From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Chakshu Platform purpose
Mains level: NA
In the news
The Department of Telecommunications (DoT) introduced Chakshu, a new platform aimed at enabling telecom users to report fraud or spam callers.
Chakshu Platform
Chakshu (meaning eyes), accessible at sancharsaathi.gov.in/sfc, empowers citizens to proactively report suspicious communications, as announced by the DoT.
The government will collaborate with private firms like Truecaller to improve the functionality of the platform.
The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) is also working on building an app for the ‘Chakshu’ platform.
Features of the platform
Reporting Options: Users can report various types of frauds, including those related to bank accounts, payment wallets, SIM cards, gas and electricity connections, KYC updates, impersonation, and sextortion.
Enhanced Reporting Mechanism: Chakshu offers a comprehensive mechanism for reporting fraudulent activities, ensuring that telecom users can address a wide range of concerns.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Pap smears, Human Papillomavirus
Mains level: proactive measures to prevent cervical cancer
Pyq mains
UPSC IAS/2017
Stem cell therapy is gaining popularity in India to treat a wide variety of medical conditions including leukaemia, Thalassemia, damaged cornea and several burns. Describe briefly what stem cell therapy is and what advantages it has over other treatments? (10)
Pyq pre
Why is it in the News?
Cervical cancer prevention, particularly through HPV vaccination, has gained attention recently due to several factors. January was observed as Cervical Cancer Awareness Month, drawing focus to the importance of combating this disease. Additionally, March 4 marked International HPV Awareness Day, further highlighting the significance of addressing HPV-related health issues.
What is Cervical Cancer?
Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that affects the cervix, the lower part of the uterus. It is primarily caused by certain types of the Human Papillomavirus (HPV), which is transmitted through intimate contact.
If left untreated, cervical cancer can be life-threatening. It is a significant health concern worldwide, with a particularly high burden in lower- and middle-income countries. In India, cervical cancer is the second most common cancer among women, posing a substantial threat to public health.
What is Human Papillomavirus (HPV)?
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a group of viruses that infect the skin and mucous membranes. It’s the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) worldwide. HPV can cause various health issues, including genital warts and certain types of cancers.
What Facts are explained in the article?
Prevalence and Impact: Cervical cancer claims the lives of over 300,000 women annually worldwide, with a disproportionate burden in lower-income countries.
Risk in India: With over 500 million women at risk, cervical cancer is a significant public health concern in India, second only to breast cancer.
Role of HPV Vaccination: HPV vaccination is identified as a crucial strategy for preventing cervical cancer. It targets the underlying cause of the disease by protecting against HPV infection.
Strategies for Prevention of Cervical cancer
HPV Vaccination: Implementing widespread HPV vaccination programs, particularly targeting adolescent girls, can significantly reduce the incidence of cervical cancer. Vaccination should ideally occur before the onset of sexual activity to maximize effectiveness.
Screening for Precancerous Lesions: Regular screening for precancerous lesions, such as Pap smears or HPV DNA tests, can detect abnormalities early and allow for timely intervention. This is crucial for reducing the incidence of advanced-stage cervical cancer.
Education and Awareness: Increasing education and awareness about cervical cancer, HPV infection, and the importance of vaccination and screening are essential. This includes targeting healthcare professionals, policymakers, parents, and adolescents to dispel myths and misconceptions and encourage uptake of preventive measures.
What are the Challenges?
Limited Access: HPV vaccination may not be widely accessible, particularly in lower-resourced communities, and is often available at a significant out-of-pocket cost.
Misconceptions Among Physicians: Some physicians underestimate the incidence and risk of cervical cancer, as well as the safety and effectiveness of HPV vaccines. This can lead to hesitancy in recommending vaccination to eligible individuals.
Parental Hesitancy: Misinformation and concerns about vaccine safety and efficacy among parents can contribute to hesitancy in vaccinating adolescents against HPV.
Pap Smears
Description: A screening procedure for cervical cancer involving collecting cells from the cervix to examine for abnormalities.
Purpose: To detect precancerous or cancerous changes in cervical cells early for timely intervention and prevention.
Procedure: Use of a speculum to visualize the cervix and collection of cells with a brush or spatula.
Timing: Typically performed during routine gynecological exams, starting at age 21 or within 3 years of becoming sexually active.
Facts about HPV Vaccination:
The HPV vaccine is safe and effective in preventing six HPV-related cancers, including cervical, vulvar, anal, vaginal, throat, and cervical cancers.
Vaccination is recommended for adolescents starting at age 9 years to maximize its effectiveness.
HPV vaccination is an essential component of the immunization schedule recommended by the Indian Academy of Pediatrics (IAP).
Best Practices for HPV Vaccination and Cervical Cancer Prevention:
Effective Communication:
Provide clear and accurate information to parents about HPV vaccination.
Address concerns and misconceptions to ensure informed decision-making.
Timely Vaccination:
Recommend HPV vaccination for adolescents starting at age 9.
Encourage vaccination before sexual activity begins for maximum effectiveness.
Integration into Immunization Programs:
Advocate for inclusion in national immunization programs for widespread access.
Collaborate with policymakers to ensure equitable vaccine coverage.
Promotion of Regular Screening:
Emphasize the importance of cervical cancer screening for women over 30.
Encourage routine Pap smears or HPV DNA tests for early detection.
Physician Education:
Provide comprehensive training on HPV vaccination and cervical cancer prevention.
Equip healthcare professionals with updated guidelines and communication skills.
In conclusion, the article emphasizes the importance of proactive measures to prevent cervical cancer, particularly through HPV vaccination and screening. It underscores the role of healthcare professionals, policymakers, and community stakeholders in addressing the challenges and ensuring equitable access to preventive interventions.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Defence Modernisation Fund (DMF)
Mains level: Defence Acquisition Process in India
In the news
The Ministry of Defence (MoD) had informed Parliament recently a separate mechanism by the Ministry of Finance in consultation with the MoD to explore a special dispensation to operationalize a “Non-lapsable Defence Modernisation Fund” because the non-lapsable pool has drawbacks as it affects parliamentary scrutiny and accountability.
About Non-Lapsable Defence Modernisation Fund (DMF):
The DMF aims to create a dedicated pool of funds that carry over from year to year, ensuring that unutilized funds are retained for future defence modernisation initiatives. Currently, defence funding in India operates on a yearly basis, with unspent funds being returned at the end of each fiscal year.
The dedicated Modernisation Fund is intended to supplement regular budgetary allocations and provide certainty in funding for various defence capability development and infrastructure projects.
Recommendation by XV Finance Commission
The 15th Finance Commission proposed a dedicated Modernisation Fund for Defence and Internal Security.
It said the Union may constitute in the Public Account of India, a dedicated non-lapsable fund, Modernisation Fund for Defence and Internal Security (MFDIS).
About the Public Account of India
The Public Account of India was constituted by Article 266(2) of the Indian Constitution which states that “All other public moneys received by or on behalf of the Government of India or the Government of a State shall be credited to the public account of India or the public account of the State, as the case may be.”
These funds are used to manage transactions where the government serves as a banker, such as provident funds, small savings, and other deposits.
The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) is responsible for auditing all expenditures from the Public Account of India.
Withdrawal or utilization of money can only occur for specific purposes authorized by law or parliamentary approval, ensuring proper allocation and utilization of funds.
Need for Non-Lapsable Funds:
Addressing Budgetary Limitations: Yearly budget allocations lead to the surrender of unutilized funds, hindering defense modernization efforts.
Creating Certainty: Non-lapsable funds offer certainty in funding availability, promoting stability and continuity in modernization initiatives.
Enhancing Flexibility: These funds provide flexibility for addressing unforeseen contingencies and promoting long-term planning.
Significance of Non-Lapsable Funds:
Certainty and Continuity: Non-lapsable funds offer assurance of funding for defence modernisation, eliminating the need for frequent requests for additional funds and ensuring continuity in project execution.
Flexibility: These funds provide flexibility in utilization, allowing for the allocation of resources to unforeseen requirements or contingencies that may arise during the year.
Long-term Planning: By allowing funds to carry over across fiscal years, non-lapsable funds facilitate long-term planning for defence modernization projects, promoting systematic and strategic development.
Challenges and Considerations
Parliamentary Scrutiny: Establishing a non-lapsable fund may raise concerns about reduced parliamentary scrutiny and accountability over defense spending.
Operational Modalities: Determining the sources of funding and operational modalities for the DMF require careful consideration to ensure effectiveness and transparency.
Interagency Coordination: Coordination between the Ministry of Defence and the Ministry of Finance is essential for the successful implementation of the fund.
Conclusion
The proposal for a Non-Lapsable Defence Modernisation Fund represents a proactive approach to addressing the challenges associated with defence funding in India.
While the concept offers several potential benefits, its implementation requires careful deliberation and collaboration between key stakeholders to ensure accountability, transparency, and optimal utilization of resources in support of national security objectives.
Try this PYQ from CSP 2014:
Q.With reference to Union Budget, which of the following, is/are covered under Non-Plan Expenditure?
Defence-expenditure
Interest payments
Salaries and pensions
Subsidies
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Hangul (Kashmir Stag)
Mains level: NA
In the news
Kashmir’s Hangul, a shy and endangered species of deer, has exhibited a robust breeding season, suggesting a hopeful future for its population in the Dachigam National Park.
The Hanguls population could surpass 300 this spring, marking the first time in over 30 years.
About Hangul (Kashmir Stag)
Details
Scientific Name
Cervus hanglu
Habitat
Dense riverine forests in high valleys and mountains of Jammu and Kashmir, northern Himachal Pradesh
Geographic Range
Endemic to Kashmir and surrounding areas
Distribution
Primarily found in Dachigam National Park;
Small population in Overa-Aru Wildlife Sanctuary
Conservation Status
IUCN: Critically Endangered
CITES: Appendix I
Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972: Schedule I (highest level of protection)
Threats to Hanguls
Predator Concerns: Hangul faces threats from predators like leopards and Asiatic Black Bears, necessitating further research and monitoring.
Environmental Challenges: Drying drainages and snowless glacial areas in Dachigam raise concerns about habitat sustainability, highlighting the impact of climate change.
About Dachigam National Park
DNP boasts diverse flora and fauna, encompassing deep valleys, rocky outcrops, wooded slopes, and alpine pastures.
Spanning altitudes from 1600 m to 4200 m above sea level, the park is divided into upper and lower regions, each harboring unique ecosystems.
The park is home to a plethora of plant species, including wild cherry, pear, plum, walnut, oak, pine, and elm, fostering a biodiverse ecosystem.
Apart from hangul, the park supports a variety of wildlife, including musk deer, brown bears, leopards, Himalayan black bears, jungle cats, and species of wild goats like markhor and ibex.
Try this PYQ from CSP 2012:
Which one of the following groups of animals belongs to the category of endangered species?
(a) Great Indian Bustard, Musk Deer, Red Panda and Asiatic Wild Ass
(b) Kashmir Stag, Cheetal, Blue Bull and Great Indian Bustard
(c) Snow Leopard, Swamp Deer, Rhesus Monkey and Saras (Crane)
(d) Lion-tailed Macaque, Blue Bull, Hanuman Langur and Cheetal
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NUCFDC, Urban Cooperative Banks and their regulations, NBFCs
Mains level: NA
In the news
The Union Home Minister and Minister of Cooperation officially inaugurated the National Urban Cooperative Finance and Development Corporation Limited (NUCFDC), marking a significant milestone in the development of urban cooperative banking.
About NUCFDC
Regulatory Approval: NUCFDC has obtained approval from the RBI, authorizing it to function as a Non-Banking Finance Company (NBFC) and serve as the apex body for the urban cooperative banking sector.
Self-Regulatory Status: Additionally, NUCFDC has been granted the status of a Self-Regulatory Organisation (SRO) for the sector, empowering it to oversee and regulate various aspects of urban cooperative banking operations.
Capital Enhancement: NUCFDC aims to augment its capital base, with ambitions to achieve a capitalization level of Rs. 300 crores, facilitating its mission to support and strengthen Urban Cooperative Banks (UCBs).
Functions ofNUCFDC
Utilization of Funds: The organization intends to deploy its capital resources towards bolstering the financial capabilities of UCBs, including the development of a shared technology infrastructure to enhance service delivery and reduce operational costs.
Comprehensive Support: Apart from providing financial liquidity and capital assistance, NUCFDC will establish a collaborative technology platform accessible to all UCBs, enabling them to expand their service offerings efficiently and affordably.
Advisory Services: NUCFDC will also extend advisory and consultancy services to UCBs, assisting them in areas such as fund management, regulatory compliance, and strategic planning.
About Urban Cooperative Banks (UCBs)
Origins: UCBs trace their roots to cooperative credit societies, offering financial services to members within specific community groups.
Regulations: Regulated by the RBI under the Banking Regulation Act of 1949, UCBs adhere to stringent prudential norms and guidelines to ensure financial stability.
Operational Classification: UCBs are categorized into urban and rural cooperative banks based on their geographic scope. They operate under the governance of State Registrars of Cooperative Societies (RCS) or the Central Registrar of Cooperative Societies (CRCS) and the RBI.
Historical Evolution: The journey of UCBs dates back to the establishment of the first Cooperative Credit Society of Haryana in 1904, evolving over time with regulatory amendments and institutional reforms.
Reforming the UCBs
Narasimham Committee Report (1998): It suggest subsequent regulatory interventions aimed at enhancing the governance, capitalization, and operational efficiency of UCBs.
Structural Recommendations Committee (2021): The formation of a 4-tier structure for UCBs, proposed by a committee appointed by the RBI in 2021, seeks to streamline their operations and ensure effective regulatory oversight based on deposit size tiers:
Tier 1 with all unit UCBs and salary earner’s UCBs (irrespective of deposit size) and all other UCBs having deposits up to Rs 100 crore.
Tier 2 with UCBs of deposits between Rs 100 crore and Rs 1,000 crore,
Tier 3 with UCBs of deposits between Rs 1,000 crore and Rs 10,000 crore, and
Tier 4 with UCBs of deposits more than Rs 10,000 crore.
Challenges Faced by UCBs
Capital Constraints: UCBs encounter limitations in capital mobilization due to regulatory restrictions on dividend payouts and limited avenues for raising external funds.
Diversification Hurdles: The lack of operational diversification and dependence on member contributions for capital infusion pose challenges to UCBs’ financial resilience and expansion prospects.
Funding Alternatives: Access to alternative funding sources remains constrained for UCBs, necessitating innovative approaches to address liquidity requirements.
Profit Distribution Dynamics: Incentives for profit distribution are subdued in UCBs, impacting their attractiveness to investors and hindering their growth trajectory.
Solvency Pressures: Expansion initiatives and acquisitions can strain UCBs’ solvency and liquidity positions, necessitating prudent risk management practices and strategic planning.
Try this PYQ from CSP 2021:
With reference to ‘Urban Cooperative Banks’ in India, consider the following statements:
They are supervised and regulated by local boards set up by the State Governments.
They can issue equity shares and preference shares.
They were brought under the purview of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 through an Amendment in 1966.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Project, Godavari River
Mains level: Issue of Dam Safety in India
In the news
The Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Project (KLIP) has been under scrutiny following concerns over the sinking of piers at the Medigadda barrage.
To address these issues, National Dam Safety Authority (NDSA) will conduct a thorough examination of the project.
What is Kaleshwaram Project?
Details
Location
Kaleshwaram village, Telangana, India
Earlier called as Pranahita-Chevella Lift Irrigation Project
Confluence Point
Pranhita-Godavari River confluence
Project Size
Claimed to be the world’s largest multi-stage and multi-purpose lift irrigation project
Key Features
Series of underground and surface water pumping stations, stretching over 300 km
Purpose
Supply water to 45 lakh acres in Telangana
Commencement
Started in 2016, utilizing approximately 283 TMC of water from the Godavari River
Components
Divided into 7 links and 28 packages through 13 districts
Aims to source a total of 240 TMC of water
Construction of barrage at Medigadda, with water reverse-pumped into the Godavari River
Major Pumping Facilities
Ramadugu (largest), Medaram, Annaram, and Sundilla
About Godavari River
The Godavari River, also known as Dakshin Ganga, is the largest peninsular river system in the region.
Its basin is bordered by the Satmala hills to the north, the Ajanta range and Mahadeo hills to the south, the Eastern Ghats to the east, and the Western Ghats to the west.
Originating from Trimbakeshwar near Nasik in Maharashtra, the Godavari River flows for approximately 1465 km before reaching the Bay of Bengal.
The Godavari basin spans across Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and Odisha, with smaller portions in Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, and the UT of Puducherry.
Right bank tributaries include the Pravara, Manjira, and Maner.
Left bank tributaries comprise the Purna, Pranhita, Indravati, and Sabari rivers.
About National Dam Safety Authority (NDSA): Ensuring Dam Safety in India
The NDSA plays a crucial role in maintaining the safety standards of dams across the country.
Constitutional Basis: Although water management falls under the State List, the Union government has the authority to enact laws related to dam safety under Article 246 of the Constitution. (Parliament holds the power to make laws for any part of India not included within a State, irrespective of whether the subject falls under the State List.)
Dam Safety Act, 2021: Parliament has passed the Dam Safety Act to establish an institutional mechanism for ensuring dam safety in India.
Objectives and Functions
Institutional Mechanism: The NDSA is tasked with maintaining standards for dam safety, preventing dam-related disasters, and addressing interstate concerns regarding dams.
Leadership Structure: The authority is headed by a chairman and supported by five members with expertise in various domains, including policy and research, technical aspects, regulation, disaster management, resilience, and administration and finance.
Surveillance and Inspection: Special provisions are in place for the surveillance, inspection, operation, and maintenance of all large dams in the country to prevent dam failure-related disasters.
Penal Provisions: The Dam Safety Act includes penal provisions and a list of offenses along with corresponding penalties to ensure compliance.
Organizational Setup
Headquarters: The headquarters of the NDSA is located in the National Capital Region (NCR).
Regional Offices: The authority is supported by four regional offices strategically positioned across the country to facilitate efficient oversight and management of dam safety.
Try this PYQ from CSP 2015:
Q.Consider the following rivers:
Vamsadhara
Indravati
Pranahita
Pennar
Which of the rivers given above are the tributaries of Godavari?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Applications of AI
Mains level: River Inter-Linking
In the news
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a pivotal tool in addressing various challenges, including India’s pressing water crisis.
While the public’s perception of AI remains mixed, its potential to revolutionize water management cannot be overstated.
River Inter-Linking
Background: As India grapples with the challenges of climate change and unpredictable weather patterns, the need to mitigate water deficits has become a critical priority for policymakers. One proposed solution is the ambitious river-linking project, aimed at connecting flood-prone rivers with those facing water deficits.
Objective: The goal of the river-linking initiative is to optimize water distribution across regions, ensuring maximum benefits for the most people while minimizing environmental impact and resource depletion.
Assessing River Inter-Linking using AI
Computational Modeling: Researchers from institutions such as IIT-ISM, Dhanbad, and NITs in Tripura and Goa have leveraged AI tools to develop computational models for analyzing the proposed Pennar-Palar-Cauvery link canal.
Multi-Objective Optimization: The AI models employ a multi-objective approach, aiming to achieve multiple objectives simultaneously. For example, optimizing crop yield while minimizing water usage and environmental impact.
Data Utilization: These models utilize extensive datasets, including water level measurements, crop-sowing patterns, and economic factors such as minimum support price and cost-benefit analysis for farmers.
Predictive Analysis: By analyzing historical data and making predictions based on AI algorithms, researchers can identify optimal strategies for crop selection and water management, ultimately maximizing agricultural productivity while conserving water resources.
Key Findings and Recommendations
Optimizing Farm Returns: The AI-based models suggest that by making adjustments to crop selection and water management practices, it is possible to improve farm returns without depleting groundwater or wasting water resources.
Need for Detailed Data: Collecting more detailed and accurate data will enhance the effectiveness of AI-based models, enabling more focused and accurate predictions for optimizing water usage and agricultural productivity.
Way Forward
Improved Data Collection: Enhanced data collection efforts will further refine AI-based predictions, enabling more precise and focused solutions to water management challenges.
Collaborative Efforts: Collaboration between academia, government agencies, and technology experts is crucial in harnessing AI’s full potential for sustainable water management.
Public Awareness: Educating the public about the benefits of AI-driven water management solutions can garner support and facilitate implementation at scale.
Conclusion
The integration of AI into the river-linking initiative holds immense potential for addressing water scarcity challenges in India.
By harnessing the power of AI-driven predictive modelling, policymakers can make informed decisions to optimize water distribution, enhance agricultural productivity, and mitigate the impacts of climate change on water resources.
As India’s development journey progresses, leveraging AI technologies will be instrumental in achieving sustainable water management practices and ensuring water security for future generations.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Dual-Use Items, SCOMET
Mains level: Regulation of Dual-Use Items
In the news
Indian customs officials at Mumbai Port seized two advanced Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machines manufactured by GKD, Italy, en route to the port of Karachi from China.
The CNC machines, critical for manufacturing parts utilized in Pakistan’s missile development program, were destined for Karachi.
What are Dual-Use Items?
Definition: Dual-use items refer to commodities that possess the potential for application in both civilian and military contexts.
Regulatory Scrutiny: These items are subject to stringent regulation due to their capability to be initially designed for civilian purposes but later repurposed for military or even terrorist activities.
Examples: Examples of dual-use items include global positioning satellites, missiles, nuclear technology, chemical and biological weapons, night vision technology, drones, precision-engineered aluminium pipes, and specific types of ball bearings.
Global Control Mechanisms for Dual-Use Items
(1) Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR):
Established: In 1987 by G-7 countries.
Purpose: To limit the proliferation of missiles capable of delivering weapons of mass destruction.
Membership: Consists of 35 member countries.
Guidelines: Members coordinate national export controls to prevent missile proliferation.
India’s Membership: India became the 35th member in 2016.
(2) Wassenaar Arrangement (WA):
Established: In 1996 with 42 participating states.
Purpose: Prevent destabilizing accumulations of conventional arms and dual-use goods and technologies.
Export Controls: Member countries apply controls on listed items to avoid enhancing military capabilities.
India not a member: It it has expressed interest in joining to strengthen its export controls and enhance its non-proliferation efforts.
(3) Australia Group (AG):
Formation: Prompted by Iraq’s use of chemical weapons in 1985.
Focus: Initially on chemical weapons precursor chemicals, expanded to include biological weapons prevention.
Membership: Composed of 42 member countries. India is NOT a member.
Objective: Harmonization of international export controls on chemical and biological technologies.
(4) Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG):
Established: In 1974 in response to India’s nuclear tests.
Purpose: Control nuclear and nuclear-related technology to prevent proliferation.
Membership: Consists of 48 participating governments.
Guidelines: Aim to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons through control measures.
[Note: India is also party to key conventions such as the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) and Biological and Toxic Weapons Convention (BWC).]
India’s in-house mechanisms against Dual-Use Items
Role of DGFT: The Director General of Foreign Trade (DGFT) in India oversees the regulation of dual-use items through the SCOMET list (Specialty Chemicals, Organisms, Materials, Equipment, and Technologies).
SCOMET List: SCOMET items encompass special chemicals, organisms, materials, equipment, and technologies with dual-use potential.
Regulatory Framework: Exporting SCOMET items is subject to strict regulations, either requiring a license or being prohibited altogether.
Alignment with International Controls: The SCOMET control list aligns with the control lists of various multilateral export control regimes and conventions.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Lahore Resolution (1940)
Mains level: NA
In the news
Pakistan’s decision to resume its National Day (March 23) celebrations in New Delhi after a four-year gap due to the pandemic and strained bilateral relations reflects a significant diplomatic gesture.
Let’s delve into the historical significance of Pakistan National Day, centered around the Lahore Resolution, and understand how it is observed in New Delhi.
Observance of Pakistan National Day in New Delhi
Diplomatic Event: The Pakistan National Day is observed at the Pakistan embassy complex in New Delhi, typically attended by foreign diplomats and Indian dignitaries.
Symbolic Gestures: The event features the playing of national anthems of both countries and addresses by the Pakistan high commissioner and invited guests, fostering diplomatic ties.
About the Lahore Resolution (1940)
Historical Context: The Lahore Resolution was adopted by the All-India Muslim League during its session in Lahore from March 22 to March 24, 1940.
Core Objective: It formally called for an independent state for India’s Muslims, laying the groundwork for the creation of Pakistan.
Constitutional Transformation (1956): Pakistan officially adopted its first Constitution on March 23, coinciding with the Lahore Resolution, signifying the transition from the Dominion of Pakistan to the Islamic Republic of Pakistan.
Symbolic Structure: The Minar-e-Pakistan, erected at the site of the Lahore Resolution, commemorates this historic event, with the resolution’s text inscribed at its base.
Key Elements of the Lahore Resolution
Geographical Division: The resolution emphasized the formation of “Independent States” in regions where Muslims were in a majority, particularly in the North-Western and Eastern Zones of India.
Safeguarding Minority Rights: It called for the protection of religious, cultural, economic, and political rights of Muslims and other minorities throughout India.
Historical Context and Lead-up to the Lahore Resolution
Growing Dissent: The resolution reflected the culmination of growing demands for Muslim autonomy within India, amid concerns over representation and safeguarding of rights.
Impactful Events: The session coincided with the Khaksar tragedy and featured a pivotal address by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, solidifying his leadership role in the movement for a separate Muslim state.
Government of India Act, 1935: The Lahore Resolution emerged against the backdrop of the GoI Act, 1935, which granted separate electorates to Muslims and served as a catalyst for the demand for Muslim autonomy.
Try this PYQ from CSP 2012:
Q.The Lahore Session of the Indian National Congress (1929) is very important in history, because-
The Congress passed a resolution demanding complete independence
The rift between the extremists and moderates was resolved in that Session
A resolution was passed rejecting the two-nation theory in that Session
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Explained | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution - historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Articles 194(2) (for MLAs) and 105(2) (MPs)
Mains level: Vote for cash issue
In the news
The Supreme Court is set to decide if legislators (MPs and MLAs) enjoy immunity from bribery charges in connection with votes made in Parliament and Legislative Assemblies.
Legislators Immunity: Background and Context
Constitutional Provisions: Articles 194(2) (for MLAs) and 105(2) (MPs) of the Constitution grant legislators immunity from legal proceedings concerning their speeches and votes in Parliament and Legislative Assemblies.
P.V. Narasimha Case: In 1998, the Supreme Court upheld this immunity in the case of P.V. Narasimha Rao v State (CBI/SPE), ruling that legislators are shielded from criminal prosecution for bribery linked to their parliamentary actions.
Reasons for Reconsideration
Sita Soren’s Case: The appeal by JMM MLA Sita Soren, accused of accepting bribes during Rajya Sabha elections, prompted a reevaluation of the Narasimha verdict.
Interpretation Issues: Concerns were raised about the broad interpretation of immunity and its implications for combating bribery in legislative bodies.
Arguments Supporting Immunity
Absolute Protection: Advocates contend that legislators enjoy complete immunity from legal action under constitutional provisions. They argue that the Speaker holds authority to address moral infractions through expulsion.
Interpretation of Articles: The dissenting opinion in Narasimha sought to narrow the scope of immunity, but proponents stress adherence to the literal interpretation of constitutional language.
Arguments against
Completion of Offence: Critics argue that the offence of bribery is consummated upon acceptance of the bribe, irrespective of subsequent actions. They advocate holding legislators accountable from the moment the bribe is accepted.
Legitimate Legislative Actions: Distinguishing between legitimate and illegitimate actions, advocates assert that actions stemming from criminal conduct, such as vote-buying, should not be shielded by immunity.
Legal Interpretation and Statutory Compliance
Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988: Critics highlight inconsistencies between the Narasimha ruling and the provisions of the PCA, emphasizing the need for alignment with anti-corruption legislation.
Intent and Performance: Solicitor General Mehta underscored the disconnect between the Narasimha verdict and the intent of the Prevention of Corruption Act, particularly regarding the timing of criminal liability.
P.V. Narasimha Case (1998) Analogy
Judgement protects bribe-takers after there is “performance” (a speech or vote is given based on the bribe), even though Section 7 of the PCA specifically punishes public servants who accept bribes “to” or “as a reward for” performing their public duty improperly or dishonestly.
Way Forward
Balancing Integrity and Immunity: The court’s ruling will determine the delicate balance between upholding legislative immunity and ensuring accountability for criminal acts.
Interpretative Scrutiny: A nuanced interpretation of constitutional provisions is essential to address the evolving complexities of legislative conduct and accountability.
Conclusion
The Supreme Court’s forthcoming decision on legislators’ immunity from bribery charges holds significant ramifications for India’s legal landscape.
Balancing constitutional provisions, legislative intent, and anti-corruption imperatives, the court’s ruling will shape the accountability framework for lawmakers and the integrity of the legislative process.
Prelims Only | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution - historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Sub-nationalism, Statehood issues among Tribals
In the news
A Tripartite agreement was signed between the Government of India, the government of Tripura, and the Tipraha Indigenous Progressive Regional Alliance (TIPRA).
This marks a significant step towards addressing the longstanding issues faced by the indigenous population of Tripura.
Ethno-Political Demands in Tripura: Historical Context
Demographic Shifts: Tripura has witnessed significant demographic changes, with indigenous tribes facing marginalization due to influxes of refugees from East Pakistan.
Marginalization of the Locals: This demographic shift has eroded the indigenous population’s socio-political influence and land rights over time.
Ethnic Tensions: Ethnic conflicts and insurgency have further exacerbated tensions between indigenous tribes and non-tribal communities, leading to demands for greater autonomy and recognition of tribal rights.
Revival of Ethnic Nationalism: In recent years, ethnic nationalism has been resurgent, particularly through the demand of Greater Tipraland, which seeks to unite indigenous tribes under a common identity and advocate for their collective interests.
Demand for Greater Tipraland
Enhanced Autonomy: The core objective of Greater Tipraland is to secure greater autonomy for indigenous tribes within Tripura, allowing them to govern their affairs and preserve their cultural heritage.
Recognition of Tribal Rights: TIPRA’s demands include linguistic recognition, economic empowerment, and political representation for indigenous communities, ensuring their rights are safeguarded and respected.
Geographical Extent: The proposed Greater Tipraland encompasses not only the Tripura Tribal Areas Autonomous District Council (TTAADC) but also extends to tribal populations residing outside designated tribal areas, including those in neighboring states and Bangladesh.
Constitutional Framework for Such Demands
Constitutional Provisions: Articles 2 and 3 of the Indian Constitution provide the legal framework for the creation of new states and the alteration of state boundaries. TIPRA seeks to leverage these provisions to advocate for the establishment of Greater Tipraland.
Regional Representation: Through political advocacy and grassroots mobilization, TIPRA aims to garner support for its demands within the legislative and executive branches of government, both at the state and national levels.
Challenges and Opportunities: While constitutional avenues exist for pursuing Greater Tipraland, navigating political complexities and addressing competing interests pose significant challenges. However, TIPRA sees these challenges as opportunities to engage in dialogue and build consensus around its agenda.
Socio-Political Dynamics
Coalition Building: TIPRA’s emergence as a major political force has reshaped Tripura’s political landscape, with alliances and partnerships forming to advance shared objectives, including the pursuit of Greater Tipraland.
Opposition Criticism: Opposition parties, such as the Communist Party of India (Marxist), have criticized TIPRA’s demands as politically motivated, highlighting broader ideological divisions and electoral dynamics.
Public Support: TIPRA’s demands have garnered widespread public support, particularly among indigenous communities, who see Greater Tipraland as a pathway to empowerment and self-determination.
Conclusion
The demand for Greater Tipraland encapsulates the aspirations of Tripura’s indigenous tribes for self-governance, cultural preservation, and socio-economic empowerment.
While challenges remain, the pursuit reflects a broader movement towards inclusive governance and recognition of indigenous rights in India’s northeastern region.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Grey Zone Warfare
Mains level: Read the attached story
In the news
In contemporary international relations, the concept of grey zone warfare has gained prominence, reflecting a complex space between overt conflict and peace.
This nuanced form of warfare encompasses a spectrum of activities aimed at advancing national objectives while avoiding direct confrontation.
What is Grey Zone Warfare?
Middle Ground: Grey zone warfare denotes an ambiguous space where activities blur the distinction between peace and war.
Diverse Tactics: It encompasses a wide array of activities, including economic coercion, cyberattacks, disinformation campaigns, proxy warfare, and territorial assertiveness, among others.
Historical Context and Rationale
Cold War Legacy: The conditions of the Cold War era, marked by nuclear deterrence between superpowers, spurred the adoption of grey zone tactics to avoid catastrophic escalation.
Resourceful Adversaries: Nations resort to grey zone tactics to advance their interests without triggering a full-scale conflict, particularly when faced with superior adversaries.
Examples of Grey Zone Warfare:
South China Sea Disputes: China’s assertive actions in the South China Sea, including maritime militia presence and territorial claims, exemplify grey zone warfare. Confrontations with countries like the Philippines underscore the contentious nature of these tactics.
Taiwan Strait Tensions: Chinese military maneuvers near Taiwan and Taiwan’s complaints of increased Chinese military activity highlight the use of grey zone strategies to pressure without provoking outright conflict.
US-China Economic Rivalry: Economic sanctions, trade tariffs, and maritime reconnaissance efforts by the United States against China illustrate grey zone competition beyond military realms.
Motivations and Objectives
Covert Intentions: Grey zone tactics serve to advance strategic interests while maintaining plausible deniability and avoiding direct confrontation.
Escalation Management: Adversaries seek to exploit vulnerabilities and escalate tensions across multiple dimensions, complicating crisis management efforts.
Challenges and Responses
Complexity of Response: Grey zone warfare poses challenges in crafting appropriate responses, as actions are often covert and multifaceted.
Risk of Over-Escalation: Tactics such as baiting adversaries into escalation can lead to unintended consequences and heightened tensions, necessitating cautious crisis management.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Kalbeliya Dance
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
Recently performers from Rajasthan showcased the Kalbeliya dance in Hyderabad.
What is Kalbeliya Dance?
Kalbeliya Dance is a traditional Indian dance form that originated in the state of Rajasthan.
It is a vibrant, energetic dance that is performed by members of the Kalbeliya, a nomadic tribe of snake charmers in Rajasthan.
It is a highly sensuous dance, with the dancers performing intricate footwork and swaying movements of their arms and body.
In 2010, the Kalbelia folk songs and dances of Rajasthan were declared a part of its Intangible Heritage List by UNESCO.
Performance Details
The dancers are women in flowing black skirts who dance and twirl, replicating the movements of a serpent.
They wear an upper body cloth called an angrakhiand a headcloth known as the odhani; the lower body cloth is called a lehenga.
All these clothes are of mixed red and black huesand embroidered.
The male participants play musical instruments, such as the ‘pungi’, the dufli, been, the khanjari– a percussion instrument, morchang, khuralioand the dholak to create the rhythm on which the dancers perform.
The dancers are tattooed in traditional designs and wear jewellery and garments richly embroidered with small mirrors and silver threads.
As the performance progresses, the rhythm becomes faster and faster and so dances.
Features of the Kalbeliya Dance
Rapid footwork: The fast, intricate footwork of the Kalbeliya dance is the highlight of this folk dance. The dancers move their feet in quick, sharp movements that form intricate patterns on the floor.
Swirling skirts: The colorful skirts of the female dancers swirl gracefully as they move, adding to the beauty of the dance.
Hand and arm movements: The dancers use their hands and arms to create graceful, fluid movements that are integral to the dance.
Singing: Kalbeliya dancers often sing along to the music as they dance, adding to the atmosphere of the performance.
Reducing gender gaps and increasing women’s empowerment are part of the Sustainable Development Goals. Notwithstanding ethical and constitutional imperatives, there is also evidence suggesting that increasing women’s employment rates can be an engine for economic growth.
What is the issue?
Despite functioning at a fraction of its intended capacity, the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) has been pivotal in providing financial autonomy to women in rural areas.
More than half the MGNREGA workforce are women. However, urban realities are different. Social norms, lack of safety, and hostile transportation options are some of the factors inhibiting urban women to enter the workforce.
What data is explaining?
The Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) pegs women’s employment rate in urban areas at 22.9% in the last quarter of 2023. There are clear signs of high unmet demand for employment among urban women.
First, the unemployment rate in urban areas, which is a measure of how many would like employment (irrespective of whether they are actively seeking it or not), is 9% compared to 4% in rural areas.
Second, there are two types of unemployment individuals who would like to work and are actively seeking a job versus those who would like to work but may not be actively seeking a job.
A much larger share of unemployed women in urban areas are seeking employment compared to rural areas. Further, nearly 25% of urban women have completed higher secondary education compared to 5% in rural areas. The low urban employment rates among women also points to wastage of much potential.
The article presents statistics from the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) indicating that approximately 10.18 crore women in urban areas aged 15-59 are out of the workforce. When including those who are self-employed or engaged in casual labor, this number rises to around 11.65 crore.
Introducing the Women’s Urban Employment Guarantee Act (WUEGA)
The proposal outlines a comprehensive plan to address urban unemployment through the implementation of a Women’s Urban Employment Guarantee Act (WUEGA). This act aims to provide employment opportunities specifically targeted towards women in urban areas.
Programme Management and Decentralization: The proposal suggests that women should form at least 50% (ideally 100%) of the programme management staff under WUEGA. This approach not only ensures women’s active participation but also strengthens the constitutional mandate of decentralization by involving local communities in decision-making processes.
Ensuring Accessibility and Supportive Infrastructure: The proposal emphasizes the importance of providing essential worksite facilities, including childcare facilities, to enable women’s participation in the program. It also advocates for the availability of work within a 5-km radius and proposes free public transportation for women to facilitate their commute to worksites.
Diversifying Employment Opportunities: The proposal highlights the need to diversify urban works to cater to local needs and wider consultation. It mentions existing examples such as plantation and harvesting reeds on floating wetlands and suggests supplementing the list based on local requirements.
Incentives and Welfare Measures: This section discusses the creation of incentives, such as automatic inclusion in welfare boards, to encourage women’s participation in the program. It proposes utilizing welfare boards to provide maternity entitlements, pensions, and emergency funds for program participants.
Skill Development and Apprenticeships: The proposal emphasizes the importance of addressing skill gaps among women to facilitate their transition from school to work. It suggests implementing apprenticeship programs for college students from various disciplines, providing them with opportunities to join as program functionaries and improve their job readiness.
Information Facilitation Centers and Capacity Building: Here, the proposal suggests establishing Information Facilitation Centers at each urban local body, run by women who have completed Class 10, to provide computer training facilities and bridge the gap in skills. It also advocates for regular capacity-building initiatives to empower these centers and enhance women’s job readiness.
Social Audit and Monitoring Mechanisms: The proposal recommends the establishment of a social audit unit within WUEGA, comprising at least 50% women staff, for independent monitoring of the program. It suggests that social audits could serve as opportunities for women who have completed Class 12 to join part-time or full-time roles and enhance their job readiness through acquiring various skill sets.
Successful Women-Led Initiatives in Waste Management
The article highlights successful women-led initiatives, such as the end-to-end waste management program in Karnataka’s gram panchayats. It emphasizes that women not only manage waste collection but also drive ‘Swacch’ vehicles, leading to the acquisition of driving licenses and contributing to the success of the initiative.
Wayforward
The article discusses the financial implications of the proposed program, estimating that the wage component funded by the Union government would cost around 1.5% of the GDP. When adding material and administrative costs, the total cost is expected to be around 2% of the GDP. It advocates for a phased rollout of the scheme with periodic assessments to smoothen costs.
Here, the article suggests that the proposed women’s employment program could serve as a foundation for a broader urban employment program encompassing both genders. It argues that the benefits of such a program outweigh fiscal concerns and calls for a shift towards ensuring income assurance, especially for women.
Mains level: Implications of maritime crisis on Submarine Cable Infrastructure
In the news
Three undersea cables connecting India to global telecom networks—Asia-Africa-Europe-1, Europe India Gateway, and Tata Global Network—have been damaged in the Red Sea Conflict, possibly due to targeted attacks.
What are Submarine Communications Cable?
Submarine cables are laid on the seabed between land-based stations to transmit telecommunication signals across stretches of ocean and sea.
These cables employ fiber-optic technology, with optical fiber elements coated with protective layers suitable for the marine environment.
Submarine cables offer a reliable, cost-efficient, and high-capacity means of internet connectivity compared to satellites.
India’s Submarine Cable Infrastructure
With 17 submarine cables landing in 14 cable landing stations, mainly in Mumbai and Chennai, India is actively expanding its undersea connectivity.
The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) has introduced regulations categorizing Cable Landing Stations (CLS) into Main CLS and CLS Point of Presence to enhance data flow and reduce reliance on foreign providers.
TRAI’s recommendations also include recognizing submarine cable operations as critical services, proposing legislative amendments, and suggesting exemptions from custom duty and GST for essential goods.
Examples:
MIST Submarine Cable System (connecting India with Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, and Singapore)
Reliance Jio Infocomm’s India Asia Xpress (IAX) (India to the Maldives, Singapore, Sri Lanka, and Thailand)
India Europe Xpress (IEX) (India to Italy via Saudi Arabia and Greece)
SeaMeWe-6 project (Singapore to France via India, Bangladesh, and Maldives)
Africa2 Cable (connecting India with the UK via several African countries)
Vulnerabilities in Telecom Infrastructure
Ongoing Conflict’s Impact: Damage to undersea cable systems in the Red Sea due to regional conflict exposes vulnerabilities in India’s internet and overseas telecom connectivity.
Limited Connectivity: India’s relatively few connections to such cables and regulatory restrictions on expanding the submarine cable industry pose significant concerns.
Choke Points: Cable disruptions underscore a choke point in subsea connections between Europe and Asia, particularly concerning for India due to limited connections and regulatory constraints.
Current Challenges in Submarine Cable Infrastructure
Capacity Shortages: Rising demand from data centers, retail usage, and enterprise applications exacerbates capacity constraints in India’s submarine cable networks.
Opaque Ownership Structures: Lack of transparency in ownership of submarine cable systems raises national security concerns, particularly regarding the involvement of International Long Distance Operators (ILDOs).
Regulatory Constraints: Stringent regulations impede investment in submarine cable infrastructure, limiting redundancy and hindering security measures.
Implications of TRAI Proposals
Digital Transformation: TRAI’s recommendations align with India’s digital ambitions, facilitating the expansion of data centers and enhancing internet connectivity.
Balancing Act: DoT’s decision on TRAI’s proposals will shape the future of India’s submarine cable industry, balancing the interests of stakeholders and national security concerns.
Case Study: Australia’s Cable Protection Zone Regime
Legislative Framework: ACPZs established within its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), offer a legislative model for protecting international submarine cables.
Regulatory Authority: The Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA) oversees the enforcement of protection measures within designated zones, ensuring compliance with stringent regulations.
Prohibited Activities: It restricts activities such as seabed trawling, vessel anchoring, and dredging within Cable Protection Zones, mitigating the risk of cable damage.
Way Forward
[A] Replicating Success in Indian Waters
Adopting Legislative Framework: India can collaborate with Australia to enact similar laws within its territorial waters, leveraging sovereign rights over submarine cables within the EEZ.
Establishing Protection Zones: Creation of Submarine Cable Protection Zones, consistent with UNCLOS provisions, enables India to enforce jurisdictional and physical safeguards.
Regional Cooperation: India can advocate for the adoption of Australia’s model legislation across the Indian Ocean Rim Association, fostering multilateral cooperation in protecting subsea infrastructure.
[B] Operational Implementation and Collaboration
Coordination Mechanisms: Collaboration among navies and coastguards of Quad nations and like-minded countries facilitates operational coordination in monitoring and protecting high-density cable zones.
Policy Alignment: Aligning domestic legislative frameworks with regional initiatives ensures seamless coordination and collective action in safeguarding submarine assets.
Reducing Risks: Enhanced cooperation minimizes the risk of cable damage and sabotage, bolstering connectivity and resilience in the Indian Ocean Region.
Conclusion
India stands at a pivotal juncture in safeguarding its subsea infrastructure amidst evolving geopolitical dynamics.
India must fortify its submarine cable assets, ensuring uninterrupted connectivity and advancing its digital aspirations.
Through proactive legislative measures and strategic collaboration, India can mitigate risks and emerge as a global leader in subsea infrastructure protection.
What do understand by the concept of “freedom of speech and expression”? Does it cover hate speech also? Why do films in India stand on a slightly different plane from other forms of expression? Discuss.
What is the Right to Free Speech?
Freedom: Article 19(1) (a) guarantees the freedom of speech and expression to all citizens. It is the first condition of liberty and plays an important role in forming public opinion.
Restrictions: As per Article 19(2), restrictions can be imposed upon the freedom of speech and expression in the interests of:
Sovereignty and integrity of India,
Security of the state,
Friendly relations with foreign states,
Public order, decency or morality, or
In relation to contempt of court,
Defamation, or
Incitement to an offense
Online Discourse: The proliferation of social media platforms necessitates a nuanced understanding of free speech rights in the digital realm, balancing individual liberties with societal interests.
Immunity for Politicians: For politicians, while they enjoy the right to free speech, they are also subject to certain limitations. Criticism of the government or its policies is generally allowed as long as it does not incite violence or hatred.
Legal Conundrum over Digital Defamation
Background: Kejriwal faced defamation charges for retweeting a video by a YouTuber Dhruv Rathee, alleging defamatory statements against the BJP’s IT cell.
Legal Proceedings: The Delhi High Court upheld the summons issued to Kejriwal, citing the widespread impact of retweets by public figures.
Constitutional Considerations: The right to free speech, protected under Article 19(1)(a) of the Indian Constitution, is subject to reasonable restrictions, including defamation laws under Article 19(2).
Retweeting vs. Endorsement: The court’s intervention underscores the distinction between retweeting and endorsing content. While retweeting may not always signify endorsement, public figures are held to a higher standard of responsibility for their online actions.
Defamation Laws: Indian law, as delineated in Section 499 of the Indian Penal Code, criminalizes statements intended to harm an individual’s reputation. However, applying these laws to online communication poses unique challenges.
Legal Precedents and Interpretations
Shreya Singhal vs. Union of India (2015): Section 66A of The IT Act, 2000, had criminalised sending “offensive messages” utilizing “a computer resource or a communication device”. This provision was quashed by the SC given the ambiguity in the definition of the term “offensive”.
Subramanian Swamy vs. Union of India (2016): The Supreme Court affirmed the constitutionality of criminal defamation laws, balancing the right to reputation with freedom of expression.
Kaushal Kishore vs. Union of India (2017): The Court clarified that additional restrictions on free speech must align with Article 19(2) and cannot be arbitrarily imposed.
Implications for Online Discourse
Scope of Defamation: Online retweets amplify the dissemination of allegedly defamatory content, raising questions about liability and accountability.
Responsibility of Public Figures: Public figures like Kejriwal face heightened scrutiny for their online activities, given their influence and reach on social media platforms.
Conclusion
This defamation case underscores the evolving dynamics of communication in the digital age.
As online discourse continues to shape public opinion, striking a balance between freedom of expression and legal safeguards against defamation remains a pressing challenge.
The Supreme Court’s intervention provides an opportunity to reassess existing laws and norms governing online speech, ensuring that rights and responsibilities are harmonized in the digital realm.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Fiscal Deficit, Capital Expenditure
Mains level: NA
In the news
Capital Expenditure Decline: In January, the Centre’s capital expenditure saw a significant decline of 40.5%, totaling ₹47,600 crore compared to ₹80,000 crore in the previous year.
Fiscal Deficit Widening: By the end of January, the fiscal deficit reached 64% of the revised estimates for 2023-24. Despite challenges in expenditure, the government seems poised to meet the revised deficit target of 5.8% of GDP for the year.
What is Fiscal Deficit?
Definition: Fiscal deficit is the excess of total disbursements from the Consolidated Fund of India over total receipts, excluding debt repayment, within a financial year.
Formula: Fiscal Deficit = Total expenditure of the government (capital and revenue expenditure) – Total income of the government (Revenue receipts + recovery of loans + other receipts).
Government Income
Revenue receipts: This includes tax revenues collected by the government from various sources such as income tax, corporate tax, and indirect taxes like GST.
Capital receipts: This encompasses borrowings, disinvestments, and other sources of income.
Tax revenues: Income from GST and other taxes.
Non-tax revenues: Including interest receipts, dividends and profits, external grants, and receipts from union territories.
Other non-tax revenues: Revenue from fiscal, social, and economic services.
Government Expenditure
Revenue Expenditure: Spending on day-to-day operations including salaries, subsidies, and interest payments.
Capital Expenditure: Investment in infrastructure, acquisition of assets, and long-term projects.
Interest Payments: Amount paid by the government as interest on its borrowings.
Grants-in-aid for the creation of capital assets: Funds provided for the creation of capital assets such as roads, bridges, and public buildings.
Impact of economic sectors shut during the pandemic: Closure of economic activities leading to decreased tax revenues.
Government’s missed disinvestment targets: Failure to achieve disinvestment targets resulting in lower capital receipts.
[2] Rise in Expenditure
Factors contributing to high inflation: High inflation rates increasing import and borrowing costs.
Importance of social infrastructure investment: Emphasis on social infrastructure for inclusive growth and employment.
External market volatilities affecting Indian expenditure: Dependency on imports exposing India to external market fluctuations.
Unproductive expenditures like subsidies: Essential but unproductive expenditures adding to fiscal pressure.
[3] Rise in Borrowings
Need for market borrowing for policy implementations: Borrowing for policy measures such as bank recapitalization, farm loan waivers, and UDAY.
Implications of Fiscal Deficit
Vicious circle of borrowing and repayment: Continuous borrowing to repay loans leading to a debt trap.
Inflation: Increased borrowing leading to higher interest rates and inflation.
Reduced private sector borrowing: Government borrowing reducing borrowing opportunities for the private sector.
Discouragement of private investment: Inflation and limited financing discouraging private investment.
Risk of credit rating downgrade: High borrowing increasing the risk of credit rating downgrade.
Limits Revenue Spending: Rising fiscal deficit affecting government allowances like dearness allowance and dearness relief.
Foreign Dependence: Borrowing from foreign sources increasing dependence and exposure to external fiscal policies.
Measures for Control: FRBM Act, 2003
The FRBM Act aims to instil fiscal discipline and ensure inter-generational equity in fiscal management, promoting long-term macro-economic stability.
Targets:
Limit fiscal deficit to 3% of GDP by March 31, 2009.
Completely eliminate revenue deficit.
Reduce liabilities to 50% of estimated GDP by 2011.
Prohibit direct borrowing from RBI to monetize the deficit.
Escape Clause: Section 4(2) of the Act allows the Centre to exceed annual fiscal deficit targets under specific circumstances, such as national security, calamity, agricultural collapse, or structural reforms.
Review Committee: In May 2016, a committee under NK Singh was formed to review the FRBM Act. Recommendations included targeting a fiscal deficit of 3% of GDP until March 31, 2020, reducing it to 2.8% in 2020-21, and further to 2.5% by 2023.
Current Targets:
The latest provisions of the FRBM Act mandate limiting fiscal deficit to 3% of GDP by March 31, 2021.
Central government debt should not exceed 40% of GDP by 2024-25, among other stipulations.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Social behaviours of elephant, Project Elephant
Mains level: NA
In the news
A recent study aims to delve into the peri-mortem and post-mortem strategies of Asian elephants, offering insights into their behavior in shared human spaces amid environmental changes.
The study area covered fragmented forests, tea estates, agricultural lands, and military establishments in the vicinity of the Gorumara Wildlife Division and Buxa Tiger Reserve in West Bengal.
Elephants in India
Details
Population Estimate
India hosts the largest population of wild Asian Elephants (Elephas maximus), with around 29,964 individuals,
Approximately 60% of the global population (2017 census).
Leading States
Karnataka holds the highest number of elephants, followed by Assam and Kerala.
Conservation Status
IUCN Red List: Endangered.
CMS: Appendix I.
Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972: Listed under Schedule I,
CITES: Appendix I.
Conservation Initiatives
Project Elephant launched in 1992, covering 23 states across India.
Contributed to the increase in wild elephant population from around 25,000 in 1992 to about 30,000 in 2021.
Establishment of Elephant Reserves. Total 33 in numbers covering approximately 80,777 Sq.km.
Recent findings
Peri-Mortem Strategies: Asian elephants were found to carry carcasses by trunks and legs before burying them in a ‘legs upright’ position.
Herding Behavior: Elephant herds exhibit avoidance behavior, choosing parallel routes to bypass paths where calf carcasses were buried.
Burial Locations: Calves were buried in irrigation drains of tea estates, indicating a preference for specific locations.
Herding Dynamics: The unique positioning of carcasses suggests careful handling by herd members, highlighting their care and affection toward deceased calves.
Space Constraints: Prioritizing the burial of the head before the feet indicates strategic decision-making in situations of spatial limitations.
Environmental Context and Elephant Behavior
Impact of Environmental Changes: Rapid environmental transformations and habitat destruction push elephants to explore human-dominated areas, resulting in the emergence of novel behaviors.
Limited Documentation: While similar behaviors are documented in African contexts, elephant calf burial in the Asian context remains largely undocumented.
General Social Behaviour of Elephants
Elephants exhibit a wide range of social behaviors that highlight their complex and intelligent nature.
Matrilineal Social Structure: Elephants live in multi-tiered societies, starting with family units consisting of related females and their calves. These family units form bonds with other families, creating clans and sub-populations. The herds are led by a senior matriarch who makes decisions on movement and resources.
Communication: Elephants communicate through various calls, gestures, and physical contact. They have a sophisticated communication system involving over sixty different calls, including trumpets and rumbles that convey information across long distances.
Empathy and Mourning: Elephants display empathy by comforting distressed companions through physical contact and vocal sounds. They have been observed mourning their dead, showing behaviors akin to mourning seen in humans.
Cooperative Behavior: Elephant herds cooperate in raising their young, with adolescent females assisting in caring for calves. They also engage in cooperative actions like adopting an infant tormented by predators or helping wounded elephants by stopping bleeding and providing support.
Individual Personalities: Elephants have distinct personalities that influence their interactions within the group. Some elephants show strong leadership qualities, while others are more introverted. These individual traits impact how they interact with other elephants.
Try this PYQ from CSP 2020:
Q. With reference to Indian elephants, consider the following statements:
The leader of an elephant group is a female.
The maximum gestation period can be 22 months.
An elephant can normally go on calving till the age of 40 years only.
Among the States in India, the highest elephant population is in Kerala.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Goods and Services Tax (GST)
Mains level: GST Collection
In the news
India’s GST revenues saw a robust growth of 12.54% in February, exceeding ₹1.68 lakh crore.
This marked the fourth-highest monthly collection since GST’s inception.
Why discuss this?
The Goods and Services Tax (GST) system in India has been a pivotal component of the country’s tax structure since its implementation in July 2017.
Analyzing the trends and performance of GST revenues offers insights into the economic health and growth trajectory of the nation.
Gross Revenues Overview
Yearly Comparison: The fiscal year 2023-24 witnessed a noteworthy increase, reaching ₹18.4 lakh crore, indicating an 11.7% rise from the previous year.
Yearly Uptick: This year’s growth stands as the third highest since the implementation of GST.
Domestic Transactions: Revenues from domestic transactions surged by 13.9%.
Imported Goods: Revenue from goods imports also saw a notable increase, rising by 8.5%.
State-wise Breakdown
Overall Collection Analysis: After accounting for refunds, February’s GST collection amounted to ₹1.51 lakh crore, indicating a substantial 13.6% growth from the previous year.
State Variability: States exhibited diverse performances, with some experiencing declines while others exceeded national growth averages.
Declining Revenues: Five states witnessed contractions, with Mizoram and Manipur showing significant decreases.
Outperforming States: Twelve states, including Jammu and Kashmir, Assam, and Maharashtra, surpassed the national average growth rate.
Compensation Cess Details
Components of GST Intake: February’s gross GST intake included CGST, SGST, and IGST, amounting to ₹84,098 crore.
Cess Collections: Compensation cess collections amounted to ₹12,839 crore, with additional revenue from imported goods.
Revenue Distribution: The Central government allocated substantial sums to CGST and SGST from IGST collections.
Revenue Allocation: After regular distributions, CGST received ₹73,641 crore, while SGST received ₹75,569 crore.
AboutGoods and Services Tax (GST)
Definition: GST is an indirect tax that has replaced many indirect taxes in India such as excise duty, VAT, services tax, etc.
Legislation: The GST Act was passed in Parliament on 29th March 2017 and came into effect on 1st July 2017. It is a single domestic indirect tax law for the entire country.
Tax Structure: It is a comprehensive, multi-stage, destination-based tax that is levied on every value addition.
Taxation Points: Under the GST regime, the tax is levied at every point of sale. In the case of intra-state sales, Central GST and State GST are charged. All the inter-state sales are chargeable to the Integrated GST.
Components of GST
CGST: It is the tax collected by the Central Government on an intra-state sale (e.g., a transaction happening within Maharashtra).
SGST: It is the tax collected by the state government on an intra-state sale (e.g., a transaction happening within Maharashtra).
IGST: It is a tax collected by the Central Government for an inter-state sale (e.g., Maharashtra to Tamil Nadu).
Advantages of GST
GST has mainly removed the cascading effect on the sale of goods and services.
Removal of the cascading effect has impacted the cost of goods.
Since the GST regime eliminates the tax on tax, the cost of goods decreases.
Also, GST is mainly technologically driven.
All the activities like registration, return filing, application for refund and response to notice needs to be done online on the GST portal, which accelerates the processes.
Issues with GST
High operational cost.
GST has given rise to complexity for many business owners across the nation.
GST has received criticism for being called a ‘Disability Tax’ as it now taxes articles such as braille paper, wheelchairs, hearing aid etc.
Fuels are not under GST, which goes against the ideals of the unification of commodities.
Try this PYQ from CSP 2015:
Q. All revenues received by the Union. Government by way of taxes and other receipts for the conduct of Government business are credited to the:
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: UNEA-6, Membership of UNEA
Mains level: NA
In the news
The Sixth Assembly session of the United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEA-6) was convened at its headquarters in Nairobi, Kenya.
It focussed on the pivotal role of multilateralism in addressing the triple planetary crisis of climate change, biodiversity loss, and pollution.
Abut United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA)
Details
Purpose
Highest-level decision-making body on environmental matters within the United Nations system.
Establishment
Established in 2012 during the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20).
Frequency
Typically convenes every two years in Nairobi, Kenya.
Membership
Consists of all 193 UN Member States and representatives from observer countries and organizations.
Decision-Making
Adopts resolutions and decisions on global environmental issues.
UNEA-6: Theme and Focus
Theme: Effective, inclusive, and sustainable multilateral actions to tackle climate change, biodiversity loss, and pollution.
Focus: Planning the role of multilateralism in shaping global environmental policy to combat the pressing challenges facing our planet.
Key Outcomes
[A] Environmental Multilateralism
High-Level Dialogues: UNEA-6 dedicated a day to discussing cooperation and convergence with multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs), emphasizing effective implementation at both national and global levels.
Importance: MEAs play a critical role in addressing specific environmental issues at national, regional, and global levels, providing essential frameworks for international environmental governance.
[B] Energy Transition to Renewable Sources
Rapid Adoption of Renewable Energy: The session emphasized the need for three times the current renewable energy capacity by 2030 to foster a nature and people-positive planet.
Global Standards Development: Efforts are underway to establish globally acceptable standards for renewable energy, ensuring environmental sustainability and responsible sourcing of minerals.
[C] Plastic Pollution
Call for Action: Discussions centered on a legally binding treaty on plastic pollution, aiming to introduce strong reuse provisions and harmonize definitions of reuse and circularity.
Current Scenario: More than half of global plastic production comprises single-use plastics, with significant leakage into the environment.
[D] Role of Nature-Based Solutions
Potential: Nature-based solutions, including reforestation and land restoration, offer promising avenues to combat the climate crisis and restore biodiversity.
Financial Constraints: Despite their potential, nature-based solutions receive only a fraction of the required funding, highlighting the need for increased investment and innovative financing mechanisms.
Conclusion
As UNEA-6 unfolds, stakeholders worldwide are poised to collaborate and drive actionable solutions to safeguard our planet for future generations.
