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Economic Indicators and Various Reports On It- GDP, FD, EODB, WIR etc

India’s GDP expanded 6.1% in 2022-23’s last quarter

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Trends in India's GDP Growth

Mains level: Read the attached story

gdp

Central Idea

  • The National Statistical Office (NSO) has released provisional national income data revealing that India’s GDP growth in the January to March 2023 quarter reached 6.1%.
  • This growth in the fourth quarter is the fastest among major economies, indicating better prospects for the current year compared to previous expectations.

Key Highlights

(1) Manufacturing Sector Growth Slows, Despite Q4 Rebound

  • Gross Value Added (GVA) in the economy rose by 7% in 2022-23, compared to 8.8% in the previous fiscal year.
  • Manufacturing GVA growth declined significantly, reaching only 1.3% compared to 11.1% a year ago.
  • The sector experienced a rebound of 4.5% in the final quarter after six months of contraction, but overall growth remained subdued.

(2) Agri and Services Sectors Propel Economic Growth

  • The agricultural GVA grew by 4% in 2022-23, an increase from 3.5% in the previous year.
  • Financial, real estate, and professional services sectors experienced a 7.1% growth in GVA, compared to 4.7% in 2021-22.
  • Trade, hotels, transport, and communication sectors, along with services related to broadcasting, witnessed a marginal increase of 14% in GVA.

(3) Revised GDP and GVA Figures Reflect Changes in Economic Performance

  • The NSO revised GDP and GVA numbers for the first half of 2022-23, with slight decreases, but the third-quarter figures were slightly increased.
  • The first quarter’s GDP growth in 2022-23 is now pegged at 13.1%, followed by 6.2% in the second quarter and 4.5% growth in the third quarter.
  • GVA growth estimates for the first and second quarters were revised to 11.9% and 5.4% respectively, while the third quarter GVA growth increased to 4.7% from the earlier estimate of 4.6%.

(4) Consumer Sentiment and Consumption Growth

  • Despite a slight uptick in private final consumption expenditure to 2.8% in Q4 from 2.2% in Q3, consumption growth remained muted.
  • This contradicted the uptick in consumer sentiments as per the RBI’s consumer confidence survey, highlighting the disparity between sentiment and actual spending.

(5) Outlook and Challenges for Future Growth

  • Maintaining growth above 6% will be challenging amid a global economic slowdown, according to economists.
  • Higher-than-expected GDP growth in the previous year may temper growth expectations for the current year, with the government and central bank projecting around 6.5% growth.
  • Pent-up demand that supported growth previously may not be as strong, and private sector investment needs to pick up since exports are not expected to contribute significantly to growth.

What can we as an Aspirant infer?

  • The resilience of the Indian economy and its promising trajectory despite global challenges is often highlighted in news.
  • This article justifies this perception about better performance of Indian Economy.

Conclusion

  • To sustain and enhance economic growth, focus on stimulating private sector investment to complement the performance of agriculture and services sectors.
  • Addressing the challenges in the manufacturing sector and boosting consumer confidence can lead to increased consumption and overall economic expansion.
  • Efforts to diversify and promote exports should be prioritized to contribute to future growth and reduce dependence on domestic consumption.

Tap to read more about:

[Static Revision] National Income Determination, GDP, GNP, NDP, NNP, Personal Income

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Climate Change Negotiations – UNFCCC, COP, Other Conventions and Protocols

Mainstreaming Biodiversity: A Pivotal Step Towards a Sustainable Future

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Biodiversity, National Mission on Biodiversity and Human Wellbeing

Mains level: Biodiversity, significance challenges and conservation

Biodiversity

Central Idea

  • The observance of International Biodiversity Day on May 22 serves as a powerful reminder of the critical role our natural world plays in addressing the climate change crisis and the threat to our future posed by declining biodiversity. Preserving and enhancing biodiversity emerges as a cost-effective approach to sequester carbon dioxide and mitigate climate change.

What is Biodiversity?

  • Biodiversity refers to the variety of life forms found on Earth, including plants, animals, microorganisms, and their interactions within ecosystems. It encompasses the diversity of species, genetic diversity within species, and the diversity of ecosystems.
  • Biodiversity is not limited to specific areas but exists everywhere, from terrestrial habitats like forests, grasslands, and deserts to aquatic environments such as rivers, lakes, and oceans.
  • It also includes the diversity of habitats, ecological processes, and the complex web of relationships between organisms and their environment.
  • Biodiversity is crucial for the functioning of ecosystems and provides numerous benefits to humans. It supports essential ecosystem services, such as pollination, nutrient cycling, soil formation, and water purification.
  • Biodiversity also contributes to food security by providing a variety of crops, livestock, and wild foods. Additionally, it plays a vital role in medicine, as many pharmaceuticals are derived from natural sources.

Biodiversity

The Decline of Biodiversity: key contributing factors

  • Habitat Loss: The conversion of natural habitats into agricultural lands, urban areas, and industrial zones is a primary driver of biodiversity loss. Deforestation, land degradation, and habitat fragmentation disrupt ecosystems and displace numerous species.
  • Climate Change: Rising temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, and extreme weather events associated with climate change have a profound impact on biodiversity. Species may struggle to adapt or migrate quickly enough, leading to population declines and even extinction.
  • Pollution: Pollution, including air and water pollution, poses a severe threat to biodiversity. Chemical contaminants, such as pesticides, herbicides, and industrial pollutants, can accumulate in ecosystems and harm both flora and fauna.
  • Overexploitation: Unsustainable harvesting of wildlife, overfishing, and illegal wildlife trade put immense pressure on species populations. This overexploitation disrupts ecological balance and can lead to the collapse of ecosystems.
  • Invasive Species: Non-native species introduced into new environments can outcompete native species, disrupt ecological interactions, and cause harm to local ecosystems. Invasive species often lack natural predators or controls, allowing them to multiply rapidly.
  • Agricultural Practices: Intensive agricultural practices, including the use of chemical inputs, monoculture farming, and the destruction of natural habitats for agriculture, contribute to the loss of biodiversity. This impacts both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.
  • Disease and Pathogens: The spread of diseases and pathogens, both natural and human-mediated, can have devastating effects on wildlife populations. Diseases can cause mass die-offs and population declines, leading to decreased biodiversity.
  • Inadequate Conservation Efforts: Inadequate conservation measures, weak enforcement of protective laws, and insufficient funding for conservation initiatives contribute to the decline of biodiversity. Conservation efforts are often fragmented and not prioritized, further exacerbating the problem.
  • Lack of Public Awareness and Engagement: Limited awareness among the general public about the importance of biodiversity and the consequences of its decline hinders collective action. Engaging communities and fostering a sense of responsibility towards biodiversity is crucial for effective conservation.

Reimagining Biodiversity Management: A holistic and inclusive approach

  • Multifunctional Landscapes: Moving beyond the traditional focus on forests, biodiversity management should encompass diverse ecosystems such as grasslands, savannas, alpine pastures, and deserts. Recognizing the value of multifunctional landscapes allows for the conservation and sustainable use of various ecological communities.
  • Community Engagement: Empowering local communities and indigenous groups in biodiversity management is crucial. Their traditional knowledge, practices, and direct involvement are valuable assets for effective conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. Establishing platforms such as gram sabhas and biodiversity management committees facilitates community participation and decision-making.
  • Mainstreaming Biodiversity: Biodiversity considerations should be integrated into all sectors and aspects of society. Development programs, government departments, public and private institutions, and industries should incorporate biodiversity conservation and sustainable practices as core principles.
  • Policy and Legal Frameworks: Ensuring effective implementation of regulations, enforcing laws against biodiversity crimes, and revisiting policies that hinder biodiversity protection are key steps. It is also important to support the rights of indigenous communities and local stakeholders through legal mechanisms.
  • Education and Awareness: Promoting biodiversity education and raising awareness about its importance among the general public, policymakers, and stakeholders is crucial. This includes integrating biodiversity topics into educational curricula, conducting awareness campaigns, and disseminating information about the benefits of biodiversity conservation.
  • Research and Science-Based Approaches: Investing in scientific research, monitoring, and data collection is vital for evidence-based decision-making and effective biodiversity management. This includes studying biodiversity patterns, understanding ecosystem dynamics, and identifying key species and habitats for conservation priorities.
  • Collaborative Partnerships: Building partnerships and collaborations among various stakeholders is essential. This includes government agencies, non-governmental organizations, research institutions, local communities, and private sectors. Collaboration fosters knowledge sharing, resource mobilization, and the implementation of joint initiatives for biodiversity conservation.
  • Sustainable Financing: Ensuring sustainable financing mechanisms for biodiversity conservation is crucial. This includes exploring innovative funding models, leveraging public-private partnerships, and integrating biodiversity into sustainable development financing frameworks.
  • International Cooperation: Collaborating at the global level is necessary to address transboundary biodiversity issues. Sharing best practices, knowledge exchange, and aligning efforts with international conventions and agreements such as the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) can strengthen biodiversity management.

Facts for prelims

What is biosphere reserve?

  • Protected area: A biosphere reserve is an area of land or water that is protected by law in order to support the conservation of ecosystems, as well as the sustainability of mankind’s impact on the environment.

Current status of Biosphere reserves

  • Worldwide: There are 738 biosphere reserves in 134 countries, including 22 transboundary sites.
  • In India:
  • Presently, there are 18 notified biosphere reserves in India. Ten out of the eighteen biosphere reserves are a part of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves, based on the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme list.
  • In India, the first biosphere reserve was designated by UNESCO in 2000, namely, the blue mountains of the Nilgiris stretching over Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Kerala.

Our Role as Caretakers: key actions we can take as responsible stewards

  • Sustainable Land Use: Promoting sustainable land use practices is essential to minimize habitat loss and degradation. This includes supporting initiatives such as reforestation, afforestation, and sustainable agriculture that maintain ecosystem integrity.
  • Responsible Consumption: Making informed choices as consumers can have a significant impact on biodiversity. Supporting sustainable and ethically sourced products, reducing waste, and opting for environmentally friendly practices can reduce the demand for products that harm biodiversity.
  • Preservation of Natural Habitats: Protecting and preserving natural habitats, including forests, wetlands, and marine ecosystems, is critical. This involves advocating for the establishment and expansion of protected areas, national parks, and wildlife reserves.
  • Sustainable Fisheries: Supporting sustainable fishing practices, such as responsible fishing quotas, implementing fishing regulations, and avoiding overfishing, helps maintain healthy marine ecosystems and protect marine biodiversity.
  • Support Conservation Organizations: Contributing to and supporting conservation organizations and initiatives can make a significant difference. Donations, volunteering, and participation in citizen science projects can aid in research, conservation efforts, and advocacy for biodiversity protection.

Biodiversity

What is The National Mission on Biodiversity and Human Wellbeing?

  • Objective: The mission aims to integrate biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services into various sectors to address critical challenges related to climate change, regenerative agriculture, and ecosystem and public health.
  • Enhancing Human Wellbeing: The mission focuses on fostering human well-being by enhancing and conserving biodiversity. It aims to support the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals related to poverty alleviation, nutrition and health, and environmental protection.
  • People-Centric Approach: The mission recognizes the importance of active engagement and participation of all citizens in biodiversity conservation and sustainable use. It places people at the center of the mission’s activities.
  • Mainstreaming Biodiversity: The mission seeks to embed biodiversity considerations into development-oriented programs of both the public and private sectors. This ensures that biodiversity conservation becomes an integral part of decision-making processes and actions.
  • Education and Awareness: The mission aims to create awareness about the importance of biodiversity and foster curiosity about nature. It seeks to instill a sense of responsibility for safeguarding biodiversity in every child and student.
  • Nature-Based Solutions: The mission emphasizes the utilization of nature-based solutions to address challenges related to climate change, agriculture, and public health. It recognizes the value of ecosystems and biodiversity in providing sustainable solutions.
  • Traditional Knowledge and Community Participation: The mission promotes the integration of traditional knowledge and the active participation of local communities and indigenous groups in biodiversity management. It acknowledges their role in conservation efforts.
  • Sustainable Development Goals Alignment: The mission aligns with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, aiming to contribute to poverty alleviation, nutrition and health, and environmental protection.
  • Pending Implementation: Although the mission has received preliminary approval from the Prime Minister’s Science, Technology, and Innovation Council, it is still in the proposal stage and yet to be fully implemented.

Biodiversity

Conclusion

  • The mainstreaming of biodiversity represents a significant step toward securing a sustainable future. Recognizing the interconnectedness of all life forms and ecosystems, we must redefine our approach to biodiversity management. The proposed National Mission on Biodiversity and Human Wellbeing provides a roadmap and empowers all citizens to take part in safeguarding our precious natural heritage.

 

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Foreign Policy Watch: India-United States

UAE withdraws from Combined Maritime Forces (CMF)

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Combined Maritime Forces (CMF)

Mains level: Not Much

Central Idea

The United Arab Emirates (UAE) has announced its withdrawal from the U.S.-led Combined Maritime Forces (CMF), a maritime coalition responsible for securing Gulf waterways crucial to global oil trade.

What is Combined Maritime Forces (CMF)?

Establishment 2002
Location Bahrain
Objective Promoting security, stability, and prosperity across maritime regions
Member Nations Over 30 member nations
Primary Task Forces Combined Task Force 150 (CTF 150), Combined Task Force 151 (CTF 151), Combined Task Force 152 (CTF 152)
Operations Counter-terrorism, counter-piracy, maritime security, and cooperation
Collaborations United Nations, European Union, NATO, and regional partners
Contributions Naval assets including warships, aircraft, and maritime patrol vessels
Focus Areas Arabian Sea, Gulf of Oman, Gulf of Aden, Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Arabian Gulf, and surrounding areas

 

Reasons for UAE’s withdrawal

  • UAE has not provided specific reasons for its withdrawal from the Combined Maritime Forces (CMF) in the official statement.
  • One potential factor could be a desire to distance themselves from perceived dependencies or entanglements with the US.
  • This could be part of a broader strategy by the UAE to assert its own regional influence, pursue independent foreign policies, or rebalance its relationships with China and Iran.

Recent incidents and tensions in Gulf Waters

  • In late April and early May, Iran seized two tankers, one of which was empty and travelling between the UAE ports of Dubai and Fujairah.
  • Iran was also accused of launching a drone attack on an Israeli-owned tanker in November 2022, escalating tensions with the United States.
  • As a response to increasing harassment by Iran, the US announced the deployment of reinforcements to the Gulf, a vital route for a significant portion of the world’s sea-borne oil.

 

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Tobacco: The Silent Killer

Mandatory Anti-Tobacco Warnings on OTT Platforms

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: NA

Mains level: Tobacco consumption and issues

tobacco

Central Idea

  • Over-the-top (OTT) streaming platforms must display anti-tobacco warnings similar to those seen in movies screened in theatres and on TV.
  • The requirement is based on a Union Health Ministry notification that amends the rules under the Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act (COTPA), 2004.

What is COTPA, 2004?

Description
Purpose Regulate production, sale, distribution, and consumption of tobacco products
Prohibition of Smoking in Public Places Smoking prohibited in public areas like offices, restaurants, parks, public transport, etc.
Health Warnings on Tobacco Products Mandatory display of health warnings on cigarette packages and other tobacco products
Ban on Advertisement and Promotion Prohibition on direct and indirect advertising of tobacco products
Prohibition on Sale to Minors Selling tobacco products to individuals below 18 years of age is strictly prohibited
Packaging and Labelling Requirements Health warnings and pictorial representations of harmful effects on cigarette packages
Powers of Enforcement Authorities empowered to enforce the act, conduct inspections, and seize contraband products

New requirements for Anti-Tobacco Warnings

  • Publishers of online curated content displaying tobacco products or their use must show anti-tobacco health spots at the beginning and middle of the program.
  • When tobacco products or their use are displayed during the program, an anti-tobacco health warning must be prominently displayed as a static message at the bottom of the screen.
  • The warning message should be legible and readable, with black font on a white background.
  • The specified warnings are ‘Tobacco causes cancer’ or ‘Tobacco kills.’
  • Health spots, warnings, and audio-visual disclaimers should be in the same language as used in the show.

Negative health impacts of tobacco

  • Cancer: Tobacco use is the leading cause of preventable cancer. It can cause cancer of the lungs, mouth, throat, larynx, pancreas, bladder, kidney, and cervix.
  • Respiratory diseases: It may cause chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema. It can also worsen asthma symptoms.
  • Cardiovascular diseases: Consumption increases the risk of heart attack, stroke, and other cardiovascular diseases. It damages blood vessels and increases the risk of blood clots.
  • Reproductive health: Tobacco use can lead to infertility, premature birth, and low birth weight in babies.

Socio-economic impact

(1) On an individual level:

  • Decreased productivity: Smoking-related illnesses can result in absenteeism from work, decreased work performance, and increased medical expenses.
  • Decreased life expectancy: Tobacco consumption can lead to decreased life expectancy, which reduces the overall productive years of an individual.

(2) On a societal level:

  • Healthcare cost: Tobacco consumption can lead to decreased economic development due to the increased burden of healthcare costs and decreased productivity.
  • Increased social expenditure: According to a study conducted by the World Health Organization (WHO), tobacco-related illnesses cost India about $22.4 billion in healthcare costs and lost productivity annually

Why tobacco isn’t completely banned?

  • Revenue loss: The industry contributes a significant amount of tax revenue to the government. Banning tobacco would result in the loss of these tax revenues, which are used for various public welfare programs and initiatives.
  • Economic Impact: The tobacco industry provides employment to a large number of people, especially in the agricultural sector, where tobacco farming is prevalent.
  • Not a psychotropic substance: While the harmful effects of tobacco are well-documented, banning a legal product entirely requires careful consideration and legal processes.
  • Regulatory approach: Instead of a complete ban, the Indian government has adopted a regulatory approach to control tobacco use.

Way forward

  • Strengthen tobacco control laws: Review and enhance existing laws to effectively reduce tobacco consumption.
  • Conduct public awareness campaigns: Educate the public about the health risks of tobacco use and the benefits of quitting.
  • Expand access to tobacco cessation programs: Increase availability of affordable and effective programs to support individuals who want to quit tobacco.
  • Implement sin taxes on tobacco products: Increase taxes to discourage consumption, especially among price-sensitive populations.
  • Enforce smoke-free environments: Strictly implement smoke-free laws in public places, workplaces, and public transport.
  • Support tobacco farmers: Provide alternative livelihood options and assistance for farmers transitioning away from tobacco farming.
  • Conduct research and surveillance: Invest in data collection and analysis to inform evidence-based policies and interventions.
  • Collaborate with international organizations: Partner with global entities like WHO to leverage expertise and resources in tobacco control.

 

 

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Urban Transformation – Smart Cities, AMRUT, etc.

City Investments to Innovate, Integrate and Sustain (CITIIS) Project

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: CITIIS 2.0, Smart Cities Mission

Mains level: Not Much

cities city

Central Idea

  • The Union government has approved the second phase of the City Investments to Innovate, Integrate, and Sustain (CITIIS) project.

What is CITIIS 2.0?

  • It is a part of the Smart Cities Mission and aims to promote integrated waste management and climate-oriented reform actions.
  • The project will be implemented in 18 cities selected through a competition process.
  • The project will span over a period of four years, from 2023 to 2027.

Objectives of the project

  • CITIIS 2.0 supports competitively selected projects focusing on circular economy and integrated waste management at the city level.
  • It also emphasizes climate-oriented reform actions at the State level and aims to strengthen institutions and disseminate knowledge at the national level.

Implementation Partners

  • The project is implemented in partnership with the French Development Agency (AFD), Kreditanstalt fur Wiederaufbau (KfW), the European Union (EU), and the National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA).

Components

The project consists of three major components:

  1. Financial and technical support for developing climate-resilient projects in up to 18 smart cities.
  2. Interventions at the center, state, and city levels to enhance climate governance.
  3. Promotion of climate adaptation and mitigation measures.

Back2Basics: Smart Cities Mission

  • The Smart Cities Mission is an initiative of the Union Housing and Urban Affairs Ministry that was launched in 2015.
  • Cities across the country were asked to submit proposals for projects to improve municipal services and to make their jurisdictions more liveable.
  • Between January 2016 and June 2018 (when the last city, Shillong, was chosen), the Ministry selected 100 cities for the Mission over five rounds.
  • The projects were supposed to be completed within five years of the selection of the city, but in 2021 the Ministry changed the deadline for all cities to June 2023, which was earlier the deadline for Shillong alone.
  • With an increase on urban population and rapid expansion of areas, government is looking at smarter ways to manage complexities, increase efficiencies and improve quality of life.
  • The mission will cover 100 cities that have been distributed among the States /Union Territories (UT) on the basis of an equitable criteria.
  • The formula gives equal weightage (50:50) to urban population of the State/UT and the number of statutory towns in the State/UT.

 

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Zoonotic Diseases: Medical Sciences Involved & Preventive Measures

India joins Centralised Laboratory Network (CLN)

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Centralised Laboratory Network (CLN)

Mains level: Not Much

Central Idea

  • India has recently become a member of the Centralized Laboratory Network (CLN), which is a part of the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI).

Centralised Laboratory Network (CLN)

  • CLN consists of 15 partner facilities in 13 countries and aims to test vaccines for use during pandemics and epidemic disease outbreaks.
  • It focuses on testing vaccines for pandemic and epidemic disease outbreaks.
  • It is part of the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI).
  • The network aims to standardize testing methods and materials.

New members of the CLN

  • Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Virology (ICMR-NIV) joins CLN.
  • Institute Pasteur de Dakar (IPD) from Senegal is a new member.
  • KAVI Institute of Clinical Research (KAVI ICR) and University of Nairobi Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases (UNITID) from Kenya join CLN.
  • Synexa Life Sciences from South Africa becomes a member.
  • Uganda Virus Research Institute (UVRI) from Uganda is also a new member.

Objectives of the CEPI-funded network

  • The CEPI-funded network aims to identify promising vaccine candidates rapidly and accurately.
  • The network focuses on emerging infectious diseases.
  • The goal is to support sustainable regional outbreak preparedness infrastructure.

CEPI-Funded Network Objectives

  • The CEPI-funded network, which includes CLN, has the primary objective of identifying the most promising vaccine candidates rapidly and accurately against emerging infectious diseases.
  • In addition to vaccine testing, the expanded network also aims to support the development of sustainable regional outbreak preparedness infrastructure.
  • By working collaboratively and sharing standardized methods and materials, the network enhances global preparedness for potential disease outbreaks.

 

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Modern Indian History-Events and Personalities

Maharashtra’s Ahmednagar to be renamed Ahilyanagar

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Ahilyabai Holkar, Ahmednagar

Mains level: Not Much

ahmad ahilya

Central Idea

  • Government decision: Ahmednagar district was renamed after Punyashlok Ahilya Devi Holkar.
  • Support from officials: Government officials express gratitude and believe it enhances district honour.
  • Previous discussions: Maharashtra Education Minister planned to rename the city as ‘Punyashlok Ahilyadevi Nagar’.

Origin and History of Ahmednagar

  • Ancient references: Ahmednagar was mentioned in reference to Mauryan Emperor Ashok (240 BC).
  • Rule of prominent kingdoms: Rashtrakuta Dynasty, Western Chalukyas, and Delhi Sultanate.
  • Emergence of Ahmednagar: Revolt led to the establishment of Bahmani kingdom, with Ahmednagar as one of the five independent kingdoms.

Malik Ahmad Nizam Shah and Ahmednagar

  • PM of Bahmani Sultanate: Malik Ahmad Nizam Shah assumed the position in 1486.
  • Victory and city foundation: Defeated the king of Bahmani kingdom and founded Ahmednagar in 1494.
  • Unifying communities: Gained loyalty of Muslims, Maratha peasants, and warriors.

Ahilyabai Holkar: Early Life and Marriage

  • Remarkable upbringing: Ahilyabai born in Chondi village, received rare education.
  • Marriage to Khande Rao: Malhar Rao Holkar arranged the marriage after being impressed by Ahilyabai’s devotion.

Administration and Temple-building

  • Assumption of power: Ahilyabai took control of Malwa after her husband’s death in 1754.
  • Effective governance: Excelling in administration and military strategies under her father-in-law’s guidance.
  • Temple restoration: Notable efforts in restoring Hindu temples, earning respect as a capable ruler.

Legacy of Ahilyabai Holkar

  • Recognizing achievements: Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s inauguration of Samudra Darshan Path and Somnath Exhibition Gallery.
  • Symbol of inspiration: Somnath temple built by Ahilyabai Holkar in 1783, representing triumph of truth and faith.

 

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Terrorism and Challenges Related To It

Pakistan’s State-Sponsored Terrorism Threatens SCO’s Regional Security Efforts

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: SCO and its Anti-Terrorism Agenda

Mains level: Pakistan's State Sponsored Terrorism, SCO's Limited Authority and Implications

Terrorism

Central Idea

  • The Council of Foreign Ministers (CFM) of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) recently convened in Goa to address pressing regional issues. Unfortunately, on the same day, the People’s Anti-Fascists Front (PAF), an offshoot of Pakistan-sponsored Jaish-e-Muhammad (JeM), claimed the lives of five Indian army personnel in Jammu and Kashmir’s Rajouri district.

Background: SCO’s Anti-Terrorism Agenda

  • The SCO’s origins trace back to the establishment of the Shanghai Five in 1996, consisting of Russia, China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan.
  • In 1998, the group recognized the joint fight against separatism, extremism, and terrorism originating from the Af-Pak region as a top priority. The inclusion of Uzbekistan in 2001 led to the organization’s renaming as the SCO.
  • Subsequently, the Regional Anti-Terrorists Structure (RATS) was formed in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, to institutionalize and consolidate anti-terrorism efforts within the SCO.
  • RATS facilitated joint counterterrorism exercises, training, and the preparation of countermeasures.

Pakistan’s Role in State-Sponsored Terrorism

  • Safe Haven for Terrorist Groups: Pakistan has served as a safe haven and provided sanctuary for various terrorist groups. These groups, such as the Taliban, Haqqani Network, Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT), and Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM), operate from Pakistani soil, carry out attacks in neighboring countries, and then seek refuge in Pakistan.
  • Training and Recruitment: Pakistan has been involved in training and recruiting terrorists. Extremist organizations have established training camps within Pakistan where individuals are indoctrinated, radicalized, and trained in various aspects of terrorism, including bomb-making, guerrilla warfare, and ideological indoctrination.
  • Financial and Logistical Support: Pakistan has been accused of providing financial and logistical support to terrorist groups. This support includes funding, weapons, ammunition, and intelligence assistance, enabling these groups to carry out their activities with impunity.
  • Proxy Warfare: Pakistan has used terrorism as a proxy warfare strategy to achieve its geopolitical objectives. By sponsoring terrorist groups, Pakistan seeks to influence and destabilize neighboring countries, particularly India and Afghanistan, with the aim of furthering its own interests in the region.
  • Infiltration of Terrorists: Pakistan has facilitated the infiltration of terrorists across its borders into neighboring countries. This includes providing safe passage, forged documents, and logistical support to terrorists to carry out attacks or join insurgencies in other regions.
  • State-Sponsored Radicalization: Pakistan has promoted and facilitated the radicalization of individuals, both within its own territory and abroad. Madrasas (religious schools) in Pakistan have been accused of spreading extremist ideologies, fueling hatred, and recruiting individuals for terrorist activities.
  • Instrument of Influence: Pakistan has used terrorism as a tool to exert influence and control over regions and communities. By supporting and sponsoring terrorist groups, Pakistan seeks to manipulate political dynamics, create instability, and maintain a degree of control over areas of strategic importance.

Impact of Pakistan-Sponsored Terrorism in Jammu and Kashmir

  • Loss of Lives: Pakistan-sponsored terrorism in Jammu and Kashmir has resulted in the loss of countless innocent lives, including civilians, security forces, and terrorists themselves. The region has witnessed numerous terror attacks, suicide bombings, and armed encounters, leading to a tragic loss of human lives.
  • Destabilization and Conflict: The continuous infiltration of terrorists from Pakistan into Jammu and Kashmir has fueled instability and prolonged the conflict in the region. The presence of terrorist groups has created an atmosphere of fear and insecurity, hindering the social and economic development of the region.
  • Human Rights Violations: The activities of Pakistan-sponsored terrorist groups have been accompanied by human rights violations in Jammu and Kashmir. These violations include targeted killings, forced disappearances, torture, and intimidation of civilians, leading to a climate of fear and repression.
  • Disruption of Normalcy: The persistent threat of terrorism has disrupted normal life in Jammu and Kashmir. Educational institutions, businesses, and daily activities have been severely affected as people live under constant fear and uncertainty.
  • Obstruction of Peace Processes: Pakistan-sponsored terrorism acts as a major obstacle to the peace process between India and Pakistan. The violence and unrest created by these terrorist groups hinder any meaningful dialogue and diplomatic efforts aimed at resolving the Kashmir issue.
  • Economic Impact: The sustained presence of terrorist activities has had a detrimental impact on the economy of Jammu and Kashmir. Tourism, a significant source of revenue for the region, has suffered due to the prevailing security concerns, leading to job losses and economic downturn.
  • Psychological Impact: The ongoing terrorism has taken a toll on the mental health and well-being of the people of Jammu and Kashmir. The constant threat of violence, loss of loved ones, and living under a state of fear have resulted in psychological trauma for individuals and communities.

Consequences of Pakistan-sponsored terrorism on internal peace in Pakistan

  • Increased Violence and Insecurity: Pakistan-sponsored terrorism has led to a rise in violence and insecurity within the country. Terrorist attacks carried out by extremist groups have resulted in the loss of numerous lives and widespread fear among the population.
  • Loss of Civilian Lives: Innocent civilians have been the primary victims of terrorist attacks sponsored by Pakistan. These attacks have targeted public places, religious institutions, markets, and educational institutions, causing significant casualties among the civilian population.
  • Sectarian and Ethnic Tensions: Pakistan has witnessed an escalation in sectarian and ethnic tensions as a result of state-sponsored terrorism. Extremist groups have targeted specific religious and ethnic communities, exacerbating divisions and leading to a breakdown of social harmony.
  • Internal Displacement: The violence and insecurity caused by Pakistan-sponsored terrorism have resulted in internal displacement of populations within Pakistan. People are forced to leave their homes and seek refuge in safer areas, leading to the displacement crisis and additional socio-economic burdens.

SCO’s Limited Authority and Implications

  • Lack of Enforcement Power: The SCO does not possess strong enforcement power or mechanisms to compel member states to adhere to its mandates or take action against state-sponsored terrorism. It heavily relies on voluntary cooperation among member states, making it challenging to address non-compliance effectively.
  • Ineffectiveness in Holding States Accountable: The absence of robust mechanisms for accountability limits the SCO’s ability to hold member states accountable for their actions, including Pakistan’s involvement in state-sponsored terrorism. This undermines the credibility and effectiveness of the organization in addressing terrorism-related issues.
  • Risk of Becoming a Platform for Political Maneuvering: The limited authority of the SCO creates a risk that member states, including Pakistan, may use the organization as a platform for political maneuvering rather than genuinely addressing the issue of terrorism. Geopolitical rivalries and divergent interests among member states can impede the organization’s ability to effectively combat terrorism.
  • Compromised Regional Security: The limited authority of the SCO in dealing with state-sponsored terrorism hampers its ability to effectively address security threats in the region. This compromises the overall regional security and stability, as terrorist groups continue to exploit the gaps and operate with impunity.
  • Diminished Credibility: The inability of the SCO to take decisive action against state-sponsored terrorism can lead to a diminished credibility of the organization in the international community. The lack of concrete measures to address terrorism undermines its role as a regional security organization and casts doubts on its effectiveness
  • Weakening of Counterterrorism Efforts: The limited authority of the SCO hampers its ability to coordinate and implement comprehensive counterterrorism efforts among member states. This undermines the potential of collective action in addressing the shared threat of terrorism and limits the effectiveness of joint initiatives and cooperation.

Conclusion

  • The limited authority of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) to address state-sponsored terrorism, coupled with growing divergence among member states and the inclusion of rogue nations like Pakistan, threatens its effectiveness in countering terror threats. Without stronger mechanisms and unified action, the SCO risks becoming ineffective in tackling the rising challenges of terrorism, thereby compromising regional security and stability.

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Foreign Policy Watch: India – EU

Switzerland’s Foreign Policy: Promoting Peace and Collaboration

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: India's UNSC presidency

Mains level: Switzerland's foreign policy and alignment with India's principles

Switzerland

Central Idea

  • Switzerland, known for its long-standing commitment to neutrality and diplomacy, has concluded its month-long presidency of the United Nations Security Council. Switzerland’s historical experiences and its alignment with the principles of ahimsa (non-violence) make it a natural partner for India, a country rooted in similar values.

Switzerland’s Historical Journey

  • Civil Wars (16th to 19th century): Switzerland experienced a series of civil wars between Catholics and Protestants, lasting for up to 300 years. These conflicts ravaged the country and led to a moment of deep reflection.
  • The Swiss Confederation (1848): The civil war of 1847 prompted the Swiss people to envision a more peaceful future. In 1848, the Swiss Confederation was established, creating inclusive federal institutions that aimed to build domestic peace.
  • League of Nations (1920): Switzerland played a significant role in the establishment of the League of Nations, an international organization founded in Geneva after World War I. The League aimed to maintain peace and prevent future conflicts through collective security and diplomacy.
  • United Nations (1945): Switzerland actively supported the founding of the United Nations, a global organization formed after World War II to promote international cooperation, peace, and security. The UN has since played a vital role in addressing global challenges and conflicts.

Switzerland

Priorities set by Switzerland during its UNSC presidency

  • Building Sustainable Peace: Switzerland emphasized the importance of building sustainable peace in conflict-affected regions. Switzerland advocated for dialogue, trust-building, and diplomacy as essential tools to address the root causes of conflicts and promote lasting peace.
  • Protection of Civilians: Recognizing the plight of civilians caught in armed conflicts, Switzerland focused on the protection of civilians as a critical aspect of its foreign policy agenda. This involved raising awareness about the challenges faced by civilians in conflict zones and urging the international community to take concrete measures to safeguard their rights and well-being.
  • Humanitarian Action: Switzerland placed significant importance on humanitarian action during its UNSC presidency. It sought to mobilize support and resources for humanitarian assistance in areas affected by armed conflict, ensuring the provision of critical aid to vulnerable populations, including access to food, shelter, healthcare, and education.
  • Promotion of Multilateralism: As a strong advocate for multilateralism, Switzerland prioritized the promotion of international cooperation and collaboration. Switzerland aimed to foster dialogue and consensus-building among Security Council members to effectively address pressing global issues and work towards shared solutions.

Switzerland

Switzerland’s Foreign Policy alignment with India’s Principles

  • Non-Violence (Ahimsa): Switzerland and India both emphasize the principle of non-violence (ahimsa) in their foreign policy outlook. Switzerland’s commitment to peace promotion and the protection of civilians in zones of armed conflict resonates with India’s longstanding belief in non-violence as a means to resolve conflicts and maintain harmonious relations.
  • Shared Historical Legacies: Switzerland’s historical struggles with civil wars and subsequent efforts to establish inclusive federal institutions for domestic peace parallel India’s own historical journey toward independence and the construction of an inclusive democratic system.
  • Value of Diplomacy: Switzerland’s role as a neutral and diplomatic hub and India’s long-standing commitment to diplomatic engagements underline the significance of dialogue, negotiation, and consensus-building in addressing global challenges and conflicts.
  • International Cooperation: Switzerland actively engages in international organizations and initiatives, such as the United Nations, while India’s active participation in multilateral platforms like the United Nations and the G20 underscores its commitment to international cooperation. Both countries value multilateralism and collaborative efforts to address shared challenges.
  • Promotion of Peace: Switzerland’s focus on building sustainable peace and protecting civilians in conflict zones aligns with India’s commitment to peace promotion and conflict resolution. Both countries prioritize peaceful means of resolving disputes and work towards creating a peaceful and secure world.

Facts for Prelims: The UNITE Aware technology platform

  • The UNITE Aware technology platform is a system developed by India in collaboration with the United Nations to enhance the safety and security of peacekeepers deployed in conflict zones.
  • It is a real-time situational awareness system that uses advanced technologies such as satellites, drones, and geospatial tools to provide up-to-date information on the ground situation to peacekeeping forces.
  • The system also includes a mobile app that allows peacekeepers to report incidents and receive alerts in real-time.
  • The platform is designed to help peacekeepers make informed decisions and respond effectively to emerging threats, thereby reducing the risks to their safety and security.

Switzerland

Conclusion

  • Switzerland’s foreign policy, anchored in peace promotion and protection of civilians in armed conflict zones, aligns with India’s principles of non-violence. Switzerland’s active initiatives and participation in the United Nations Security Council’s open debates reflect its commitment to fostering a peaceful future. Together, Switzerland’s position in New York and India’s G20 presidency offer a promising path towards a more harmonious and peaceful world.

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Artificial Intelligence (AI) Breakthrough

The Global Implications of the AI Revolution: A Call for International Governance

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Latest developments and applications of AI

Mains level: AI, advantages, concerns and policies

AI

Central Idea

  • The second half of March 2023 may be remembered as the turning point when artificial intelligence (AI) truly entered a new era. The launch of groundbreaking AI tools such as GPT-4, Bard, Claude, Midjourney V5, and Security Copilot surpassed all expectations, defying predictions by a decade. While these sophisticated AI models hold great promise, their rapid deployment raises both positive and negative implications.

The Existential Threat of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)

  • Compromising Humanity: The development of artificial general intelligence (AGI) raises concerns about its potential impact on fundamental elements of humanity. A poorly designed AGI, or one governed by unknown “black box” processes, could carry out tasks in ways that compromise our core values and ethics.
  • Unpredictable Behavior: AGI’s ability to teach itself any cognitive task that humans can do poses a challenge in terms of predicting its behavior. As AGI surpasses human intelligence, its decision-making processes may become increasingly complex and opaque, making it difficult to understand and control its actions.
  • Superintelligence: AGI has the potential to rapidly surpass human intelligence and become superintelligent. This raises questions about whether AGI would act in the best interests of humanity or pursue its own objectives, potentially leading to unintended and undesirable consequences.
  • Unintended Consequences: AGI’s ability to optimize for specific objectives may lead to unforeseen outcomes. If these objectives are not aligned with human values, AGI could inadvertently cause harm or disrupt essential systems.
  • Lack of Control: AGI’s self-improvement capabilities could enable it to evolve and surpass human understanding and control. This lack of control raises concerns about the potential for AGI to develop its own goals and values, which may not align with those of humanity.
  • Accelerating Technological Progress: AGI could rapidly accelerate technological progress, leading to a potential “intelligence explosion” where AGI drives advancements at an exponential rate. This rapid pace of development could be challenging for society to adapt to and may have unintended consequences.
  • Ethical Dilemmas: AGI will face complex ethical dilemmas, such as decision-making in life-or-death situations or trade-offs between different values. Determining how AGI should navigate these dilemmas poses significant challenges and requires careful consideration.
  • Security Risks: AGI development could also pose security risks if advanced AI capabilities fall into the wrong hands or are misused. Malicious actors could exploit AGI for nefarious purposes, potentially leading to significant global security threats.

The Imperative for Global Governance

  • Addressing Global Impact: The development and deployment of artificial intelligence (AI) have far-reaching implications that transcend national boundaries. Issues such as AI-driven job displacement, data privacy, cybersecurity, and ethical concerns require global cooperation to effectively address their impact on societies worldwide.
  • Ensuring Ethical and Responsible AI Development: Collaborative efforts can help define principles and frameworks that ensure AI is developed and deployed in a responsible and transparent manner, safeguarding human rights and avoiding harm to individuals or communities.
  • Promoting Fair and Equitable Access: Global governance can help bridge the digital divide by ensuring equitable access to AI tools, infrastructure, and benefits, particularly for marginalized and underserved populations.
  • Managing Global Security Risks: AI technologies have implications for global security, including cyber warfare, autonomous weapons, and information warfare. International cooperation is crucial to develop norms, regulations, and agreements that mitigate security risks associated with AI and ensure responsible use of these technologies.
  • Harmonizing Standards and Regulations: Harmonizing AI standards and regulations across countries can facilitate international collaboration and interoperability. Global governance frameworks can help establish common norms, protocols, and best practices that promote consistency and compatibility in AI deployment, fostering innovation and cooperation.
  • Addressing Transnational Challenges: AI-driven challenges, such as cross-border data flows, algorithmic biases, and the impact on labor markets, require international coordination. Global governance can facilitate discussions, negotiations, and agreements to tackle these challenges collectively, ensuring a cohesive and coordinated approach.
  • Balancing Innovation and Regulation: AI technologies evolve rapidly, outpacing the development of regulatory frameworks. Global governance can help strike a balance between fostering innovation and ensuring adequate regulation, promoting responsible AI development while allowing room for experimentation and advancement.

International cooperation to address the challenges posed by AI and emerging technologies

  • Limiting Battlefield Use: International agreements are needed to limit the use of certain AI technologies on the battlefield. A treaty banning lethal autonomous weapons would establish clear boundaries and prevent the development and deployment of AI systems that can make life-and-death decisions without human intervention
  • Regulating Cyberspace: International accords should be established to regulate cyberspace, particularly offensive actions conducted by autonomous bots. Clear rules and norms can help prevent cyberattacks, information warfare, and the manipulation of online platforms, ensuring a safer and more secure digital environment.
  • Trade Regulations: Unfettered exports of certain technologies can empower governments to suppress dissent, augment their military capabilities, or gain an unfair advantage. International accords can establish guidelines for responsible technology trade and prevent misuse or misuse of AI capabilities.
  • Ensuring a Level Playing Field: International agreements are required to ensure a level playing field in the digital economy. This includes addressing issues such as fair competition, intellectual property rights, and appropriate taxation of digital activities.
  • Global Framework for AI Ethics: Supporting the efforts of organizations like UNESCO to create a global framework for AI ethics is essential. International accords can help establish ethical guidelines and principles that govern the development, deployment, and use of AI technologies. This framework can address issues such as privacy, bias, accountability, and transparency.
  • Ethical Standards for Data Use: International accords can establish ethical standards for data use in AI applications. This includes addressing issues of data privacy, consent, and protection. Establishing global norms for responsible data practices can ensure that AI systems respect individual rights and maintain public trust.
  • Addressing Cross-Border Implications: By establishing international accords, countries can address challenges related to cross-border data flows, algorithmic biases, and the impact on labor markets. Cooperation can enable a coordinated response to shared challenges and ensure the benefits of AI are equitably distributed.

Way ahead: Engaging with Emerging Powers

  • Engagement with emerging powers, such as India, plays a crucial role in shaping the future of AI.
  • As India’s economy continues to grow and its influence in the digital sphere expands, it is imperative to develop strategies that accommodate its cultural and economic context.
  • Partnerships between Western economies and India, exemplified by initiatives like the US-India Initiative on Critical and Emerging Technology and the EU-India Trade and Technology Council, should prioritize shared interests and mutual understanding.
  • By appreciating the nuances of different nations’ approaches to AI regulation, a prosperous and secure digital future can be achieved.

Conclusion

  • The era of artificial intelligence demands global governance to harness its potential while addressing its risks. Embracing responsible AI deployment and fostering global cooperation are imperative to ensure a prosperous, equitable, and secure digital era.

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RBI Notifications

Withdrawal of ₹2,000 Note: A Tragi-Comic Episode in Demonetisation Saga

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Demonetization

Mains level: withdrawal of the ₹2,000, the demonetization chapter, rationale and implications

₹2,000 Note

Central Idea

  • The withdrawal of the ₹2,000 note from circulation by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) on May 19, 2023, marks the conclusion of a tumultuous chapter in the dramatic saga of demonetisation. The presence of this high-denomination note had been a constant reminder of the hardships faced by the people during the chaotic demonetisation period. The note’s withdrawal was long anticipated, given the government’s decision to cease its printing after 2018-19.

About the ₹2000 Notes

  • The ₹2000 denomination banknote was introduced in November 2016 under Section 24(1) of RBI Act, 1934.
  • It primarily aimed to meet the currency requirement of the economy in an expeditious manner after withdrawal of the legal tender status of all ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes in circulation at that time.

Reasons for withdrawal

  • Demonetization purpose served: Printing of ₹2000 notes was stopped in 2018-19 as other denominations became available in adequate quantities.
  • Clean Note Policy: This aims to provide good-quality currency notes with enhanced security features and withdraw soiled notes from circulation.
  • Ending timespan: Majority of the ₹2000 notes were issued prior to March 2017 and have reached their estimated lifespan of 4-5 years.
  • Disappeared from circulation: This denomination is not commonly used for transactions, and there is sufficient stock of banknotes in other denominations to meet public requirements.

The mixed impact of the withdrawal of the ₹2,000 note

  • Reduced Circulation: As of March 31, 2023, the ₹2,000 note accounted for only 10.8% of all notes in circulation, down from 37.3% on March 31, 2018. This significant reduction indicates that the withdrawal of the ₹2,000 note will have a relatively small direct impact on the overall currency circulation in the country.
  • Remnant of Demonetisation: The ₹2,000 note was closely associated with the 2016 demonetisation policy, which aimed to combat black money and promote a digital economy. Its withdrawal marks the end of a chapter in the demonetisation saga and symbolically represents the closure of that particular phase of currency reform.
  • Economic Stability: The note had been associated with various challenges, including logistical issues, poor printing quality, and difficulties in conducting transactions due to the scarcity of smaller denomination notes. Removing the note from circulation could help streamline currency operations and enhance confidence in the currency system.
  • Public Perception: The ₹2,000 note had become a symbol of the hardships and inconveniences faced by the public during demonetisation, with long queues and limited availability of smaller denomination notes. Its withdrawal may generate mixed reactions among the public.
  • Future Monetary Policy: The withdrawal of the ₹2,000 note raises questions about the potential introduction of a new higher denomination note or alternative measures to address currency logistics and store of value concerns. It may prompt policymakers to reassess the currency composition and devise strategies to meet the evolving economic requirements

Errors occurred in relation to the ₹2,000 note during demonetization 

  • Insufficient Replacement Planning: The government failed to anticipate the need for an adequate supply of replacement notes when demonetisation was implemented. As a result, more ₹2,000 notes had to be printed to facilitate remonetisation, causing logistical challenges.
  • Recalibration Crisis: The introduction of the new ₹2,000 note, with its larger size, necessitated the recalibration of all ATMs in India. This massive and complex exercise required coordination across various entities, leading to disruptions and delays.
  • Shortage of Smaller Denomination Notes: In an ad hoc measure to address the shortage of ₹100 notes, banks filled ATMs with soiled and worn-out currency, which frequently jammed the machines and added to the chaos.
  • Poor Quality Printing: Many ₹2,000 notes were poorly printed, exhibiting defects such as shadows of Mahatma Gandhi’s face, uneven borders, and variations in color shades and sizes. This compromised the authenticity of the notes and made it easier for criminals to circulate counterfeit copies.
  • Difficulty in Transactions: Even when people managed to obtain a ₹2,000 note, they often faced difficulties in spending it. Businesses were reluctant to provide change or balance payments for transactions involving the high-denomination note, exacerbating the shortage of smaller denomination notes.

The need for a larger denomination note

  • Store of Value: In an economy with rising per capita incomes and inflation, the highest denomination note serves as a store of value. As the value of lower denomination notes erodes over time, a higher denomination note becomes necessary to preserve and facilitate transactions involving larger amounts of money.
  • Cash-to-GDP Ratio: The cash-to-GDP ratio in India has been increasing, indicating a higher circulation of cash in the economy. To accommodate this growing cash flow and maintain efficiency in currency logistics, the introduction of a larger denomination note may be warranted.
  • Inflation and Real Interest Rates: With rising inflation and falling real interest rates, a larger denomination note can help individuals and businesses better manage their financial transactions and store value without being adversely affected by the eroding value of smaller denomination notes.
  • Currency Management Challenges: The withdrawal of the ₹2,000 note raises questions about whether the ₹500 note, the next highest denomination, can effectively serve as a store of value. The increasing cash circulation, coupled with the challenges of managing currency logistics, may necessitate the introduction of a new higher denomination note
  • Stability and Credibility: Introducing a larger denomination note can help restore stability and confidence among individuals and businesses, providing them with a reliable store of value and a means to conduct transactions more efficiently.

Way Ahead

  • Introducing a New Higher Denomination Note: The introduction of a new note, such as ₹1,000, ₹5,000, or ₹10,000, could address the evolving cash-to-GDP ratio and ensure efficient currency logistics.
  • Assessing Currency Logistics: The increasing circulation of cash, rising inflation, and falling real interest rates necessitate careful evaluation of currency supply and demand. The RBI will need to consider whether the current denominations are sufficient or if additional higher denomination notes are required.
  • Evaluating Digital Currency Options: As technology advances, digital currencies, such as e-rupee, are being explored as potential alternatives to physical cash. However, the properties and infrastructure required for a digital currency to become a widely accepted store of value are still evolving. The RBI needs to assess the viability, stability, and acceptance of digital currencies before considering them as potential substitutes for higher denomination notes.
  • Ensuring Currency Stability: To restore stability and confidence, the RBI needs to adopt consistent policies and provide clarity on the future of higher denomination notes. Maintaining a stable currency is essential for economic growth and the confidence of individuals and businesses.
  • Adapting to Economic Dynamics: The evolving economic landscape, including factors like cash usage patterns, inflation, and real interest rates, should be closely monitored. Currency management strategies must align with the changing needs of the economy and the preferences of individuals and businesses

Conclusion

  • The withdrawal of the ₹2,000 note signifies the end of a troubled chapter in India’s demonetisation saga. As the economy progresses, the need for a larger denomination note or alternative solutions to address currency logistics and store of value concerns must be carefully considered to ensure the stability and credibility of India’s monetary system.

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Evaluating the RBI’s Recent Currency withdrawal Decision

 

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Trade Sector Updates – Falling Exports, TIES, MEIS, Foreign Trade Policy, etc.

India’s Toy Industry: Unravelling the Recent Export Surge

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Tradition toys industry

Mains level: India's transition to a net exporter in the toy industry, reforms, challenges and way ahead

Toy Industry

Central Idea

  • India’s toy industry has witnessed a remarkable turnaround in recent years, transitioning from being a net importer to becoming a net exporter during 2020-21 and 2021-22. The credit for this achievement is often attributed to the Make in India initiative launched in 2014 and related policies. However, it is crucial to examine whether this surge represents sustained industrial growth or is a temporary outcome of protectionist measures.

Toy Industry

The import-export dynamic of India’s toy industry

  • Historical Imbalance: Historically, India’s toy industry has been characterized by a significant imbalance, with imports dominating the market. Imports accounted for a substantial share of domestic toy sales, often reaching up to 80% of the market.
  • Recent Shift: In recent years, there has been a notable shift in the import-export dynamic. Between 2018-19 and 2021-22, toy exports from India have seen significant growth, increasing from $109 million (₹812 crore) to $177 million (₹1,237 crore). At the same time, toy imports have declined from $371 million (₹2,593 crore) to $110 million (₹819 crore), according to official data.
  • Factors Driving the Shift: Several factors have contributed to this shift. The “Make in India” initiative launched in 2014, aimed at promoting domestic manufacturing and boosting exports, has played a crucial role. Additionally, policy measures such as higher import duties and non-tariff barriers have influenced the decline in toy imports.
  • Positive Transformation: The shift in the import-export dynamic represents a positive transformation for the Indian toy industry. It signifies improved manufacturing capabilities, enhanced competitiveness, and the ability to meet domestic and international demand through domestic production and exports.
  • Small Global Share: Despite the positive shift, India’s share in the global toy trade remains relatively small, representing only a fraction of the overall market. There is still room for further growth and expansion to increase market share and global competitiveness.
  • Key Considerations: Monitoring and nurturing the import-export dynamic is crucial for sustaining this positive trend. Factors such as policy support, investment in research and development, innovation, quality improvement, and adherence to international standards will play essential roles in strengthening India’s position as an exporter of toys.
  • Opportunities and Challenges: The evolving import-export dynamic of the toy industry presents both opportunities and challenges. Continued efforts to foster domestic manufacturing, promote innovation, enhance product quality, and implement export-oriented policies will be critical for sustained growth and competitiveness in the global market

The impact of reforms and the ‘Make in India’ initiative on India’s toy industry

  • Increased Focus on Domestic Manufacturing: ‘Make in India’ aimed to promote domestic manufacturing and reduce dependence on imports. It led to a renewed focus on developing and enhancing the manufacturing capabilities of the toy industry in India.
  • Policy Reforms: Reforms such as the abolition of the reservation policy and the introduction of ease of doing business measures created a more favorable environment for businesses, including toy manufacturers, to operate and invest in India.
  • Boost to Organized Sector: The entry of new firms into the organized sector following the abolition of the reservation policy contributed to improved productivity growth. It allowed for the formalization of the industry and attracted investments.
  • Increased Customs Duties: As part of the protectionist measures, the basic custom duty on toys was tripled from 20% to 60% in February 2020. This increase in import duties aimed to discourage toy imports and promote domestic production.
  • Non-tariff Barriers: Along with higher import duties, the imposition of non-tariff barriers such as production registration orders and safety regulation codes contributed to a contraction in toy imports, further supporting the domestic toy industry.

Facts for prelims

Traditional Toys Region Materials Unique Features
Channapatna Toys Karnataka Wood Colorful, organic vegetable dyes, smooth finish
Kondapalli Toys Andhra Pradesh Wood Carved, vibrant colors, rural and mythological themes
Thanjavur Dolls Tamil Nadu Terracotta Intricate details, decorative, used in ceremonies
Terracotta Toys Various regions Clay Earthy tones, rustic charm
Dokra Crafts Odisha and West Bengal Metal (Dokra) Intricate figurines, tribal-inspired designs

Critique on Sustainable Improvements or Protectionist Measures

  • Lack of Long-term Evidence: The shift from being a net importer to a net exporter has occurred in just a few years, and it may be premature to conclude that these improvements are sustainable in the long run. A more extended period of consistent growth and performance would provide a stronger basis for claiming sustainable improvements.
  • Dependency on Protectionist Measures: Relying solely on protectionism can create artificial market conditions and hinder the industry’s ability to compete globally on its merits. Sustainable improvements should be based on factors like innovation, productivity, and competitiveness rather than protectionism.
  • Short-term Solution: Protectionist measures, such as higher import duties and non-tariff barriers, may provide temporary relief to domestic industries by limiting imports. However, they often fail to address the underlying challenges and structural issues within the industry.

Way ahead

  • Comprehensive Policy Framework: Develop a comprehensive policy framework specifically tailored to the needs of the toy industry. This framework should address issues related to infrastructure development, access to finance, technology upgradation, skill development, and innovation support.
  • Encouraging Investment: Encourage both domestic and foreign investment in the toy industry by providing incentives, tax breaks, and streamlined procedures for setting up manufacturing units.
  • Enhancing Competitiveness: Focus on improving the competitiveness of Indian toy manufacturers through measures such as improving quality standards, promoting design capabilities, and fostering innovation.
  • Skill Development and Training: Implement skill development programs to enhance the capabilities of the workforce engaged in the toy industry.
  • Strengthening Industry-Academia Collaboration: Foster collaboration between industry players and academic institutions to promote research and development activities, knowledge exchange, and skill development.
  • Export Promotion: Actively promote Indian-made toys in international markets through trade fairs, exhibitions, and targeted marketing campaigns. Develop export-oriented strategies to tap into global demand and establish India as a reliable and competitive toy manufacturing hub.
  • Supporting MSMEs: Provide specific support and incentives to micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) in the toy industry. This can include access to finance, technology support, marketing assistance, and capacity-building programs to enhance their competitiveness and contribute to the growth of the sector.

Toy Industry

Conclusion

  • India’s transition to a net exporter in the toy industry is a positive development. While protectionist measures may have played a role in the recent turnaround, sustaining net exports necessitates strengthening domestic investment and production on a sustained basis. By considering lessons learned, India can chart a path towards sustainable growth and competitiveness in its toy industry and beyond.

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India’s Toy Industry

 

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Foreign Policy Watch: India-ASEAN

Cambodian King’s state visit to India

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Angkor Wat

Mains level: India-Cambodia Relations

cambodia

Central Idea

  • Cambodian King Norodom Sihamoni is on his maiden state visit to India to mark the culmination of 70th anniversary of diplomatic relations with India.

Marking 70th Anniversary of Diplomatic Ties

  • This visit holds special significance as it is the first state visit by a Cambodian King in nearly six decades, with the last visit being made by King Norodom Sihamoni’s father in 1963.
  • India and Cambodia share warm and friendly relations, characterized by deep-rooted people-to-people ties, cultural connections, and a commitment to mutual economic growth.

India-Cambodia Diplomatic Ties: A Backgrounder

cambodia

[A] Historical Background

Additional Information
Indianization of Southeast Asia Spread of Indian religions, cultural practices, art, architecture, and literature across Southeast Asia
Funan Kingdom (1st to 6th century CE) Indian traders establishing commercial links with Funan, leading to the exchange of goods, ideas, and cultural practices
Chenla Kingdom (6th to 9th century CE) Emergence of Chenla as an Indianized kingdom with continued Indian cultural and religious influence
Khmer Empire (9th to 15th century CE) Peak of Indian influence, adoption of Hinduism and later Buddhism, construction of monumental temples and structures like Angkor Wat
Sanskrit Inscriptions and Literature Adoption of Sanskrit as court language, creation of inscriptions and literary works in Sanskrit
Cultural Exchange and Artistic Influence Indian art, architecture, and performing arts influencing Cambodian temples, sculptures, and dance forms
Royal Ties and Religious Connections Close connections between ruling elites of the Khmer Empire and Indian kingdoms, the transmission of Buddhist teachings and scriptures from India

 

[B] Diplomatic Relations

  • Establishment of Diplomatic Ties: India and Cambodia established diplomatic relations in 1952 after Cambodia’s independence from French colonial rule.
  • High-Level Visits: Frequent visits by Indian Prime Ministers and Presidents to Cambodia and vice versa to strengthen bilateral relations and political dialogue.
  • Bilateral Agreements: Signing of agreements covering areas such as economic cooperation, cultural exchanges, defense, and tourism.
  • Resident Diplomatic Missions: Indian Embassy in Phnom Penh and Cambodian Embassy in New Delhi facilitating regular communication and coordination.
  • Regional and Multilateral Engagement: Collaboration within organizations like ASEAN and East Asia Summit, providing platforms for regional cooperation and addressing challenges.

Various facets of India-Cambodia Relations

(1) Economic Cooperation

  • Growing Bilateral Trade: Focus on sectors like textiles, pharmaceuticals, automobiles, agriculture, and information technology.
  • Development Assistance: India’s support in sectors like agriculture, irrigation, human resource development, and capacity building.
  • Investment and Joint Ventures: Exploring opportunities for investment and collaborative projects.

(2) Defense and Security Cooperation

  • Training and Capacity Building: Defense cooperation through training programs for Cambodian armed forces personnel.
  • Defense Dialogues and Exchanges: Regular engagement in discussions on maritime security, counter-terrorism, and defense industry collaboration.

(3) Cultural and Educational Exchanges

  • Art, Music, Dance, and Literature: Fostering cultural ties through exchanges and appreciation of each other’s cultural heritage.
  • Scholarships and Education: ICCR scholarships facilitate Cambodian students’ higher education in India.
  • People-to-People Connections: Cultural festivals, events, and tourism enhance mutual understanding and interactions.

Strategic significance of Cambodia for India

  • Geostrategic Location: Cambodia’s position in Southeast Asia provides India with access to crucial sea routes and enhances its engagement in the Indo-Pacific region.
  • Regional Connectivity: Cambodia’s connectivity with other ASEAN countries allows India to strengthen regional partnerships and facilitate trade, investment, and people-to-people exchanges as part of its Act East Policy.
  • Balancing China’s Influence: Strengthening relations with Cambodia enables India to maintain a balanced approach and counterbalance China’s growing influence in the region.
  • Maritime Security: Cambodia’s coastal geography and access to the Gulf of Thailand are strategically important for India’s maritime security concerns. Cooperation with Cambodia supports regional stability and ensures the safety of vital sea routes.
  • Economic Engagement: Cambodia’s growing economy and investment potential offer opportunities for India to enhance economic cooperation, boosting trade, investments, and joint ventures for mutual benefit.
  • Cultural Diplomacy: Cambodia’s historical and cultural linkages with India provide a foundation for strong cultural and people-to-people ties, enhancing India’s soft power in the region.
  • Defense and Security Cooperation: Collaborating with Cambodia in defence and security areas contributes to regional security, including capacity building, joint exercises, and information sharing.

Way Forward

  • Strengthen Economic Ties: Expand bilateral trade and investment, explore new sectors, and foster business partnerships.
  • Enhance Defense Cooperation: Continue training and capacity-building programs, and deepen discussions on shared security challenges.
  • Cultural Exchanges and Tourism: Promote greater cultural understanding, organize more cultural events, and facilitate tourism exchanges.
  • People-to-People Contacts: Encourage more interactions between citizens, foster academic collaborations, and promote tourism.
  • Regional Cooperation: Engage actively within ASEAN and other regional forums to address common challenges and pursue shared interests.

 

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Cashless Society – Digital Payments, Demonetization, etc.

Light weight and Portable Payment System (LPSS) for emergencies

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Utkarsh 2.0 initiative, LPPS

Mains level: Cashless payments

payment

Central Idea

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has proposed the development of a Light weight and Portable Payment System (LPSS).

Light weight and Portable Payment System (LPSS)

  • LPSS is referred to as a “bunker” equivalent, to ensure uninterrupted digital payments during exigencies such as natural calamities or war.
  • This system will operate independently of existing payment technologies like UPI, NEFT, and RTGS.
  • It can be operated from anywhere by a minimal staff during exigencies.
  • It will process critical transactions, such as bulk payments and interbank payments, during extreme and volatile situations.
  • The system operates on minimalistic hardware and software and is activated only when needed.

Why such move?

  • As part of the Utkarsh 2.0 initiative, the RBI is working on strengthening the oversight framework for Centralised Payment Systems, including NEFT and RTGS.
  • The initiative aims to enhance the existing payment systems and introduce new functionalities to improve efficiency and reliability.

Importance of an LPSS

  • Near-zero downtime: The RBI aims to create a payment system that can operate on minimalistic hardware and software, ensuring near-zero downtime of the payment and settlement system in the country.
  • Continuous liquidity pipeline: The lightweight system will facilitate uninterrupted functioning of essential payment services like bulk payments, interbank payments, and provision of cash to participant institutions, thereby keeping the liquidity pipeline of the economy alive and intact.
  • Stability of the economy: It is expected to process critical transactions, including government and market-related transactions that are crucial for maintaining the stability of the economy.
  • Enhancing public confidence: The resilient nature of the system will act as a bunker equivalent in payment systems, enhancing public confidence in digital payments and financial market infrastructure, even during extreme conditions.

Differences between LPSS and UPI

  • Existing payment systems: The RBI acknowledges the availability of various payment systems in India for individuals and institutions, each with its distinct character and application.
  • Handling large transaction volumes: Conventional systems like RTGS, NEFT, and UPI are designed to handle large volumes of transactions while ensuring sustained availability, relying on complex wired networks and advanced IT infrastructure.
  • Vulnerability to catastrophic events: However, catastrophic events such as natural calamities and war can temporarily render these payment systems unavailable by disrupting the underlying information and communication infrastructure.
  • Preparedness for extreme situations: To address this vulnerability, the RBI believes it is prudent to be prepared with a lightweight payment system capable of functioning in extreme and volatile situations.

Conclusion

  • The RBI has not provided a specific timeline for the launch of the lightweight payment and settlements system.
  • However, the concept serves as a crucial step towards ensuring the resilience of the payment ecosystem during emergencies.
  • Further research and development efforts are necessary to bring this system to fruition and enhance the overall stability and confidence in digital payments in India.

 

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Foreign Policy Watch: India-China

Shifting US Policy: From Decoupling to De-risking in China Relations

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: G7

Mains level: US delinking from China, Implications for India

china

Central Idea

  • The US is transitioning its policy on China from decoupling to de-risking, signalling a new approach.
  • The EU has already adopted a de-risking approach in its China policy, and the G-7 summit also expressed consensus on de-risking.

Understanding the De-risking

  • After establishing diplomatic ties in 1979, the US and China developed a deep economic interdependence, benefiting China’s global engagement.
  • China’s rise challenged US global clout and impacted its domestic industries.
  • The Trump administration initiated a “decoupling” strategy to address the techno-economic challenge from China.
  • The Biden administration continues with a modified approach, shifting from decoupling to de-risking.
  • De-risking focuses on resilient supply chains to ensure the US is not subjected to coercion from other countries.

Rationale behind De-risking

  • Geopolitical Competition: China’s rise as a strategic competitor challenges US global influence, prompting de-risking to reduce vulnerabilities and maintain an advantage.
  • National Security: Concerns about risks like intellectual property theft and cyber threats lead to de-risking to safeguard sensitive technologies and protect national security interests.
  • Resilient Supply Chains: The COVID-19 pandemic exposed vulnerabilities in supply chains, driving the need for de-risking to ensure diversified and resilient networks.
  • Fair Trade Practices: De-risking addresses concerns over China’s trade practices, such as intellectual property infringement and forced technology transfers, aiming for fairer trade by diversifying partners.
  • Alliance Building: De-risking aligns with allies’ interests, promoting collaboration and a united front against China’s rise.

Geopolitical Ramifications

  • De-risking for Stronger Alliances: The US adopts de-risking to strengthen alliances in its rivalry with China, as seen in the G-7 summit declaration.
  • China’s Skepticism: China views de-risking as disguised decoupling, shifting blame for risks to China.
  • Aligning with Decoupling and United Front: De-risking aligns with decoupling by diversifying supply chains, while fostering a united front among allies.
  • Uncertain Effectiveness: The effectiveness of de-risking is uncertain, influenced by China’s response and challenges in diversifying supply chains.
  • Short-Term Indo-Pacific Impact: De-risking may temporarily divert focus from the Indo-Pacific, necessitating a balance with maintaining a robust strategy in the region.

Way forward

  • The de-risking approach should be further developed and coordinated with allies to effectively counter China’s rise.
  • Balancing the benefits of de-risking with the need to maintain a robust Indo-Pacific strategy is crucial.
  • Engaging in strategic dialogues and strengthening alliances can help shape a cohesive approach in addressing China’s influence while minimizing risks.

 

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ISRO Missions and Discoveries

India discovers TOI 4603b Exoplanet

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Exoplanet TOI4603b

Mains level: Not Much

exoplanet

Central Idea

  • A new Jupiter-size exoplanet with the highest density known till this date has been discovered by an international team of scientists at the Exoplanet Research Group of the Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), Ahmedabad.
  • Massive giant exoplanets are defined as those with a mass greater than four times that of Jupiter.

About the Exoplanet TOI4603b

  • The exoplanet is found around the star called TOI4603 or HD 245134.
  • It has a mass 13 times greater than that of Jupiter and a density of approximately 14 g/cm3.
  • Initially, NASA’s Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) declared TOI4603 as a possible candidate to host a secondary body of unknown nature.
  • Using PARAS, scientists confirmed the secondary body as a planet, and it was named TOI 4603b or HD 245134b.
  • The exoplanet is located 731 light years away and orbits a sub-giant F-type star TOI4603 every 7.24 days.

Note: An exoplanet, short for “extra-solar planet,” is a planet that orbits a star other than our Sun. These planets are located outside of our solar system and are not part of our planetary system.

Unprecedented Density and Proximity

  • TOI 4603b is one of the most massive and densest giant planets discovered to date.
  • It orbits very close to its host star at a distance less than 1/10th the distance between our Sun and Earth.
  • Comparisons between the TOI-4603 star-planet system and the Sun-Mercury and Sun-Jupiter systems highlight the close proximity of TOI-4603 b to its star.
  • The exoplanet is situated more than 50 times closer to its star than Jupiter is to the Sun.
  • TOI-4603b is 13 times more massive than Jupiter.

Utilization of Indigenous Technology

  • The discovery of this massive exoplanet was made using the indigenously made PRL Advanced Radial-velocity Abu-sky Search spectrograph (PARAS) at the 1.2 m telescope of PRL at its Gurushikhar Observatory in Mt. Abu.
  • The mass of the planet was measured precisely using PARAS.

Uniqueness of the Discovery

  • The planet falls into the transition mass range of massive giant planets and low-mass brown dwarfs, with masses ranging from 11 to 16 times the mass of Jupiter.
  • Only fewer than five exoplanets are currently known in this mass range.
  • The rarity of such discoveries makes this finding significant.

Insights into Formation and Evolution

  • The exoplanet has a surface temperature of 1670 K and is likely undergoing high-eccentricity tidal migration with an eccentricity value of approximately 0.3.
  • The detection of such systems provides valuable insights into the formation, migration, and evolution mechanisms of massive exoplanets.

India’s Contribution to Exoplanet Discoveries

  • This marks the third exoplanet discovery by India and the PRL scientists using the PARAS spectrograph and the PRL 1.2m telescope.
  • Previous discoveries include K2-236b in 2018 and TOI-1789b in 2021.

 

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Innovations in Biotechnology and Medical Sciences

Devastating Frog Disease: Chytridiomycosis

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Chytridiomycosis

Mains level: Not Much

frog

Central Idea

  • A multinational study has recently published a breakthrough method in the journal Transboundary and Emerging Diseases to detect all known strains of the amphibian chytrid fungus.
  • This method will enhance our ability to detect and research the disease and work towards finding a widely available cure.

Chytridiomycosis: The deadly frog disease

  • Chytridiomycosis, also known as chytrid, is a fungal disease that has been decimating frog populations worldwide for the past 40 years.
  • The disease has caused severe declines in over 500 frog species and led to 90 extinctions, making it the deadliest animal disease known.

How does it infect?

  • Chytrid infects frogs by reproducing in their skin, damaging their ability to balance water and salt levels.
  • The mortality rate is extreme, and the disease has affected a high number of species, causing devastating declines and extinctions.
  • The disease originated in Asia and spread globally through amphibian trade and travel.

Limitations in diagnosis

  • Researchers traditionally used swabs and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) tests, similar to COVID-19 testing, to detect chytrid in frogs.
  • The existing qPCR test could not detect chytrid strains from Asia, limiting research efforts.

New and Improved qPCR Test

  • Researchers in India, Australia, and Panama have developed a new qPCR test that can detect strains of chytrid from Asia.
  • The test is also more sensitive, allowing for the detection of low infection levels and expanding the range of species that can be studied.
  • The test can also detect a closely related species of chytrid that infects salamanders.

Understanding natural immunity in frogs

  • Some amphibian species, even those without an evolutionary history with chytrid, do not become sick when carrying the fungus, indicating natural immune resistance.
  • Frog immunity is complex, involving anti-microbial chemicals, symbiotic bacteria, white blood cells, antibodies, and more.
  • Research in Asia, where chytrid declines have not been observed, may provide insights into how resistance evolves and aid in finding a cure for affected regions.

 

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International Space Agencies – Missions and Discoveries

Shenzhou-16 successfully launches with 3 Astronauts to Space

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Shenzhou-16, Gaganyan

Mains level: Manned missions to Space

shenzhou

Central Idea

  • China has achieved a successful launch of the Shenzhou-16 spacecraft carrying three astronauts to the Tiangong space station.

What is Shenzhou-16?

  • Shenzhou-16 spacecraft is part of Chinese manned spaceflight missions and was designed to transport astronauts to the Tiangong space station.
  • This mission marks an important step in China’s space exploration efforts, with the crew set to conduct a range of tests and experiments during their five-month stay.
  • The Tiangong space station, operated by the China Manned Space Agency (CMSA), is an integral part of China’s ambitious space program and aims to be a hub for scientific research.

Astronauts on Shenzhou-16

  • The crew of the Shenzhou-16 mission consists of three astronauts: Jing Haipeng as the leading commander, Zhu Yangzhu, and Gui Haichao.
  • Jing Haipeng is an experienced senior spacecraft pilot and one of China’s first batch of astronaut trainees.
  • Zhu Yangzhu, a postdoctoral fellow in aerodynamics and former university teacher, will serve as a spaceflight engineer.
  • Gui Haichao is the first Chinese civilian to travel to space and will be responsible for overseeing science experiments at the space station.

Objectives of the Mission

  • The Shenzhou-16 crew will replace the previous crew from the Shenzhou-15 mission that has been aboard the Tiangong space station since November.
  • The new crew will carry out large-scale tests and experiments in various fields, including the study of quantum phenomena, high-precision space time-frequency systems, verification of general relativity, and the origin of life.
  • These scientific endeavors are expected to lead to significant achievements during the crew’s five-month stay.

About the Tiangong Space Station

  • The Tiangong space station, operated by the CMSA, was developed by China after being barred from collaborating with NASA due to concerns of espionage.
  • The station’s first module entered orbit in 2021, with two more modules added subsequently.
  • China’s long-term plan is to expand the station, with the next module set to dock and create a cross-shaped structure.
  • The Tiangong space station aims to become a leading outpost for scientific research once the International Space Station’s operations conclude in 2030.

 

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Historical and Archaeological Findings in News

Delhi’s Ancient Secrets: Recent Excavations at Purana Qila

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Findings at Purana Qila

Mains level: Not Much

purana qila

Central Idea

  • Delhi’s Purana Qila, also known as the Old Fort, is a historic site with a rich and diverse past.
  • Recent excavations have shed light on its continuous history since the pre-Mauryan era.

About Purana Qila

  • The origins of Purana Qila date back to antiquity, with the exact foundation period unknown.
  • It was later rebuilt by Sher Shah Suri and Mughal emperor Humayun.
  • The fort holds immense cultural and historical importance, and many believe it to be the site of Indraprastha mentioned in the Mahabharata.
  • The fort, believed to be the location of the ancient city of Indraprastha, showcases architectural remnants from various periods, including the Mughal and Rajput eras.

Architectural marvels at Purana Qila

  • Purana Qila’s architectural features include walls that rise to a height of 18 meters, spanning approximately 1.5 kilometers.
  • It boasts three arched gateways, including the Bara Darwaza, the south gate (Humayun Gate), and the Talaqi Gate.
  • The fort’s Qila-i-Kuhna Mosque, built by Sher Shah Suri in 1541, showcases pre-Mughal architecture with its pointed arches and elegant prayer niches.
  • The Sher Mandal, a double-storeyed octagonal tower, served as Humayun’s private observatory and library.
  • It features decorative plaster-work and remnants of stone shelving for books.

Recent excavation discoveries

  • Excavations have uncovered significant artifacts, including shards of Painted Gray Ware pottery dating from 1200 BC to 600 BC, indicating the pre-Mauryan period.
  • Other discoveries include a 900-year-old Vaikuntha Vishnu from the Rajput period, a terracotta plaque of Goddess Gaja Lakshmi from the Gupta period, and a 2,500-year-old terracotta ring well from the Mauryan period.
  • Numerous beads, seals, copper coins, and a bone needle have also been found, highlighting the site’s role as a center for trade activities.

Cultural chronology and preservation

  • The ongoing excavation aims to establish a complete chronology of the site, spanning different historical periods from the Kushan to the Mughal era.
  • The remains of Purana Qila will be preserved, conserved, and transformed into an open-air museum to showcase the rich historical legacy of Delhi.
  • The excavated artifacts will also be displayed to delegates attending the G-20 summit, further promoting the cultural heritage of the site.

 

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Indian Army Updates

OROP and The Challenges of Right-Sizing in the Armed Forces

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: OROP, Agniveer scheme

Mains level: One Rank One Pension challenges and way forward

Armed Forces

Central Idea

  • In recent times, two prominent ideas, right-sizing and Atmanirbharta, have gained traction in the Armed Forces. However, it is essential to recognize that both these initiatives have their shortcomings and are rooted in the flawed implementation of the One Rank One Pension (OROP) scheme. These policies have far-reaching consequences and necessitate a critical evaluation to ensure the long-term sustainability and effectiveness of our armed forces

What is One Rank One Pension (OROP) Policy?

  • OROP means the same pension, for the same rank, for the same length of service, irrespective of the date of retirement.
  • The concept was provoked by the then decision by Indira Gandhi-led government, in 1973, two years after the historic victory in the 1971 Bangladesh war

Implications of OROP

  • Enhanced Pension Benefits: OROP brings parity and fairness by addressing the concerns of veterans who felt their pensions were unjustly lower compared to their counterparts who retired earlier. This leads to improved financial security for retired armed forces personnel and their families.
  • Motivation and Morale: OROP addresses long-standing grievances regarding pension disparities and recognizes the sacrifices made by veterans. The assurance of fair and equal pensions enhances the sense of dignity, honor, and respect for those who have served in the armed forces.
  • Social Security: OROP enhances the financial security and social welfare of retired armed forces personnel and their families. It provides them with a stable and predictable income during their post-retirement years, ensuring a decent standard of living and supporting their well-being
  • Financial Burden: OROP entails providing equal pension benefits to all military personnel retiring at the same rank with the same length of service, irrespective of their date of retirement. This results in an increased financial burden on the government, as it has to allocate additional funds to fulfill the pension requirements.
  • Impact on Modernization: The financial implications of implementing OROP may impact the allocation of funds for modernization and procurement of advanced equipment and technologies. The increased pension expenditure could limit the resources available for upgrading the armed forces’ capabilities, affecting their preparedness and modernization efforts.
  • Sustainability and Budgetary Constraints: Sustaining the OROP scheme in the long term poses challenges due to the increasing pension liabilities. The government needs to ensure that the pension system remains financially viable and sustainable, considering the rising life expectancy and the expanding pool of retired armed forces personnel.

Challenges in Rightsizing and Strategic Decision-making

  • Improved Insurgency Situation: The considerably improved insurgency situation in Jammu and Kashmir, particularly south of Banihal, has prompted a reassessment of force requirements. While progress has been made in countering militancy, the dilution of manpower without compensatory measures, such as state-of-the-art equipment, poses challenges to sustaining effective counter-insurgency operations.
  • The Northeast and Counter-insurgency: The transfer of counter-insurgency responsibilities from the Army to the Assam Rifles in the Northeast region represents a significant shift. While relieving the Army of secondary responsibilities is reasonable, reducing combat strength without adequate compensation in terms of advanced equipment may impact the effectiveness of operations, particularly in regions with ongoing ethnic conflicts like Manipur.

Zero Recruitment and Adverse Impact

  • Manpower Deficiency: The absence of recruitment for two-and-a-half years until June 2022 has created significant voids in personnel strength, particularly affecting combat units. The mounting deficiencies, amounting to 1,80,000 personnel in the Army alone, have strained operational capabilities and increased the burden on existing forces.
  • Combat Readiness and Strategic Concerns: The adverse impact of zero recruitment and constant personnel retirements has had serious repercussions on combat units, including those deployed in sensitive areas like Ladakh against the Chinese PLA.

Way ahead: Need for Rightsizing and Strategic Evaluation

  • Effective Allocation of Resources: Rightsizing involves optimizing the allocation of resources, including manpower, equipment, and finances, to ensure efficiency and effectiveness. It helps in aligning the available resources with the desired objectives and operational requirements.
  • Enhanced Operational Readiness: By conducting a strategic evaluation, the armed forces can assess their current capabilities and identify areas for improvement. This evaluation helps in identifying gaps and addressing them to enhance operational readiness and combat effectiveness.
  • Financial Sustainability: Rightsizing allows for a more sustainable financial model by ensuring that the allocated funds are utilized efficiently. It helps in managing the budgetary constraints and reducing unnecessary expenditures, allowing resources to be redirected towards critical areas such as modernization and technological advancements.
  • Adapting to Changing Threat Landscape: Strategic evaluation helps in assessing the evolving security threats and challenges faced by the nation. It enables the armed forces to adapt and realign their structure, capabilities, and operational concepts to effectively counter emerging threats and maintain a credible deterrence posture.
  • Optimal Utilization of Human Resources: Rightsizing involves assessing the manpower requirements and aligning them with the operational needs. It helps in ensuring that the armed forces have the right personnel in the right positions, adequately trained and equipped to fulfill their roles and responsibilities.
  • Modernization and Technological Upgrades: Strategic evaluation provides an opportunity to prioritize modernization initiatives and technological upgrades. It enables the armed forces to invest in cutting-edge equipment, systems, and platforms that enhance their combat capabilities and maintain technological superiority.
  • Operational Flexibility and Agility: Rightsizing and strategic evaluation enable the armed forces to achieve operational flexibility and agility. It allows for the formation of versatile and adaptable units, capable of responding to a wide range of contingencies and operating in diverse environments.
  • Long-Term Sustainability: By aligning the force structure, resources, and operational requirements, rightsizing and strategic evaluation contribute to the long-term sustainability of the armed forces. It ensures that the military remains capable and resilient, able to meet the nation’s security needs effectively

Conclusion

  • While the ideas of right-sizing and Atmanirbharta may seem appealing, it is crucial to critically analyze their implementation and potential ramifications. The flawed execution of the OROP scheme and subsequent policies have placed a burden on the Armed Forces, affecting their modernization efforts. It is imperative to strike a balance between optimizing resources and ensuring the security and preparedness of our forces.

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Also read:

In news: One Rank One Pension (OROP) scheme

 

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