creation of content evaluation committees for self-regulation, and establishment of programme and advertisement codes.
- Three-Tier Regulatory Mechanism: The Bill proposes a three-tier regulatory structure, including self-regulation by broadcasters, self-regulatory organizations, and a Broadcast Advisory Council.
Government’s Objectives and Concerns Raised
- Ease of Doing Business: The government claims the Bill will enhance ease of doing business and update the regulatory framework to match the sector’s evolving needs.
- Freedom of Speech Concerns: However, there are apprehensions about potential censorship and infringement on freedom of speech, especially for digital media.
Specifics of the Draft Bill
- Intimation of Operations: The Bill requires formal registration or intimation to the government for broadcasting services, with exceptions for entities like Prasar Bharati.
- Modern Broadcasting Definitions: It includes definitions for broadcasting, broadcasting networks, and network operators, encompassing internet broadcasting networks like IPTV and OTT services.
- Content Quality and Accessibility: Broadcasters must adhere to yet-to-be-defined Programme and Advertisement Codes and classify their content for viewer discretion. The Bill also emphasizes accessibility for persons with disabilities.
Self-Regulation and Government Oversight
- Content Evaluation Committees: Broadcasters must establish committees with diverse representation for content certification, except for shows exempted by the government.
- Broadcast Advisory Council: An advisory council will oversee regulation implementation, with the power to make recommendations to the government.
Inspection, Seizure, and Penalties
- Inspection Rights: The Centre and authorized officers can inspect broadcasting networks and services, raising concerns about government overreach.
- Penalties for Non-Compliance: The Bill includes penalties like removal of shows, apologies, off-air periods, or cancellation of registration for non-compliance.
Concerns and Critiques
- Digital Rights and Free Speech: Organizations like the Internet Freedom Foundation express concerns about the Bill’s impact on online free speech and creative expression.
- Ambiguity and Rule-Making: The Bill’s numerous instances of “as may be prescribed” or “as notified by the Government” create uncertainty for stakeholders.
- Impact on Digital Platforms: Experts highlight the need for careful consideration of the Bill’s impact on online content creators and the digital space’s dynamism.
Conclusion
- The bill, represents a significant shift in India’s broadcasting sector regulation, aiming to encompass modern digital platforms while raising critical questions about content regulation, freedom of expression, and government oversight.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Census of India
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Initially planned for 2020, the Census exercise is now postponed to at least October 2024, considering the time required for preparatory activities post-boundary setting.
- The delay also postpones the implementation of the law reserving 33% of seats for women in Parliament and State Assemblies, which is contingent on Census completion.
About the Census of India
- The decennial Census of India has been conducted 16 times, as of 2021.
- While it has been undertaken every 10 years, beginning in 1872 under British Viceroy Lord Mayo, the first complete census was taken in 1881.
- Post 1949, it has been conducted by the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India under the Ministry of Home Affairs.
- All the censuses since 1951 were conducted under the Census of India Act, 1948.
- The last census was held in 2011, whilst the next was to be held in 2021.
Background of Women’s Reservation Delay
- 128th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2023: Known as the Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam, this Act mandates one-third reservation for women, effective post-delimitation based on the latest Census.
- Presidential Assent and Delimitation: The Act, receiving Presidential assent in September 2023, awaits the delimitation exercise, which depends on the new Census data.
Census Delays and COVID-19 Impact
- Historical Consistency: India has conducted a Census every decade since 1881, with the latest phase initially set for April 2020.
- COVID-19 Pandemic Disruption: The pandemic necessitated the postponement of the Census, leading to continued reliance on 2011 data for policy and subsidy decisions.
- Lack of Clarity in Recent Notifications: Recent notifications have not specified reasons for the delay, moving away from earlier attributions to the pandemic.
Census Preparation and Questionnaire Status
- Houselisting and Housing Schedule: The first phase questionnaire was notified in January 2020, including 31 questions.
- Population Enumeration Phase: The second phase, with 28 finalized questions, awaits official notification.
Delay in Vital Statistics Reports
- Non-Release of Recent Reports: The RGI and Census Commissioner’s office have not released reports on births, deaths, and causes of deaths for 2021, 2022, and 2023.
- Importance of Vital Statistics: These reports are crucial for planning and evaluating health care, family planning, and educational programs.
- Last Released Reports: The latest available reports cover up to the year 2020, including new codes for COVID-19 related deaths.
Conclusion
- Evidence-based policymaking amidst delays: The extended timeline for the Census necessitates strategic planning to ensure accurate data collection and analysis.
- Awaiting Women’s Reservation Implementation: The delay underscores the need for adaptive measures to implement the women’s reservation law effectively once the Census is completed.
- Broader Implications for Governance: The postponement affects various aspects of governance and policy-making, highlighting the importance of timely and accurate demographic data.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Finance Commission
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The Centre has appointed Arvind Panagariya, a renowned trade economist and former Niti Aayog vice chairman, as the chairman of the Sixteenth Finance Commission.
Who is Arvind Panagariya?
- Panagariya is a professor at Columbia University.
- He served as the first vice chairman of the Niti Aayog from 2015 to 2017, succeeding the Planning Commission.
About Finance Commission
- Establishment: The Finance Commission (FC) of India was established by the President in 1951 under Article 280 of the Indian Constitution.
- Purpose: Its primary role is to define and regulate the financial relations between the central government and the individual state governments.
- Legislative Framework: The Finance Commission (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act, 1951, further outlines the qualifications, appointment, disqualification, term, eligibility, and powers of the Finance Commission.
- Composition: Appointed every five years, the FC comprises a chairman and four other members.
- Evolution: Since the First FC, changes in India’s macroeconomic landscape have significantly influenced the Commission’s recommendations.
Constitutional Provisions
- Article 268: Facilitates the levy of duties by the Centre, with collection and retention by the States.
- Article 280: Outlines the FC’s composition, qualifications for members, and its terms of reference. It mandates the FC to recommend the distribution of net tax proceeds between the Union and States and the allocation among States. It also addresses the financial relations between the Union and States and the devolution of unplanned revenue resources.
Key Functions of the Finance Commission
- Tax Devolution: Recommends how net tax proceeds should be distributed between the Center and States.
- Grants-in-Aid: Determines the principles governing these grants to States.
- Augmenting State Funds: Advises on measures to enhance the States’ Consolidated Funds to support local bodies and panchayats, based on State Finance Commissions’ recommendations.
- Other Financial Functions: Addresses any other financial matters referred by the President.
Members of the Finance Commission
- Structure and Standards: The Finance Commission (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act, 1951, provides a structured format and global standards for the FC.
- Qualifications and Powers: Specifies rules for members’ qualifications, disqualification, appointment, term, eligibility, and powers.
- Composition: The Chairman is chosen for their experience in public affairs. The other members are selected based on their judicial experience, knowledge of government finances, administrative and financial expertise, or special economic knowledge.
Challenges for the 16th Finance Commission
- Overlap with GST Council: The coexistence with the GST Council, a permanent constitutional body, presents a new challenge.
- Conflict of Interest: Decisions by the GST Council on tax rates could impact the FC’s revenue-sharing calculations.
- Feasibility of Recommendations: While the Centre often adopts the FC’s suggestions on tax devolution and fiscal targets, other recommendations may be overlooked.
Major Outstanding Recommendations
- Fiscal Council Creation: The 15th FC proposed a Fiscal Council for collective macro-fiscal management, but the government has shown reluctance.
- Non-Lapsable Fund for Internal Security: Though the Centre agreed ‘in principle’ to establish this fund, its implementation details are pending.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Genocide Convention, 1948
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- South Africa has petitioned the International Court of Justice (ICJ) to declare Israel in breach of the 1948 Genocide Convention.
Genocide Convention, 1948
|
Details |
| Full Name |
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide |
| Adoption Date |
December 9, 1948 |
| Primary Aim |
To prevent and punish the crime of genocide |
| Definition of Genocide |
Acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial, or religious group |
| Key Provisions |
Includes killing or causing harm to members of a group, deliberately inflicting destructive conditions, imposing measures to prevent births, and forcibly transferring children |
| Punishable Acts |
Genocide, conspiracy, incitement, attempt, and complicity in genocide |
| Implementation and Enforcement |
States must enact legislation to give effect to the Convention’s provisions and provide penalties for perpetrators;
Genocide recognized as a crime under international law |
| Historical Context |
Created post-Holocaust and World War II as a global commitment against atrocities |
| Legal Framework Impact |
Established legal basis for defining and prosecuting genocide, influencing international criminal law |
| India’s Involvement |
Ratified by India on August 27, 1959;
Principles incorporated into India’s domestic legal system |
South Africa’s Stance and Actions
- Preventive Obligation: Following its application to the ICJ, South Africa stated its obligation to prevent genocide, seeking urgent provisional measures to halt violence in Gaza.
- Israel’s Response: Israel has strongly condemned South Africa’s accusations, terming them as “blood libel.”
- Potential Impact of ICJ Ruling: Even if the ICJ issues provisional measures, Israel, like Russia in the Ukraine case, may choose to ignore them.
Historical Roots of South Africa’s Position
- Longstanding Criticism of Israel: South Africa has a history of criticizing Israel, including suspending diplomatic relations and expressing solidarity with Palestine.
- Colonialism and Empathy for Palestine: South Africa’s own history of colonialism and apartheid has fostered empathy towards the Palestinian cause.
- Influential Figures: Leaders like Nelson Mandela have historically supported Palestinian rights.
- Resistance to Western Influence: South Africa’s stance is partly influenced by a desire to resist Western-dominated worldviews, evident in its approach to global issues like the Russia-Ukraine conflict.
Economic and Political Considerations
- Trade Relations with Israel: Despite being Israel’s largest African trading partner, South Africa has maintained its support for Palestine.
- Shift in African Nations’ Stance: While many African countries have softened their stance towards Israel, South Africa remains steadfast due to the ANC’s anti-discrimination roots and resistance to Western hegemony.
Conclusion
- Balancing Trade and Ideology: South Africa’s actions reflect a complex interplay of historical empathy, political ideology, and economic considerations in its foreign policy.
- Global Implications: This move at the ICJ underscores the ongoing tensions in international relations, particularly in the context of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and broader geopolitical dynamics.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: X-Ray Polarimeter Satellite (XPoSat)
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The Indian Space Research Organisation has rang in the new year with the launch of the PSLV-C58 X-ray Polarimeter Satellite (XPoSat) mission on January 1, 2024.
About XPoSat Mission
- Orbital Details: XPoSat will operate in a Low Earth Orbit at an altitude of about 650 km, with a low inclination of around 6 degrees.
- Dual Scientific Payloads: The satellite is equipped with two payloads, enabling comprehensive studies of X-ray sources, including their temporal, spectral, and polarization characteristics.
- Mission Goals: XPoSat’s primary objectives include measuring X-ray polarization in the 8-30 keV energy band and conducting long-term studies in the 0.8-15 keV band.
- Mission Lifespan: The satellite is expected to be operational for approximately 5 years.
- Observation Strategy: Observations by XPoSat will primarily occur during the Earth’s eclipse period to maximize efficiency.
Payloads aboard XPoSat
- POLIX – Primary Payload: The Polarimeter Instrument in X-rays (POLIX), developed by Bengaluru’s Raman Research Institute (RRI) with ISRO’s collaboration, is tailored to assess the degree and angle of polarization in medium X-ray energy ranges.
- XSPECT – Secondary Payload: The X-ray Spectroscopy and Timing (XSPECT) payload, created by ISRO’s U.R. Rao Satellite Centre (URSC), will gather spectroscopic data in the 0.8-15 keV range.
Significance of XPoSat
- Polarization refers to the orientation of light waves. X-rays, a form of electromagnetic radiation, can also be polarized.
- Studying it from cosmic sources provides valuable information about the physical conditions and processes occurring in extreme environments, such as around black holes, neutron stars, and supernova remnants.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: na
Mains level: PM Modi’s guarantees vs Rahul Gandhi’s promises
Central idea
Modi’s consolidation of leadership within the BJP presents a challenge to the party’s collective strength. The INDIA alliance struggles to form a united front, lacking a clear leader and shared ideology. Effective communication of Modi’s guarantees, coupled with voter perception of achievements, strengthens his political standing despite opposition attempts.
Key Highlights:
- Narendra Modi’s political dominance within the BJP, sidelining other leaders and making himself the primary focus for voters.
- Modi’s personal guarantees, particularly the promise of a Ram Temple in Ayodhya, shaping the party’s campaign narrative.
- Rahul Gandhi’s emphasis on ideology and the Congress Party’s goal of empowering the common man.
- Voter perception of Modi’s leadership, influenced by achievements such as the G20 meeting and the abrogation of Article 370.
- Challenges faced by the INDIA alliance in forming a cohesive narrative, lacking a clear leader and shared ideology.
Key Challenges:
- Modi’s overwhelming influence within the BJP, potentially sidelining the party’s collective strength.
- The INDIA alliance struggling to present a united front with a shared ideology and leadership.
- The challenge of convincing voters that getting rid of Modi is a crucial political goal.
- Weak response from the alliance to Modi’s guarantees, particularly Rahul Gandhi’s promise of a caste census.
Key Terms:
- Modi’s guarantees
- Ram Temple in Ayodhya
- INDIA alliance
- G20 meeting
- Abrogation of Article 370
- Ideology
- Caste census
Key Phrases:
- “Modi ki guarantee hai” (Modi’s guarantee)
- “Fight for ideology” – Rahul Gandhi’s perspective on the Congress Party’s goal.
- “Destroying democracy” – Alleged reason for getting rid of Modi.
- “Solid than the INDIA alliance” – Describing the stability of BJP and RSS compared to the alliance.
Key Quotes:
- “The foundation of the battle for political power is ideology, and the Congress’s objective is to hand over power to the common man.” – Rahul Gandhi.
Anecdotes:
- Modi’s choice of relatively unknown individuals as chief ministers after sidelining powerful leaders during elections.
- Details of Modi’s inspection tour of the Ram Temple, including the use of a gold coin in a ritual.
Key Statements:
- “Nowadays, when I ask the average voter who he will vote for in next year’s general election, the answer is: Modi.”
- “Rahul Gandhi was speaking at a public rally to commemorate the 139th founding day of the Congress Party and explained his ideology.”
- “The only thing that all the twenty-eight parties in the alliance appear to agree on is that they have a mission to get rid of Modi.”
Key Examples and References:
- Modi’s achievements, such as the G20 meeting and the abrogation of Article 370, influencing voter perception.
- Weak response from the alliance, including promises like Rahul Gandhi’s caste census, compared to Modi’s guarantees.
Key Facts and Data:
- Modi’s success in making himself the central figure for voters in recent months.
- Voter approval of Modi’s leadership based on achievements and promises.
Critical Analysis:
- Examines the shift in BJP dynamics towards Modi’s singular leadership.
- Highlights the contrast between Modi’s effective communication of guarantees and the alliance’s struggle to present a cohesive narrative.
- Addresses the challenge of convincing voters that getting rid of Modi is crucial and the weak response from the alliance.
Way Forward:
- The BJP may need to balance Modi’s leadership with the strength of the party as a whole.
- The INDIA alliance needs a more cohesive narrative, a clear leader, and a shared ideology to present a formidable challenge.
- Emphasizes the importance of effectively countering Modi’s guarantees and presenting a compelling alternative to voters.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: K-shaped recovery
Mains level: importance of looking beyond personal interests and extending kindness to others.
Central idea
The central idea is to prioritize wishing a “Good New Year” over a simple greeting, emphasizing the connection between goodness, happiness, and knowledge. The message underscores the importance of understanding and kindness towards oneself and others, advocating for a collective effort to bridge societal divides and extend compassion in the face of challenges. The call is to make being good a priority, fostering a sense of duty, compassion, and reason in various aspects of life for a positive and inclusive new year.
Key Highlights:
- Emphasizes the importance of wishing a “Good New Year” over a simple “Happy New Year.”
- Connects goodness with happiness and knowledge.
- Urges understanding and kindness towards ourselves and others.
- Quotes Mahatma Gandhi on the importance of collective independence for fostering togetherness.
- Highlights instances of goodness during the Covid-19 pandemic, such as frontline workers and vaccine distribution.
- Stresses the need for harmony across societal divides like caste, class, and religion.
- Raises questions about the inclusion of the poor, disenfranchised, and marginalized in the new year.
Key Challenges:
- The challenge of deepening compassion in a divisive election year.
- The impact of political affiliations on personal identity.
- The difficulty of being good in a profit-driven and outcome-focused society.
- The masking of true selves through sophisticated tools and filters.
Key Terms:
- Good New Year
- Collective independence
- Harmony between reason, spirit, and appetite
- K-shaped recovery
- Compassion
Key Phrases:
- “Goodness, not newness, is happiness.”
- “Being good forces us to look beyond our inner orbit.”
- “Being good, like being a parent or a citizen, can never be the exclusive preserve of one party.”
- “In an age of me, myself and I.”
- “The most authentic version of ourselves is the one we see in the mirror when no one’s looking.”
Key Quotes:
- “A year which can enhance goodness is one in which we work a little harder to understand ourselves and those who are not like us.”
- “Kindness is being human.”
- “Our voting preference is not what makes us human — it’s our being good, our being kind that matters.”
Anecdotes:
- Mention of unsung frontline workers during the Covid-19 pandemic.
- Reference to the distribution of vaccines to countries without access.
- Reflection on moments when the nation acted as a good collective during the pandemic.
Key Statements:
- “A good new year asks us to protect the happiness of all.”
- “Being good, like being a parent or a citizen, can never be the exclusive preserve of one party.”
- “Our loved ones will be safe, they can take us for granted as a good new year means we look at those beyond them.”
Key Examples and References:
- Plato’s concept of a good life requiring harmony between reason, spirit, and appetite.
- Mahatma Gandhi’s call for a common declaration of independence by whole communities.
- Examples of individuals and nations displaying goodness during the Covid-19 pandemic.
Key Facts and Data:
- Mention of senior citizens and vulnerable populations prioritized for vaccination.
- Reference to the first to be vaccinated being chosen based on vulnerability rather than financial capability.
- Noting the challenges faced by various groups, such as students, executives, and families during the pandemic.
Critical Analysis:
- Highlights the importance of looking beyond personal interests and extending kindness to others.
- Raises awareness about societal divides and the need for collective efforts for a good new year.
- Acknowledges the challenges of maintaining goodness in a society driven by profit and outcomes.
- Encourages self-reflection on true values and identity beyond external influences.
Way Forward:
- Advocate for a continued focus on goodness and compassion beyond the initial days of the new year.
- Emphasize the importance of unity and togetherness in addressing societal challenges.
- Encourage individuals to prioritize being good in various roles, such as parents, citizens, and leaders.
- Suggest fostering a sense of duty, compassion, and reason in various professions and societal roles.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Cyclone Michuang
Mains level: decision-making during a crisis
Central idea
Dr. Mani Sivasubramanian emphasizes the long-lasting impact of decisions made after Cyclone Michuang in Chennai, particularly regarding electricity cutoffs. The central idea revolves around the need for accountability in decision-making during crises, highlighting the delicate balance between safety measures and potential hazards for vulnerable populations, such as the elderly. The way forward involves a hierarchical approach, periodic reviews, and fixing responsibility for sub-optimal decisions.
Key Highlights:
- Dr. Mani Sivasubramanian, a heart surgeon, author, and social entrepreneur, discusses the long-lasting impact of decisions made after Cyclone Michuang in Chennai.
- Emphasizes the importance of accountability for decisions with visible and hidden consequences.
- Raises concerns about the practice of prolonged electricity cutoffs after a natural disaster, especially for vulnerable populations like the elderly.
Key Challenges:
- Balancing the need for safety measures, such as electricity cutoffs during cyclones, with potential hazards like accidents and security concerns.
- The complexity of decision-making during a crisis, requiring a dynamic and evolving approach.
- Striking a balance between conservative choices and potential complications due to inaction.
Key Terms:
- Decision accountability
- Electricity cutoff
- Vulnerable populations
- Dynamic balance
- Cataclysmic disaster
- Intellectual and analytical judgment
Key Phrases for good marks in mains:
- “Consequences of choices should be accounted for.”
- “Power disruption poses significant hazards, especially for the elderly.”
- “Decision-making in a crisis is an extreme test of judgment and personal strength.”
- “Potential cost of mistakes looms large in a decision-maker’s mind.”
Key Quotes:
- “There is no objectively ‘safe’ choice; it is a constantly evolving, dynamic balance.”
- “A bureaucrat should justify and document decisions in real-time for review.”
- “Complex decision-making should not become a contest of cheap populism.”
Key Statements:
- Decision-makers should justify and document choices in real-time.
- Accountability is crucial, especially when decisions impact millions.
- Calls for a hierarchy-based approach in decision-making during crises.
Key Examples and References:
- Mentions the 2015 floods in Chennai as a reference to the consequences of decision-making during natural disasters.
Key Facts:
- In 2021, Tamil Nadu had 13.8 crore people over the age of 60 years.
- Chennai metropolitan area’s population is estimated to be over 12 million.
Key Data:
- 500,000 people in Chennai are above 60 years old, and over 50,000 are aged 80 or above.
Critical Analysis:
- Acknowledges the complexity of decision-making during a natural disaster.
- Emphasizes the need for a balance between safety measures and potential hazards.
- Advocates for accountability and periodic reviews of decisions.
Way Forward:
- Suggests a hierarchy-based approach with scaled levels of responsibility.
- Proposes involvement of more than one person in major decision-making.
- Calls for periodic reviews by an oversight team to challenge and reverse questionable choices.
- Highlights the importance of fixing responsibility for sub-optimal decisions.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Bab al Mandab Strait
Central idea
The central idea focuses on the Houthi threat to Red Sea shipping, emphasizing the importance of navies and diplomatic efforts to maintain stability in the Indian Ocean. Historical trade warfare context and the need to address challenges like drone warfare underscore the urgency in safeguarding international trade routes. India’s proactive role and diplomatic leverage play a crucial role in ensuring regional stability.
Key Highlights:
- Houthi rebels, post the October 7 Hamas attack on Israel, pose a threat to Red Sea merchant-shipping traffic.
- Alfred Mahan’s emphasis on navies as a means to protect foreign trade and commerce for national prosperity.
- Indian Ocean’s vital role in global economy with 1,00,000 annual merchantmen, carrying 80% of the world’s oil.
- Indian Navy’s proactive role as a “preferred security partner” in maintaining good order at sea.
Key Challenges:
- Rising threat to Red Sea shipping by Houthi rebels affecting global trade.
- Historical instances of trade warfare impacting security and prosperity.
- Critical choke points in the Indian Ocean vulnerable to interdiction by states, pirates, and terrorists.
Key Terms and Phrases:
- Choke points: Narrow passages in the Indian Ocean constricting shipping traffic.
- Tanker war: Strategy targeting merchant ships to impact trade, as seen in the Iran-Iraq conflict.
- Flag state: State in which a ship is registered, exercising exclusive jurisdiction over vessels.
Key Quotes:
- “The necessity of a navy… springs from the existence of peaceful shipping…”
- “The Indian Navy’s self-assigned role of ‘preferred security partner’ in the region.”
Anecdotes:
- Eight-year-long Iran-Iraq conflict saw a “tanker war” impacting merchant ships in the Persian Gulf.
- Houthi rebels launching attacks on US Navy units and merchant shipping in the Bab al Mandab Strait.
Key Statements:
- Indian Navy’s commendable alacrity in responding to emergent situations in the Red Sea.
- US launching operation “Prosperity Guardian” to safeguard Red Sea shipping.
Key Examples and References:
- Germany targeting Allied merchant shipping in 20th-century global conflicts.
- Houthi attacks in the Bab al Mandab Strait affecting merchant ships seeking safe passage.
Critical Analysis:
- Importance of maintaining good order at sea for India’s own interest and international commitment.
- Challenges posed by ongoing Yemeni civil war affecting shipping in the Red Sea.
- Complexity of the conflict involving Saudi Arabia-Iran proxy clash and multilateral dimensions.
Way Forward:
- India leveraging its good standing with Iran and Israel to urge moderation and restraint.
- Addressing the challenges posed by drone warfare and evolving effective counter-measures.
- Ensuring diplomatic efforts to prevent the west Asian conflagration from spreading to the Indian Ocean.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Chameleon Trojan
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Security researchers have identified an updated version of the ‘Chameleon Trojan’ malware, capable of disabling biometric authentication methods.
Chameleon Trojan
- The malware’s primary objective is to steal the phone’s PIN by bypassing fingerprint and face unlock security features.
- This trojan attaches itself to legitimate Android applications, such as Google Chrome, to evade detection.
- It operates in the background and is reportedly undetectable during runtime, bypassing Google Protect alerts and other security software.
- It exploits the Accessibility service on Android 12 and earlier versions, while on newer versions, it circumvents Google’s security restrictions through different methods.
Modus Operandi of Chameleon Trojan
- To bypass new restrictions, the malware displays an HTML page instructing users to enable the Accessibility service for the app, compromising device security.
- Once active, it captures on-screen content, navigates using gestures, and steals PINs and passwords, subsequently accessing more sensitive data like credit card details and login credentials.
- The malware also tracks app usage habits to time its attacks when the device is least likely to be in use.
Protection against Chameleon Trojan
- Users are advised to avoid installing Android apps from unofficial sources to reduce the risk of malware infection.
- Be wary of enabling the Accessibility service for apps that are not well-known or trusted.
- Conducting regular security scans on the device can help in identifying and mitigating threats.
- Ensuring that Google Play Protect is enabled at all times is recommended for continuous monitoring and protection against malware.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Maulana Azad National Fellowship
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Research students have raised concerns about the disparity in scholarship amounts under the Maulana Azad National Fellowship (MANF) compared to other research fellowships.
About Maulana Azad National Fellowship
|
Details |
| Objective |
To support students from minority communities in pursuing M.Phil. and Ph.D. |
| Launch |
Launched by the Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |
| Eligibility |
Students from minority communities (Muslims, Sikhs, Christians, Buddhists, Zoroastrians, Jains) who have cleared CBSE/NTA-UGC NET or CSIR NET |
| Financial Assistance |
Covers university fee, maintenance allowance, and other necessary allowances; granted for up to 5 years |
| Administration |
Managed by the Ministry of Minority Affairs; University Grants Commission (UGC) as the nodal agency |
| Selection Process |
JRF-NET (Junior Research Fellow- National Eligibility Test) examination |
| Purpose and Impact |
Encourages higher studies and research in various fields; aims at educational and socio-economic development of minority communities |
Recent Developments and Concerns
- Discontinuation of MANF: Union Minority Affairs Minister announced the discontinuation of MANF, citing overlaps with similar scholarships.
- Research Community’s Reaction: The research community, represented by the All India Research Scholars Association (AIRSA), has expressed disappointment, emphasizing the role of research in socio-economic development and the importance of MANF for financially constrained minority students.
Comparison with Other Fellowships
- Last Revision in 2019: The last increase in MANF scholarship amounts was in 2019, while other scholarships have seen recent revisions.
- Current Fellowship Amounts: UGC-approved schemes now offer ₹37,000 for junior researchers and ₹42,000 for senior researchers, a significant increase from previous amounts.
Also read:
Scholarship Schemes for Religious Minorities: Reality Check
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Core Sector
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- India’s eight core sectors experienced a significant slowdown, growing by 7.8% in November, down from 12% in October.
About Core Industries in India
- The main or key industries constitute the core sectors of an economy.
- In India, eight sectors are considered the core sectors.
- These sectors are in decreasing order of their weightage: Refinery Products> Electricity> Steel> Coal> Crude Oil> Natural Gas> Cement> Fertilizers.
About Index of Eight Core Industries
- The monthly Index of Eight Core Industries (ICI) is a production volume index.
- ICI measures the collective and individual performance of production in selected eight core industries viz. Coal, Crude Oil, Natural Gas, Refinery Products, Fertilizers, Steel, Cement and Electricity.
- Before the 2004-05 series six core industries namely Coal, Cement, Finished Steel, Electricity, Crude petroleum and Refinery products constituted the index basket.
- Two more industries i.e. Fertilizer and Natural Gas were added to the index basket in the 2004-05 series. The ICI series with base 2011-12 will continue to have eight core industries.
The components covered in these eight industries for compilation of the index are as follows:
- Coal – Coal Production excluding Coking coal.
- Crude Oil – Total Crude Oil Production.
- Natural Gas – Total Natural Gas Production.
- Refinery Products – Total Refinery Production (in terms of Crude Throughput).
- Fertilizer – Urea, Ammonium Sulphate (A/S), Calcium Ammonium Nitrate (CAN), Ammonium chloride (A/C), Diammonium Phosphate (DAP), Complex Grade Fertilizer and Single superphosphate (SSP).
- Steel – Production of Alloy and Non-Alloy Steel only.
- Cement – Production of Large Plants and Mini Plants.
- Electricity – Actual Electricity Generation of Thermal, Nuclear, Hydro, imports from Bhutan.
Recent data: Sector-Wise Growth Details
- Decline in ICI: The ICI witnessed a 3.34% drop from October, marking its lowest since March 2023.
- Sector-Specific Trends: Notably, only refinery products and coal showed month-on-month growth, with significant year-on-year increases.
- Steel Production: Growth in steel production hit a 13-month low at 9.1%.
- Crude Oil and Fertilizer: Crude oil saw a contraction, while fertilizer production growth decelerated.
- Natural Gas and Electricity: Both natural gas output and electricity generation growth slowed down considerably in November.
Comparative Analysis with Previous Year
- Year-on-Year Comparison: The core sectors had a 5.7% growth in November 2022.
- Influence of Base Effects: Last year’s high growth in certain sectors like cement significantly influenced this year’s comparative figures.
Economic Insights and Projections
- Bank of Baroda’s Perspective: The slowdown in fertilizer growth aligns with the end of the rabi sowing season, as per the bank’s chief economist.
- IIP Forecast: The core sectors are expected to contribute to an IIP growth of 7%-8%.
- Economists’ View: Experts predict a continued slowdown in core sector growth due to strong base effects from the previous fiscal year.
Future Expectations and Challenges
- India Ratings and Research Predictions: A slowdown in core sector growth is anticipated in the coming months, influenced by the strong base effect.
- Broader Economic Impact: This slowdown is indicative of larger economic challenges, potentially affecting future policy and market expectations.
Conclusion
- Economic Resilience Test: The trends in India’s core sectors underscore the challenges in sustaining growth amid diverse economic conditions.
- Need for Strategic Economic Planning: Addressing these slowdowns will require astute economic planning and possibly new strategies to boost growth in these key sectors.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: na
Mains level: desperate and perilous journeys of Indian migrants seeking illegal routes to the U.S. and Canada
Central idea
The grounding of a chartered plane in France reveals the desperate and perilous journeys of Indian migrants seeking illegal routes to the U.S. and Canada. It emphasizes the role of agents, tragic incidents, and the necessity for international collaboration to address the root causes and dismantle illegal immigration networks, highlighting the human cost of such endeavors.
Key Highlights:
- A chartered plane from the UAE to Nicaragua, carrying 303 Indians, was grounded in France for a human trafficking probe.
- The flight was hired by a non-European client, and passengers were possibly trafficked, leading to a French investigation.
- The passengers claimed they boarded willingly, and the flight was eventually forced to return to Mumbai.
- Gujarat and Punjab have high numbers of illegal Indian migrants to the U.S. and Canada, often taking risky “donkey routes.”
Key Challenges:
- Lack of opportunities in Gujarat pushes people to seek better prospects abroad, leading to illegal migration.
- Human trafficking networks operate, exploiting the desperation of individuals seeking a better life.
- The dangers of “donkey routes” involve traversing various countries with lenient visa policies, risking lives in harsh conditions.
Key Terms and Phrases:
- Donkey routes: Illegal migration paths involving multiple countries with lenient visa policies.
- Human trafficking: Exploitative practices involving illegal transportation of individuals.
- Chartered flight: Private aircraft hired for specific travel purposes.
- Asylum seekers: Individuals seeking protection and refuge in a foreign country.
Key Quotes:
- “The French authorities had received a tip-off and took it very seriously.”
- “The episode has once again called attention to the staggering number of Indians who migrate illegally to the U.S. or Canada.”
- “People don’t find any opportunities here. There are no well-paying jobs and sometimes no jobs at all.”
Anecdotes:
- Two passengers seeking asylum in France carried multiple passports and a substantial amount of money.
- Families taking extreme risks, like freezing to death near the U.S. border or drowning in attempts to cross rivers.
Key Statements:
- French authorities stopped exploring human trafficking angle after passengers claimed they boarded willingly.
- Gujarat Police cracking down on agents facilitating illegal immigration through donkey routes.
Key Examples and References:
- Shashi Kiran Reddy, a Hyderabad-based agent, behind the chartered flight facilitating illegal immigration.
- Instances of families freezing to death near the U.S. border or drowning while attempting to cross rivers.
Critical Analysis:
- Lack of opportunities and frustration in Gujarat and Punjab contribute to the high number of illegal migrants.
- The existence of human trafficking networks highlights the exploitation of individuals seeking better prospects.
Way Forward:
- Address root causes like lack of opportunities and corruption to discourage illegal migration.
- Strengthen efforts to dismantle human trafficking networks, collaborating with international agencies.
- Enhance awareness about legal migration pathways and associated risks to deter individuals from choosing illegal routes.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: na
Mains level: neuropsychiatric disorders
Central idea
Dr. Ennapadam S. Krishnamoorthy advocates for prioritizing rehabilitation services globally, emphasizing their crucial role in treating neuropsychiatric disorders across the lifespan. He highlights the need for awareness, collaboration, and innovative solutions to address the significant burden of disabilities and enhance the quality of life for affected individuals.
Key Highlights:
- Dr. Ennapadam S. Krishnamoorthy emphasizes the importance of transformative solutions for persons with neuropsychiatric disorders, spanning childhood to old age.
- The focus is on enhancing activities of daily life and quality of life for individuals affected by various neuropsychiatric conditions.
- Rehabilitation services are crucial, with 2.41 billion individuals globally requiring rehabilitation according to the WHO’s Global Burden of Disease study.
Key Challenges:
- Rehabilitation is often seen as a disability-specific service, leading to under-prioritization despite its significant societal benefits.
- Lack of awareness in the community that disablement can be treated and, in some cases, reversed.
- The need for a shift in perception among medical professionals to recognize rehabilitation as an essential service.
Key Terms:
- Neuropsychiatric disorders
- Transformative solutions
- Rehabilitation
- Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS)
- Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS)
- Functional Magnetic Stimulation (FMS)
- Transcranial electrical stimulation (TES)
- Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (tA-VNS)
Key Phrases:
- “Rehabilitation needs are plentiful with a global burden of 2.41 billion individuals.”
- “Neurology and psychiatry are closely linked, requiring a continuum of care.”
- “Scientific advances, such as NIBS procedures, offer promising avenues for treatment.”
Key Quotes:
- “Disablement does not need to be endured; it can be treated, even reversed, in a proportion of cases.”
- “Rehabilitation services need to be multidisciplinary, multicomponent, and holistic.”
Key Statements:
- “Rehabilitation services are traditionally under-resourced despite individual and societal benefits.”
- “There is a need to build awareness that disablement can be treated.”
Key Examples and References:
- Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) as a mainstream treatment for depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder.
- Functional Magnetic Stimulation (FMS) for pain, spasticity, and other neurological symptoms.
- Transcranial electrical stimulation (TES) showing success in improving memory, cognition, mood, and various neurological conditions.
- Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (tA-VNS) being investigated for depression, migraine, and dysautonomia.
Key Facts:
- 2.41 billion individuals globally had conditions benefiting from rehabilitation in 2019.
- The number of individuals requiring rehabilitation increased by 63% from 1990 to 2019.
Key Data:
- 317 million individuals affected by neuropsychiatric disorders in childhood.
- 167 million adolescents and 970 million people affected globally by mental health conditions.
Critical Analysis:
- Lack of prioritization and resources for rehabilitation despite a significant global burden.
- The necessity for a paradigm shift in perceiving rehabilitation as essential for a broad spectrum of neurological and mental health problems.
Way Forward:
- Increase awareness about the treatability of disabilities.
- Promote collaboration between governments, public and private sectors to find innovative solutions for persons with disabilities.
- Enhance training and development opportunities for rehabilitation professionals.
- Advocate for a multidisciplinary, holistic approach to rehabilitation services.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Press and Registration of Periodicals Bill, 2023
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The Press and Registration of Periodicals Bill, 2023, faced opposition uproar but was passed in the Rajya Sabha on August 3. Subsequently, it was approved in the Lok Sabha on December 21, marking its legislative passage.
Press and Registration of Periodicals Bill: Purpose and Objectives
- Repealing the 1867 Act: The Bill aims to repeal the Press and Registration of Books Act, 1867, modernizing the regulatory framework for periodicals.
- Key Provisions: It includes a notable clause preventing individuals convicted of terrorism or acting against state security from publishing periodicals.
- Rationale for Introduction: The Bill focuses on easing business processes for publishers, removing procedural hurdles, and reducing the administrative burden of declarations and filings.
Comparison with the 1867 Act
- Exclusion of Books: Unlike the 1867 Act, the 2023 Bill excludes books from its purview, as they fall under the HRD Ministry’s jurisdiction.
- Penalty Structure: The new Bill replaces imprisonment with fines for certain violations and introduces an appellate mechanism led by the Press Council of India Chairman.
- Shift in Administrative Power: Power is transferred from the District Magistrate to the newly established Press Registrar General, centralizing the registration and regulation process.
Declaration and Registration Process
- Simplification of Procedures: The Bill simplifies the declaration process, eliminating the need for DM involvement and allowing online intimations for printing presses.
- Simultaneous Processing: It enables concurrent processing of title allotment and registration applications, streamlining the procedure.
- Time-Bound Responses: The specified authority must provide feedback within 60 days, expediting the registration process.
UAPA Provision in the Bill
- Restriction on Convicted Individuals: The Bill bars individuals convicted of terrorist acts or unlawful activities, as defined under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967, from publishing periodicals.
- Security Concerns: This provision addresses concerns about the misuse of periodicals for activities threatening national security or sovereignty.
Conclusion
- Modernizing Media Regulation: The Press and Registration of Periodicals Bill, 2023, represents a significant overhaul of India’s media regulatory framework, aligning it with contemporary needs.
- Balancing Ease of Business and Security: While the Bill aims to facilitate easier operations for publishers, it also incorporates measures to safeguard against security threats.
- Potential for Debate and Discussion: The Bill’s passage, amidst opposition concerns, suggests ongoing debates about media freedom, security, and regulatory oversight in India’s evolving democratic landscape.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Factors shaping India's foreign policy
Central Idea
- Contradiction in Global Aspirations: Despite calls for peace, 2023 witnessed the continuation and emergence of significant conflicts, notably between Russia and Ukraine, and in the Gaza Strip.
- China’s Stance: Amidst its economic challenges, China’s aggressive posture remains a concern for the West and India, adding to the global tension.
2023: Strategic Realities and Challenges
Crisis in the Middle East: The Hamas attack disrupted efforts to normalize Israel-Arab relations, leading to a devastating response from Israel and derailing the reconciliation process.
- Stress in India-US Ties: Allegations of an Indian official’s involvement in an assassination plot have strained relations, with India promising to investigate if provided with information.
- Russia-Ukraine War Fatigue: The prolonged conflict sees the West grappling with funding challenges, while Russia, despite sanctions, maintains resilience, partly due to its closeness with China.
- India’s Maldives Challenge: The new government’s request for India to withdraw military personnel and terminate agreements reflects its proximity to China, complicating India’s strategic position.
- China, the Biggest Worry: The ongoing border standoff and China’s influence in the region, including its ties with Russia and the Maldives, continue to be India’s primary strategic concerns.
- G20 and Global South Positioning: India’s leadership in the G20 and its role in uniting the Global South reflect its aspiration to continue the legacy of Non-Alignment adapted to modern realities.
- Engagement in Kabul: India’s cautious engagement with the Taliban and coordination for consular services indicate a nuanced approach to Afghanistan, balancing security and diplomatic needs.
2024: Anticipating Challenges and Opportunities
- Impact of Lok Sabha Elections: The election outcome will significantly influence India’s foreign policy, with a stronger mandate potentially leading to more assertive stances, while a weaker mandate might reflect coalition compulsions.
- US & Canada Relationships: Navigating the complexities arising from the assassination plot allegations and maintaining robust ties with both nations will be crucial for India.
- New Government in Pakistan: The post-election scenario in Pakistan might offer a window for re-engagement, depending on the political dynamics and India’s strategic choices.
- Outcome in Bangladesh: India’s interest in the continuation of Sheikh Hasina’s government reflects security and connectivity priorities, with the opposition viewed with caution.
- Continuing Deadlock with China: The border standoff and its potential escalation will be a critical factor in India’s security and diplomatic strategy, especially in an election year.
- West Asia Dynamics: India’s evolving stance in the Israel-Hamas conflict and its implications for its position in the Global South will be closely watched, with a focus on balancing relations and principles.
- Future of the War in Ukraine: India’s balancing act between its economic interests and international pressures, especially in its relationship with Russia, will continue to be a delicate matter.
- Trade Pacts and Tech Partnerships: Finalizing trade agreements and enhancing tech partnerships with the West will be key areas of focus, with potential major developments expected in 2024.
Conclusion
- Balancing Act: India’s foreign policy in the coming years will involve navigating a complex array of global conflicts, bilateral tensions, and internal political dynamics.
- Strategic Posture: The outcomes of various global and regional conflicts, along with India’s own electoral politics, will shape its strategic and foreign policy posture, reflecting a blend of continuity and change.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Polygraph Test
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- In the ongoing investigation of the Parliament security breach, Delhi Police sought court permission for polygraph tests on six accused to uncover their motives.
- A polygraph test, commonly known as a lie detector test, measures physiological responses believed to differ when a person lies.
Mechanics of a Polygraph Test
- Physiological Monitoring: The test involves attaching instruments like cardio-cuffs or sensitive electrodes to monitor blood pressure, pulse, and other variables.
- Response Analysis: As questions are asked, responses are numerically evaluated to determine truthfulness, deception, or uncertainty.
- Historical Origin: First conducted in the 19th century by Cesare Lombroso, an Italian criminologist, to measure blood pressure changes in suspects during interrogation.
Constitutional and Legal Provisions
- Article 20(3) of the Indian Constitution: This article protects against self-incrimination, stating that no accused shall be compelled to be a witness against themselves.
- Infringement Concerns: Forcing an accused to undergo polygraph or narcoanalysis tests is seen as a violation of Article 20(3), making consent essential.
- Article 21 and Human Rights: Polygraph tests are criticized for mental torture, potentially violating the right to life and privacy under Article 21.
Limitations and Challenges
- Scientific Reliability: Neither polygraph nor narco tests are scientifically proven to be 100% accurate, raising questions about their reliability.
- Impact on Vulnerable Individuals: These tests can adversely affect those unaware of their rights or unable to access legal advice, leading to potential abuse and media exploitation.
Legal and Constitutional Rulings
- Selvi vs State of Karnataka & Anr (2010): The Supreme Court ruled that lie detector tests should be voluntary, with legal implications explained to the accused.
- D.K. Basu vs. State of West Bengal (1997): The Court deemed involuntary administration of these tests as potentially violating the Right to Life and Liberty and the Right to Privacy.
- Indian Evidence Act, 1871: The results of these tests are not admissible as evidence in court.
- National Human Rights Commission Guidelines (1999): Established consent and procedural guidelines for administering polygraph tests.
Way Forward
- Role as Investigative Tools: While not reliable for conclusive evidence, polygraph tests can aid in complex investigations.
- Balancing Scientific Techniques and Rights: The government should promote scientific methods in investigations while ensuring strict adherence to ethical and legal standards.
- Consent and Decency: The administration of these tests must be consensual, respecting the dignity and rights of the individuals involved.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Pervasiveness of Plastic: Plastic, with its beneficial properties like durability, has become a ubiquitous part of modern life.
- Environmental Impact: Approximately 50% of plastic is used only once before being discarded, contributing to significant environmental issues, including ocean pollution.
Psychological Aspects of Plastic Use
- Consumer Behavior Influence: The omnipresence of plastic shapes consumer choices and behaviors, influenced by marketing strategies, packaging design, and product aesthetics.
- Packaging and Brand Perception: Packaging plays a crucial role in plastic use, with visual appeal and brand image significantly impacting consumer preferences.
- Color Psychology in Packaging: The use of color in packaging design evokes specific emotions and expectations, influencing purchasing decisions.
Convenience Factor and Limited Alternatives
- Role of Convenience: Plastic packaging’s ability to keep products fresh and hygienic has been a key driver of its market dominance.
- Lack of Economical Alternatives: The absence of affordable alternatives for food packaging often leaves consumers with no choice but to opt for plastic-wrapped items.
Pro-Environmental Behavior (PEB) and Plastic Use
- Understanding PEB: Limiting plastic use and purchase is an example of pro-environmental behavior, influenced by awareness, knowledge, and values.
- Factors Influencing PEB: Concern about plastic, knowledge of its effects, and the perceived commitment of others to address its impact play roles in shaping PEB.
Market Trends and Social Influences
- Impulsive Buying and Social Media: The growth of social media and peer pressure have been linked to increased compulsive buying behaviors, often leading to increased plastic consumption.
- Influence of Social Norms: Social norms promoting consumption have led to an increase in plastic use, despite its environmental costs.
Stages of Behavioral Readiness in Plastic Consumption
Five Stages of Readiness include-
- Pre-contemplation,
- Contemplation,
- Preparation,
- Action, and
- Maintenance.
Role of Storytelling and Marketing in Plastic Awareness
- Emotional Engagement: Storytelling in marketing can emotionally engage customers with the lifecycle of plastic items, enhancing environmental awareness.
- Positive and Negative Impacts: Marketing power can influence consumer behavior both positively and negatively in the context of plastic use.
- Objective vs. Subjective Knowledge: Understanding the specifics of an issue (objective knowledge) versus personal belief or awareness (subjective knowledge) influences behavior.
- Barriers to Action: Lack of personal connection, gradual environmental impact, moral disengagement, and immediacy issues are barriers to taking action against plastic pollution.
Way forward
- Role of Education and Design: Knowledge is crucial, but behavioural change also depends on product design that encourages environmentally friendly choices.
- Supplier and Retailer Responsibility: Minimizing packaging, using recyclable materials, and clear recycling instructions are key steps.
- Policy Initiatives: Policies raising awareness of plastic pollution’s effects can facilitate a sustainability-focused behavioural shift.
- Emergence of Sustainable Brands: As consumers increasingly look to brands for sustainable options, there is a growing market for environmentally conscious products.
Conclusion
- Critical Role of Habit Change: Altering consumer habits is essential for environmental protection, requiring a multifaceted approach involving education, policy, and market innovation.
- Sources: Insights drawn from the Sustainability and Consumer Behaviour Report 2022 by Deloitte United Kingdom and research by Mittali Tyagi, PhD Scholar at Manav Rachna International Institute of Research and Studies.
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