PYQ Relevance:
Q How far are India’s internal security challenges linked with border management particularly in view of the long porous borders with most countries of South Asia and Myanmar?” (2013)
Reason: The movement of non-state actors, the potential for cross-border terrorism, and the involvement of external actors in Balochistan could link to India’s internal security challenges and the complexities of managing its own borders. |
Mentor’s Comment: Balochistan’s ongoing insurgency isn’t just a Pakistan issue—it’s a case study in how internal unrest, resource conflicts, and external interventions shape regional security. For UPSC aspirants, this article is crucial for understanding India’s border security challenges (GS3) and the broader geopolitical game involving China and Pakistan (GS2). The mention of the Balochistan Liberation Army (BLA), the hijacking incident, and Pakistan’s military response highlights patterns of insurgency and counterinsurgency—offering insights into how states manage separatist movements, a key aspect of internal security answers. Additionally, CPEC’s impact on local communities echoes concerns about economic imperialism and sovereignty, making this a relevant talking point in India’s foreign policy discourse.
Today’s editorial discusses the challenges in Pakistan’s Balochistan province and how India can strategically respond. This analysis is relevant for GS Paper 2 (International Relations) and GS Paper 3 (Internal Security).
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
Pakistan’s internal politics will shape the unrest in Balochistan. However, due to low trust in the military and government, meaningful talks between insurgents and the leadership seem unlikely.
What are the key reasons behind the ongoing insurgency in Balochistan?
- Historical Grievances and Forced Integration (1948): Many Baloch nationalists argue that Balochistan was forcefully incorporated into Pakistan in 1948 without the consent of its people. Example: Multiple insurgencies have occurred over the decades (1950s, 1960s, 1970s, mid-2000s) due to political and economic marginalization.
- Political and Socio-Economic Marginalization: The region remains underdeveloped despite its vast natural resources (coal, copper, gold, gas). The Baloch people feel excluded from governance and decision-making. Example: Even with rich gas reserves, local communities face power shortages while other provinces benefit from Balochistan’s resources.
- Military Suppression and Human Rights Violations: Pakistan’s military and intelligence agencies have employed heavy-handed tactics such as enforced disappearances, extrajudicial killings, and crackdowns on dissent. Example: The mass protests led by Baloch women against custodial killings and forced disappearances highlight the ongoing repression.
- China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) and Resource Exploitation: Large-scale infrastructure projects, like Gwadar Port, were developed without consulting local communities, causing displacement and demographic changes. Example: Chinese fishing trawlers have disrupted local fishermen’s livelihoods, leading to economic hardships and resentment.
- Growing Insurgent Coordination and External Factors: Various Baloch insurgent groups (BLA, BLF, BRG) have improved their coordination, launching high-profile attacks on security forces and infrastructure. Example: The Baloch Raji Aajoi Sangar (BRAS) alliance has intensified attacks, including the March 2024 train hijacking and past assaults on Chinese workers and security installations.
What is China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC)?
The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is a $62 billion infrastructure project linking China’s Xinjiang to Pakistan’s Gwadar Port, enhancing trade, energy, and connectivity but facing security, debt, and geopolitical concerns.
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How has the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) impacted the socio-political landscape of Balochistan?
- Economic Disparities and Local Alienation: Despite promises of economic growth, local Baloch communities have seen minimal benefits from CPEC projects, leading to resentment. Example: Gwadar Port’s development has largely benefited Chinese and Pakistani investors, while local fishermen face economic hardships due to Chinese deep-sea fishing trawlers.
- Increased Security Presence and Military Crackdown: To safeguard CPEC projects, Pakistan has intensified military operations in Balochistan, leading to human rights abuses and forced displacements. Example: The establishment of the Special Security Division (SSD) for CPEC has led to increased military checkpoints and reports of enforced disappearances.
- Rise in Insurgency and Targeted Attacks: Baloch insurgent groups view CPEC as a form of exploitation, leading to increased attacks on Chinese nationals and Pakistani security forces. Example: The Baloch Liberation Army (BLA) has carried out multiple attacks, including the 2022 suicide bombing in Karachi targeting Chinese teachers associated with CPEC projects.
- Demographic Changes and Marginalization of Locals: Large-scale infrastructure projects have led to an influx of outsiders, creating fears among Baloch communities about losing their cultural and economic dominance. Example: The settlement of non-Baloch workers in Gwadar has fueled protests, with locals demanding control over job opportunities and land rights.
- Environmental Degradation and Livelihood Losses: Industrialization and large-scale construction under CPEC have led to pollution, water shortages, and destruction of marine ecosystems, affecting local livelihoods. Example: Gwadar’s water crisis has worsened due to excessive resource extraction for CPEC-related industries, forcing residents to rely on water tankers.
How can India leverage this situation to its advantage?
- Diplomatic Advocacy for Human Rights: India can raise concerns over human rights violations in Balochistan at international forums like the UN and human rights organizations, building pressure on Pakistan. Example: Indian Prime Minister’s 2016 Independence Day speech highlighted Balochistan’s struggles, signaling diplomatic support.
- Strategic Engagement with Baloch Leadership: Engaging with Baloch exiled leaders and activists can strengthen India’s regional influence and counter Pakistan’s narrative on Kashmir. Example: India has provided a platform to Baloch leaders like Brahumdagh Bugti, who has sought asylum in India.
- Intelligence and Strategic Operations: India can enhance intelligence-sharing and non-conventional tactics to counter threats emanating from Pakistan, especially along its western borders. Example: Reports suggest Indian agencies have been monitoring CPEC activities and Pakistan’s military actions in Balochistan.
- Economic and Cultural Soft Power: India can support Baloch diaspora communities through scholarships, cultural exchanges, and humanitarian assistance to build goodwill. Example: Media outlets in India have amplified Baloch issues, increasing global awareness of Pakistan’s suppression.
- Countering CPEC’s Strategic Influence: By highlighting the environmental and economic concerns of Balochistan, India can strengthen its ties with countries skeptical of China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Example: India’s opposition to CPEC, citing sovereignty concerns over PoK, aligns with global criticisms of China’s debt-trap diplomacy, helping form strategic alliances.
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Way forward:
- International Advocacy and Strategic Alliances: India should continue raising the Balochistan issue in global forums while strengthening diplomatic ties with nations wary of CPEC and China’s growing influence. Example: Collaborating with the Quad (US, Japan, Australia) and EU on human rights and regional security concerns.
- Balanced Engagement with Baloch Leadership: India can discreetly support Baloch nationalist movements through political dialogue, humanitarian aid, and economic initiatives, ensuring a calibrated approach without direct intervention. Example: Facilitating educational opportunities and cultural exchanges for Baloch youth to build long-term goodwill.
Back to Basics: Importance of Balochistan
- Strategic Location – Balochistan provides Pakistan access to the Arabian Sea, hosting Gwadar Port, a key part of CPEC, enhancing regional trade and connectivity.
- Natural Resources – It holds rich mineral reserves, including natural gas, coal, gold, and copper (e.g., Reko Diq gold-copper project).
- Energy Hub – Balochistan is crucial for Pakistan’s energy security, with major gas fields like Sui Gas Field, supplying the country since 1952.
- Defense and Security – The province borders Iran and Afghanistan, making it vital for border security and counterinsurgency operations.
- Fisheries and Maritime Importance – Its 1,000 km coastline supports Pakistan’s fishing industry, with Gwadar’s deep-sea port boosting maritime trade potential.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Gig Workers related issues;
Why in the News?
Startup founders publicly claimed to support gig workers’ rights but secretly resist laws that would actually protect them.
What is the nature of employment in urban labour chowks and mazdoor mandis?
- Daily Wage and Informal Work: Workers gather at labour chowks every morning, hoping to be hired for the day. Example: Construction workers in Delhi’s Kashmere Gate labour chowk wait for contractors to hire them for masonry or painting jobs.
- Highly Competitive and Unstable: Large numbers of workers compete for limited jobs, often accepting lower wages out of desperation. Example: In Mumbai’s Dadar labour market, carpenters and plumbers rush to secure work before others.
- Exploitative Hiring Practices: Employers and thekedars (middlemen) negotiate wages, often offering the lowest possible rates. Example: In Ahmedabad, daily wage workers in textile markets are hired at rates well below the minimum wage.
- Lack of Social Security and Benefits: No job security, health benefits, or pensions; workers are paid only for the day they work. Example: Brick kiln workers in Hyderabad have no accident coverage despite working in hazardous conditions.
- Piece-Rate and Task-Based Payment: Workers are often paid per unit of work completed rather than a fixed wage. Example: In Chennai’s wholesale vegetable markets, loaders are paid per sack carried rather than for the number of hours worked.
Who benefits the most from the presence of thekedars in the labour market?
- Employers Benefit from Lower Labour Costs: Thekedars help employers negotiate lower wages and better terms by creating a competitive environment among workers. This allows employers to maximize profits by minimizing labor costs. Example: In urban labour chowks, employers can select workers at the lowest possible wage due to the high competition among workers, which benefits the employer financially.
- Thekedars Themselves Profit from Commissions: Thekedars earn commissions or fees from both workers and employers for their services. This financial gain is a direct benefit to them. Example: In the construction industry, thekedars often receive a percentage of the workers’ wages as a commission for facilitating the hiring process.
How do digital platforms replicate the role of thekedars in modern gig work?
- Acting as Middlemen Without Responsibility: Just like thekedars, digital platforms connect workers to employers but do not recognize them as formal employees, avoiding obligations like job security or benefits. Example: Ride-hailing apps like Uber and Ola classify drivers as “partners” rather than employees, denying them benefits like PF or health insurance.
- Downward Wage Bidding: Workers must accept the lowest possible payment, as platforms set rates based on demand and supply, just like the daily wage auctions in mazdoor mandis. Example: Food delivery workers on Swiggy and Zomato have seen their per-delivery payments decrease over time as competition increases.
- Algorithm-Controlled Work Allocation: Platforms use algorithms to decide which worker gets a task, replacing the manual selection process of thekedars. Workers have no bargaining power over wages or work hours. Example: Freelancers on Upwork or Fiverr depend on algorithms that prioritize clients, making workers compete for lower pay.
- Lack of Collective Bargaining: Gig workers are isolated, just like daily wagers in urban labour markets, making unionization and collective bargaining difficult. Example: Amazon Flex workers have no union representation and must accept whatever delivery rates the company offers.
- Exploitative Rating Systems: Workers must maintain high ratings to get work, forcing them to accept low wages and poor conditions, similar to how thekedars exploit labour desperation. Example: “Insta Maids” service offers house help for ₹49 per hour, making workers compete for ratings instead of fair wages.
What are the challenges for gig workers in India?
- Lack of Job Security and Social Benefits: Gig workers are classified as “independent contractors,” denying them benefits like health insurance, provident fund, and paid leave. Example: Delivery partners for Swiggy and Zomato receive no compensation if injured while working.
- Low and Unstable Earnings: Payment structures are unpredictable, with fluctuating wages and reduced per-task payouts over time, making financial planning difficult. Example: Uber and Ola drivers often struggle as their earnings depend on peak-hour incentives, which companies frequently revise.
- Exploitation Through Rating Systems: Workers must maintain high ratings to secure jobs, forcing them to accept unreasonable customer demands and work long hours. Example: Urban Company service providers risk lower earnings or job loss if they receive poor ratings from customers, regardless of actual service quality.
What steps have been taken by the Indian government?
- Code on Social Security, 2020: This legislation brings gig and platform workers under the ambit of social security schemes for the first time. Example: The law mandates that gig workers be eligible for benefits like life and disability cover, health and maternity benefits, and old-age protection.
- E-Shram Portal (2021): A national database for unorganized workers, including gig workers, was launched to provide them with targeted benefits. Example: Registered workers receive a Universal Account Number (UAN) and accident insurance coverage under the Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana.
- State-Level Welfare Initiatives: Several state governments have taken initiatives to support gig workers. Example: Rajasthan introduced the Platform-Based Gig Workers Welfare Board (2023) to ensure social security benefits.
- NITI Aayog Report on Gig Economy (2022): The report highlights the need for policy interventions, including skill development, financial inclusion, and social security for gig workers. Example: Recommendations were made to extend benefits like Employee Provident Fund (EPF) and health insurance to gig workers.
- PLI Scheme and Skill Development Programs: The government has introduced skill development programs for gig workers, especially in sectors like logistics and e-commerce. Example: The Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) helps gig workers upskill and transition into better-paying roles.
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Way forward:
- Strengthening Legal Protections & Social Security: Enforce minimum wages, accident insurance, and pension benefits for gig and informal workers. Example: Amend the Code on Social Security, 2020 to ensure mandatory employer contributions.
- Collective Bargaining & Fair Work Standards: Facilitate unionization and introduce fair algorithmic policies to prevent wage suppression. Example: Implement transparent rating and payment systems on digital platforms like Swiggy and Uber.
Mains PYQ:
Q Examine the role of ‘Gig Economy’ in the process of empowerment of women in India. (UPSC 2021)
Reason: The article explores “insta-commerce,” where gig workers, including women, sell via social media. While the PYQ focuses on empowerment, the article highlights challenges like job insecurity, unfair wages, and the lack of grievance redressal. This perspective offers a nuanced view of the gig economy’s impact, including its dual role in both enabling and potentially disempowering women.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Drug trafficking;
Why in the News?
Drug abuse in Kerala has increased over the past three years. In March, the Kerala High Court raised concerns about drug mafias, and the Governor met university officials to address student drug problems.
What are the key factors contributing to the surge in drug abuse cases in Kerala over the past three years?
- Increased Drug Trafficking via Coastal Routes: Kerala’s long coastline makes it a transit hub for international drug cartels. Example: In 2023, a Sri Lankan boat carrying 200 kg of heroin was intercepted off the Kerala coast.
- Rise of Synthetic & Party Drugs Among Youth: Increased use of MDMA, LSD, and methamphetamine, particularly in urban areas and college campuses. Example: In 2022, over 1,000 students were caught in possession of synthetic drugs in Kochi and Thiruvananthapuram.
- Easy Availability Through Darknet & Courier Services: Online platforms and encrypted messaging apps have facilitated drug trade. Example: In 2024, Kerala police busted a drug network using dark web transactions and fake delivery addresses.
- Widespread Consumption Beyond Urban Centers: Unlike other states, drug abuse is reported in both rural and urban districts. Example: Every district in Kerala recorded at least 500 NDPS cases in 2022, indicating a statewide crisis.
- Limited Focus on Major Suppliers & Traffickers: 94% of NDPS cases in Kerala are for possession, with only 6% related to trafficking. Example: While thousands of consumers are arrested, major drug syndicates continue operations largely unchecked.
What is the situation of drug abuse at all India levels?
- Steady Rise in NDPS Cases Across India: Cases under the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (NDPS) Act have been increasing, though some states show a decline in recent years. Example: India recorded over 1.5 lakh NDPS cases in 2023, with a significant rise in Punjab, Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu.
- Punjab & Northeast Among the Worst-Affected Regions: Punjab has long struggled with heroin addiction, while the Northeast is affected due to drug trafficking from Myanmar’s Golden Triangle. Example: In 2024, Punjab recorded 30 cases per lakh people, the second-highest after Kerala.
- Shift from Natural to Synthetic & Pharmaceutical Drugs: Synthetic drugs (MDMA, LSD, Meth), opioids, and prescription medicines (Tramadol, Codeine-based syrups) are increasingly being abused. Example: In Mumbai, over 60% of drug-related arrests in 2023 involved synthetic drugs rather than traditional narcotics like cannabis.
- Growing Use of Dark Web & Digital Payments for Drug Trade: Cryptocurrency transactions, darknet markets, and courier services are being used for drug sales. Example: In 2023, the Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB) dismantled an online drug syndicate operating across multiple Indian states.
- State-Wise Variation in Drug Trafficking & Consumption Patterns: While Punjab & Northeast face opioid crises, Mumbai & Bengaluru see more party drug use, and Tamil Nadu & Andhra Pradesh have rising cannabis-related arrests. Example: In 2022, Bengaluru accounted for 63% of Karnataka’s NDPS cases, highlighting an urban concentration of drug abuse.
What are the steps taken by the Government?
- Strengthening Law Enforcement & Anti-Drug Operations: The Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB) and state police have intensified crackdowns on drug trafficking networks. Example: In 2023, the NCB seized over 2000 kg of drugs nationwide, including heroin and synthetic substances, in coordinated raids.
- Expansion of Rehabilitation & De-addiction Programs: The Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment runs the Nasha Mukt Bharat Abhiyan (NMBA) to promote awareness and rehabilitation. Example: Over 370 de-addiction centres were established under NMBA in states like Punjab, Maharashtra, and Kerala.
- Use of Technology & AI for Drug Surveillance: Government agencies monitor dark web transactions, cryptocurrency payments, and social media platforms to track drug deals. Example: In 2023, the NCB cracked a crypto-drug syndicate that was smuggling MDMA and LSD through online orders.
- Public Awareness & Educational Campaigns: Schools, colleges, and workplaces are conducting anti-drug sensitization programs to reduce youth drug abuse. Example: Kerala’s ‘Love-a-Thon’ campaign in universities aims to educate students on the dangers of substance abuse.
- International Cooperation & Border Security Measures: India has increased cooperation with Myanmar, Sri Lanka, and Iran to curb cross-border drug trafficking. Example: In 2023, the Indian Navy intercepted a Pakistan-based heroin shipment worth ₹1,200 crore in the Arabian Sea.
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Way forward:
- Targeted Crackdown on Drug Supply Chains: Strengthen intelligence-led operations against major traffickers, enhance coastal & border security, and increase inter-agency coordination to dismantle drug syndicates.
- Comprehensive Prevention & Rehabilitation Strategy: Expand school-based drug education, integrate mental health support in de-addiction programs, and enhance community-based rehabilitation to address both urban and rural drug abuse.
Mains PYQ:
Q Explain how narco-terrorism has emerged as a serious threat across the country. Suggest suitable measures to counter narco-terrorism. (UPSC 2024)
Reason: This question is potentially linked with narco-terrorism. The measures suggested to counter narco-terrorism would also be relevant to addressing the drug problem in Kerala, especially if it involves organized crime and cross-border elements.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Comptroller and Auditor General
Why in the News?
The Supreme Court has decided to examine a plea challenging the current process of appointing the Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG).
About Office of the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG):
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Details |
| Role and Importance |
- Established under Article 148 of the Indian Constitution.
- Ensures efficient and lawful use of public funds.
- Audits financial accounts of Consolidated Fund of India, state funds, and public sector undertakings.
- Acts as a watchdog over government financial expenditure.
- Plays a critical role in maintaining financial accountability in governance.
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| Appointment and Term |
- Appointed by the President of India under a warrant.
- Serves a 6-year term or until the age of 65, whichever is earlier.
- Must take an oath to uphold the Constitution and perform duties impartially.
- Removal can only occur for misbehaviour or incapacity, through a special majority in both Houses of Parliament.
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| Independence of the CAG |
- Independence from the government: Ineligible for any government office after leaving office.
- Salary and Expenses: Equal to a Supreme Court judge, with expenses charged to the Consolidated Fund of India.
- No Ministerial Representation: No minister can represent the CAG or assume responsibility for their actions.
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Issues with the Appointment of the CAG
The current process for appointing the CAG is seen as problematic due to the centralized control by the Union government.
- The CAG is appointed by the President on the advice of the government, raising concerns about potential executive influence over a key independent body.
- Critics argue that this process compromises the CAG’s independence and calls for a neutral selection committee involving the Prime Minister, Leader of the Opposition, and Chief Justice of India.
- This would ensure that the CAG is appointed transparently and impartially, free from political interference.
- Historically, the lack of clear guidelines in Article 148 regarding the CAG’s appointment has allowed executive interference, much like the early years of judicial appointments.
Supreme Court interventions have already reformed appointment processes for bodies like the Election Commission and Central Vigilance Commission, and similar reforms for the CAG are necessary to protect its autonomy.
[UPSC 2012] In India, other than ensuring that public funds are used efficiently and for intended purpose, what is the importance of the office of the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG)?
1. CAG exercises exchequer control on behalf of the Parliament when the President of India declares national emergency/financial emergency.
2. CAG reports on the execution of projects or programmes by the ministries are discussed by the Public Accounts Committee.
3. CAG reports are available to the Parliamentary Committees.
4. While dealing with the audit and accounting of government companies, CAG has certain judicial powers for prosecuting those who violate the law. Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1, 3 and 4 only (b) 2 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: International Seabed Authority (ISA)
Why in the News?
The 30th Session of the International Seabed Authority (ISA) has officially commenced in Kingston, Jamaica, on March 17, 2025.
About the International Seabed Authority (ISA)
- ISA is an autonomous international organization created under the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and the 1994 Agreement relating to Part XI of the UNCLOS.
- It regulates and manages mineral-resource activities in the “Area”—the seabed and ocean floor beyond national jurisdictions.
- It is headquartered in Kingston, Jamaica
- It has 168 Member States, including India, and the European Union
- Mandate:
- Regulate exploration and exploitation of deep-sea minerals.
- Protect the marine environment from harmful effects of seabed activities.
- Encourage marine scientific research and promote the sustainable use of oceans.
- The ISA manages about 54% of the world’s oceans, ensuring activities are carried out for the benefit of all humankind and to protect the marine environment.
Role in Regulating Deep-Sea Mining
The ISA is responsible for enforcing the Mining Code, which governs all mineral activities in the International Seabed Area. It includes:
- Regulation of Exploration: Grants exploration licenses for assessing mineral deposits in deep-sea areas, ensuring scientifically responsible activities.
- Environmental Protection: Sets environmental standards and ensures impact assessments before mining starts.
- Development of Mining Code: Continuously updates the Mining Code to address scientific, technological, and environmental concerns.
- Oversight and Compliance: Monitors activities of contractors and member states, ensuring regulatory compliance and environmental safeguards.
India and ISA
- In January 2024, India submitted two exploration applications in the Indian Ocean for:
- Polymetallic sulphides in the Carlsberg Ridge.
- Cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts in the Afanasy-Nikitin Seamount.
- India holds two active exploration contracts for polymetallic nodules and sulphides in the Central Indian Ocean Basin and Ridge.
- India seeks access to critical minerals for energy transition and technological growth, balancing economic needs with sustainable practices.
- India actively participates in Mining Code negotiations, aligning its actions with international legal standards and environmental protocols.
PYQ:
[UPSC 2021] Consider the following statements:
1. The Global Ocean Commission grants licences for seabed exploration and mining in international waters.
2. India has received licences for seabed mineral exploration in international waters
3. ‘Rare earth minerals’ are present on the seafloor in international waters.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Sarthi and Pravaah Systems of RBI
Why in the News?
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) was recently awarded the prestigious Digital Transformation Award 2025 by Central Banking, a recognition of its groundbreaking digital initiatives, Sarthi and Pravaah.
About Sarthi System
- The Sarthi system was launched in January 2023 by the RBI with the goal of digitizing all internal workflows within the organization.
- This initiative aimed to reduce the reliance on paper-based processes and enhance operational efficiency across the RBI.
- Key features include:
- It can securely store and share documents among the 13,500 employees spread across 40+ locations.
- It also improves record management and provides enhanced data analysis capabilities through reports and dashboards.
- Additionally, Sarthi automates internal processes such as task tracking, approvals, and document management, streamlining operations and improving collaboration between departments.
- To ensure that employees are proficient in using the system, an online training platform, called Sarthi Pathshala, was launched alongside in-person training.
- Sarthi Mitras, who are designated experts within RBI offices, assist colleagues in navigating and resolving issues related to the system.
About Pravaah System
- Building on the success of Sarthi, the RBI introduced the Pravaah system in May 2024.
- Its primary purpose is to facilitate external users in submitting regulatory applications digitally to the RBI.
- This platform has greatly enhanced the efficiency and transparency of the application submission process.
- Key features include:
- It integrates seamlessly with the Sarthi database, enabling smooth processing of regulatory documents.
- It supports more than 70 different regulatory applications, significantly improving the speed and accuracy of submissions.
- It is equipped with centralized cybersecurity measures and digital tracking capabilities, which provide real-time monitoring of applications for both applicants and RBI managers.
- It has contributed to an 80% increase in monthly applications, marking a significant achievement in reducing delays associated with traditional, paper-based systems and streamlining the overall process.
PYQ:
[UPSC 2024] Consider the following statements in respect of the digital rupee:
1. It is a sovereign currency issued by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) in alignment with its monetary policy.
2. It appears as a liability on the RBI’s balance sheet. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Miller-Urey Hypothesis
Why in the News?
A recent study led by Stanford University chemist Richard Zare has introduced a novel perspective on the origins of life on Earth, providing an alternative to the well-known Miller-Urey hypothesis.
About the Miller-Urey Hypothesis
- The Miller-Urey hypothesis emerged from an experiment conducted in 1952 by chemists Stanley Miller and Harold Urey.
- It sought to simulate the conditions of early Earth to understand how life could have originated.
- They used a mixture of water, methane, ammonia, and hydrogen, gases believed to be present in the early Earth’s atmosphere.
- The setup also included an electric spark to simulate lightning, which they hypothesized could have played a role in the formation of organic compounds.
- Results: The experiment successfully demonstrated that organic molecules, like amino acids, essential for life, could form when an electrical spark (simulating lightning) was applied to the gas mixture.
- Impact and Debate:
- The experiment was a landmark in understanding life’s chemical origins.
- However, over time, critics argued that real lightning would have been rare and mostly occurred over open ocean, where organic compounds would have been quickly dispersed.
- This led to the questioning of lightning as the primary trigger for life’s origins.
Life on Earth and the Role of ‘Microlightning’ in Water Droplets
- The Stanford study shows that when water droplets divide, they develop opposing electrical charges—larger droplets become positively charged, and smaller droplets become negatively charged.
- When these oppositely charged droplets come close together, tiny sparks (termed micro-lightning) can leap between them, mimicking the electrical phenomena that occur in thunderstorms.
- Experimental Evidence:
- In the experiment, when water sprays were mixed with nitrogen, methane, carbon dioxide, and ammonia, they produced organic compounds like glycine and uracil, similar to those in the Miller-Urey experiment.
- Microlightning from water sprays can therefore generate organic compounds, providing a plausible and common natural process for the origin of life.
- These microlightning events could have been far more common and accessible than lightning strikes, offering an alternative mechanism for the generation of life-building organic molecules.
PYQ:
[UPSC 2012] Which one of the following sets of elements was primarily responsible for the origin of life on the Earth?
(a) Hydrogen, Oxygen, Sodium
(b) Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen
(c) Oxygen, Calcium, Phosphorus
(d) Carbon, Sodium, Phosphorus |
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PYQ Relevance:
Q Discuss the consequences of climate change on food security in tropical countries. (UPSC 2023)
Reason: This question directly addresses the impact of climate change on food security. |
Mentor’s Comment: UPSC mains have always focused on the strategy of consequences of climate change on the food security (2023) and the ‘Climate Change’ is a global problem (2017).
Heat waves lead to health crises, crop losses, water shortages, and increased energy demand. In 2023, severe heat in India caused record-breaking temperatures, affecting wheat production in Punjab and Haryana. For example, The Indian state of Bihar had the highest number of heat wave days in 2023, with a total of 18 days. This was followed by the states of Andhra Pradesh and Odisha, both having experienced a total of 15 days of heat waves that year.
Today’s editorial discusses the impact of Extreme heat in India, providing valuable insights for GS Paper 3 in UPSC Mains answer writing.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
This year, India experienced its hottest February in 124 years. The India Meteorological Department (IMD) has warned that March will also be hotter than usual, with more days of extreme heat.
What are the major wheat-producing states in India?
- Uttar Pradesh is the largest wheat producer, contributing approximately 31.77% to India’s total wheat output. In the crop year 2023-24, it produced around 35.34 million tonnes of wheat from an area of 9.53 million hectares. Example: Districts like Meerut, Muzaffarnagar, and Agra are significant contributors, utilizing both traditional and modern agricultural practices to achieve high yields.
- Madhya Pradesh ranks second, accounting for about 20.98% of the national production. The state produced approximately 22.58 million tonnes in the same crop year. Example: The Malwa plateau region, particularly districts like Indore and Ujjain, benefits from black soil and moderate temperatures, which are conducive to wheat cultivation.
- Punjab Known as the “Granary of India,” contributes around 13.87% to India’s wheat output, with a production of about 17.74 million tonnes. Example: Major districts such as Amritsar and Ludhiana utilize advanced farming techniques and well-developed irrigation systems to maintain high productivity levels.
Why is wheat primarily grown in these regions?
- Agro-Climatic Conditions – These states have a cool winter and warm summer, which is ideal for wheat cultivation. The Rabi season (sown in November-December, harvested in March-April) aligns perfectly with the climate. Example: The Malwa plateau in Madhya Pradesh benefits from moderate temperatures that support high wheat yields.
- Fertile Soil – These regions have alluvial and black soil, which retain moisture and provide essential nutrients for wheat growth. The soil is well-suited for irrigated farming. Example: The Indo-Gangetic plains of Uttar Pradesh and Punjab have deep, fertile alluvial soil, which supports extensive wheat cultivation.
- Irrigation Facilities – These states have well-developed canal and groundwater irrigation systems, ensuring a stable water supply for wheat crops, which require controlled irrigation. Example: Punjab’s extensive canal network, supported by the Bhakra Nangal Dam, ensures year-round irrigation, enabling high wheat productivity.
Why is extreme heat during the wheat harvest season a serious concern for India’s food security and economy?
- Reduced Wheat Yield: Extreme heat accelerates wheat ripening, leading to shorter grain-filling periods and lighter grains. This results in lower overall production, affecting food availability. Example: In 2022, a sudden heatwave in March reduced India’s wheat output from the projected 111 million tonnes to ~107 million tonnes.
- Lower Grain Quality: High temperatures increase protein content but reduce starch accumulation, making wheat harder and affecting its milling quality. Example: Farmers in Punjab and Haryana reported lower market prices in 2023 due to poor grain quality caused by excessive heat.
- Impact on Food Security: Wheat is a staple for a significant portion of India’s population. Production shortfalls can lead to food shortages, disproportionately affecting low-income communities. The 2025 heatwave poses a serious threat to wheat and rice production, potentially leading to a 6-10% decline, thereby jeopardizing food security for millions.
- Economic Losses for Farmers: Heat stress forces farmers to spend more on irrigation, fertilizers, and pest control, increasing costs while reducing yields, leading to financial distress. Example: Farmers in Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan faced heavy losses in 2023 due to unexpected temperature spikes during the grain-filling stage.
- Disruptions in Procurement & Trade: Lower production impacts government wheat procurement, affecting stock availability for schemes like the Public Distribution System (PDS) and exports. Example: India had to ban wheat exports in 2022 to ensure domestic supply, disrupting global markets and trade agreements.
What steps have been taken by the Indian government?
- Minimum Support Price (MSP) – The government announces a minimum support price for wheat every year to ensure farmers get a fair price and are encouraged to produce more. Example: In 2023-24, the MSP for wheat was ₹2,275 per quintal, benefiting farmers in states like Punjab and Uttar Pradesh.
- Subsidized Inputs – The government provides subsidies on seeds, fertilizers, and electricity to make wheat farming more affordable and increase productivity. Example: Under the National Food Security Mission (NFSM), high-yield variety (HYV) seeds and soil nutrients are distributed to farmers in states like Madhya Pradesh.
- Irrigation Development – Investment in major irrigation projects has improved water availability, reducing dependence on erratic rainfall. Example: The Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY) has helped expand irrigation in wheat-producing states like Punjab and Uttar Pradesh.
- Research & Development (R&D) – The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) and agricultural universities develop climate-resilient, high-yield wheat varieties to enhance productivity. Example: The DBW-187 wheat variety, developed by ICAR, has helped increase yields in states like Haryana and Madhya Pradesh.
- Procurement & Storage Infrastructure – The Food Corporation of India (FCI) and state agencies procure large quantities of wheat to ensure food security and stabilize market prices. Example: In 2023, FCI procured over 26 million tonnes of wheat, mainly from Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh, ensuring buffer stock availability.
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What adaptation and mitigation strategies can policymakers implement to protect wheat crops from rising temperatures? (Way forward)
- Development of Heat-Resistant Wheat Varieties: Traditional wheat varieties are vulnerable to heat stress, reducing yield and quality. Example: The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) has developed HD 3385, a climate-resilient wheat variety with better heat tolerance, which is expected to perform well in rising temperatures.
- Shifting Sowing Dates and Crop Calendars: Adjusting the sowing period can help wheat plants escape extreme heat during critical growth phases. Example: The Punjab Agricultural University (PAU) has recommended advancing wheat sowing to mid-October instead of November to allow crops to mature before peak heat in March-April.
- Improved Irrigation and Water Management: Heat stress increases water loss from soil and plants, requiring efficient irrigation. Example: The “Per Drop More Crop” scheme under Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY) promotes micro-irrigation (drip and sprinkler systems) to optimize water use in wheat-growing states like Uttar Pradesh and Punjab.
- Promoting Conservation Agriculture Practices: Practices like zero tillage and residue mulching help retain soil moisture and lower soil temperature. Example: Zero tillage wheat in Haryana and Punjab has shown 5-10% higher yields and reduced water usage compared to conventional plowing methods.
- Climate Forecasting and Early Warning Systems: Advanced weather predictions help farmers plan for extreme heat events. Example: The Gramin Krishi Mausam Seva (GKMS) provides real-time agro-advisories, warning farmers about heatwaves and recommending protective measures like additional irrigation and mulching.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: India-Afghanistan Relations;
Why in the News?
The Prime Minister of India may allow the Taliban regime to appoint a new envoy for its embassy in New Delhi.
What are the key reasons behind India’s increasing engagement with the Taliban despite international concerns?
- Strategic Influence in Afghanistan: India aims to maintain a presence in Afghanistan to safeguard its long-term geopolitical interests.Example: India reopened its embassy in Kabul in June 2022, ensuring diplomatic engagement.
- Countering Pakistan’s Diminishing Influence: As Taliban-Pakistan relations sour, India sees an opportunity to reduce Islamabad’s sway over Kabul. Example: The Taliban’s refusal to act against Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) has strained ties with Pakistan, creating space for India.
- Competing with China’s Expanding Role: China has accepted a Taliban envoy and is integrating Afghanistan into the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Example: China became the first country to accept a Taliban-appointed ambassador in 2023, prompting India to reconsider its approach.
- Ensuring Regional Security and Counterterrorism: A stable Afghanistan is crucial to preventing it from becoming a hub for anti-India terror groups. Example: India seeks Taliban cooperation in curbing ISIS-K and groups like Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) that threaten Indian interests.
- Economic and Humanitarian Interests: Engaging with the Taliban allows India to continue developmental projects and provide humanitarian aid. Example: India has sent multiple consignments of wheat and medical supplies to Afghanistan under humanitarian assistance programs.
Why is the recognition of a Taliban envoy in India considered a significant shift in diplomatic policy?
- De Facto Recognition of the Taliban Regime: Accepting a Taliban-appointed envoy would signal India’s indirect recognition of the regime, despite its lack of international legitimacy. Example: Most countries, including the U.S. and EU members, have refused to recognize the Taliban due to human rights violations.
- Departure from India’s Traditional Stand on Terrorism: India has consistently opposed regimes that support terrorism. Engaging with the Taliban contradicts its long-standing stance. Example: India had previously refused to engage with the Taliban, citing its ties to groups like Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) and Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM).
- Contradiction with India’s Human Rights Advocacy: The Taliban’s treatment of women and minorities has been widely condemned, and recognizing its envoy could weaken India’s credibility as a human rights advocate. Example: The UN has termed the Taliban’s policies as “gender apartheid,” which contradicts India’s global image as a democratic and inclusive nation.
- Impact on Relations with Western Allies: Closer engagement with the Taliban may strain India’s relations with countries that have imposed sanctions on the Taliban. Example: The U.S. and European nations continue to restrict diplomatic ties and financial transactions with Taliban-controlled Afghanistan.
- Risk of Setting a Precedent for Other Unrecognized Regimes: Accepting a Taliban envoy might encourage other unrecognized regimes to seek similar diplomatic treatment, complicating India’s foreign policy. Example: It could open debates on whether India should engage similarly with other disputed governments, such as Myanmar’s military junta.
What are the major risks for India in engaging with the Taliban?
- Security Threats and Terrorism: The Taliban’s ties with terror groups like Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) and Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM) pose a direct threat to India’s national security. Example: The 2001 Indian Parliament attack was linked to JeM, which has operated from Taliban-controlled areas in the past.
- Growing Influence of the Islamic State (IS): The Islamic State-Khorasan Province (IS-K) has been expanding in Afghanistan, carrying out attacks even against the Taliban and its allies. Example: IS-K’s attack on the Moscow Crocus City Hall in 2024 and the bombing of a Kabul hotel housing Chinese nationals show Afghanistan’s instability.
- Potential Diplomatic Backlash: Engaging with the Taliban could harm India’s relations with key allies like the U.S. and the EU, which refuse to recognize the Taliban due to human rights violations. Example: The U.S. and European nations maintain economic sanctions on Afghanistan, and aligning too closely with the Taliban could attract criticism.
- Destabilization of India’s Western Borders: The Taliban’s alleged support for Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) has worsened Pakistan’s security situation, and any spillover could affect India. Example: TTP claimed 147 attacks in Pakistan in February 2024 alone, and instability in the region could have consequences for India’s border security.
- Economic and Infrastructure Investment Risks: Any investments India makes in Afghanistan may not be secure due to the Taliban’s unstable governance and lack of financial transparency. Example: India’s $3 billion investments in Afghan infrastructure, including the Salma Dam and the Afghan Parliament, remain uncertain under Taliban rule.
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Way forward:
- Strategic, Conditional Engagement: India should engage with the Taliban on a case-by-case basis, ensuring its security interests are safeguarded while avoiding full diplomatic recognition. Example: Continuing humanitarian aid and infrastructure projects without legitimizing Taliban rule.
- Regional and Multilateral Cooperation: India should collaborate with regional partners like Iran, Russia, and Central Asian states to ensure stability in Afghanistan while maintaining ties with Western allies. Example: Strengthening mechanisms like the Moscow Format Talks and UN-led initiatives to balance engagement and counter-terrorism efforts.
Mains PYQ:
Q Critically analyse India’s evolving diplomatic, economic and strategic relations with the Central Asian Republics (CARs) highlighting their increasing significance in regional and global geopolitics.(UPSC IAS/2024)
Reason: India’s engagement with CARs is influenced by the situation in Afghanistan and the wider regional security scenario involving the Taliban.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Electoral reform;
Why in the News?
Recently, the Election Commission (EC) has invited political parties for discussions on enhancing the electoral process.
What are the key legal provisions governing the electoral process in India?
- Article 324 of the Constitution – Grants the Election Commission (EC) the power of superintendence, direction, and control over elections to Parliament, State Legislatures, and the offices of the President and Vice President.
- Representation of the People Act, 1950 – Governs the preparation of electoral rolls and the allocation of seats in Parliament and State Legislatures.
- Representation of the People Act, 1951 – Regulates the actual conduct of elections, including provisions on qualifications, disqualifications, election offenses, and corrupt practices.
- Registration of Electors Rules, 1960 – Provides rules for the registration of voters, corrections in electoral rolls, and the issuance of Electoral Photo Identity Cards (EPIC).
- Model Code of Conduct (MCC) – A set of guidelines issued by the EC to regulate political parties and candidates, ensuring free and fair elections, even though it lacks statutory backing.
How has the voting process evolved in India since the first general elections in 1952?
- Ballot Box System (1952-1957) – In the first two general elections (1952, 1957), separate ballot boxes were used for each candidate, where voters dropped blank ballot papers into the box of their chosen candidate.
- Printed Ballot Papers (1962 Onwards) – From the third general election (1962), a single ballot paper was introduced with the names and symbols of all candidates, simplifying the voting process. Example: Instead of multiple boxes, voters marked their choice on a single sheet and dropped it in a common ballot box.
- Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) (2004 Onwards) – Since the 2004 Lok Sabha elections, EVMs replaced paper ballots in all constituencies, improving efficiency and reducing errors.
- Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT) (2019 Onwards) – From the 2019 general elections, EVMs were backed by 100% VVPAT slips, allowing voters to verify their vote on a printed slip for a few seconds before it was stored in a sealed box. Example: A voter pressing a button on the EVM saw a printed slip confirming their vote for Candidate X before it was automatically stored.
- Remote Voting and Digital Advancements (Proposed) – The Election Commission is exploring remote voting options for migrant workers and overseas Indians, along with blockchain-based voting mechanisms. Example: The EC has proposed a multi-constituency remote voting machine (RVM) to allow migrant workers to vote from different locations.
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Why are electoral reforms necessary?
- Addressing Electoral Roll Discrepancies: The ECI aims to improve the accuracy and transparency of electoral rolls, especially amid allegations of tampering in recent elections. For example, opposition parties have raised concerns over duplicate Electoral Photo Identity Card (EPIC) numbers, demanding discussions in Parliament regarding discrepancies in voters’ lists.
- Enhancing Gender Representation: The ECI seeks feedback on measures to encourage greater representation of women in political parties and candidate selection processes. This aligns with international practices and aims to make elections more inclusive.
- Regulating Election Expenditure: Discussions will focus on expenditure ceilings for elections and ensuring timely submission of audited financial reports by political parties. These measures are intended to enhance transparency and accountability in campaign financing.
- Improving Voting Accessibility: The ECI plans to explore alternative voting methods for domestic migrants, absentee voters, and persons with disabilities. This includes feedback on schemes like the Electronically Transmitted Postal Ballot System (ETPBS) to ensure inclusive participation.
- Strengthening Legal Frameworks for Campaign Silence Periods: To regulate election campaigns, the ECI will discuss extending restrictions to print media and online canvassing during the 48-hour silence period before polling ends, addressing concerns about social media misuse.
What is the importance of “One Nation, One Election” in the context of electoral reforms?
- Enhanced Governance and Policy Continuity – Simultaneous elections reduce the frequent imposition of the Model Code of Conduct (MCC), allowing governments to focus on long-term policy implementation without periodic electoral disruptions. Example: If Lok Sabha and State Assembly elections are held together, policymaking won’t be interrupted multiple times due to MCC restrictions.
- Cost and Resource Efficiency – Conducting elections at different times leads to repeated expenditure on logistics, security, and manpower. A unified election cycle reduces financial and administrative burdens. Example: The 2019 Lok Sabha elections cost around ₹60,000 crore; merging state and local elections could significantly cut costs.
- Increased Voter Turnout and Engagement – Holding elections simultaneously can improve voter participation by reducing election fatigue and mobilization efforts. Example: Countries like Sweden and South Africa conduct national and regional elections together, leading to streamlined voter engagement and participation.
Way forward:
- Comprehensive Electoral Reforms – Strengthen legal provisions for campaign financing, voting accessibility, and electoral roll management, ensuring transparency, inclusivity, and fair representation in elections.
- Leveraging Technology for Electoral Integrity – Implement secure digital voting mechanisms like blockchain-based voting and remote voting for migrant workers while enhancing VVPAT verification to boost voter confidence.
Mains PYQ:
Q Examine the need for electoral reforms as suggested by various committees with particular reference to “one nation-one election” principle. (UPSC IAS/2024)
Reason: This question directly asks about the necessity of electoral reforms which highlights several areas needing reform, such as allegations of manipulation of electoral rolls, issues with duplicate EPIC numbers, concerns about EVM and VVPAT processes, misuse of “Star Campaigner” status, exceeding election expenditure limits, and criminalization of politics.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: PM-YUVA Scheme
Why in the News?
The Ministry of Education, Department of Higher Education, launched the PM-YUVA 3.0 (Prime Minister’s Scheme for Mentoring Young Authors) on 11th March 2025.
About the PM-YUVA Scheme
- PM-YUVA 3.0 was launched on 11th March 2025, building upon the success of the first two editions, which focused on themes like national movement and democracy.
- It is an initiative by the Ministry of Education, Department of Higher Education, aimed at mentoring young authors below the age of 30.
- The scheme’s objectives include fostering a new generation of writers who can explore topics such as:
- Contribution of the Indian Diaspora in Nation Building
- Indian Knowledge System
- Makers of Modern India (1950-2025)
- Background:
- PM-YUVA 1.0 (2021): Focused on India’s National Movement & unsung heroes.
- PM-YUVA 2.0 (2022): Focused on Democracy and Constitutional Values.
- The scheme was designed to promote reading, writing, and book culture in India while showcasing Indian literature and heritage globally.
- The National Book Trust (NBT), India, is the implementing agency responsible for executing the scheme.
- The scheme aligns with the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, aiming to empower youth, develop creative leaders, and encourage capacity building in India’s younger generation.
Important Features of PM-YUVA 3.0
- An All-India Contest will be held through MyGov from 11 March 2025 to 10 April 2025.
- 50 authors will be selected across three themes.
- Evaluation of proposals will be completed by April 2025, and the final list of selected authors will be announced between May-June 2025.
- Each selected author will receive a ₹50,000 monthly scholarship for six months, totaling ₹3 lakh per author.
- Authors will also receive a 10% royalty on successful publications of their books.
- Books created under the scheme will be published by the National Book Trust and translated into other Indian languages, promoting literary exchange and supporting the vision of ‘Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat’.
- Applicants who have qualified for PM-YUVA 1.0 and PM-YUVA 2.0 are not eligible for this edition.
PYQ:
[2018] With reference to Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana, consider the following statements :
1. It is the flagship scheme of the Ministry of Labour and Employment.
2. It, among other things, will also impart training in soft skills, entrepreneurship, financial and digital literacy.
3. It aims to align the competencies of the unregulated workforce of the country to the National Skill Qualification Framework.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Five Eyes Alliance (FVEY)
Why in the News?
Recently a White House official has proposed expelling Canada from the Five Eyes intelligence-sharing alliance. This comes as Donald Trump pressures Canada, even suggesting it could be transformed into the 51st U.S. state.
About the Five Eyes Alliance (FVEY):
- The FVEY is a global intelligence-sharing network comprising 5 Anglosphere countries: Australia, Canada, New Zealand, United Kingdom, and the United States.
- Established in 1946 following the UKUSA Agreement between the United States and the United Kingdom, it is one of the most secretive and influential alliances in global intelligence and security.
- The alliance primarily focuses on sharing intelligence, especially signals intelligence (SIGINT), and collaborates on security matters like counterterrorism, cybersecurity, and geopolitical monitoring.
- It plays a pivotal role in global surveillance programs, such as ECHELON, and is a key player in shaping international intelligence policy.
- Members of the FVEY:
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- Australia: Plays a key role in monitoring the Asia-Pacific region and contributes to SIGINT and cybersecurity efforts.
- Canada: Contributes significantly to global communications intelligence, focusing on networks and signals intelligence.
- New Zealand: Has a relatively reserved role but provides valuable intelligence, particularly in the Pacific region.
- United Kingdom: Works closely with the United States and is instrumental in intelligence gathering across Europe and the Middle East.
- United States: The largest contributor of intelligence, particularly in global SIGINT, and leads the alliance in intelligence operations.
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- The Five Eyes primarily focuses on intelligence sharing, especially signals intelligence (intercepted communications, satellite data, etc.), but has expanded to include human intelligence (HUMINT), geospatial intelligence (GEOINT), and cybersecurity.
- The alliance works on global surveillance programs, collecting data on adversarial governments, counterterrorism efforts, and counterintelligence operations.
- A key principle of the alliance is the “no third-party rule,” meaning intelligence shared among member countries is not passed on to non-member states without permission.
PYQ:
[2020] “Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad) is transforming itself into a trade bloc from a military alliance, in present times Discuss.” |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Economic Impact of Trade Deficit
Why in the News?
India’s goods trade deficit has dropped to a 42-month low of $14.05 billion in February 2025, driven by reduced imports of gold, silver, and crude oil, according to the latest data from the Ministry of Commerce and Industry.
Key Insights from February 2025 Trade Data
- Exports: Goods exports amounted to $36.9 billion in February 2025.
- Imports: Merchandise imports fell to a 22-month low of $50.9 billion, primarily due to lower demand for gold, silver, and crude oil.
- Gold and Silver Imports: The value stood at $2.7 billion, the lowest since June 2024.
- Crude and Petroleum Imports: Reduced to $11.89 billion, marking the lowest level since July 2023.
- On a year-on-year basis, exports dipped by 10.84% in February 2025, partially due to the base year effect of a leap month.
- However, imports shrank by 16.3% compared to February 2024.
Impact of Lower Trade Deficit on India’s Economy
- Stronger Currency: A lower trade deficit reduces demand for foreign currencies, leading to an appreciation of the Indian Rupee. This makes imports cheaper, benefiting consumers and businesses.
- Improved Current Account Balance: The lower trade deficit positively impacts India’s balance of payments, reducing dependence on external borrowing or foreign investments, and contributing to financial stability.
- Boost to Domestic Production: A decrease in imports encourages local manufacturing and reduces reliance on foreign products, stimulating economic growth and creating jobs.
- Growth in Exports: The reduced deficit reflects a higher level of exports, improving India’s foreign exchange reserves and supporting industrial output.
- Reduced Inflation: With fewer imports, particularly of essential goods like crude oil and gold, prices of imported goods stabilize, helping reduce inflationary pressures in the economy.
- Better Fiscal Health: A lower trade deficit leads to less reliance on external financing, helping the government maintain fiscal stability and potentially improve credit ratings.
- Positive Investor Sentiment: A smaller trade deficit enhances investor confidence, attracting Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and Foreign Portfolio Investment (FPI), boosting economic development.
- Focus on Self-Reliance: Reduced imports drive self-reliance, encouraging domestic production, and decreasing dependency on imports for essential goods and services.
PYQ:
[2020] With reference to the international trade of India at present, which of the following statements is/are correct?
1. India’s merchandise exports are less than its merchandise imports.
2. India’s imports of iron and steel, chemicals, fertilisers and machinery have decreased in recent years.
3. India’s exports of services are more than its imports of services.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Supersolid
Why in the News?
In a groundbreaking achievement, Italian researchers have successfully transformed light into a supersolid for the first time in history.
About Supersolid
- A supersolid is a rare state of matter that behaves like both a solid and a liquid at the same time.
- While it maintains a rigid structure, similar to a solid, it can also flow like a liquid without any internal friction.
- How was a supersolid created?
- Researchers made a supersolid by combining light and matter.
- They used polaritons (a mix of light and particle pairs called excitons) to create this new state of matter.
- When these polaritons reach their lowest energy, they form the supersolid that behaves like both a solid and a liquid.
- Features of a Supersolid:
- Dual Nature: A supersolid is solid in structure but can also flow like a liquid.
- Quantum Coherence: The particles inside a supersolid work together in a special way because of quantum mechanics, creating unique behaviors.
- Zero Viscosity: It moves without any resistance, just like a superfluid, meaning it can flow freely even though it’s solid.
- Temperature Dependency: Supersolids only form at extremely low temperatures (close to absolute zero, or -273.15°C).
Applications of Supersolids
- Quantum Computing: Supersolids could help improve the performance of quantum computers, making them more stable.
- Superconductors: They might be used to create materials that allow zero-resistance electricity, improving energy transmission.
- Frictionless Lubricants: Supersolids could lead to frictionless lubricants, making machinery work more efficiently and last longer.
- Fundamental Physics: Studying supersolids helps us understand quantum physics and how particles behave under extreme conditions.
- Material Science: Supersolids could help create new materials for advanced technology, including computers, sensors, and energy storage.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: UNESCO World Heritage List.
Why in the News?
The Union Minister of Culture and Tourism has announced the addition of six sites to India’s tentative UNESCO World Heritage List.
About the Sites
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Details |
| Mudumal Megalithic Menhirs (Telangana)
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- Located in Mudumal region, Nalgonda district, Telangana.
- Dates back to 1000 BCE to 500 BCE, associated with Iron Age.
- Famous for menhirs, large upright stones used for burial or ceremonial purposes.
- Provides insight into ancient South Indian megalithic cultures.
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| Palace-Fortresses of the Bundelas (Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh)
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- Located in Bundelkhand, Madhya Pradesh, and Uttar Pradesh.
- Built by Bundela Rajputs from 16th to 18th centuries.
- Known for a mix of Rajput, Mughal, and Hindu architectural styles.
- Key sites include Orchha Fort, Datia Palace, and Chanderi Fort.
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| Kanger Valley National Park (Chhattisgarh) |
- Located in Bastar district, Chhattisgarh.
- Covers 200 km², known for dense forests, caves, and waterfalls.
- Home to species like tigers, leopards, sloth bears, and bison.
- Famous for Kanger Dhara waterfall and Bailadila Range of hills.
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| Ashokan Edict Sites (Multiple States) |
- Spread across India: Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal, and Karnataka.
- Created by Emperor Ashoka during 3rd century BCE.
- Focuses on moral conduct, non-violence, and promoting Buddhism.
- Key sites include Sanchi, Lumbini, Kalinga, and Kandahar.
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| Chausath Yogini Temples (Multiple States)
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- Found in Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, and Orissa.
- Built during the 8th to 12th centuries CE, associated with Tantric Hinduism.
- Temples dedicated to 64 Yoginis, with notable sites in Khajuraho and Bhilsa.
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| Gupta Temples in North India (Multiple States)
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- Located in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Haryana.
- Built during 4th to 6th centuries CE during the Gupta Empire.
- Characterized by Nagara-style architecture.
- Notable examples: Deogarh Temple, Dasavatara Temple, etc.
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PYQ:
[2024] Consider the following properties included in the World Heritage List released by UNESCO:
1. Shantiniketan
2. Rani-ki-Vav
3. Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysalas
4. Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodhgaya
How many of the above properties were included in 2023?
(a) Only one (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four |
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PYQ Relevance:
Q) “In a crucial domain like the public healthcare system, the Indian State should play a vital role to contain the adverse impact of marketisation of the system. Suggest some measures through which the State can enhance the reach of public healthcare at the grassroots level.” (2024)
Reason: This question requires an understanding of the challenges within the public healthcare system, including the availability and competence of public health professionals, which is linked to the quality and accessibility of public health education. |
Mentor’s Comment: UPSC Mains have focused on the ‘Public health system’ (in 2015) and ‘role of Indian state in public healthcare system’ (2024).
The U.S. decision to leave the World Health Organization (WHO) and cut funding for the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) has caused major disruptions in healthcare services in many developing countries. However, India has remained mostly unaffected because it relies very little on international aid, which makes up only 1% of its total health spending.
Today’s editorial discusses the impact of the U.S. decision to withdraw from the World Health Organization (WHO) and reduce funding for the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). This analysis is relevant for GS Paper 2, covering International Relations (IR) and Governance in the health sector.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
Recently, the U.S. decided to leave the World Health Organization (WHO) and cut funding for the United States Agency for International Development (USAID).
Why has the withdrawal of U.S. funding from WHO and USAID had a limited impact on India’s public health system?
- Low Dependence on Foreign Aid – International aid accounts for only 1% of India’s total health expenditure, making the system largely self-reliant. For example, India’s Ayushman Bharat scheme is fully funded by the government, reducing dependence on external grants.
- Strong Domestic Health Programs – India has large-scale, government-funded health programs like the National Health Mission (NHM) and the Universal Immunization Programme (UIP). For instance, India’s polio eradication drive was successful primarily due to government initiatives rather than foreign aid.
- Growing Private Healthcare Sector – The private sector plays a dominant role in healthcare delivery, reducing reliance on foreign-funded public health initiatives. For example, large hospital networks like Apollo Hospitals and Narayana Health operate independently of international funding.
- Diversified Funding Sources – India receives aid from multiple global organizations, including the Gavi Vaccine Alliance and the Global Fund, ensuring that a reduction in U.S. contributions does not severely impact the overall funding pool. For example, India’s HIV/AIDS control programs receive support from UNAIDS and the Global Fund, not just USAID.
- Increased Government Health Spending – The Union Budget allocations for health have consistently increased, helping sustain key health initiatives. For instance, India’s health budget in 2023-24 was ₹89,155 crore, allowing for the continued expansion of primary health infrastructure and insurance schemes without heavy reliance on foreign aid.
What are the key challenges faced by Master of Public Health (MPH) graduates in securing employment in India?
- Limited Government Job Opportunities – Despite the increasing number of MPH graduates, government recruitment has stagnated. For example, the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) initially opened roles for non-medical public health specialists, but hiring has since slowed.
- Preference for Medical and Management Professionals – The private healthcare sector prioritizes hospital administrators and business managers over public health specialists. For instance, private hospitals often recruit MBA (Healthcare) graduates for leadership roles rather than MPH holders.
- Declining International Funding for Public Health – Many research institutions and NGOs rely on foreign grants, which are shrinking due to the U.S. withdrawal from WHO and USAID cuts. For example, NGOs working on tuberculosis control have faced funding reductions, limiting hiring capacity.
- Lack of Practical Training and Standardization – Many MPH programs lack field experience, making graduates less competitive. For example, graduates from institutions with strong internships (like PHFI) are often preferred over those from colleges with purely theoretical training.
- Absence of a Public Health Cadre – Unlike developed nations where public health professionals have dedicated government roles, India lacks a structured Public Health Management Cadre. For example, states like Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra have proposed such a cadre, but implementation remains slow.
How has the expansion of public health education in India led to concerns about the quality of MPH training?
- Lack of Standardized Curriculum – Different universities follow varied curricula, leading to inconsistencies in training quality. For example, Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS) emphasizes social determinants of health and policy, while Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE) focuses more on epidemiology and biostatistics. This lack of uniformity affects the competencies of graduates.
- Insufficient Practical Training – Many MPH programs lack field-based learning, making graduates less prepared for real-world public health challenges. For instance, Public Health Foundation of India (PHFI) offers strong internship opportunities in collaboration with state governments, whereas some newer private universities, like Amity University, provide limited hands-on experience.
- Shortage of Qualified Faculty – Several institutions face a shortage of experienced public health faculty, affecting the depth of education. For example, Banaras Hindu University (BHU) has an established public health faculty, whereas some recently launched programs in private universities struggle to recruit trained professionals, leading to a reliance on general medical or social science faculty.
What are the steps taken by the Indian government?
- Expansion of Public Health Institutes – The government has established institutions to strengthen public health education. Example: The All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health (AIIHPH) and National Institute of Public Health Training & Research (NIPHTR) provide specialized training in public health.
- Inclusion of Public Health in Government Initiatives – Various health programs now incorporate public health professionals. Example: The National Health Mission (NHM) and Ayushman Bharat programs employ MPH graduates in areas like health policy, epidemiology, and disease surveillance.
- Strengthening Public Health Cadre – Several states are working on creating a structured public health cadre for MPH graduates. Example: Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra have proposed dedicated Public Health Management Cadres (PHMCs) to integrate MPH professionals into government health services.
- Skill Development and Capacity Building – Initiatives to enhance practical training and research skills. Example: The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) and National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) offer training in epidemiology, biostatistics, and field research.
- Accreditation and Regulation Efforts – Steps are being taken to ensure uniform standards in MPH education. Example: The University Grants Commission (UGC) has proposed guidelines for public health courses, and discussions are ongoing for a central regulatory body to oversee MPH programs.
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Way forward:
- Establishment of a Public Health Cadre – The government should create a dedicated Public Health Management Cadre (PHMC) at the state and central levels to ensure structured employment for MPH graduates. For example, states like Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra have proposed such cadres, but national-level implementation is required.
- Standardization of MPH Curriculum – A central body like the National Medical Commission (NMC) or the University Grants Commission (UGC) should regulate MPH programs, ensuring a uniform curriculum with a balance of theoretical knowledge and practical skills. For instance, defining core competencies such as epidemiology, health policy, and program management would enhance graduate employability.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Welfare schemes;
Why in the News?
In the upcoming financial year, the government has increased funding for two key schemes—Saksham Anganwadi and Poshan 2.0.
What are the key nutrition-related schemes that received higher allocations in Budget 2025?
- Saksham Anganwadi and POSHAN 2.0: Allocated ₹21,960 crore, up from ₹20,070.90 crore in the previous year, these initiatives aim to combat malnutrition and strengthen early childhood care.
- Mission Vatsalya (Child Protection Services): Received ₹1,500 crore, an increase from ₹1,391 crore last year, focusing on creating a safe environment for vulnerable children through institutional and family-based care.
- Mission Shakti (Women’s Empowerment): Allocated ₹3,150 crore, with components like Sambal and Samarthya receiving significant funding to support initiatives such as Beti Bachao Beti Padhao and the Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY).
- Mid-Day Meal Scheme (PM POSHAN): While specific figures were not detailed in the available sources, the scheme continues to provide nutritious meals to school children, aiming to improve health and learning outcomes.
- Food Subsidy Program: The government plans to increase the food subsidy bill by about 5% to nearly ₹2.15 trillion, primarily due to higher rice purchases and rising storage costs, ensuring food security for the underprivileged.
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Why is India’s nutrition challenge not just about food insecurity but also linked to cultural and social factors?
- Dietary Habits Shaped by Culture: Traditional food choices often lack diversity in essential nutrients, leading to malnutrition. According to the National Family Health Survey-5 (NFHS-5), only 11% of breastfed children (6-23 months) receive an adequate diet. Example: Many vegetarian diets in India lack protein, iron, and vitamin B12, increasing anaemia risks.
- Caste and Social Norms Impact Food Access: Historical caste-based discrimination limits access to nutrient-rich foods for marginalized communities. Example: Many lower-caste communities have restricted access to milk and pulses, key protein sources.
- Gender Disparities in Nutrition: Women often eat last and consume less nutritious food compared to men in the family.
- NFHS-5 reports that 57% of Indian women (15-49 years old) are anaemic, significantly higher than men.
- Urbanization and Processed Food Consumption: Rising income levels and urban lifestyles have increased fast food and processed food consumption, leading to diet-related diseases. Around 23% of women and 22.2% of men in India are overweight or obese, according to NFHS-5. Example: High consumption of sugar-laden, fiber-poor packaged foods contributes to rising cases of diabetes and hypertension.
- Limited Nutrition Focus Beyond Maternal and Child Health: National policies prioritize nutrition interventions for pregnant women and children but ignore other vulnerable groups.Elderly populations and working men receive little policy attention, despite being at risk of malnutrition and lifestyle diseases.
- Example: According to NFHS-5, only 27.5% of adults with diabetes were aware of their condition, 21.5% were on treatment, and just 7% had their diabetes under control.
How does the existing nutrition policy overlook certain segments of the population?
- Focus on Women and Children, Ignoring Other Vulnerable Groups: Most policies, like Poshan 2.0 and Saksham Anganwadi, prioritize maternal and child nutrition but neglect other groups. Example: Elderly populations, adolescent boys, and working men rarely receive targeted nutritional support.
- Lack of Attention to Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs): Policies focus on undernutrition but ignore rising lifestyle-related diseases like diabetes and hypertension. Example: 14% of adults in India require diabetes medication, yet nutrition plans rarely address high sugar and processed food consumption.
- Limited Inclusion of Urban Poor and Middle-Class Nutritional Needs: Urban food insecurity and poor dietary habits are often overlooked in favor of rural nutrition programs. Example: Many urban poor rely on cheap, processed foods with low nutritional value, increasing obesity and micronutrient deficiencies.
- One-Size-Fits-All Approach Ignores Local Dietary Diversity: National policies provide standardized nutrition interventions that may not align with regional food habits. Example: In some tribal areas, traditional nutrient-rich foods like millets are being replaced with government-distributed wheat and rice, reducing diet diversity.
- Inadequate Support for Special Groups (Elderly, Disabled, Recuperating Patients): People recovering from illnesses, trauma, or those with disabilities have special dietary needs that existing policies fail to address. Example: Health and Wellness Centres (HWCs) provide minimal nutrition support for elderly individuals with osteoporosis or post-surgical patients needing high-protein diets.
What steps has taken by the Indian government?
- Increased Allocation for Nutrition Schemes: Higher funding for Poshan 2.0 and Saksham Anganwadi to improve maternal and child nutrition. Example: Focus on aspirational districts and take-home rations for malnourished children.
- Fortification of Staple Foods: Distribution of fortified rice, wheat, and edible oil to tackle micronutrient deficiencies. Example: Fortified rice with iron, folic acid, and vitamin B12 in Mid-Day Meal (PM-POSHAN).
- Strengthening Public Distribution System (PDS): Free ration under Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana (PMGKAY) to ensure food security. Example: 5 kg of free grains per person per month for priority households.
- Promotion of Millets and Local Food: Encouraging millet consumption for better nutrition and climate resilience. Example: 2023 was the International Year of Millets, and millets are now included in PM-POSHAN.
- Awareness and Behavioral Change Campaigns: POSHAN Abhiyan promotes healthy dietary habits, anemia prevention, and hygiene. Example: Campaigns to promote breastfeeding and combat malnutrition at the grassroots level.
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Way forward:
- Expand Nutrition Coverage Beyond Maternal and Child Health: Develop inclusive policies targeting adolescents, elderly populations, and working adults. Example: Introduce nutrition programs for non-communicable diseases (NCDs) like diabetes and obesity.
- Promote Region-Specific and Sustainable Diets: Encourage traditional, locally available nutrient-rich foods over a one-size-fits-all approach. Example: Integrate millets and indigenous grains into government nutrition programs.
Mains PYQ:
Q “Poverty and malnutrition create a vicious cycle, adversely affecting human capital formation. What steps can be taken to break the cycle? (2024)
Reason: This question directly addresses the link between poverty and malnutrition and asks for solutions.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: India - New Zealand relations;
Why in the News?
After nearly 10 years, India and New Zealand have resumed talks on a free trade agreement (FTA) to strengthen economic relations.
What is the main objective of resuming India-New Zealand FTA negotiations?
- Enhancing Market Access & Trade Growth: The FTA aims to expand trade opportunities by reducing tariffs and trade barriers. Example: Bilateral trade surpassed USD 1 billion (April-January 2025), highlighting the potential for further growth.
- Strengthening Supply Chain Integration: The agreement seeks to improve logistics and supply chain efficiency between the two countries. Example: New Zealand’s dairy and agricultural products could find structured entry into India, while India’s IT and pharmaceutical sectors could benefit from easier access to the New Zealand market.
- Boosting Investment & Business Opportunities: The FTA will help attract investments and foster job creation in sectors like IT, services, and agriculture. Example: India seeks better mobility for skilled professionals, benefiting industries like software services and engineering.
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Why did the India-New Zealand trade talks stall in 2015?
- Disagreements Over Dairy Market Access: New Zealand demanded greater access to India’s dairy market, but India resisted to protect its millions of dairy farmers. Example: India’s dairy imports from New Zealand were minimal (~$0.57 million), and India remained firm against allowing raw dairy imports.
- Tariff Reduction Challenges: New Zealand had a low average tariff of 2.3%, while India had a higher average tariff of 17.8%, making tariff reductions challenging. Example: India was reluctant to lower tariffs on New Zealand’s dairy, meat, and wine exports, fearing a negative impact on domestic industries.
- Limited Gains for India in Goods Trade: Since New Zealand already had low tariffs and duty-free access for many goods, India saw fewer advantages in an FTA. Example: Indian exports such as textiles, apparel, and pharmaceuticals already had significant access to the New Zealand market.
- Concerns Over Skilled Labor Mobility: India wanted easier movement of skilled professionals in IT and services, but New Zealand was hesitant. Example: India sought better visa provisions for IT and engineering professionals, which faced resistance.
- External Trade Pressures: India faced pressure from other countries like the U.S. to open its dairy and agricultural sectors, complicating negotiations. Example: Allowing New Zealand’s dairy products could have set a precedent for other trade partners demanding similar concessions.
How does the tariff disparity between India and New Zealand pose a challenge to the negotiations?
- Significant Difference in Average Tariff Rates: New Zealand’s average import tariff is only 2.3%, with over half of its tariff lines duty-free, while India’s average tariff stands at 17.8%. Example: Indian goods already have substantial access to the New Zealand market, making a traditional FTA less beneficial for India.
- Limited Market Access Gains for India: Since New Zealand already imposes low or no tariffs on many products, India’s exporters may not gain significant new access. Example: Sectors like textiles, pharmaceuticals, and auto components already enter New Zealand with minimal restrictions, reducing the FTA’s potential benefits for India.
- Pressure on India to Lower Tariffs on Sensitive Sectors: New Zealand is pushing for tariff reductions on dairy, meat, and wine exports, but India is reluctant to protect domestic farmers and industries. Example: India’s dairy sector supports millions of small farmers, making it difficult to allow imports that could undercut local production.
- Imbalance in Reciprocal Concessions: If India significantly lowers its tariffs, New Zealand would gain more than India, creating an imbalance in trade benefits. Example: India would have to make greater tariff cuts, while New Zealand’s market access would remain largely unchanged.
- Potential Precedent for Other Trade Partners: If India agrees to major tariff cuts for New Zealand, other countries in future FTAs may demand similar concessions, complicating trade policy. Example: Countries like Australia, the EU, and the U.S. could push India to open up its agriculture and dairy sectors, which India has traditionally protected.
Way forward:
- Balanced Trade Concessions & Sectoral Safeguards: India and New Zealand should explore sector-specific agreements rather than blanket tariff reductions. Example: India can allow limited access to value-added dairy products while ensuring safeguards for domestic farmers. Similarly, New Zealand can offer better terms for India’s IT and services sector.
- Enhanced Collaboration in Non-Tariff Areas: Both nations should focus on investment facilitation, technology exchange, and regulatory cooperation to maximize mutual benefits beyond tariff cuts. Example: Joint ventures in agritech, renewable energy, and pharmaceuticals can create new trade opportunities without tariff-related conflicts.
Mains PYQ:
Q Critically analyse India’s evolving diplomatic, economic and strategic relations with the Central Asian Republics (CARs) highlighting their increasing significance in regional and global geopolitics. (2024)
Reason: It highlights the importance of analyzing India’s evolving economic relations with other regions, which is similar to the context of resuming talks with New Zealand.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: India's Solar Capacity
Why in the News?
A new study by IIT Delhi, published in Environmental Research Letters (November 2024), reveals that air pollution and climate change are undermining solar panel efficiency in India.
Key Findings of the IIT Delhi Study
- Efficiency Loss Forecast:
- Scenario 1 (Moderate climate efforts): Solar panel efficiency is projected to decline by more than 2.3% by 2041-2050.
- Scenario 2 (Weak climate action, strong air pollution control): Efficiency drops by 2.3%, amounting to at least 840 GWh loss annually.
- Primary Causes:
- Solar radiation decline is the biggest factor.
- Temperature increase follows closely, with a 2°C rise in cell temperature predicted by mid-century.
- Wind speed variations have minimal but present impact.
- Kerala and Northeast regions could see higher solar potential due to reduced cloud cover, offering opportunities for future solar investments.
India’s Solar Capacity
- India, is the 5th-largest solar power producer globally.
- India has achieved a significant milestone with a total installed solar capacity of 100.33 GW as of January 31, 2025.
- India’s solar capacity has increased 35 times in the past decade, growing from 2.82 GW in 2014 to 100 GW in 2025.
- PM SuryaGhar Muft Bijli Yojana has been a key driver in promoting rooftop solar, with nearly 9 lakh rooftop installations already completed.
- A record 24.5 GW of solar capacity was added in 2024, more than doubling the installations compared to 2023.
- In 2024, 18.5 GW of utility-scale solar capacity was installed, a nearly 2.8 x increase compared to the previous year.
- Rajasthan, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, and Madhya Pradesh are the top-performing states, contributing significantly to India’s solar installations.
- India’s solar module production capacity has surged from 2 GW in 2014 to 60 GW in 2024, establishing the country as a global leader in solar manufacturing.
PYQ:
[2020] India has immense potential for solar energy though there are regional variations in its developments. Elaborate.
[2018] With reference to solar power production in India, consider the following statements:
1. India is the third largest in the world in the manufacture of silicon wafers used in photovoltaic units.
2. The solar power tariffs are determined by the Solar Energy Corporation of India.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Scheduled Tribes (STs)
Why in the News?
At the recent Indian Anthropology Congress officials from the Anthropological Survey of India (AnSI) and National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST) called for a shift in defining tribes.
Instead of a rigid binary classification—tribe or not—they advocate for a “spectrum of tribalness”.
About Scheduled Tribes (STs)
- STs are defined under Article 366(25) of the Indian Constitution as “such tribes or tribal communities or parts of or groups within such tribes or tribal communities as are deemed under Article 342 to be Scheduled Tribes for the purposes of this Constitution.“
- Under Article 342, the President notifies STs for each State/UT after consultation with the Governor, and modifications can only be made by Parliament through legislation.
- Currently, 705 STs are notified across 30 States/UTs, comprising 8.6% of India’s population (2011 Census).
- They are mainly concentrated in Central India (Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, etc.) and the North-East.
Existing Criteria for ST Classification (Lokur Committee, 1965)
- The Lokur Committee (1965) laid down 5 key criteria for classifying STs:
- Primitive Traits
- Distinctive Culture
- Geographical Isolation
- Shyness of Contact with the Community at Large
- Backwardness
- Criticisms of Existing Criteria:
- Termed obsolete, condescending, and colonial by scholars.
- Many communities today do not fully meet all criteria.
- Fails to reflect regional diversity, historical coexistence, and social changes.
- Overly dependent on a binary view of ‘tribe’ vs. ‘non-tribe’, leading to inclusion-exclusion conflicts (e.g., Meitei ST demand in Manipur).
Proposal for a ‘Spectrum of Tribalness’
Recent academic and policy discussions (e.g., at the Indian Anthropology Congress) advocate for a paradigm shift:
- Replace binary classification with a “spectrum of tribalness” or matrix of indicators.
- Use a broader set of 100-150 indicators, including:
- Marriage, kinship systems, language, rituals, governance structures, cultural materiality (e.g., headgear, weaponry) etc.
- Assign weightage to each indicator to determine the degree of tribalness.
PYQ:
[2024] Consider the following statements:
1. It is the Governor of the State who recognizes and declares any community of that State as a Scheduled Tribe.
2. A community declared as a Scheduled Tribe in a State need not be so in another State.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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