Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Delimitation Commission
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Delimitation, the process of redrawing electoral boundaries to reflect population changes, is a crucial exercise that ensures fair representation and equal distribution of constituencies.
- In Assam, the recent delimitation process has garnered attention due to its impact on political dynamics.
Delimitation in Assam
- Historical Basis: The last delimitation in Assam was based on 1971 census data by the Delimitation Commission in 1976. Over time, population shifts necessitate boundary adjustments.
- Equitable Representation: Delimitation aims to ensure that the population of constituencies is relatively equal, promoting fair representation.
- Legal Authority: Delimitation orders have the force of law and are beyond judicial review.
Process of Delimitation
- Delimitation Commission: An independent Delimitation Commission is formed, consisting of retired Supreme Court judges, the Chief Election Commissioner, and State Election Commissioners.
- Objectives: The Commission determines boundaries and numbers of constituencies, striving for uniform population distribution.
- Reserved Seats: The Commission identifies seats reserved for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes based on their population concentrations.
Implementation of Delimitation
- Draft Proposals: The Commission publishes draft proposals in official gazettes and newspapers, seeking public feedback.
- Public Sittings: Public hearings are held to gather opinions and objections.
- Final Order: After considering objections and suggestions, the Commission issues a final order published in official gazettes, coming into effect as specified.
Frequency of Delimitation
- Early Delimitation: The first delimitation in 1950-51 was temporary, carried out by the President after India’s first general elections.
- Need for Independence: Subsequent delimitation was mandated to be carried out by independent commissions following the dissatisfaction with the first exercise.
- Past Instances: Delimitation occurred in 1952, 1963, 1973, and 2002, under Acts of respective years.
Postponement and Justification
- Frozen Seats: Delimitation was postponed after the 1981 and 1991 Censuses.
- Uniform Growth Rate: Post the 2001 Census, an amendment delayed delimitation until 2026, justified by achieving uniform population growth throughout India.
- Last Exercise: The most recent delimitation in Assam (2002-2008) adjusted boundaries based on 2001 Census data and reserved seat allocations.
Conclusion
- Delimitation plays a vital role in democratic governance, maintaining equitable representation by accounting for population shifts.
- The recent delimitation in Assam, governed by a structured process and legal framework, exemplifies India’s commitment to fair and inclusive electoral practices.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Katchatheevu Island
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- The island of Katchatheevu has emerged as a symbol of historical disputes, political contention, and a reminder of complex geopolitical decisions.
- PM’s reference to Katchatheevu during a parliamentary debate added fuel to the ongoing discussions surrounding this small island, nestled between Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka.
Katchatheevu Island: Historical Background
- Colonial Influence: Katchatheevu, a 285-acre island, has its origins in a 14-century volcanic eruption. It was historically under the control of the Jaffna kingdom in Sri Lanka and later the Ramnad Zamindari in India.
- British-Era Claims: Both India and Sri Lanka claimed Katchatheevu in the early 20th century to establish fishing boundaries. The ownership dispute continued even during the British Raj.
1974 Indo-Sri Lankan Maritime Agreement
- Landmark Decision: Indira Gandhi’s government decided to cede Katchatheevu to Sri Lanka as part of the 1974 agreement, aiming to establish maritime borders.
- Political Implications: The decision raised concerns in Tamil Nadu, where voices protested the lack of state assembly consultation and the impact on traditional fishing rights.
- Fishing Ambiguity: The agreement allowed Indian fishermen access to Katchatheevu “hitherto,” but fishing rights remained ambiguous, leading to disputes.
Sri Lankan Civil War and Beyond
- Civil War Dynamics: The Sri Lankan civil war (1983-2009) shifted focus from the Katchatheevu issue as Sri Lanka’s naval forces grappled with internal strife.
- Post-War Reality: Post the civil war, Sri Lanka reinforced maritime defense, leading to the arrest of Indian fishermen venturing into their waters, reigniting demands for Katchatheevu’s retrieval.
Tamil Nadu’s Persistent Concerns
- Political Backlash: Tamil Nadu politicians across parties raised objections against ceding Katchatheevu without state assembly consent, citing historical ties and livelihood impacts.
- Legal Battles: Late J Jayalalitha’s AIADMK filed petitions challenging the 1974 agreement, arguing it affected traditional fishing rights. However, the Union government’s stance remained unaltered.
- Modi Government’s Position: Despite vocal demands from Tamil politicians, the Modi government maintained that the island’s status was finalized in 1974 and reclaiming it would require drastic measures.
Contemporary Implications
- Symbol of Sovereignty: Katchatheevu symbolizes regional and sovereignty concerns, reflecting tensions between Tamil Nadu’s interests and central government decisions.
- Geopolitical Dilemma: The case highlights the delicate balance between historical claims, political sentiments, and international agreements in the context of bilateral relations.
Conclusion
- The island of Katchatheevu continues to serve as a reminder of India’s historical intricacies, reflecting the delicate balancing act between state interests, national decisions, and regional aspirations.
- While Tamil Nadu’s calls for retrieval echo in the political corridors, the longstanding 1974 agreement and subsequent geopolitical realities create a complex landscape.
- As the island’s fate intertwines with broader diplomatic relations, Katchatheevu remains a testament to the complexities of national sovereignty and regional sentiment.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- The inclusion of the Sanskrit term “Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam” (The world is one family) in the G-20 logo has sparked diplomatic discussions between India and China.
- Reports surfaced suggesting that China objected to the use of non-UN languages like Sanskrit in G-20 texts being negotiated.
Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam
- The ancient Sanskrit phrase “Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam” encapsulates the idea of the world as one interconnected family.
- Rooted in religious texts, this concept reverberates through history and has found resonance in modern times, impacting diplomatic exchanges and global events.
अयं निजः परो वेति गणना लघुचेतसाम्।
उदारचरितानां तु वसुधैव कुटुम्बकम्॥
Meaning: Considerations like “he is mine or he is another’s” occur only to the narrow minded person. To the broad-minded person the whole world is a family.
Origin and Meaning:
- Sanskrit Phrase: “Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam” is composed of three words: Vasudha (Earth), Eva (Thus), and Kutumbakam (Family).
- Moral Value: It is considered a profound moral value, reflecting interconnectedness and universal harmony.
Historical Context:
- Maha Upanishad Verse: The original verse appears in Maha Upanishad stressing unity among all beings and the world.
- Engraved Symbolism: The verse is inscribed in the entrance hall of the Parliament of India, reflecting its importance in Indian society.
- Embrace of Unity: The verse advocates embracing the world as a family, urging magnanimity and detachment.
Interpretations and Influences
- Spiritual Progress: Subsequent shlokas expand on the idea, stating that detachment leads to attaining the Brahman (Universal Spirit).
- Influence in Hindu Literature: The Bhagavad Gita refers to “Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam” as the “Loftiest Vedantic Thought,” demonstrating its influence in Hindu philosophy.
- Gandhian Connection: Dr. N. Radhakrishnan relates the concept to Gandhi’s holistic development vision and nonviolent conflict resolution.
Modern Relevance
- PM’s Reference: Prime Minister Modi invoked the phrase, highlighting its values of unity and cultural richness.
- International Earth Science Olympiad: The phrase was used in the logo of the 7th International Earth Science Olympiad, emphasizing Earth’s interconnected systems.
- India’s G20 Presidency: The theme and logo of India’s G20 Presidency included “Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam,” representing global unity.
Diplomatic Controversy
- China’s Opposition: China objected to the use of Sanskrit in G20 documents, asserting that it’s not an official UN language.
- Logo Exclusion: Despite its significance, the phrase did not appear in official G20 documents due to China’s objections.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Climate change
Mains level: Climate Change and Shifting Business Paradigms for Environmental Sustainability
What’s the news?
- The 2023 IPCC Report highlights that human-induced global warming of 1.1 degrees Celsius has led to unprecedented shifts in the Earth’s climate.
Central idea
- In recent decades, human activities have substantially contributed to the acceleration of climate change. The economic toll of climate change has been immense. The anticipated intensification of climate impacts underscores the urgent need for both mitigation and adaptation strategies.
Climate Change and Shifting Business Paradigms for Environmental Sustainability
- Climate Change Impact: Human activities have led to a significant increase in global warming, resulting in unprecedented climate changes. The 2023 IPCC Report highlights the Earth’s warming by 1.1 degrees Celsius due to human influence.
- Economic Consequences: The International Monetary Fund (IMF) estimates substantial economic losses of around US$1.3 trillion annually during 2011–2020, constituting 0.2 percent of global GDP. These losses stem from climate change-related damages, affecting both the economy and the environment.
- Businesses and Sustainability: There’s a noticeable shift in business attitudes, moving away from pure profit-centric approaches to considering their social and environmental impacts. Many companies are now striving to balance economic, social, and environmental aspects—also known as the triple bottom line.
- ESG and CSR Frameworks: Enterprises are adopting Environmental, Social, and governance (ESG) and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) frameworks to integrate sustainable practices into their operations. This includes using renewable energy sources, improving stakeholder relationships, and engaging in environmentally responsible actions.
- IBM Survey on Business Leaders’ Views: The IBM survey revealed that 51 percent of top business leaders and CEOs recognize the importance of environmental sustainability. This suggests growing awareness and concern among influential business figures.
- Consumer Behavior: Consumers’ preferences are also changing. About 49 percent of consumers are willing to pay more for products labeled as sustainable or socially responsible. This indicates a shift in consumer behavior towards supporting eco-friendly products and companies.
How are companies responding?
- IKEA’s Environmental Priorities:
- IKEA, a global furniture leader, has embraced climate finance for sustainable practices. They reduced their climate footprint by 5 percent in 2022, from 27.2 to 25.8 million tonnes.
- IKEA’s transparency extends to disclosing outdoor air pollution across their supply chain. Their food section now offers 50 percent plant-based meals, aligning with reduced greenhouse gas emissions.
- NIKE’s Sustainable Business Approach:
- NIKE, a renowned sportswear brand, echoes this trend by incorporating sustainable practices.
- Their ESG Risk Rating of 19.6 reflects effective management of industry-specific ESG risks.
- India’s Regulatory Push:
- India’s Ministry of Corporate Affairs is propelling sustainability within the corporate sphere through the National Guidelines on Responsible Business Conduct.
- These guidelines emphasize resource-efficient, low-carbon technologies and accountability for environmental impact and stakeholder considerations.
- Ather Energy’s Holistic EV Strategy:
- Ather Energy, a Bengaluru-based EV startup, showcases a comprehensive strategy. Their approach involves building an entire charging infrastructure network and fostering a local, sustainable supply chain.
- This strategy encompasses high-quality product creation and reusing/recycling outdated items.
Sustainability Challenges Faced by Companies
- Climate change impacts supply chains, leading to transition risks and event-driven physical risks.
- Environmental factors like water shortages and changing demand affect business operations.
- Vendor credibility issues and logistical challenges disrupt supply chain stability.
- Social factors, including communal disturbances and employee strikes, introduce uncertainties.
- Ensuring profitability while investing in sustainable practices poses financial challenges.
Strategies to Overcome Sustainability Challenges
- Financing Green Transitions: To address the increased investments required, companies can allocate separate budgets for CSR and ESG activities, as evidenced by the IBM survey. Regulatory compliance would ensure dedicated budget allocations, fostering a commitment to sustainable practices over the long term.
- Justifying Price Increases: As per the IBM survey, consumers are increasingly willing to pay more for sustainable products, even in developing countries. By emphasizing ethical marketing practices and leveraging social media, businesses can tap into this growing consumer trend.
- Overcoming Technological Limitations: While traditional methods like paper backups remain useful, the evolution of technology can help in avoiding fraud and malpractice, as mentioned in the article. Embracing technology, with proper safeguards in place is essential for comprehensive sustainability.
- Addressing Greenwashing Concerns: Organizations can counter doubts about the credibility of their sustainable practices by prioritizing brand awareness and emotional marketing. Through multi-stakeholder involvement and coordinated efforts, companies can establish themselves as genuine advocates of sustainability.
Conclusion
- Promoting sustainable business practices in the context of traditional profit-oriented models requires a multi-stakeholder approach, regulatory compliance, and governmental support. As the world moves toward universal business sustainability, businesses need to prioritize environmentally conscious practices, with stringent penalties for non-compliance and incentives for positive contributions to society and the environment.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Hela Cells
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- HeLa cells, an extraordinary line of human cells recovered from a woman suffering from cancer has helped various realms of scientific discovery and medical progress.
What are HeLa Cells?
- Unveiling the Unknown: In 1951, Henrietta Lacks was diagnosed with cervical cancer and underwent a tissue biopsy at Johns Hopkins Hospital.
- Pioneering Phenomenon: A fraction of Lacks’ tumor cells, later termed HeLa cells, displayed an exceptional trait – the ability to perpetually divide and multiply in laboratory conditions.
Distinctive Attributes of HeLa Cells
- Endless Proliferation: Unlike typical human cells that have finite lifespans, HeLa cells displayed continuous division, enabling their perpetual growth.
- Scientific Marvel: This property revolutionized research by offering a consistent and adaptable medium for experiments.
Utility for Scientific Progress
- Polio Vaccine: HeLa cells played a pivotal role in cultivating the poliovirus, facilitating the development of the polio vaccine.
- Cancer Research: HeLa cells fueled insights into cancer biology, aiding in testing treatments and understanding disease mechanisms.
- Genetic Insights: These cells were the first human cells to be cloned, deepening our grasp of genetics and cellular biology.
- Drug Testing: HeLa cells revolutionized drug testing, aiding in drug development and assessing safety profiles.
- Space Exploration: Their journey extended to space, contributing to the understanding of cellular behavior in microgravity.
Ethical Dilemmas and Controversies
- Informed Consent Absence: HeLa cells’ use without Henrietta Lacks’ consent raised ethical concerns, especially in the context of medical experimentation on African American patients.
- Patient Rights and Acknowledgment: Discussions emerged about patient rights, equitable compensation, and the acknowledgement of individuals whose contributions fuel scientific progress.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: EC appointments
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- A new Bill has been proposed in the Rajya Sabha aimed at reversing the impact of a Supreme Court ruling on the appointment of the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and Election Commissioners (ECs).
- The proposed legislation suggests a revamped selection process, featuring a committee comprising the Prime Minister, Leader of Opposition in the Lok Sabha, and a nominated Cabinet Minister.
- This initiative comes after a Supreme Court verdict that demanded the participation of the PM, Leader of Opposition, and ‘CJI’ in the selection of these crucial electoral positions.
Supreme Court’s Ruling and Legislative Vacuum
- March 2 Verdict: A unanimous verdict by a SC bench this year mandated the involvement of the PM, Leader of Opposition, and CJI in the appointment of CEC and ECs.
- Constitutional Vacuum: The Court intervened due to the absence of a parliamentary law as prescribed by Article 324 of the Constitution for the appointment process.
New Legislative Approach
- Aim of the Bill: The proposed Bill aims to address the constitutional vacuum and establish a structured legislative process for the appointment of members to the Election Commission of India (ECI).
- Search Committee: The Bill establishes a Search Committee, led by the Cabinet Secretary and composed of two other government officials knowledgeable about election matters. The Committee is tasked with preparing a panel of five potential candidates for appointment.
- Selection Committee: The core of the proposed process is the Selection Committee, composed of the Prime Minister, the Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha, and a Cabinet Minister nominated by the Prime Minister. This committee would finalize the appointment of CEC and ECs.
Supreme Court’s Concerns
- Parliament’s Authority: The Parliament holds the power to address the issues highlighted by the Supreme Court ruling and nullify its impact through legislative action that aligns with the judgment’s intent.
- Preserving Independence: The Supreme Court’s ruling emphasized the need for an independent body overseeing elections, aligning with the Constitution’s original intent.
Concerns raised
- Composition of Selection Committee: The new Bill raises concerns about the independence of the selection process due to its composition.
- Absence of LoP: With the PM and a nominated Cabinet Minister holding the majority in the three-member panel, the Leader of Opposition’s voice is marginalized even before the process begins.
- Omits CJI: The Bill omits CJI from the panel counterviewing the 2nd March Judgment which prompted this legislation.
Conclusion
- The proposed Bill’s attempt to address the legislative vacuum created by the Supreme Court ruling is a significant step towards streamlining the appointment process for the Election Commission.
- While the Parliament has the authority to shape the process, ensuring the true independence and integrity of the selection process remains a critical concern.
- The balance between various stakeholders must be maintained to uphold the sanctity of India’s democratic electoral processes.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NAVIC
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The Navigation with Indian Constellation (NavIC), India’s indigenous satellite navigation system, is set to be integrated into Aadhaar enrolment devices.
- This strategic move, as revealed by the Department of Space (DoS) showcases the seamless amalgamation of advanced technologies to enhance the functionality and reach of essential services.
What is NAVIC?
- History: Originally conceptualized as the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS), the project sought to establish an autonomous navigation infrastructure to fulfill both civilian and strategic requirements.
- Reducing Foreign Dependency: The core motivation behind NAVIC was to lessen dependence on foreign navigation systems like GPS and cultivate a self-reliant platform.
- Comprehensive Constellation: The NAVIC constellation encompasses a total of 7** satellites.
- Deployment Chronology: Launches of satellites such as IRNSS-1A, IRNSS-1B, IRNSS-1C, IRNSS-1D, IRNSS-1E, IRNSS-1F, and IRNSS-1I commenced in July 2013, continuing the phased deployment.
Key Features and Technical Excellence
- Standard Position Service (SPS) and Restricted Service (RS): NavIC offers two services – SPS for civilian users and RS for strategic users. These services are available in both L5 (1176.45 MHz) and S band (2498.028 MHz).
- Coverage Area: NavIC covers India and extends up to 1,500 km beyond its borders. Upcoming satellites will include the L1 band compatible with civilian applications.
NavIC and Aadhaar Enrolment Devices
- Field Trials and Technical Expertise: The DoS has successfully conducted field trials and provided technical expertise to finalize the procurement specifications for integrating NavIC into Aadhaar enrolment devices.
- Current Setup: The Aadhaar enrolment kits presently use GPS for location-based services, which gather and authenticate personal information during enrolment.
Utilization in other areas
- Disaster Management: NavIC plays a pivotal role in the National Disaster Management Agency’s alert dissemination system for natural calamities like landslides, earthquakes, floods, and avalanches.
- Ocean Information Broadcast: The Indian National Centre for Ocean Information System employs NavIC to broadcast alerts regarding cyclones, high waves, and tsunamis to fishermen operating in deep-sea regions.
- Standardization Efforts: Various organizations, including the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), Telecom Standards Development Society of India (TSDSI), Telecom Engineering Centre (TEC), and international bodies like the International Electrotechnical Committee (IEC), are actively working on setting interoperability standards for NavIC.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Deflation
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- China’s recent bout of deflation, marked by a decline in consumer prices for the first time in over two years, has sparked debates about its implications and causes.
- This article delves into the intricacies of deflation, its potential impact on economic growth, and the unique circumstances driving deflation in China.
Understanding Deflation
- Deflation Defined: Deflation refers to a sustained decrease in the general price level of goods and services within an economy.
- Historical Context: Historically, the terms “inflation” and “deflation” were linked to changes in the money supply, with “inflation” representing a rise and “deflation” a fall in money supply.
Concerns Associated with Deflation
- Economic Slowdown: Many economists view deflation as an indicator of dwindling demand for goods and services, potentially leading to an economic slowdown.
- Demand-Supply Dynamics: Falling prices may prompt consumers to delay purchases, hampering demand and triggering a ripple effect throughout the economy.
- Resource Utilization: A certain level of inflation is deemed necessary for optimal resource utilization, ensuring full economic potential is realized.
Varied Perspectives on Deflation
- Positive Instances: Some economies have experienced deflation during periods of robust growth. Japan witnessed increased real income levels despite persistent deflation.
- Economic Crises: Deflation can arise during economic crises when cautious spending and resource reallocation occur.
- Consumer Demand and Prices: Some economists argue that consumer demand dictates prices, rather than the other way around.
China’s Deflation Scenario
- Policy Measures: China’s central bank maintained low interest rates to stimulate demand amid the post-pandemic recovery.
- Property Sector Turmoil: China’s pre-pandemic property sector challenges, affecting GDP contribution, may be a root cause of the current deflationary trend.
- Complex Factors: While liquidity may not be the core issue, comprehensive analysis of money supply and monetary transmission is necessary to determine the underlying cause.
Deflation and India
| Period |
Causes |
Impact on India |
| Great Depression (1930s) |
Global economic downturn, reduced demand |
Agricultural and industrial contraction, falling prices |
| Post-Independence (1950s-1960s) |
Supply-side constraints, monetary policy |
Agricultural fluctuations, efforts to control inflation |
| Global Oil Crisis (1970s) |
Surge in oil prices, cost-push inflation |
Economic slowdown, increased costs, reduced demand |
| Economic Reforms Era (1990s) |
Transition to market-oriented economy, policy measures |
Sectoral slowdown, reduced demand, short-term deflation |
| Global Financial Crisis (2008-2009) |
Global financial crisis, economic slowdown |
Reduced consumer spending, limited deflationary impact |
Repercussions of Chinese Deflation
[A] Positive Impacts:
- Cheaper Imports: If Chinese goods become cheaper due to deflation, it could lead to lower import costs for India, benefiting consumers and businesses that rely on Chinese imports.
- Lower Input Costs: Reduced prices for raw materials and intermediate goods from China could lower production costs for Indian industries that depend on these inputs.
- Global Supply Chains: If Chinese deflation reduces the cost of production within global supply chains, Indian businesses integrated into these chains might experience cost savings.
- Improved Trade Balance: Cheaper Chinese imports can contribute to a more favorable trade balance for India, especially if it leads to reduced import bills.
[B] Negative Impacts:
- Export Competition: Cheaper Chinese exports due to deflation could increase competition for Indian exports in international markets, potentially affecting certain Indian industries.
- Import Dumping: A flood of cheap Chinese goods into the Indian market could harm domestic producers, leading to job losses and economic strain.
- Investment Flows: A slowdown in China’s economy caused by deflation might lead to reduced investor confidence and affect foreign direct investment (FDI) flows to India.
- Currency Effects: If China’s central bank devalues its currency to boost exports in response to deflation, it could lead to a stronger Indian rupee, impacting India’s export competitiveness.
- Commodity Prices: Reduced demand for commodities from China due to deflation could lead to lower global commodity prices, affecting Indian exporters of raw materials.
Conclusion
- China’s encounter with deflation amidst efforts to boost demand and stabilize its economy presents a multi-faceted challenge.
- Understanding the nuances of deflation, its interaction with demand dynamics, and China’s unique economic landscape are vital.
- As China navigates its path forward, policymakers must consider the interplay of factors, including the property sector’s impact and broader economic goals.
Back2Basics:
Terminologies related to PRICE RISE
|
| Inflation |
Sustained increase in the general price level of goods and services in an economy over time, leading to reduced purchasing power of money. |
| Deflation |
Sustained decrease in the general price level of goods and services, often resulting in reduced consumer spending and economic stagnation. |
| Hyperinflation |
Extremely rapid and uncontrollable increase in prices, eroding the value of money and disrupting economic stability. |
| Stagflation |
Simultaneous occurrence of stagnant economic growth, high unemployment, and high inflation, contrary to traditional economic theories. |
| Creeping Inflation |
Gradual increase in the general price level at a rate of 1-3% annually, considered normal and manageable. |
| Galloping Inflation |
High inflation ranging from 10% to several hundred percent per year, eroding savings and economic planning. |
| Demand-Pull Inflation |
Rise in prices due to demand exceeding supply, often occurring during periods of strong economic growth. |
| Cost-Push Inflation |
Increase in prices caused by higher production costs, such as rising wages or raw material expenses. |
| Built-In Inflation |
Cycle of rising prices and wages as workers demand higher wages to match inflation, contributing to a continuous cycle. |
| Structural Inflation |
Inflation resulting from supply and demand imbalances due to structural factors like technology changes or market conditions. |
| Open Inflation |
When rising prices are publicly acknowledged and factored into economic decisions, including wage negotiations. |
| Suppressed Inflation |
Prices rise but are officially reported at a lower rate due to government intervention, subsidies, or price controls. |
| Repressed Inflation |
Artificially keeping prices low through government controls despite demand exceeding supply, leading to potential future price spikes. |
| Disinflation |
Decrease in the rate of inflation, indicating the general price level is still rising but at a slower rate, often a transition to more stable inflation levels. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: India's digital transformation, schemes and policies
Mains level: India's digital transformation, ban on smartphones in Indian schools analysis
What’s the news?
- UNESCO’s call for a ban on smartphones in Indian schools sparks nationwide debate on their impact, with educators and experts divided over whether to implement a blanket ban or nuanced regulations.
Central idea
- With 1.2 billion mobile and 600 million smartphone users, India’s digital transformation is reshaping society. Predicted to reach over a billion by 2026, smartphone use in education is being debated after UNESCO’s call for a school ban, raising questions about classroom dynamics and student well-being.
UNESCO’s Stance on Smartphone Ban
- With 1.2 billion mobile phone users and 600 million smartphone users in India, the country is experiencing a technology boom.
- UNESCO recommends a global ban on smartphones in schools due to concerns about disruptions, cyberbullying, and compromised learning.
- Research suggests that the mere presence of mobile devices can distract students and hinder their academic engagement.
- The London School of Economics’ research highlights the positive impact of not allowing mobile phones in schools on academic performance.
Delhi’s Directorate of Education’s Approach
- The Directorate of Education, Private School Branch, Government of the National Capital Territory of Delhi, issued an advisory on restricting mobile phone use in schools.
- The advisory emphasizes the importance of reaching a consensus among stakeholders like students, parents, teachers, and school heads regarding mobile phone use in educational environments.
- Delhi’s response demonstrates a proactive approach to maintaining a conducive learning atmosphere and prioritizing student well-being.
- The Directorate’s concern centers around smartphone distractions such as notifications, games, and social media engagement during class hours.
- The Delhi Government’s response showcases a commitment to addressing the potential negative impact of smartphone usage on education.
Impact of Mobile Phones on Students
- Positive Impacts:
- Access to Information: Smartphones offer students instant access to a vast pool of information and educational resources. Over 80% of students in developed countries use smartphones to access educational content.
- Digital Literacy: Smartphone use fosters digital literacy, a crucial skill in today’s technology-driven world. The NEP (National Education Policy) in India emphasizes digital education and the use of technology.
- Interactive Learning: Mobile apps and online platforms enhance interactive learning experiences. The use of QR codes in the state curriculum and additional resources showcases the integration of technology for learning.
- Flexibility and Convenience: Smartphones enable learning beyond traditional classroom hours and locations. In countries like Finland, students are allowed to bring phones to class around age 12, promoting flexible learning.
- Educational Apps: Educational apps cater to diverse learning styles and subjects. Language learning apps, mathematics tutorials, and science simulations provide engaging learning opportunities.
- Negative Impacts:
- Distractions and Reduced Focus: Mere proximity to smartphones can lead to distraction and reduced focus during classes. Research by the London School of Economics suggests that mobile phones can deter academic performance.
- Addiction and Sleep Deprivation: Excessive smartphone usage contributes to addiction and sleep deprivation among students. Teenagers’ addiction to smartphones has been linked to increased anxiety and behavioral problems.
- Cyberbullying and Mental Health: Smartphone-enabled access to social media platforms exposes students to cyberbullying and mental health issues. Students’ exposure to unrealistic standards on social media can lead to feelings of inadequacy and depression.
- Decline in Face-to-Face Interaction: Increased smartphone use can lead to reduced face-to-face interactions among students. UNESCO’s recommendation to ban smartphones in schools aims to promote more meaningful face-to-face interactions.
- Academic Decline due to Distracted Learning: Checking notifications, playing games, and engaging in social media during class hours negatively impact academic performance. Studies show a correlation between excessive smartphone use and lower grades.
Perspectives in Favor of a Smartphone Ban in Schools
- Enhanced Academic Focus: Banning smartphones can lead to improved academic focus among students. Research indicates that the presence of mobile devices distracts students and hampers their learning engagement.
- Mitigation of Cyberbullying and Mental Health Concerns: A smartphone ban would protect students from cyberbullying and associated mental health issues. Students exposed to social media platforms can experience emotional distress due to online interactions.
- Encouragement of Face-to-Face Interaction: Banning smartphones would encourage more meaningful face-to-face interactions, fostering interpersonal skills. UNESCO’s recommendation emphasizes maintaining academic integrity through human interactions.
- Positive Impact on Academic Performance: Limiting smartphone use during school hours can lead to improved academic performance. Research from the London School of Economics suggests that mobile phone restrictions can positively influence student achievement.
- Development of Healthy Learning Habits: Implementing a smartphone ban promotes healthy learning habits by reducing distractions. Excessive smartphone use has been linked to addiction and sleep deprivation, which hinder effective learning.
Perspectives Against a Smartphone Ban in Schools
- Access to Information and Resources: Smartphones provide quick access to a wealth of educational information and resources. Educational apps and online resources cater to diverse learning styles and offer supplementary materials.
- Preparation for Real-World Technology Use: Allowing controlled smartphone use prepares students for a technology-driven future. National Education Policies and state curricula emphasize the importance of digital literacy and technology integration.
- Customized Learning and Engagement: Smartphone apps and interactive platforms offer personalized and engaging learning experiences. Many students in developed countries use smartphones to access tailored educational content.
- Parental Responsibility and Education: Educating students about responsible smartphone use is the responsibility of parents. Some developed countries allow controlled smartphone use, teaching students about balanced usage.
- Bridge the Gap for Economically Disadvantaged Students: Smartphones bridge technology gaps for economically disadvantaged students, providing access to digital resources. An outright ban could worsen disparities among students based on their socioeconomic backgrounds.
Way Forward
- Holistic Stakeholder Engagement: Engage all stakeholders, including students, parents, teachers, and school administrators, in open discussions and decision-making processes regarding smartphone usage in schools.
- Incorporate Age-Based Guidelines: Develop age-specific guidelines for smartphone use in classrooms, taking into account developmental stages and potential distractions.
- Digital Literacy Curriculum: Integrate digital literacy education within the curriculum to educate students about responsible smartphone usage, privacy, and online etiquette.
- Educate Educators: Provide teachers with training on managing smartphone use effectively in classrooms and incorporating them as tools for learning.
- Parental Awareness Campaigns: Launch campaigns to educate parents about the implications of excessive smartphone use, emphasizing responsible parenting in the digital age.
- Digital Divide Solutions: Consider alternative solutions, like providing laptops, tablets, or internet facilities alongside smartphones, to bridge the digital divide effectively.
- Research on New Learning Paradigms: Invest in research to explore innovative approaches that harness the benefits of smartphones while mitigating potential distractions and drawbacks.
Conclusion
- As India strides toward an increasingly digital future, the education system faces the challenge of embracing innovation while mitigating distractions. Balancing student welfare, academic integrity, and equitable access will be vital in shaping policies that harness technology’s potential while preserving the sanctity of the classroom.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Tb eradication goal and initiatives
Mains level: India's TB burden, initiatives, challenges and way forward
What’s the news?
- A recent study published in the medical journal Lancet reveals a significant link between nutrition and tuberculosis (TB) survival.
Central idea
- Undernutrition has, for a long time, been recognized as the leading risk factor for tuberculosis. In India, modeling studies have suggested that addressing undernutrition could reduce cases by over 70 percent in vulnerable states. A study in the Lancet shows that a good diet not only reduces the incidence of the disease among vulnerable people living with infected people, but it also reduces mortality in TB patients.
A Jharkhand Case Study
- A study observed a striking 60% reduction in mortality risk among TB patients who gained weight early in the disease.
- Early weight gain is directly linked to improved survival rates.
- The data underscores the immediate positive impact of proper nutrition on TB outcomes.
- Early weight gain correlates with lower mortality rates, highlighting the significance of a well-balanced diet.
- The study’s results carry crucial implications for policymakers and healthcare practitioners.
- A study addresses a vital knowledge gap by emphasizing the direct influence of nutrition on TB patients.
Impact of TB on Nutrition
- Diminished Appetite and Caloric Intake:
- 75% of TB patients experience significant appetite reduction during treatment.
- Reduced food intake leads to an inadequate caloric supply, worsening nutritional deficiencies for those already combating TB.
- Fever-Driven Caloric Expenditure:
- Fever amplifies caloric expenditure by 10–15% in TB patients.
- Increased calorie loss due to fever exacerbates the nutritional imbalance in individuals with TB.
- Wasting and Weight-for-Height Ratio:
- Over 40% of severe TB cases result in wasting, causing low weight-for-height ratios.
- Wasting intensifies nutritional strain, necessitating comprehensive strategies to address this challenge.
- Nutritional Recovery and Relapse Risk:
- Patients with poor diets during recovery face nearly 30% higher relapse rates.
- Inadequate nutritional recovery raises the risk of TB relapse, highlighting the importance of post-TB dietary care.
Government Initiatives to Eliminate Tuberculosis
- Nikshay Poshan Yojana: A government scheme providing financial aid to TB patients Aims to alleviate nutritional challenges during treatment and recovery.
- Policy Guidelines on Nutrition: The National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme (NTEP) recommends a daily caloric intake of 2,800 calories for TB patients. It enhances patients’ nutritional status, which is vital for effective recovery.
- Challenges in Implementation: The 2020 study highlights healthcare providers’ difficulties in executing nutritional support. It Sheds light on potential hindrances to ensuring effective aid distribution.
- Nutritional Education Integration: The government introduces awareness campaigns on the importance of proper nutrition during and after TB treatment. Empowers patients to make informed dietary choices, aiding recovery and reducing relapse risks.
- Path to Elimination: The government‘s aim is to eliminate TB by 2025. The government seeks to reduce the disease burden, including its nutritional implications for the affected population.
Challenges in Addressing TB’s Nutritional Impact
- Awareness and Education Gap: Limited awareness among TB patients and healthcare providers regarding the importance of proper nutrition during treatment. This hinders the adoption of adequate dietary practices that can positively influence recovery.
- Nutritional Support Integration: Difficulty in seamlessly integrating nutritional support within the broader TB treatment framework. Patients may not receive the required dietary assistance, potentially hampering their overall health outcomes.
- Resource Constraints: Limited resources to provide consistent and effective nutritional aid to all TB patients Inadequate support might lead to unequal access to nutritional assistance, affecting recovery rates.
- Complexity of Implementation: The implementation of nutritional programs, such as Nikshay Poshan Yojana, might be hampered by administrative complexities. Delays in aid distribution could compromise timely nutritional support for TB patients.
- Socio-Economic Factors: Socio-economic disparities affect patients’ ability to access nutritious foods. Underprivileged individuals might face difficulties maintaining a balanced diet, negatively influencing their recovery.
- Fragmented Approach: Lack of coordination among different government departments and stakeholders involved in TB care and nutritional support Fragmented efforts could lead to inefficiencies and gaps in providing holistic care to TB patients.
- Cultural and Dietary Diversity: Designing nutritional interventions that accommodate the diverse dietary preferences and cultural practices of TB patients, One-size-fits-all approaches might not be effective across various cultural contexts.
Way forward
- Enhanced Nutritional Counseling: Strengthen healthcare providers’ training to offer comprehensive nutritional counseling to TB patients. Empowered patients make informed dietary choices, aiding recovery and reducing relapse risks.
- Holistic Nutritional Assessment: Integrate nutritional assessments as a standard procedure in TB patient care. Customized dietary plans can counteract malnutrition, promoting faster recovery.
- Collaboration with NGOs: Partner with non-governmental organizations to extend nutritional aid and support. A wider reach ensures that nutritional assistance reaches vulnerable populations effectively.
- Strengthening Nikshay Poshan Yojana: Evaluate and refine the scheme based on challenges highlighted in the 2020 study. An optimized scheme ensures the efficient distribution of financial support for nutritional needs.
- Leveraging Digital Platforms: Utilize technology for nutritional awareness campaigns and real-time monitoring of patients’ dietary adherence. Technology enhances outreach and aids in tracking patients’ progress.
Conclusion
- For India, a nation grappling with a high TB burden, the Lancet study emphasizes the urgency of integrating robust nutritional strategies into TB elimination programs. By addressing implementation challenges and promoting patient awareness, India can navigate closer to its ambitious TB eradication goal by 2025.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Maya OS
Mains level: Secured cyber infrastructure
Central Idea
- The Defence Ministry is taking a significant stride towards bolstering its cybersecurity by introducing an indigenous operating system named Maya OS.
- This move aims to replace Microsoft’s Windows OS on all ministry computers, ensuring enhanced protection against cyberattacks.
Understanding Maya OS
- Origin and Purpose: Maya OS is a homegrown operating system developed by the Union Ministry of Defence.
- Name’s Significance: Maya OS draws its name from the ancient Indian concept of illusion, signifying the deceptive appearance of reality.
- Open-Source Framework: Maya OS leverages the Ubuntu platform, embracing open-source principles by utilizing free and publicly available software. This approach enhances transparency, community collaboration, and customization possibilities.
- Chakravyuh Feature: Maya OS introduces the Chakravyuh feature, an end-point anti-malware and antivirus software. It acts as a protective layer between users and the internet, thwarting unauthorized access attempts and safeguarding sensitive data.
User Interface and Features
- Familiar Interface: Maya OS offers a user-friendly interface, mirroring the familiar look and feel of Windows, thereby ensuring a comfortable user experience.
- Application Compatibility: The OS supports commonly used software like Microsoft Office, Adobe Photoshop, AutoCAD, and more, enabling a seamless transition for users.
- Enhanced Security: Maya OS incorporates features such as cloud storage, encryption, digital signatures, and biometric authentication to fortify security measures.
Development Journey
- Initiation in Response to Threats: The development of this OS commenced in 2021, prompted by the rise in cyberattacks targeting India’s critical infrastructure and defence systems.
- Collaborative Efforts: A collaborative effort involving experts from various government agencies like DRDO, C-DAC, and NIC, along with Indian software companies and academic institutions, contributed to the development of Maya OS.
- Swift Progress: The development of Maya OS was accomplished within 6 months, reflecting the dedication and expertise of the collaborative teams.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: States renaming under Article 3
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The Kerala Assembly’s recent unanimous resolution to rename the state as “Keralam” in the Constitution and official records has sparked discussions about the historical origins of the name and the process of renaming a state in India.
Renaming Kerala: Resolution and Historical Context
- Unanimous Decision: The Kerala Assembly, led by CM, passed a resolution urging the Centre to rename the state as “Keralam” in both the Constitution and official records.
- Language Basis: The resolution highlights that the Malayalam name of the state is “Keralam,” and states were formed based on language on November 1, 1956. The resolution seeks alignment between the Malayalam name and its representation in official documents.
Procedure for Renaming a State
State Government’s Proposal: The proposal to rename a state originates from the state government. The Union MHA reviews the proposal and seeks No Objection Certificates (NOCs) from various agencies.
Centre’s Approval: Unlike renaming cities, renaming a state requires approval from the Centre’s Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA). A Constitutional amendment is necessary for this change (under Article 3 and 4 of the Constitution).
Parliamentary Approval: If accepted, the proposal is introduced as a Bill in the Parliament. Upon becoming law, the state’s name is officially changed. |
Origin of the ‘Kerala’ Name
- ‘Kerala’ and Asoka’s Edict: The earliest recorded mention of ‘Kerala’ is in Emperor Asoka’s Rock Edict II of 257 BC, where the local ruler is referred to as “Keralaputra” (son of Kerala) and “son of Chera” from the Chera dynasty.
- ‘Keralam’ from ‘Cheram’: Scholars speculate that ‘Keralam’ could have derived from ‘Cheram.’ Dr. Herman Gundert, a German scholar, proposed that ‘keram’ is the Canarese (Kannada) form of ‘cheram,’ suggesting that ‘Keralam’ could mean the region between Gokarnam and Kanyakumari, stemming from the root ‘cher’ meaning to join.
Demand for a Unified State
- Aikya Kerala Movement: In the 1920s, the Aikya Kerala movement gained momentum, advocating for a unified state for Malayalam-speaking people. It aimed to integrate Malabar, Kochi, and Travancore into a single territory.
- Cultural Unity: The movement was driven by the shared language, cultural traditions, history, and customs of the Malayalam-speaking population.
Formation of Modern Kerala
- Travancore-Cochin State: In 1949, Travancore and Kochi merged, forming the Travancore-Cochin State.
- State Reorganisation Commission: The State Reorganisation Commission recommended the creation of Kerala as a state for Malayalam-speaking people. The inclusion of Malabar and Kasargod and the exclusion of certain areas were proposed.
- Birth of Kerala: On November 1, 1956, the state of Kerala was officially formed, referred to as “Keralam” in Malayalam and “Kerala” in English.
Conclusion
- The resolution to rename Kerala as “Keralam” reflects the historical and cultural significance attached to the state’s name.
- The process of renaming a state underscores the federal structure of India, where Centre-State collaboration is essential for such significant changes.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: North East Venture Fund (NEVF)
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The North East Venture Fund (NEVF) has emerged as a catalyst for startups in the region.
- Since its inception, NEVF has invested in 37 startups, injecting a total of Rs 56.84 crores into the entrepreneurial ecosystem.
What is North East Venture Fund (NEVF)?
- Establishment: The NEVF, launched by the government in 2017, has emerged as a catalyst for startups in the region.
- SEBI Approval: NEVF is categorized as a Category I Venture Capital Fund under SEBI’s Alternative Investment Funds (AIF) Regulations, 2012.
- Investment Committee: An independent Investment Committee, comprising experienced professionals from venture funding, private equity, and developmental banking, makes investment decisions.
- Regulatory Reporting: Periodic reporting on operational and compliance aspects is presented to NEVF contributors and relevant bodies as mandated. This ensures transparency and adherence to regulations.
- Regulatory Oversight: The fund’s operations are subject to monitoring by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) through regular audits.
NEVF’s Funding
- Fund Corpus: NEVF was established as a closed-end fund with a target corpus of Rs. 100 crore.
- Contributors: NEVF has achieved its target corpus through contributions: Rs. 30 crore from North Eastern Development Finance Corporation Ltd. (NEDFi), Rs. 25 crore from Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI), and Rs. 45 crore from the Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region (MDoNER).
- MDoNER Contribution: MDoNER’s contribution was provided as an interest-free loan to NEDFi, repayable in a lump sum after 15 years.
Successful Outreach
- Geographical Distribution: The startups benefiting from NEVF are spread across various North Eastern states, with 24 in Assam, six in Manipur, three in Meghalaya, two in Arunachal Pradesh, and one each in Tripura and Sikkim.
- Job Creation: The startups supported by NEVF have collectively generated 4,812 employment opportunities since FY18. Among these, 3,906 were male and 906 were female employees. Additionally, 4,076 employees were unskilled, while 736 were skilled workers.
- Assam’s Dominance: The state of Assam witnessed the most significant job creation through NEVF-supported startups, contributing to over 4,000 job opportunities.
- Focus Areas: The new guidelines prioritize projects that create common facilities for manufacturing, testing, packaging, research and development, and training related to natural resources found in the NER and Sikkim. This includes areas like agriculture, forestry, sericulture, and bamboo cultivation.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Distance Tax
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- With the shift towards cleaner energy sources and the decline in oil consumption, governments are seeking alternative revenue sources to compensate for the loss of fuel tax income.
- One such solution is the implementation of distance tax, a mileage-based user fee that can potentially mitigate revenue loss while encouraging sustainable transportation practices.
Understanding Distance Tax
- Concept: Distance tax, also known as mileage-based user fees or road-user charges, is a taxation method based on motorists’ road usage and mileage. The tax is proportional to the distance driven, incentivizing responsible vehicle usage.
- Variable Rates: Distance tax rates can be flat, calculated per kilometer, or variable based on factors such as location and time. It can also vary according to the vehicle type.
- Technology Implementation: Distance tax can be tracked through various technologies like automatic number plate recognition, radio frequency identification, or GPS-based systems. The latter, especially using the GPS-based toll collection system, holds promise for implementation in India.
Advantages of Distance Tax
- Revenue Recovery: As fuel consumption decreases due to the adoption of cleaner energy sources, distance tax offers a fuel-neutral method to recover lost tax revenue.
- Encouraging Efficient Behavior: Distance tax promotes efficient vehicle usage, rewarding those who drive less and opting for environmentally friendly vehicles.
- Managing Congestion: The tax can help manage traffic congestion by encouraging the use of small vehicles with lower carbon footprints.
Comparing with Other Alternatives
- Fuel Tax Increase: Raising fuel tax rates is an option, but it might not align with the transition to cleaner energy sources and could negatively impact consumers.
- Annual Fees on EVs: Imposing annual fees on electric vehicles (EVs) could hinder the EV adoption rate.
- GST and Toll Tax Increase: Hiking GST on EVs or increasing toll tax and electricity tax is politically challenging.
Impact on Government Revenue
- Oil Tax Dependency: Governments heavily rely on fuel tax revenues. In India, petroleum contributed to over 17.5% of the Centre’s revenue in 2022–23, and VAT on petroleum products accounted for 15% of all states’ and UTs’ revenue.
- EV Transition Effects: The transition to EVs is predicted to reduce government revenue by 10.2%, equivalent to ₹1,457 crore, for Delhi by 2030. The Centre is also projected to lose 10% of its fuel tax revenue in Delhi due to EV adoption.
Way Forward
- Gamification and Rewards: Develop a smartphone app that tracks a user’s distance traveled and calculates their distance tax.
- Dynamic Pricing Based on Emission Levels: Implement a tiered distance tax system that charges vehicles with higher emissions more than those with lower emissions.
- Green Corridors and Bonus Miles: Designate certain routes as “green corridors” with reduced or waived distance tax rates and offer bonus miles or credits to users who choose these routes.
- Voluntary Reduction Challenges: Launch voluntary challenges where users commit to reducing their mileage for a set period.
- Carbon Offset Integration: Provide users with the option to use a portion of their distance tax payments to support carbon offset projects, such as reforestation or renewable energy initiatives.
Conclusion
- Distance tax stands out as a viable solution to balance revenue streams while encouraging responsible driving behavior and greener vehicle choices.
- It addresses the challenge of declining oil tax income while promoting a shift towards cleaner transportation methods.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: ACTO, Amazon Basin
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- In a landmark move, 8 South American countries have joined forces to address the critical issue of deforestation in the Amazon rainforest at the Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organisation (ACTO) summit, hosted by Brazil.
- It is intriguing to know that this summit is the first gathering of its kind in 14 years since the group was established.
What is ACTO?
- Formation: ACTO is an international organization established to safeguard the Amazon basin and facilitate its sustainable development through international collaboration.
- Founding Treaty: The Amazon Cooperation Treaty was crafted and signed on July 3, 1978, by Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela.
- Evolution into ACTO: In 1995, these countries formalized their commitment by founding ACTO to actively pursue the objectives set forth in the original treaty.
- Multilingual Platform: ACTO operates in four official languages: Dutch, English, Portuguese, and Spanish.
Need for ACTO
- Deforestation: Clearing of land for agriculture, logging, mining, and infrastructure development leads to extensive deforestation, reducing the forest’s size and disrupting ecosystems.
- Climate Feedback Loop: Deforestation disrupted the Amazon’s role as a carbon sink, potentially turning it into a carbon source and exacerbating climate change.
- Illegal Logging: Unregulated and unsustainable logging practices contribute to deforestation, habitat destruction, and loss of biodiversity.
- Indigenous Land Encroachment: Encroachment on indigenous lands and territories disrupts traditional ways of life and cultural practices, impacting both communities and ecosystems.
- Forest Fire: Uncontrolled fires, often intentionally set for land clearance, can spread rapidly, destroying vast areas of forest and releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
ACTO’s Conservation and Development Initiatives
- Amazonian Management: The ACTO member nations recognize that effective management of the Amazon basin is pivotal for advancing the well-being of its inhabitants.
- Programs and Agreements: Collaborative programs and agreements have been established to ensure biodiversity preservation, promote conservation efforts, and manage the region’s resources.
- Project GEF Amazonas: Funded by the Global Environment Facility, this program aims to secure agreement on a renewable and integrated water supply for sustainable development.
- ACTO Biodiversity Program: This program focuses on maintaining a harmonious biological equilibrium to prevent fragmentation of Amazonian ecosystems.
Key Milestone: The Manaus Declaration (2004)
- Purpose: ACTO played a pivotal role in formulating the Manaus Declaration in 2004, which coordinated the development of the vast rainforest area covering approximately 2.9 million square miles.
- Commitment Reiteration: The declaration reaffirmed member countries’ dedication to fostering social and economic development in the Amazon while preserving its unique cultures.
Back2Basics: Amazon Rainforest
- The Amazon Rainforest is a tropical rainforest situated in South America, primarily covering the Amazon Basin.
- It extends across nine countries: Brazil, Peru, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Bolivia, Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana.
- Renowned for its unparalleled biodiversity, the Amazon Rainforest harbors around 10% of Earth’s known species, making it one of the most diverse ecosystems on the planet.
- Encompassing approximately 5.5 million square kilometers, the Amazon Rainforest constitutes over half of the world’s remaining tropical rainforests.
- Often referred to as the “lungs of the Earth,” the Amazon Rainforest plays a crucial role in global climate regulation by absorbing carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen through photosynthesis.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Quit India Movement
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- On August 9, 1942, India embarked on a historic journey towards independence by launching the Quit India Movement.
Genesis of Quit India Movement
- Gandhi’s Ultimatum: On August 8, 1942, Mahatma Gandhi issued a powerful ultimatum to the British Raj, urging them to “Quit India.” With the entire Congress leadership imprisoned, the people were galvanized to take matters into their own hands.
- People-Powered Movement: The Quit India Movement was an authentic display of people’s determination. The call for “Do or Die” echoed in the hearts of millions who rallied on the streets, marking a turning point in the struggle.
- Massive Scope: The movement’s magnitude was unprecedented, surpassing previous uprisings. India’s masses united to demand complete freedom, showcasing their unwavering commitment to breaking free from colonial shackles.
Birth of the Slogan ‘Quit India’
- Yusuf Meherally’s Contribution: The catchphrase “Quit India” was coined by Yusuf Meherally, a socialist leader and Mayor of Bombay. He had earlier coined the slogan “Simon Go Back” in 1928 during another anti-colonial agitation.
Precursors to the Movement
- Failure of Cripps Mission: While factors leading to such a movement had been building up, matters came to a head with the failure of the Cripps Mission. With WW2 raging, the beleaguered British government needed the cooperation of its colonial subjects. With this in mind, in March 1942, a mission led by Sir Stafford Cripps arrived in India to meet leaders of the Congress and the Muslim League.
- Betrayal on WW2 Promises: The idea was to secure India’s whole-hearted support in the war, and the return offer to Indians was the promise of self-governance. But things did not go that way.
- No complete freedom: Despite the promise of “the earliest possible realisation of self-government in India”, Cripps only offered dominion status, not freedom.
- Unviable partition plan: Also, there was a provision for the partition of India, which was not acceptable to the Congress.
Outcomes: Gandhi’s Strategic Shift
- From Non-Violence to Action: The failure of the Cripps Mission compelled Gandhi to shift from non-violent means to active resistance. The Congress, though initially hesitant to disrupt wartime efforts, embraced mass civil disobedience as a means to achieve freedom.
- The “Do or Die” Call: On August 8, 1942, Gandhi addressed a massive gathering in Bombay’s Gowalia Tank maidan. He proclaimed the potent mantra of “Do or Die,” pledging India’s resolve to secure freedom at any cost.
Course of Events and Popular Uprising
- People’s Resilience: The arrest of Congress leaders failed to quell the movement. Ordinary Indians across cities and towns took charge, engaging in acts of civil disobedience, strikes, and protests.
- Working-Class Participation: Railway tracks were blocked, students boycotted schools, and mill workers across cities joined the movement. Bridges were destroyed, and government symbols were targeted.
- Violent Phase: The movement escalated to a violent phase, marked by the destruction of infrastructure and defiance of government authority. This time, Gandhi dint resist for violence.
Suppression and Unyielding Passion
- Brutal Crackdown: The British responded with violence, inflicting casualties, imprisoning thousands, and imposing severe fines. Villages were burned, and repressive measures were enforced.
- Transformative Impact: Despite being suppressed, the Quit India Movement transformed the freedom struggle’s character. The masses’ fiery passion and unprecedented intensity illuminated the path to India’s imminent independence.
Conclusion
- The Quit India Movement remains etched in history as a symbol of India’s unyielding spirit and collective determination to overthrow colonial rule.
- The movement’s legacy lives on, inspiring generations to uphold the ideals of freedom, justice, and national pride.
Try this PYQ:
Q. Quit India Movement was launched in response to:
(a) Cabinet Mission Plan
(b) Cripps Proposals
(c) Simon Commission Report
(d) Wavell Plan
Post your answers here.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Assam Rifles
Mains level: Manipur Riots
Central Idea
- Recent events in Manipur have brought the Assam Rifles (AR) into the spotlight, raising questions about their role, control, and functioning.
- As India’s oldest paramilitary force with a rich history, the Assam Rifles’ unique structure and dual control have sparked debates over its jurisdiction and the ministries under which it operates.
About Assam Rifles: A Unique Role
- Central Armed Police Force: AR is one of six central armed police forces (CAPFs) under the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA). It safeguards Northeastern regions, the Indo-Myanmar border, and assists the Indian Army in maintaining law and order.
- Operational Duality: Uniquely, AR operates under dual control: administrative control under MHA and operational control under the Indian Army. This sets it apart from other CAPFs.
- Composition and Leadership: With over 63,000 personnel across 46 battalions, AR follows a regimented structure similar to the Indian Army. Its senior ranks are manned by Army officers, and the force is commanded by an Indian Army Lieutenant General.
Historical Significance and Contributions:
- Ancient Roots: Established in 1835, AR is India’s oldest paramilitary force. It originated as Cachar Levy and evolved into Assam Rifles, earning accolades for its service.
- World Wars and Beyond: AR participated in World Wars and the Sino-Indian war of 1962. Its efforts in both global conflicts and anti-insurgency campaigns underline its diverse roles.
- Versatility and Valor: AR’s combat role in World War II, counter-Japanese operations, and contribution to India’s peacekeeping missions in Sri Lanka speak to its versatility and bravery.
Controversial Encounter in Manipur
- Accusations and Escapes: Manipur Police filed an FIR against the AR, alleging hindrance in their duty. The AR is accused of allowing suspected Kuki militants to evade capture. A video showing the tense exchange highlights concerns of collusion.
- Voices of Discontent: Demands to remove AR from Manipur have arisen, with the Meira Paibis demanding their exit and the state’s BJP writing to the Prime Minister, alleging bias. These events underscore the complexity of AR’s presence in the region.
Tensions and Accusations
- Recent Incident: A clash occurred when Assam Rifles vehicles hindered state police personnel from Meitei-dominated Bishnupur district from entering a Kuki-Zomi territory. Allegations arose that the Assam Rifles’ actions enabled suspected Kuki militants, accused of killing three Meitei men, to escape.
- Perceptions of Bias: Some members of the Meitei community perceive the Assam Rifles as favoring the Kuki-Zomi community. These perceptions, along with allegations of inaction during conflicts, have further strained relations.
- Protests and Demands: Meira Paibis, women activists from the Meitei community, staged protests demanding the removal of Assam Rifles from Manipur. They claim that Indian security forces are being used against the Meiteis.
- Suspicion over Collusion: Meitei activists question how suspected militants managed to cross the buffer zone and commit the killings. They criticize the perceived inaction of Assam Rifles personnel during attacks by the Kuki-Zomi.
- Longstanding Grievances: Beyond the current conflict, Meiteis raise concerns about illegal immigration from Myanmar. They point to the Assam Rifles’ historical responsibility for the Indo-Myanmar border and alleged inaction.
Historical Strain with AFSPA
- Historical Tensions: Assam Rifles has faced strained relations with Manipur’s residents, particularly during counter-insurgency operations under the Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA).
- Symbolic Resistance: The 2004 incident where 12 Meitei women protested naked in front of the Assam Rifles Headquarters reflected the deep-rooted grievances and tensions present in the region.
Debate over Control
- Tug of War: Both the MHA and Ministry of Defence (MoD) desire full control over AR. MHA argues for comprehensive border-guarding coordination, while the Army believes in maintaining the current system, which has worked well.
- Past Proposals: In 2013 and 2019, discussions were held to merge AR with BSF and ITBP, respectively. The Army’s desire for control has led to ongoing deliberations.
Conclusion
- The Assam Rifles embody a legacy of service, transcending decades and challenges.
- As the debate over control continues, the AR’s role as protectors of borders and preservers of history remains unwavering, a testament to their resilience and valor.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Small Modular Reactors (SMRs)
Mains level: Assessment of SMRs sustainability and viability
Central Idea
- As the world strives to decarbonize and meet U.N. Sustainable Development Goal 7, India stands at a crossroads in its pursuit of affordable, reliable, and sustainable energy.
- Fossil fuels still dominate 82% of the global energy supply, highlighting the pressing need for cleaner power sources.
- While solar and wind energy have gained traction, they alone might not guarantee grid stability and energy security.
What is the news?
- Small modular reactors (SMRs), a type of nuclear reactor, offer India a promising solution to overcome these challenges and achieve its ambitious clean energy goals.
What are Small Modular Reactors (SMRs)?
- Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) are a type of nuclear reactor design that aims to offer several advantages over traditional large-scale nuclear reactors.
- They are characterized by their smaller size, modular construction, and potential for enhanced safety features.
- They are designed to be significantly smaller than conventional nuclear reactors, often with electrical outputs of up to 300 megawatts or less.
Decarbonization Challenges and the Role of SMRs
- Global Dependence on Fossil Fuels: The transition from coal-fired power to clean energy sources presents significant challenges worldwide, with solar and wind alone often falling short of ensuring reliability and affordability.
- Importance of Firm Power Generation: To achieve reliable grid operations and reduce costs in renewable energy-rich systems, the integration of at least one firm power-generating technology is crucial.
Advantages of general Nuclear Power Plans
- Contribution of Nuclear Power: Nuclear power plants (NPPs) generate 10% of global electricity, significantly reducing natural gas demand and CO2 emissions.
- Efficiency and Reliability: NPPs provide stable 24×7 power in all weather conditions, aiding grid stability more effectively than variable renewable energy sources.
- Job Creation and Co-benefits: Nuclear power offers high-skill jobs and benefits in technology, manufacturing, and operations.
How SMRs outpower NPPs?
- Addressing NPP Challenges: To counter challenges associated with conventional NPPs, many nations are developing SMRs with a capacity of up to 300 MW.
- Benefits of SMRs:
- Enhanced Safety: SMRs feature lower core damage frequency and radioactive contamination risks compared to conventional NPPs.
- Passive Safety Features: Simpler design and passive safety measures reduce the potential for uncontrolled radioactive releases.
- Reduced Spent Fuel Storage: SMRs produce less spent nuclear fuel, easing storage concerns.
- Brownfield Sites Utilization: SMRs can repurpose existing infrastructure, minimizing land acquisition and displacement issues.
Reasons for SMR’s immediate consideration
- Scalability: SMRs can be used individually or in combination to match varying energy needs, providing flexibility in deployment.
- Reduced Environmental Footprint: SMRs emit fewer greenhouse gases, require less land, and have a smaller visual impact compared to larger reactors.
- Flexibility: SMRs can power remote areas or off-grid communities, adapting to diverse energy requirements and locations.
- Grid Stability: Offering steady baseload power, SMRs contribute to grid stability and complement intermittent renewables.
- Waste Reduction: Some SMRs generate less nuclear waste due to efficient fuel use and smaller size, easing waste management.
- Local Development: Building, operating, and maintaining SMRs create jobs and boost local economies.
Economic and Environmental Aspects
- Sustainability: SMRs can operate for decades with high capacity factors exceeding 90%, contributing to sustainable energy generation.
- Cost Trends: Capital costs for SMRs in the U.S. are around $6,000 per MW, expected to decline further post-2030 with increasing deployment.
India’s Path to Net-Zero with SMRs
- Key Energy Goals: India aims to increase coal-based thermal power capacity and expand variable renewable energy sources to achieve net-zero emissions by 2070.
- SMRs as a Catalyst: Integrating SMRs into thermal power plant sites can boost net-zero efforts and enhance energy security.
Harnessing SMRs
(1) Regulatory revamp
- Efficient Regulation: A robust regulatory regime akin to civil aviation’s safety standards is essential for SMRs’ role in decarbonization.
- Global Cooperation: International collaboration among regulators and organizations can streamline approvals and facilitate the safe deployment of SMRs.
(2) Legislative Changes and Collaboration:
- Amendments to Atomic Energy Act: Private sector involvement in SMR setup requires legislative amendments while retaining fuel and waste control under government oversight.
- Empowered Regulatory Board: Creating an independent regulatory board is crucial for overseeing the entire nuclear power generation cycle.
- Strategic Nuclear Fuel Reserve: India’s ‘123 agreement’ allows strategic fuel reserves and reprocessing facilities under IAEA safeguards, ensuring fuel security.
(3) Enhancing Public Perception:
- Public Engagement: The Department of Atomic Energy should disseminate comprehensive environmental and health data about civilian reactors to enhance public perception.
- Consulting people: Many regions of India are already witnessing protests from local residents fuming over the installation of nuclear reactors in their vicinity.
Conclusion
- Embracing small modular reactors presents India with an opportunity to accelerate its transition to clean energy, enhance grid stability, and achieve net-zero emissions.
- The strategic deployment of SMRs, bolstered by sound legislation, international cooperation, and efficient regulation, can play a pivotal role in India’s journey towards a sustainable and energy-secure future.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Raisina Dialogue
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Foreign Secretary has told a Parliament committee that the Raisina Dialogue is now among the most significant global level think tank events in the world.
What is Raisina Dialogue?
- Flagship Geopolitical Conference: The Raisina Dialogue, founded in 2016, emerged as India’s flagship conference for discussions on global geopolitics and geo-economics.
- Hosted by ORF: The Observer Research Foundation (ORF), an independent think tank, collaborates with the Ministry of External Affairs to host the Raisina Dialogue.
Emergence of the Dialogue
- Geopolitical and Geo-economic Discourse: The Raisina Dialogue is a significant global-level think tank event that fosters cross-sectoral discussions on geopolitics and geo-economics.
- Global Participation: Raisina Dialogue serves as a platform for engagement among policymakers, heads of states, cabinet ministers, local officials, private sector executives, media representatives, and scholars.
- Inspired by Shangri-La Dialogue: Modeled after Singapore’s Shangri-La Dialogue, Raisina Dialogue facilitates multi-stakeholder dialogues on crucial global issues.
Political patronage to the dialogue
- Participation: PM’s attendance and address at the 2016 Raisina Dialogue marked a turning point, elevating the event’s significance.
- Shifting Paradigm: PM Modi’s presence elevated Raisina Dialogue from its modest beginnings in 2015 to a global focal point within a span of eight years.
- Global Recognition: The conference gained international recognition and prominence, attracting participants of repute from across the world.
Significance: Reflecting Indian Perspective
- Strategic Vision: Raisina Dialogue embodies a deliberate strategy to reflect and project India’s point of view on global matters.
- India-Centric Thinking: In alignment with the government’s focus on promoting India-centric thinking, the conference portrays India’s stance on global issues.
- Diverse Representation: The event brings together international sponsors, co-sponsors, and participants, fostering diverse viewpoints and critical appraisal of foreign policies.
Magnitude and Impact
- Global Participation: The recent edition of the Raisina Dialogue held in March 2023 witnessed the presence of Italy’s Prime Minister and over 30 foreign ministers. Participants from more than 100 countries engaged in discussions.
- Growing Influence: The conference’s stature and influence are evident through its widespread representation and discussions on a wide array of global issues.
Conclusion
- The Raisina Dialogue stands as a remarkable testament to India’s increasing role and influence in the global arena.
- As the Dialogue continues to shape discussions on geopolitics and geo-economics, it reinforces India’s position as a significant player on the world stage.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Small modular reactors
Mains level: India's energy transition, Small modular reactors, advantages, challenges and way ahead
What’s the news?
- The rise of coal consumption in Europe, despite increased solar and wind power, underscores the need for reliable, low-carbon electricity sources.
Central idea
- The global pursuit of decarbonization aligns with UN Sustainable Development Goal 7, which aims to provide affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all. With fossil fuels still accounting for 82% of the world’s energy supply, decarbonizing the power sector is imperative. SMRs, a form of nuclear reactor, hold promise for India’s energy landscape by offering a solution to this challenge.
What are Small Modular Reactors (SMRs)?
- Small Modular Reactors are a type of nuclear reactor design characterized by their smaller size, simplified construction, and modular nature.
- Unlike traditional large nuclear power plants, which have a single reactor with a high-power output, SMRs are designed to have a smaller power capacity, typically ranging from a few megawatts (MW) to around 300 MW.
- Their compact size and modular design allow for easier manufacturing, transport, and deployment.
What are the challenges of decarbonisation?
- Insufficient Solar and Wind Energy: Policymakers acknowledge that relying solely on solar and wind energy is inadequate for ensuring affordable energy access globally.
- Critical Minerals Demand Surge: The International Energy Agency predicts a potential 3.5-fold increase in demand for vital minerals (lithium, nickel, cobalt, rare earth elements) needed for clean-energy technologies by 2030.
- Capital Intensive Development: Significant capital investments are required to establish new mines and processing facilities to meet the surging demand for critical minerals.
- Environmental and Social Impacts: The rapid establishment of new mines and plants in regions like China, Indonesia, Africa, and South America carries potential environmental and social consequences.
- Geopolitical and Resource Control Risks: The dominance of a few nations in mineral production and processing (50-100% global capacity) introduces geopolitical vulnerabilities and control risks.
Issues with Nuclear Power
- Time and Cost Overruns: Conventional nuclear power plants often experience delays and cost overruns during construction.
- Resource Dependency: Nuclear power plants’ reliance on uranium creates concerns about resource dependency and supply chain vulnerabilities.
- Public Perception: Despite contributing 10% of global electricity and avoiding 180 billion cubic meters of natural gas demand and 1.5 billion tonnes of CO2 emissions annually, nuclear power faces public concerns related to accidents, waste disposal, and environmental impact.
- Waste Management: Radioactive waste generated by nuclear power requires safe and effective long-term management.
- Safety Risks: While nuclear power plants implement safety measures, events like Chernobyl and Fukushima underscore the potential for catastrophic accidents.
- Environmental Impact: The nuclear power lifecycle, including uranium mining and waste storage, poses various environmental impacts.
- Decommissioning Challenges: Properly decommissioning nuclear power plants presents technical and financial complexities.
Advantages of SMRs
- Enhanced Safety and Simplified Design:
- SMRs have a smaller core damage frequency and source term compared to conventional NPPs.
- Incorporate enhanced seismic isolation and passive safety features.
- Design simplicity reduces the potential for uncontrolled radioactive material release.
- Lower Environmental Impact:
- Due to their simplified design and improved safety features, SMRs have a reduced environmental impact.
- Lower risk of radioactive material release.
- Flexibility and Community Engagement:
- SMRs can be safely installed in brownfield sites, minimizing the need for land acquisition and community displacement.
- SMR projects foster better understanding and acceptance of nuclear power in local communities.
- Energy Security and Fuel Efficiency:
- SMRs contribute to energy security by diversifying energy sources and reducing reliance on fossil fuels.
- Many land-based SMRs use low-enriched uranium, sourced from countries with uranium mines and enrichment facilities.
- Cost-Effectiveness and Long Operational Lifespan:
- The Projected levelized cost of electricity from SMRs is between $60-90 per MWh.
- Costs are expected to decrease as deployment and manufacturing efficiency improve.
- SMRs are designed for over 40 years of operation, providing stable, long-term, low-carbon electricity.
- Coal-to-Nuclear Transition:
- Deploying SMRs aids in transitioning from coal-based power generation to nuclear energy.
- Facilitates progress toward net-zero emissions
Integration of SMRs with the National Grid
- Energy Generation Enhancement:
- India’s Central Electricity Authority (CEA) projects a need to increase coal-based thermal power plants (TPPs) capacity from 212,000 MW to 259,000 MW by 2032.
- The Generation capacity of Variable Renewable Energy (VRE) sources is projected to grow from 130,000 MW to 486,000 MW.
- Energy Storage Requirement:
- Integration of power from VRE sources with the national grid requires additional energy storage: Battery storage: 47,000 MW/236 GWh and Hydroelectric facilities: 27,000 MW.
- Projected Energy Contribution by 2031-2032:
- TPPs are expected to provide more than 50% of India’s total electricity generation.
- VRE sources are projected to contribute around 35%.
- NPPs, including SMRs, are estimated to contribute 4.4%.
Way Forward
- Global Regulatory Alignment:
- Facilitate collaboration among countries adopting nuclear energy.
- Harmonize regulatory requirements under the guidance of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) to expedite approvals for standardized Small Modular Reactors (SMRs).
- Energy Mix Optimization:
- Balancing coal-based thermal power plants (TPPs), Variable Renewable Energy (VRE) sources, and nuclear power, including SMRs.
- Prioritize capacity enhancement of TPPs and VRE sources to meet rising energy demands.
- Legal and Regulatory Adaptation:
- Amend the Atomic Energy Act to enable private sector involvement in SMRs.
- Maintain government control over nuclear fuel, waste, and security.
- Regulatory Empowerment:
- Enact a law to establish an independent regulatory board overseeing all nuclear power generation stages.
- Ensure compliance with safety, security, and safeguards measures.
- Secure SMR Operation: Retain government control over SMR security while facilitating private sector operation under appropriate supervision.
Conclusion
- Small modular reactors represent a promising avenue for India’s energy transition, offering enhanced safety, scalability, and alignment with decarbonization goals. Addressing regulatory, legal, and investment challenges can catalyze India’s shift towards a sustainable and secure energy future.
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