Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Soil Micronutrients
Mains level: Mother nutrition
Central Idea
- A new study has underscored the significant connection between soil micronutrients and human nutritional outcomes, particularly among children and adult women.
- The research, titled “Soil Micronutrients Linked to Human Health in India,” emphasizes that soil deficiency in key nutrients contributes to nutritional deficiencies in vulnerable populations.
What are Soil Micronutrients?
- Micronutrients are essential elements required by plants in smaller quantities compared to macronutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium).
- These micronutrients play crucial roles in various physiological and biochemical processes within plants.
Types of Micronutrients
|
Role in Plants |
Deficiency Symptoms |
| Iron (Fe) |
Chlorophyll synthesis, photosynthesis |
Chlorosis (yellowing) of leaves |
| Manganese (Mn) |
Photosynthesis, enzyme activation |
Interveinal Chlorosis, poor fruit dev. |
| Zinc (Zn) |
Enzyme activity, protein synthesis |
Stunted growth, small leaves |
| Copper (Cu) |
Enzyme activity, chlorophyll formation |
Leaf wilting, reduced growth |
| Molybdenum (Mo) |
Nitrogen fixation, enzyme activity |
Poor growth, yellowing of leaves |
| Boron (B) |
Cell wall formation, auxin synthesis |
Distorted growth, reduced fruit dev. |
| Chlorine (Cl) |
Osmotic balance, photosynthesis |
Osmotic imbalance, leaf damage |
| Nickel (Ni) |
Enzyme cofactor |
Specific deficiency symptoms |
Soil Micronutrients and Health Correlation
- Soil-Zinc Relationship: The study indicates that districts with higher soil zinc content exhibit lower rates of child stunting and underweight, signifying the importance of soil zinc in nutritional outcomes.
- Height and Soil Zinc: Soil zinc availability corresponds to an increase in the height of women, suggesting a relationship between micronutrient-rich soil and human growth.
- Soil Iron and Anemia: The study highlights a strong connection between soil iron availability and anemia among women, as well as haemoglobin levels in both children and women.
Implications for India
- Soil Nutrient Deficiency: The study holds significance for India, where over 35% of soil is deficient in zinc and around 11% is deficient in iron.
- Micronutrient Deficiency: India faces significant micronutrient deficiency issues, with roughly one-third of the global population experiencing these deficiencies. Iron deficiency is a leading cause of anemia in the country.
Addressing Malnutrition and Stunting
- Malnutrition and Stunting: With a child stunting rate of approximately 39%, malnutrition is a leading risk factor for disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) loss, as per the Lancet’s Global Burden of Disease Study.
- Study Insights: The researchers’ study reveals that a one standard deviation increase in satisfactory soil zinc is associated with a reduction in stunting and underweight among children.
Implications for Policy
- Mitigating Anaemia: The study suggests that soil mineral availability could serve as a valuable tool for mitigating the widespread prevalence of anaemia in the population.
- Wealthier Households: The link between soil zinc availability and childhood stunting is particularly notable in wealthier households, potentially due to additional health constraints that poorer households face.
Way forward
- Soil Enrichment and Agricultural Practices: Implement soil enrichment strategies to address micronutrient deficiencies. Promote sustainable farming practices to enhance soil health and nutrient content.
- Nutrient-Fortified Crops: Invest in research for nutrient-fortified crops rich in essential micronutrients. Encourage the cultivation and consumption of these crops to boost dietary intake.
- Nutritional Education: Launch awareness campaigns about balanced nutrition and micronutrient importance. Educate communities on the role of micronutrients in maintaining good health.
- Women’s Health Programs: Establish tailored health programs for women during pregnancy and lactation. Ensure access to supplements like iron to combat anaemia.
Conclusion
- The study’s findings reaffirm the crucial link between soil micronutrients and human health outcomes, particularly in the context of child stunting, underweight, and anaemia.
- With India grappling with both soil nutrient deficiency and widespread micronutrient deficiencies among its population, this research provides insights that could inform targeted policy interventions.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Nabhmitra
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The ISRO Space Applications Centre (Ahmedabad) has developed ‘Nabhmitra,’ a groundbreaking device designed to enhance the safety of fishermen during their maritime activities.
About Nabhmitra
- Nabhmitra employs satellite-based communication for seamless messaging services while at sea.
- Weather alerts, cyclone warnings, and other critical information will be conveyed in the local language.
- Fishermen can send distress messages during emergencies, such as capsizing or fires.
- The device features an emergency button that enables direct communication with the control center.
- Upon pressing the emergency button, the control center receives the alert along with the boat’s location. Simultaneously, the boat’s crew receives a response message from the control center.
Benefits of Nabhmitra
- Nabhmitra enhances the safety of fishermen by providing swift communication during emergencies.
- Fishermen receive timely weather and cyclone alerts, aiding them in making informed decisions.
- The device provides information about shipping channels, maritime boundaries, and fishing fields.
- In the event of accidents or crises, the device streamlines communication between boats and authorities.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: REITs and InvITs
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) has recently approved crucial changes to the regulations governing real estate investment trusts (REITs) and infrastructure investment trusts (InvITs), aimed at enhancing their appeal to investors.
- These investment vehicles function similarly to mutual funds, pooling capital to invest in real estate or infrastructure projects.
What are REITs and InvITs?
|
Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) |
Infrastructure Investment Trusts (InvITs) |
| Structure |
Investment trusts owning real estate properties |
Investment trusts owning revenue-generating infrastructure projects |
| Regulation |
Regulated by SEBI |
Regulated by SEBI |
| Assets |
Commercial real estate properties (no residential) |
Operational infrastructure projects |
| Units |
Units issued to investors, traded on stock exchanges |
Units issued to investors, traded on stock exchanges |
| Distribution |
Mandatory distribution of a significant portion of income as dividends |
Mandatory distribution of a certain percentage of cash flows as dividends |
| Tax Benefits (Dividends) |
Dividend distribution exempt from DDT |
Dividend distribution exempt from DDT |
| Taxation (Investor’s Dividends) |
Taxable as per investor’s income tax slab |
Taxable as per investor’s income tax slab |
| Asset Focus |
Commercial properties: office buildings, malls, etc. |
Operational infrastructure projects |
| Purpose |
Income generation and capital appreciation |
Income generation and capital appreciation |
| Project Type |
Income-generating properties |
Operational brownfield projects |
| Examples in India |
Embassy Office Parks REIT, Mindspace Business Parks REIT |
IndiGrid Trust, IRB InvIT Fund, Sterlite Power Grid Ventures InvIT |
Importance of REITs and InvITs
- Investment Pooling: REITs and InvITs operate as investment pooling vehicles, allowing sponsors to invest in real estate or infrastructure projects.
- Affordable Ownership: REITs offer retail investors access to income-generating real estate properties that would otherwise be unaffordable.
- Direct Investment: InvITs enable both individual and institutional investors to directly invest in infrastructure projects, spanning transport, energy, and communication sectors.
Performance of REITs and InvITs
- Growing Popularity: Since their launch in 2019, REITs have gained traction, demonstrating resilience during challenges such as the pandemic.
- Rising Interest: InvITs have a broader scope, with multiple listings, including IRB InvIT Fund and Embassy Office Parks Reit.
- Assets Under Management: As of the beginning of 2023, REITs and InvITs registered with Sebi managed assets exceeding ₹3.5 trillion.
Sebi’s Amendments Explained
- Unit Holder Nomination Rights: Sebi has granted board nomination rights to unit holders of InvITs and REITs, allowing them greater influence.
- Minimum Unit Holding Change: The minimum unit holding requirement for sponsors has been revised, enhancing flexibility.
- “Self-Sponsored Investment Managers”: Sebi introduced the concept of self-sponsored investment managers, enabling them to assume Reit sponsor responsibilities.
Importance of the Changes
- Enhanced Corporate Governance: These amendments are designed to bolster corporate governance and streamline the functioning of InvITs and REITs.
- Retail Unit Holder Rights: The changes empower retail unit holders by giving them a voice and ensuring accountability through the Stewardship Code.
- Sponsor Commitment: Sponsors are now required to maintain a minimum number of units throughout the lifespan of the Reit or InvIT.
- Self-Sponsored Investment Managers: This concept provides flexibility for Reit sponsors and potential exit options.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Preventive Detention
Mains level: Issues with Preventive Detention
Central Idea
- Ahead of a religious procession, a few people were taken into preventive custody (preventive detention) in Haryana.
What is Preventive Detention?
- Arrest occurs when an individual is charged with a crime.
- Preventive Detention involves detaining individuals to prevent them from engaging in actions that could disrupt law and order, without them being charged with a specific crime.
Preventive Detention in Indian Law
- Detention without Magistrate’s Order: Police officers can arrest individuals without a magistrate’s order or warrant if they suspect potential criminal behavior.
- Preventive Detention Law, 1950: This law permits arrest and detention if an individual’s freedom threatens national security, foreign relations, public interests, or the country’s well-being.
- Unlawful Activities Prevention Act (UAPA), 1968: UAPA empowers the state to imprison individuals who question Indian sovereignty territorially or belong to organizations declared illegal.
Constitutional Safeguards and Exceptions:
- Article 22(1) and 22(2): These constitutional provisions ensure that arrested persons are informed of the charges, can seek legal representation, and are presented before a magistrate within 24 hours.
- Article 22(3): However, these safeguards do not apply to enemy aliens or persons arrested under specific laws for preventive detention.
Preventive Detention Statistics
- Increasing Trend: The NCRB report reveals a surge in preventive detentions, with over 24,500 individuals detained at the end of 2021 – the highest number since 2017.
- National Security Act (NSA): Among these detentions, over 483 were under the National Security Act, with almost half still detained by the end of 2021.
- Historical Perspective: In 2017, 67,084 people were detained preventively, out of which 48,815 were released within six months, while 18,269 remained in custody.
Concerns and Legal Perspectives
- Increasing cases: The number of preventive detentions has been rising since 2017, with a significant surge in 2021.
- Supreme Court’s Stand: The Supreme Court has emphasized that preventive detention is only justifiable to prevent public disorder and should not replace ordinary laws for maintaining law and order.
- Balancing Civil Liberties: While preventive detention serves to curb anti-social and subversive elements, concerns arise about potential abuse, arbitrariness, and violations of civil liberties.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Flood Plains
Mains level: Flood Plains Management
Central Idea
- Punjab has been grappling with severe floods for over a month, predominantly affecting villages along rivers like Sutlej, Beas, Ravi, and Ghaggar.
- These areas, known for their fertile flood plains, have been hit the hardest due to floods exacerbated by encroachments and construction.
Flood Plains and their Significance
- Flood plains adjacent to rivers serve as natural defences against inland flooding. Maintained without concrete encroachments, they absorb excess water, safeguarding other regions.
- Properly managed flood plains also aid in recharging groundwater levels and maintaining the water table.
What is Zoning of Flood Plains?
- Zoning of flood plains refers to the practice of categorizing and regulating different areas within flood-prone regions based on their vulnerability to flooding and the intensity of flood events.
- This aims to manage land use and construction activities in these areas to minimize the risks associated with flooding, protect communities and infrastructure, and maintain the natural functions of flood plains.
- It involves designating specific zones within flood-prone regions and establishing regulations and guidelines for development, construction, and land use in each zone.
Current Scenario: No Zoning in Punjab
- National Green Tribunal (NGT): NGT guidelines state that construction should not occur within 500 meters of a river’s central lining.
- Punjab’s Lag: Despite NGT’s directives and the need for floodplain zoning, Punjab has yet to initiate the process. Encroachments persist, putting riverside villages at perpetual risk.
Impact of Inaction: People and Ecosystems Affected
- Risk to People and Property: Unregulated construction leads to increased flood risks further inland, causing greater harm during floods.
- Environmental Impact: Concretization of flood plains delays water drainage and affects soil fertility and quality.
Flood Prone Districts and National Issue
- Districts at Risk: Many districts including Ropar, Ludhiana, Ferozepur, Patiala, and more fall within flood plains, magnifying the need for preparedness.
- Nationwide Challenge: While only four states have adopted flood plain zoning in principle, implementation has been insufficient. Even those that adopted zoning have not effectively delineated and demarcated flood plains.
Activists’ Advocacy
- Activists’ Concerns: Environmental activists and NGOs in Punjab have been advocating for flood plain zoning to mitigate risks.
- Urgent Implementation: Immediate initiation and completion of flood plain zoning are crucial to safeguard lives, property, and ecosystems from devastating floods.
Conclusion
- The recent floods in Punjab underline the urgency of flood plain zoning to avert catastrophe.
- By adopting effective zoning measures, the state can shield its citizens and environment from the damaging impacts of unchecked construction and flooding.
- It is imperative that Punjab takes swift action to implement flood plain zoning and thereby protect its vulnerable regions from the perpetual threat of floods.
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Central Idea
- PM’s recent announcement of naming the Chandrayaan-3 lunar lander’s touch-down site as “Shiv Shakti” highlights the tradition of assigning names to significant points on celestial bodies.
- The lunar landscape is peppered with such nomenclature, each reflecting a rich history of exploration and achievement.
Lunar Ownership and the Outer Space Treaty
- Global Exploration: The Moon, as a celestial body, remains beyond the jurisdiction of any single country. The Outer Space Treaty of 1966 declares that outer space, including celestial bodies like the Moon, cannot be claimed under national sovereignty.
- Cooperation over Competition: The Treaty fosters international cooperation in space exploration while discouraging exclusive claims. It was developed during the Cold War to promote shared achievements and limit conflicts arising from superpower rivalry.
Role of the International Astronomical Union (IAU)
- Global Naming Authority: The IAU, with 92 member countries, plays a pivotal role in naming planetary features, including the Moon’s surface points.
- Established Conventions: The IAU has overseen planetary and satellite nomenclature since its founding in 1919, aiming to standardize naming practices for better astronomical understanding.
Nomenclature Process for Lunar Landmarks
- Initiation: Initial naming suggestions for planetary features arise from IAU task group members or investigators involved in mapping or describing specific surfaces.
- Review and Approval: Proposed names undergo review by task groups and the Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN). Successful names become official IAU nomenclature and are entered into the Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature.
- Considerations and Limitations: IAU’s guidelines emphasize simple and unambiguous names, avoiding political, military, or religious significance. Honouring individuals is acceptable after a three-year posthumous period.
Legacy of Lunar Naming
- Influential Factors: The quality of images from spacecraft has driven naming. Far-side craters were often named after scientists and engineers. Informal names given during missions eventually received official status.
- Variability and Symbolism: Not all notable figures are honored with prominent crater names. The selection can seem arbitrary, with scientific prominence not guaranteeing crater-endowed immortality.
- Cultural Inspirations: The IAU permits names from Greco-Roman mythology for Jupiter and Saturn’s satellites. Giants, monsters, and descendants of mythological figures have been added to the allowable source of names.
India’s earlier Lunar Naming
- Jawahar Sthal: India’s Chandrayaan-1 mission’s probe impact site was named “Jawahar Sthal” in honor of Jawaharlal Nehru, India’s first Prime Minister. His advocacy for scientific development and research in India inspired the gesture.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Kashi Culture Pathway
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The G-20 Culture Ministers’ meeting held in Varanasi resulted in the unanimous endorsement of the ‘Kashi Culture Pathway’ document.
Kashi Culture Pathway
- Under this, G20 nations aims to address the preservation of cultural heritage, curbing illicit artifact trafficking, restitution of cultural property, and protection of living heritage, particularly that of indigenous communities.
- The document’s key aspects and implications highlight the united stance of G-20 countries towards cultural preservation.
Key Features
- Protection amid Conflict: The ‘Kashi Culture Pathway’ document accentuates the collective commitment of G-20 nations to protect cultural heritage from intentional and unintentional destruction, particularly in times of conflict.
- Combating Illicit Trade: G-20 member nations underscored the necessity to establish a robust global coalition to counter the illicit trafficking of cultural artifacts, with special attention to bolstering law enforcement collaboration.
- Enhanced Cooperation and Tools: Collaboration among nations and strengthening of enforcement tools were identified as essential to heighten the effectiveness of combatting cultural property trafficking. This includes voluntary data exchange to support investigations and law enforcement.
- Empowerment of Cultural Professionals: The document emphasizes enhancing research, documentation, and capacity-building for cultural professionals, legal authorities, and law enforcement personnel to better counter the trafficking of cultural property.
- Prevention and Regulation: Preventive measures were stressed, including regulatory actions against the unlawful export of cultural artefacts, particularly within the realm of online trade.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: ISRO Missions
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- ISRO’s triumphant landing of the Chandrayaan-3 lander on the moon’s South Polar Region marks a significant achievement in space exploration.
- As India emerges as a key player in the field, the focus now shifts to its multifaceted activities, upcoming missions, and technological advancements.
Diverse ISRO Activities
- Multifaceted Endeavors: ISRO’s operations span research, satellite development, rocket production, satellite tracking infrastructure maintenance, and more, catering to diverse space-related needs.
- Key Focus Areas: Prominent areas of focus include the ‘Gaganyaan’ human spaceflight mission, Reusable Launch Vehicle Technology Demonstrator (RLV-TD), SCE-200 engine development, and the Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV).
Glimpses of Upcoming Missions
- Aditya L1: Scheduled for September 2023, Aditya L1 is a scientific mission to study the sun in detail, providing critical insights into solar activities.
- NISAR Satellite: In January 2024, the joint ISRO-NASA NISAR satellite will study earth’s surface processes using advanced radar technology.
- Gaganyaan G1 and G2 Flights: 2024 witnesses test flights of human-rated rockets, a prelude to India’s ambitious Gaganyaan human spaceflight.
Beyond Launches: Technology Innovations
- Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV-TD): Resembling the NASA Space Shuttle, RLV-TD’s design enables air propulsion or gliding, capable of lifting 20,000 kg to low-earth orbit.
- Advanced Propulsion: ISRO explores advanced rocket fuels like methalox propellant and electric propulsion systems, enhancing efficiency and safety.
Moon Missions and Lunar Exploration
- Chandrayaan-3 and Beyond: Chandrayaan-3 paves the way for further lunar exploration, with plans for missions like LUPEX (Lunar Polar Exploration) in collaboration with JAXA.
- LUPEX’s Ambitions: LUPEX aims to deploy a sophisticated lander and rover to study the moon’s South Polar Region, including subsurface sample extraction and night survival.
Expanding Collaborations and Global Partnerships
- Alternative Space Service Providers: ISRO fills gaps left by sanctions on Russia, launching OneWeb satellites and expectedly launching the European Space Agency’s PROBA-3 satellites.
- Lunar Exploration with JAXA: Collaborating with JAXA for LUPEX showcases ISRO’s commitment to global partnerships in space exploration.
Mars and Venus Missions
- Mars Return Mission: ISRO plans a return to Mars, building on its previous successful Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan).
- Venus Exploration: ‘Shukrayaan’: Ambitious plans to study Venus through the ‘Shukrayaan’ mission demonstrate ISRO’s expanding horizons in planetary exploration.
Conclusion
- ISRO’s remarkable accomplishments and future undertakings illuminate its stature as a global space powerhouse.
- From lunar landings to solar studies, human spaceflight to interplanetary missions, ISRO continues to shape the landscape of space exploration.
- By pushing boundaries, fostering innovation, and fostering international cooperation, ISRO cements its role in humanity’s journey to unravel the mysteries of the cosmos.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Various schemes mentioned
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Education stands as a potent tool for nurturing socio-economic progress within a nation, especially for religious minorities.
- However, recent years have witnessed discontinuation of key scholarship schemes, reduced funding, and a decline in beneficiaries, prompting concerns about the commitment to inclusive growth.
Minority Educational Schemes: Overview
- Pre-Matric Scholarship Scheme: Initially covering classes 1 to 10, now limited to classes 9 and 10.
- Post-Matric Scholarship Scheme: Supports class 11 and above students, with increased funding this fiscal year.
- Merit-cum-Means based Scholarship Scheme: Aided professional and technical courses, underwent significant funding reduction.
- Maulana Azad National Fellowship (MANF): Provided financial assistance for research scholars but discontinued in 2022.
- Padho Pardesh: Discontinued interest subsidy scheme for higher education abroad.
- Begum Hazrat Mahal National Scholarship: Scholarship for meritorious girls discontinued.
Policy Shift and Consequences
- Change in Focus: Despite acknowledging the importance of education for religious minorities and inclusive growth, the government has discontinued two key educational schemes, narrowed the scope of another, and reduced expenditure on multiple programs by the Ministry of Minority Affairs.
- Beneficiary Drop: Between 2019 and 2022, the number of beneficiaries under six educational schemes for religious minorities decreased by 7%, while government spending on these programs declined by around 12.5%.
- Budget Cuts: The Ministry of Minority Affairs faced a budgetary reduction of 38.3% for the fiscal year 2023-24, from Rs 5,020.5 crore in 2022-23 to Rs 3,097 crore. Additionally, a significant portion of funds allocated in the previous year went unutilized.
Importance of Strengthening Educational Aid
- Diverse Religious Minorities: India encompasses over 30 crore people from religious minority communities, including Muslims (14.2%), Christians (2.3%), Sikhs (1.7%), Buddhists (0.7%), Jains (0.4%), and Zoroastrians.
- Challenges Faced by Muslims: Muslims, the largest religious minority, confront challenges in areas like economics, health, and education. Their participation in formal employment remains low, with many working in the informal sector under poor conditions.
- Sachar Committee Report: The Sachar Committee highlighted the deprivation and neglect faced by Muslims across various development dimensions, underscoring the need for affirmative action.
- Formation of Ministry of Minority Affairs: Responding to these challenges, the UPA government established this Ministry in 2006 to ensure focused attention on the issues affecting minority communities.
Challenges and Impact
- Reduction in beneficiaries and funding has impacted the implementation of schemes, resulting in a widening gap in education and economic parameters.
- Poor coverage of beneficiaries and unchanged low unit costs remain hurdles in scheme implementation.
- Muslim students’ enrolment in higher education is lagging behind other communities, worsening the existing disparities.
Way Forward
- Strengthen educational aid through enhancing scholarships, such as pre-matric, post-matric, merit-cum-means, and national overseas scholarships.
- Implement targeted schemes based on the 15-Point Programme to address development gaps in minority-concentrated localities.
- Make scholarships demand-driven and provide additional financial resources to improve unit costs.
- Increase the total budget allocation for the Ministry of Minority Affairs to address the deprivation in educational attainment for minorities.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Patient Safety Provisions
Central Idea
- The recent conviction of a former British nurse highlights the importance of patient safety in healthcare systems.
- While neonatal safety is not governed by exclusive rules, there are provisions to ensure the wellbeing of newborns and minimize potential risks.
Patient Safety Provisions in India
- Defining Patient Safety: Patient safety is defined as freedom from harm or potential harm associated with healthcare provision, according to the ‘National Patient Safety Implementation Framework (2018-2025).’
- Legal Protection: Patients in India are protected under various laws, including the Consumer Protection Act, Clinical Establishment Act, and mechanisms by the National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority and Drugs Controller General of India to safeguard patients’ rights.
- Fragmented Laws: Patient safety is governed by a range of laws, from the Hippocratic Oath to clinical establishment regulations, reflecting a multifaceted approach to ensure safe healthcare practices.
Neonatal Safety and Care
- Proactive Measures: While no exclusive rules exist for neonatal care, provisions against issues like mix-ups and abductions are present. Deliberate harm is extremely rare and often linked to complex psychiatric illnesses.
- Comprehensive Provisions: Neonatal safety is ensured through comprehensive provisions that include staffing, equipment, infection control, parental involvement, training, and continuing medical education.
- Human Errors: In a country with a high birth rate, human errors may occur in neonatal care, but planned, deliberate harm remains an exceptional occurrence.
Neonatal Health Challenges
- Global Neonatal Deaths: Despite a decline in global neonatal deaths, newborns face the highest risk of death within the first 28 days of life. A significant proportion of under-five deaths occur during the newborn period.
- India’s Scenario: India’s infant mortality rate is gradually declining, but pre-term birth, complications during birth, infections, and birth defects remain major causes of neonatal deaths.
- Improving Neonatal Survival: Ensuring proper neonatal care and addressing the key challenges can contribute to reducing neonatal mortality rates and improving child health outcomes.
Promoting Neonatal Safety
- Midwife-Led Continuity of Care: Professional midwives providing midwife-led continuity of care (MLCC) significantly reduce the risk of neonatal and pre-term birth. This approach emphasizes the importance of skilled care during childbirth and the immediate postnatal period.
- Seeking Prompt Medical Care: Families are advised to seek prompt medical care in case of danger signs in newborns and to follow vaccination schedules for timely protection. This proactive approach helps prevent and manage potential health risks in neonates.
- Ensuring Proper Training: Proper training of healthcare providers, especially those in neonatal services, is crucial for maintaining high-quality care and adherence to safety standards.
Conclusion
- Patient safety and neonatal care form the foundation of a robust healthcare system.
- The challenges of neonatal care require ongoing attention, collaboration, and innovation to ensure the best outcomes for the youngest members of society.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Somatic genetic variants
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The human genome, comprising 23 pairs of chromosomes, is the blueprint of our genetic makeup inherited from our parents.
- The replication of this genetic information in nearly a trillion cells during development results in a complex mosaic of cellular diversity.
- Despite remarkable DNA replication accuracy, mutations still occur.
What are Somatic Genes?
- Somatic genetic variants, also known as somatic mutations or somatic alterations, are genetic changes that occur in the cells of an organism’s body (somatic cells) during its lifetime.
- These mutations are distinct from germline mutations, which are inherited from parents and are present in every cell of an individual’s body.
- Somatic mutations are acquired after conception and are not passed on to future generations.
- Somatic mutations can occur due to various factors, such as exposure to environmental mutagens (like radiation or chemicals), errors in DNA replication, and other cellular processes.
- These mutations can affect the DNA sequence of specific genes, leading to changes in protein production or function.
DNA Replication: The Copy-Paste Mechanism
- Genetic Inheritance: Ovum and sperm carry parental genetic blueprints, which combine after fertilization.
- Cell Division: The single fertilized cell, with 23 chromosomes, multiplies to form the human body’s trillions of cells.
- DNA Replication Accuracy: Proteins proofread and correct DNA during replication, resulting in an error rate of 0.64-0.78 mutations per billion base pairs per division.
Impact of Somatic Genetic Mutations
- Dependent on Timing: Errors occurring after birth but during development are somatic genetic mutations.
- Driver Mutations: Mutations that confer a fitness advantage to cells can lead to tumor formation and are called driver mutations.
- Cellular Mosaic: Human body is a mosaic of cells with subtle genomic differences, influenced by somatic genetic variants.
- Genetic Variants: Genetic variants within functional genome regions can affect protein encoding and regulation.
Somatic Variants and Physiological Processes
- Immune Cell Diversity: Immune cells undergo extensive somatic changes to create diverse antibodies recognise pathogens.
- Recent Knowledge Explosion: Technological advancements in sequencing individual cells have led to an explosion of data and knowledge on somatic variants.
- Cancer’s Role: Somatic genetic variants play a significant role in cancer development, aiding in early detection, diagnosis, and prognosis.
Cancer Mutational Signatures
- Mutational Signatures: Specific genetic variations and patterns are characteristic of certain cancers, enabling early detection.
- Blood-Based Detection: Technologies identify tumour DNA in blood to detect cancer early.
- Disease Progress Tracking: Cancer variations can be used to monitor disease progression and therapy response.
Somatic Variants in Genetic Diseases
- Genetic Diseases Origin: Many genetic disorders arise from somatic genetic variants, not inherited from parents.
- Disease Severity and Timing: The severity and distribution of genetic diseases depend on the timing of somatic mutations during development.
- Immune Disorders: Somatic changes can cause immune disorders and even beneficially reverse some genetic diseases.
SMaHT Network: Understanding Somatic Mosaicism
- Somatic Mosaicism: US has launched the ‘Somatic Mosaicism across Human Tissues’ (SMaHT) Network.
- Aims: SMaHT aims to discover somatic variants, develop tools for study, and improve analysis for biological and clinical insights.
- Investment and Research: The U.S. government has invested $140 million to study somatic variants in post-mortem samples.
Implications and Future Prospects
- Cellular Complexity: Studying somatic variants reveals the intricate diversity of cells and reshapes evolutionary understanding.
- Disease Management: Understanding somatic genetic changes can advance disease understanding and management.
- Innovative Approaches: Analyzing genes at the single-cell level paves the way for innovative disease approaches and insights into evolution.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: State of India’s Birds (SoIB) Report, 2023
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The State of India’s Birds (SoIB) report based on data collected from approximately 30,000 birdwatchers has unveiled concerning trends regarding India’s bird population.
- The study highlights a substantial decline in numerous bird species, attributing this decline to a range of factors.
About SoIB Report
- The SoIB report aims to evaluate the conservation status of a wide range of species regularly present in India.
- It is published by a partnership involving 13 governmental and non-governmental organizations, including SACON, WII, and ZSI.
- The report extensively employs data from over 30 million observations on eBird by more than 30,000 birdwatchers.
- The report assesses distribution range size, abundance trends over the long term and since 2015, and information from the IUCN Red List to categorize Indian species into Low, Moderate, and High Conservation Priority tiers.
Key Highlights of the Report
- Widespread Decline: Among the species analyzed, 60% of those assessed for long-term trends show decline, while 40% exhibit a decline in current annual trends.
- Raptors and Vultures: Birds consuming vertebrates and carrion, including raptors and vultures, have significantly declined, possibly due to pollutants or prey availability reduction.
- Endemics and Biodiversity Hotspots: Endemic species in the Western Ghats and Sri Lanka biodiversity hotspot have experienced rapid declines over the past decades.
- Positive Outlook: Certain generalist species, exemplified by the Indian peafowl, demonstrate remarkable increases in abundance, with a 150% rise observed over the past decades.
- Conservation Priority: The report classifies species into High, Moderate, and Low Conservation Priority, with 178 species as High Priority, 323 as Moderate, and 441 as Low Priority. Noteworthy species include the Ruddy shelduck, Indian courser, Narcondam hornbill, and Nicobar megapode.
Identified Threats to Bird Species
- The report underscores threats encompassing forest degradation, urbanization, energy infrastructure.
- Birds are highly impacted by environmental pollutants like Nimesulide affecting vulture populations, climate change’s impacts on migratory species, avian diseases, and illegal hunting and trade.
Actions and Research Implications
- Targeted Conservation: The report advocates for the conservation of specific groups, such as grassland specialists that have suffered a more than 50% decline, highlighting the importance of protecting and preserving grassland ecosystems.
- Long-Term Monitoring: The significance of continuous, systematic bird population monitoring is emphasized to comprehend subtle fluctuations in bird numbers.
- In-Depth Research: Further research is needed to understand the causes behind both declines and increases in bird populations.
- Synergy among Policies: The report calls for the harmonization of policies related to river, water, and wasteland development, recognizing the multifaceted role of abundant, widespread bird species.
- Citizen Participation: Citizen Engagement plays a pivotal role in biodiversity conservation, warranting an essential role in the action plan for bird population and habitat preservation.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: PM Jan Dhan Yojana
Mains level: Financial Inclusion
Central Idea
- As the PM Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) completes 9 years, its remarkable journey is marked by over 50 crore bank accounts and deposits exceeding ₹2 lakh crore.
- The scheme’s success lies in its commitment to financial inclusion, creating avenues for underprivileged segments to access banking services and government schemes.
What is PM Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY)?
- The PMJDY is a financial inclusion program launched by the Indian government in 2014.
- It is National Mission for Financial Inclusion to ensure access to financial services, namely, a basic savings & deposit accounts, remittance, credit, insurance, pension in an affordable manner.
- Under the scheme, a basic savings bank deposit (BSBD) account can be opened in any bank branch or Business Correspondent (Bank Mitra) outlet, by persons not having any other account.
Benefits under PMJDY
- One basic savings bank account is opened for unbanked person.
- There is no requirement to maintain any minimum balance in PMJDY accounts.
- Interest is earned on the deposit in PMJDY accounts.
- Rupay Debit card is provided to the account holder.
- Accident Insurance Cover of Rs.1 lakh (enhanced to Rs. 2 lakh to new PMJDY accounts opened after 28.8.2018) is available with RuPay card issued to the PMJDY account holders.
- An overdraft (OD) facility up to Rs. 10,000 to eligible account holders is available.
Is PMJDY a success?
- Dormancy of accounts: The PMJDY scheme has led to an increase in the number of bank accounts in rural areas. The percentage of zero-balance accounts has significantly decreased from 58% in March 2015 to a mere 8%, indicating a more active engagement with banking services.
- Low or no transactions: Insurance coverage for the account holder is linked to their transaction history, and many accounts remain frozen due to lack of transactions, taking several weeks or months to reactivate.
- False promise of overdraft: The promised overdraft facility of Rs 5000 for new account holders has not been provided as promised, leading to scepticism about the scheme’s success.
- Payments bottleneck: The lack of proper connectivity, electricity, internet, and ATM facilities in rural areas has hindered the activation of RuPay cards and PIN numbers, which should have been considered before implementing such a large-scale program.
Future prospects
- Voluntary Participation: The government aims to persuade PMJDY account holders to opt for voluntary micro-insurance schemes like PMJJBY and Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana.
- Persuasion over Compulsion: The focus is on financial literacy campaigns, special drives, and awareness programs conducted by banks to help account holders make informed choices.
- Multi-Level Coordination: Collaboration with line ministries, including Anganwadi and Asha workers, enhances awareness campaigns and ensures wider coverage.
- Leveraging Databases: Utilization of databases like the E-Shram portal for labour-related information aids in identifying potential beneficiaries.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: ENSO, El Nino, La Nina, Monsoon
Mains level: Political-Economic implications of El-Nino on Indian Society
Central Idea
- The emergence of El Nino as a significant climatic phenomenon in India carries dual implications – economic and political – as the country gears up for national elections in April-May 2024.
- With its known ability to suppress rainfall and disrupt agricultural cycles, El Nino’s effects are already being felt.
Understanding El Nino and La Nina
- El Nino and La Nina are two opposite phases of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle.
- ENSO is a naturally occurring phenomenon that involves the interaction between the ocean and atmosphere in the equatorial Pacific.
Here is a detailed comparison of El Nino and La Nina
|
El Nino |
La Nina |
| Definition |
Warmer-than-normal sea surface temperatures |
Cooler-than-normal sea surface temperatures |
| Frequency |
Every two to seven years |
Every two to seven years |
| Duration |
Several months to a year or more |
Several months to a year or more |
| Impact on winds |
Weakens trade winds, leading to changes in patterns |
Strengthens trade winds, leading to changes in patterns |
| Impact on rains |
Reduces rainfall and can cause droughts |
Increases rainfall and can cause flooding |
| Impact on temp. |
Warmer-than-average temperatures |
Colder-than-average temperatures |
| Global effects |
Droughts in Asia and Africa, floods in Americas |
Floods in Asia and Africa, droughts in South America |
Impact on India
| El Nino |
La Nina |
| Associated with weak monsoons and drought-like conditions in India |
Associated with above-normal rainfall and floods in India |
| Sea surface temperature in the equatorial Pacific Ocean rises above normal levels |
Sea surface temperature in the equatorial Pacific Ocean drops below normal levels |
| Changes in the atmospheric circulation patterns |
Changes in the atmospheric circulation patterns |
| Shift in the location of the jet stream, affecting the strength and direction of the monsoon winds |
Increase in the strength of the monsoon winds, bringing more moisture and rainfall to India |
| Results in reduced rainfall, dry spells, and heatwaves, leading to crop failures and water scarcity |
Excessive rainfall can also lead to floods and landslides, causing damage to crops and infrastructure |
Broader Implications:
[A] Agriculture
- Rainfall Deficit: August’s nationwide rainfall stands at 30.7% below normal, erasing the initial 4.2% surplus from the southwest monsoon.
- Strengthening El Nino: July saw the Oceanic Nino Index (ONI) surpass the El Nino threshold, hitting 1 degree Celsius, suggesting an intensification of El Nino.
- Projected Persistence: Forecasts predict El Nino’s continuation and possible strengthening during the 2023-24 winter season, potentially impacting the northeast monsoon and winter seasons.
[B] Food Supply Challenges
- Crucial Monsoon: Beyond crop yield, the southwest monsoon replenishes reservoirs and recharges groundwater, essential for agricultural success.
- Rabi Season Dependence: The success of rabi season crops like wheat, mustard, and chickpea hinges on water reserves, primarily sourced from aquifers and reservoirs.
- Supply-Demand Nexus: With rice and wheat stocks at a six-year low and food inflation at 11.5%, El Nino-induced shortfalls may exacerbate food inflation concerns.
[C] Political Implications
- Food Inflation: Examining consumer food price inflation leading up to previous Lok Sabha elections reveals its considerable impact on political outcomes.
- Electoral Influence: The BJP’s 2019 electoral victory and the UPA’s 2014 defeat were partially attributed to the level of food inflation during those periods.
- Government Actions: The Modi administration has already taken steps to ensure food availability, curb hoarding, and address potential food inflation concerns.
Conclusion
- El Nino’s emergence as a formidable environmental and political factor underscores the intricate interplay between climate patterns, agriculture, and political dynamics.
- India’s ability to manage the far-reaching consequences of El Nino on food production and inflation will determine its capacity to address immediate challenges while considering the longer-term goals.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Global Biodiversity Framework Fund (GBFF)
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The Global Biodiversity Framework Fund (GBFF) has been officially ratified and inaugurated during the Seventh Assembly of the Global Environment Facility (GEF) held in Vancouver, Canada.
Global Biodiversity Framework Fund (GBFF)
|
Key Points |
| Establishment |
Ratified and inaugurated during the Seventh Assembly of the Global Environment Facility (GEF). |
| Purpose |
Channels financial resources to achieve goals of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework established by the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), by the year 2030. |
| Financial Contributions |
Canada: 200 million Canadian dollars, United Kingdom: 10 million pounds. |
| Alignment with Framework |
Accelerates progress towards halting biodiversity decline by 2030. |
| Inclusivity and Indigenous Initiatives |
Allocates up to 20% for projects led by Indigenous communities. |
| Focus on Vulnerable Nations |
Over a third of resources dedicated to support Small Island Developing States. |
| Fulfilling Targets |
Contributes to commitment of $200 billion annually by 2030. |
| Funding Requirements |
Approximately $40 million needed for operationalization by end of 2023. |
| Future Contributions |
Dependent on domestic fiscal processes of key donors. |
| Council Meetings |
First meeting in January 2024, aims to approve inaugural work program in June. |
| Impact and Action |
Timely disbursement crucial for launching projects under the fund. |
About Global Environment Facility (GEF)
- Establishment: The GEF was established on the eve of the 1992 Rio Earth Summit, also known as the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED).
- Purpose: The GEF serves as an international financial institution that funds projects to address global environmental challenges, including biodiversity loss, climate change, land degradation, and pollution.
- Funding Mechanism: It operates as a financial mechanism for several international environmental conventions, including:
- Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD),
- United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), and
- United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)
- Structure: It has a governing body known as the GEF Council. The GEF is structured as a partnership between three main institutions:
- the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP),
- United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and
- World Bank.
- Funding Sources: The GEF is funded by contributions from its member countries, known as “donors.” Donors include both developed and developing nations, as well as international organizations.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: IAEA
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Japan has begun discharging treated radioactive wastewater from the disabled Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station into the Pacific Ocean in a plan endorsed by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
- IAEA is an international organization that plays a pivotal role in promoting the peaceful use of nuclear energy while preventing the proliferation of nuclear weapons.
- It was established in 1957 as an autonomous agency under the UN is headquartered in Vienna, Austria.
- It plays a crucial role in safeguarding the principles outlined in the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) of 1970.
- Despite its independent treaty, the IAEA remains accountable to both the UN General Assembly and the United Nations Security Council (UNSC).
What does it do?
- Promotion of Peaceful Nuclear Energy: Established amidst the Cold War’s geopolitical tension, the IAEA’s core mission centers on promoting the constructive application of nuclear energy.
- Prevention of Military Use: The agency’s fundamental role is to prevent the diversion of nuclear programs for military intentions, ensuring compliance with international agreements.
IAEA’s Tri-fold Missions
- Peaceful Utilization: Fostering member states’ constructive adoption of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes constitutes a pivotal aspect of IAEA’s mission.
- Safeguarding Measures: A cornerstone role of the IAEA involves implementing measures to verify the non-military use of nuclear energy, particularly through assessing declared nuclear activities and materials.
- Nuclear Safety: The IAEA takes an active stance in advocating stringent standards of nuclear safety to prevent accidents and ensure public and environmental protection.
Significant feature: IAEA’s Safeguards
- Purpose of Safeguards: IAEA’s safeguards are mechanisms designed to affirm that a nation adheres to its international commitment against exploiting nuclear programs for weaponry purposes.
- Verification Approach: Safeguards are founded on the meticulous examination of a state’s reported nuclear materials and activities, evaluating their accuracy and completeness.
- Varied Verification Measures: The agency employs a range of verification tools, including on-site inspections, visits, and ongoing monitoring, ensuring rigorous oversight.
Dual Dimensions of Safeguards
- Declared Nuclear Material Verification: Through the inspection of reported nuclear materials and activities, IAEA ensures that a state remains transparent in its nuclear endeavors.
- Non-Diversion Assurance: A significant facet is the assurance of the absence of undeclared nuclear materials or activities, thereby averting any unauthorized deviation from peaceful usage.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Urban Form
Mains level: Urban Heating
Central Idea
- A study conducted by the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) in 2022 examines the relationship between diverse urban forms and their reactions to heat, offering insights that could guide India’s urban centers in combatting heat-related challenges.
Distinct Urban Forms and Heat Resilience
- Crucial Consideration: Urban form encompasses a city’s unique blend of natural and built components, shaping its activities and infrastructure.
- Diverse Parameters: Urban form’s defining elements include urban morphology, aspect ratio, sky view factor (SVF), blue/green infrastructure (B/GI), floor space index (FSI), and street orientation.
- Localized Study: CSE’s ongoing study focuses on 10 cities, such as Pune, Delhi, Kolkata, Bengaluru, and Jaipur, each revealing trends that could inform heat mitigation strategies.
Unveiling Key Parameters and Findings
- Urban Morphology: Varied urban morphologies, from open highrise to compact midrise, demonstrate lower land surface temperatures (LST) among heat pockets. Lowrise areas exhibit higher LST due to sparse vegetation and heat-trapping roofing materials, suggesting the potential for improvement.
- Aspect Ratio: The ratio of building height to street width impacts heat retention. Higher aspect ratios correlate with lower LST, indicating the significance of narrower streets for reduced heat gain.
- Sky View Factor: The visibility of sky between buildings influences heat dissipation. Elevated sky view factors increase LST by up to 10°C, highlighting the role of factors like road intersections and open parking lots.
- Blue/Green Infrastructure: Vegetation significantly impacts microclimates. Effective vegetation cover (EVC), with a focus on trees, grass, and shrubs, can reduce LST by 2-4°C, demonstrating the need to prioritize tree-heavy greens.
Policy Implications for Enhanced Heat Resilience
- FSI and Urban Cooling: Higher floor space index (FSI) inversely correlates with LST, suggesting that denser urban configurations can alleviate heat.
- Street Orientation: The orientation of streets affects sun exposure and wind, leading to differences in thermal comfort. North-south streets expose higher LST due to east-west sun exposure.
- Contextual Cooling Solutions: Urban form-based codes can offer targeted cooling solutions. Diverse zones with customized regulations—shaded walkways, cool roofs, or high EVC—can cater to varied needs.
Way Forward
- Incorporating Learning: Urban planning must integrate findings from the study into building by-laws and master plans. Pune’s experience showcases the impact of SVF, aspect ratio, EVC, and urban morphology on heat gain.
- Adaptation for Other Cities: Each city may face distinct drivers influencing heat resilience, necessitating customized solutions and urban planning modifications.
- Economic Benefits: A 1°C temperature reduction corresponds to a 2% drop in the city’s power consumption, highlighting the financial advantages of heat mitigation strategies.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: President Rule, Article 356
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Amidst an escalating confrontation, Punjab Governor gave stern warning of invoking Article 356 (President’s Rule) in the state.
Grim Situation in Punjab
- Rampant Drug Abuse: The Governor cites reports from various agencies indicating widespread drug abuse in Punjab, raising significant concerns.
- New Drug Sales Trend: An emerging trend of selling drugs within government-controlled liquor vends is noted by the Governor.
- Ludhiana Liquor Vend Incident: Specific instances like the sealing of 66 liquor vends in Ludhiana by the Narcotics Control Bureau [NCB] and Chandigarh Police highlight the gravity of the issue.
- Disturbing Law and Order Indicators: The Governor references a recent report by the Parliamentary Standing Committee indicating alarming drug exposure or addiction levels, implying a breakdown in law and order.
- Public Response: The Governor underscores villagers’ resorting to street protests and forming their own defence committees against drug-related threats.
Governor’s Discontent
- Unfulfilled Information Requests: The Governor expresses dissatisfaction with CM’s reluctance to provide the requested information, highlighting Article 167’s mandate for the CM to respond to the Governor’s requests.
- Alleged Deliberate Silence: The Governor implies that the Chief Minister’s apparent failure to respond might be a deliberate act of evasion.
About President’s Rule
- Article 356 of the Indian Constitution, commonly known as President’s Rule, empowers the President to impose central rule in a state where the constitutional machinery has broken down.
- While initially intended for extraordinary circumstances, it has often been misused by central governments for political purposes.
Provisions of Article 356:
- Imposition of President’s Rule: Article 356 allows the President to withdraw the executive and legislative powers of a state government when it cannot function in accordance with the Constitution.
- Triggering factors: The President can invoke Article 356 based on a report from the Governor or suo motu if the constitutional machinery has broken down in the state.
- Duration: It can be imposed for six months at a time, with a maximum duration of three years.
- Parliamentary approval: Every six months, Parliament’s approval is required to continue the imposition of the President’s Rule.
Historical Origins
- Inspiration from the Government of India Act, 1935: Article 356 was inspired by Section 93 of this act, which allowed the Governor of a province to assume the powers of the government under certain circumstances.
- Controlled democracy: The provision provided some autonomy to provincial governments while enabling British authorities to exercise ultimate power when necessary.
Political Misuse of Article 356
- Early instances: During Congress’s dominance, Article 356 was used against governments of the Left and regional parties in states. Jawaharlal Nehru’s government utilized it six times until 1959, including to dislodge Kerala’s elected communist government.
- Increasing misuse: In subsequent decades, Article 356 was used frequently against state governments by various central governments, including those led by Indira Gandhi and the Janata Party.
Landmark Judgment: S R Bommai Case
- Landmark Supreme Court ruling: In the 1994 R. Bommai v. Union of India case, the Supreme Court provided detailed guidelines on the use of Article 356.
- Specific instances for imposition: The court stated that the President’s Rule can be invoked in cases of physical breakdown of the government or a ‘hung assembly.’
- Curbing arbitrary use: The judgment emphasized the need to give the state government a chance to prove its majority or instances of violent breakdown before imposing the President’s Rule.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Near, Far, and Dark Sides, KREEP
Mains level: Lunar study by Chandrayaan 3
Central Idea
- The Chandrayaan-3 mission’s recent lunar landing has sparked curiosity about the moon’s various sides – near, far, and even the intriguing ‘dark’ side.
- Delving into these distinctions sheds light on the moon’s enigmatic nature and how space exploration helps us unravel its mysteries.
Facts for Prelims
Impact/Landing point names on Moon:
1. Chandrayaan 1: Jawahar Point
2. Chandrayaan 2: Tiranga Point
3. Chandrayaan 3: Shivshakti Point |
Moon’s Visible and Hidden Faces
- Near and Far Sides: The moon’s ‘near side,’ visible from Earth, covers around 60% of its surface. In contrast, the ‘far side’ remained hidden from us until modern spacecraft brought it into view.
- Clarifying the ‘Dark’ Side: Often misconstrued as constantly dark, the ‘dark side’ simply refers to the unseen side. It gets illuminated during the ‘new moon’ phase, challenging the misconception of its perpetual darkness.
Why is their composition different?
- The composition of the Moon’s near and far sides is different, and scientists believe they have identified the reasons behind this discrepancy.
- A study published in the journal Nature Geoscience reveals that the presence of KREEP, a rock enriched in potassium (K), rare-earth elements (REE), and phosphorus (P), plays a crucial role.
Key Points from the Study:
- Moons Near and Far Sides: The Moon’s near side, always facing Earth, has visible dark and light patches known as “maria.” Telescopic observations showed that these were not seas as early astronomers thought, but rather craters or volcanic features. The far side of the Moon has fewer maria than the near side.
- Moon’s Formation: The uneven distribution of volcanism and the KREEP signature between the near and far sides of the Moon puzzled scientists.
- Radioactive Unstable Elements: Potassium (K), thorium (Th), and uranium (U) are unstable, radioactive elements that have various isotopes with different numbers of neutrons. The radioactive decay of these elements generates heat that can melt rocks and contribute to volcanic activity.
- Heat and Melting: The study found that the inclusion of KREEP in rocks not only enhances heating but also lowers their melting temperature. This combination increases volcanic activity beyond what is predicted by radiogenic decay models.
- Geological Record: The Moon’s surface preserves geological events from the early history of the Solar System due to the absence of erosion processes. Concentrations of radioactive elements like uranium (U) and thorium (Th) on the near side provide insights into the Moon’s formation and early Earth conditions.
Phases and Illumination
- New Moon Phase: The ‘new moon’ phase unveils the moon’s ‘far side,’ exposing it to sunlight for about two weeks.
- Historic Revelation: In 1968, astronauts aboard Apollo 8 became the first humans to observe the ‘far side,’ demystifying its hidden features.
Chandrayaan-3’s Approach
- Closest South Pole Landing: Chandrayaan-3’s landing at coordinates 69.36 S and 32.34 E marks the closest approach to the lunar South Pole.
- Exploring Permanently Shadowed Regions: The strategic landing aimed to study regions that never receive sunlight, potentially containing frozen water ice and other lunar resources.
- Sunlight Necessity: Vikram’s nearness to the South Pole ensures sunlight for solar battery recharging, crucial for its operation.
- Choice of Landing Site: The decision to land on the ‘near side’ was driven by mission objectives, including real-time communication with Earth. Landing on the ‘far side’ would have required relay satellites and introduced delays.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National Curriculum Framework (NCF)
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The launch of the revised National Curriculum Framework (NCF) heralds a transformative era in Indian education.
- Spearheaded by a 13-member steering committee led by Dr. K. Kasturirangan, former ISRO chief, the updated NCF is a milestone document shaping the contours of future school education.
About National Curriculum Framework (NCF)
- The NCF is a meta-framework that integrates the credits earned through school education, higher education, and vocational and skill education.
- The National Curriculum Framework (NCF) is a cornerstone of the New Education Policy (NEP) 2020.
- It consists of three verticals:
- National School Education Qualification Framework (NSEQF)
- National Higher Education Qualification Framework (NHEQF) and
- National Skills Qualification Framework (NSQF)
- There have been four revisions in NCF in the past: in 1975, 1988, 2000, and 2005.
Key features of NCF
- Multiple Languages Learning: In Classes 9 and 10, students embark on a journey of linguistic exploration involving three languages, with at least two originating from India’s diverse linguistic spectrum. Grades 11 and 12 entail the study of two languages, including one of Indian origin, aimed at cultivating a “literary level” of linguistic proficiency in at least one Indian language.
- Flexible Board Exams: Students are granted the freedom to take Board exams twice within an academic year, with the highest score being retained.
- Revised Mandatory and Optional Subjects: Departing from previous norms, Classes 9 and 10 see the inclusion of seven mandatory subjects, while Classes 11 and 12 witness six, providing a broader academic spectrum.
- Varied Subject Combinations: Students have the freedom to select diverse subject combinations, transcending traditional divides between Science, Social Science, Art, Physical Education, and vocational fields.
- Prominent Environmental Focus: The NCF integrates environmental awareness and sustainability throughout, with dedicated stages for embedding environmental education.
- Content Distribution in Social Science: Classes 6 to 8 witness a redefined content distribution in Social Science, encompassing 20% local, 30% regional, 30% national, and 20% global perspectives.
Significance of NCF
- Structured Educational Stages: The NCF categorizes school education into four stages, fostering a structured and seamless learning progression: Foundational, Preparatory, Middle, and Secondary.
- Focus on Interdisciplinarity: The framework empowers students to select subjects from various streams in grades 11 and 12, promoting interdisciplinary learning and expanding career prospects.
- Learning Enrichment: The framework introduces an “Additional Enrichment Period” in grades 9 and 10, enabling students to deepen their knowledge in a chosen subject.
- Competency-Based Approach: The NCF outlines competency goals for various subjects, promoting effective communication, critical thinking, and problem-solving skills.
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