Why In The News?
The Centre notified all four Labour Codes, introducing major reforms and replacing 29 outdated labour laws dating back to the 1930s.
1)Introduction to the Labour Codes Notification:
- Major Reform Announcement: The Centre notified all four Labour Codes, introducing wide-ranging changes in Indiaâs labour framework.
- Key Focus Areas: The reforms expand social security to gig workers, ensure gender pay parity, enhance womenâs workplace rights, and introduce fixed-term employment.
- Replacement of Old Laws: The Codes replace 29 fragmented labour laws dating back to the 1930sâ1950s.
2)Governmentâs Stance:
- Prime Ministerâs View: PM Modi described the reforms as one of the most comprehensive labour transformations since Independence.
- Worker Empowerment: The government highlights that the Codes aim to ensure universal social security, timely wage payments, and safer workplaces.
- Simplified Compliance: The reforms are expected to promote ease of doing business through simplified compliance mechanisms.
- Ministerâs Statement: Labour Minister Mansukh Mandaviya said the Codes will formalise employment and make the labour ecosystem globally aligned.
- State-Level Readiness: Most States have already issued draft rules; the Centre is supporting those still finalising rules.
3)Key Provisions:
- Womenâs Safety and Rights: Expanded rights, including permission for night shifts and enhanced workplace safety.
- Health and Social Security: Free annual health check-ups for workers above 40 and nationwide ESIC coverage, including hazardous units.
- Simplified Procedures: A single registration, licensing, and return system for employers.
- Wage and Safety Standards: Introduction of a national floor wage and creation of a National OSH Board for uniform safety standards.
- Fixed-Term Employment: Allows fixed-term workers to receive all benefits equivalent to permanent workers.
- New Work Categories: Gig workers, platform workers, and aggregators are legally defined for the first time.
- Universal Account Number: Aadhaar-linked UAN ensures portability and easy access to welfare benefits.
- Inclusion of Plantation Workers: Plantation workers brought under OSHWC and Social Security Codes.
4)Responses from Stakeholders:
Trade Union Concerns:
- Opposition to Codes: Several central trade unions reject the Labour Codes, labelling them anti-worker and pro-employer.
- Issues with Timing: CTUs argue implementing the Codes amid rising unemployment and inflation will worsen workersâ hardships.
- Protest Plans: Unions have announced nationwide protests on November 26 and cite earlier strikes against the Codes.
- Fear of Exploitation: Trade unions warn the reforms could revive a âmaster-servantâ relationship, reducing worker protections.
BMS Standpoint: The Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh supports implementation but seeks amendments to remove perceived anti-worker provisions in OSH and Industrial Relations Codes.
Industry View: CII praises the reforms as a transformative step towards a modern and simplified labour ecosystem.
| [UPSC 2021] With reference to casual workers employed in India, consider the following statements: 1.All casual workers are entitled to Employees Provident Fund coverage.
2.All casual workers are entitled to regular working hours and overtime payment.
3.The government can, by notification, specify that an establishment or industry shall pay wages only through its bank account. Which of the above statements are correct? Options: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only* (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, and 3 |
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Why In The News?
Farmers in Rajasthanâs Churu district held a âKisan Ekta Tractor Marchâ demanding pending crop insurance claims, fertiliser availability, transparency in the insurance portal, and inclusion of certain crops in PM Dhan Dhanya Yojana. The protest was postponed after government assurances during late-night negotiations.
About Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY):
- Launch & Purpose:
- Launched on 18 February 2016 by the Ministry of Agriculture to provide affordable crop insurance and financial protection against losses from natural calamities, pests, and diseases.
- Implemented through insurance companies and banks.
- Objectives:
- Provide financial assistance for crop loss due to unforeseen events.
- Stabilise farmer income and ensure continuity in farming.
- Promote modern agricultural practices.
- Encourage crop diversification, enhance creditworthiness, and improve agriculture sector competitiveness.
- Eligibility:
- All farmers including sharecroppers and tenant farmers growing notified crops in notified areas.
- Compulsory: Loanee farmers with Seasonal Agricultural Operations (SAO) loans.
- Voluntary: Non-loanee farmers.
- Must have insurable interest and valid land ownership/tenure documents.
- Must not receive duplicate compensation from other sources.
- Special focus on SC/ST/Women farmers with proportional budget allocation.
- Benefits:
- Affordable Premiums:
- Farmers pay 2% for Kharif, 1.5% for Rabi, and 5% for commercial/horticultural crops.
- Government provides premium subsidy; pays full premium in NE states, J&K, and Himachal Pradesh.
- Comprehensive Coverage:
- Covers natural disasters, pests, diseases, and post-harvest losses (hailstorm, landslide).
- Excludes losses due to war, nuclear risks, malicious damage, or preventable risks.
- Timely Compensation:
- Claims processed within two months of harvest.
- Technology-Driven Implementation:
- Uses satellite imaging, drones, and mobile apps for precise loss estimation.
- NCIP for digital processing; YES-TECH for remote-sensing yield estimation; CROPIC for geotagged crop verification.
[UPSC 2020] In India, which of the following can be considered as public investment in agriculture?
1. Fixing Minimum Support Price for agricultural produce of all crops
2. Computerization of Primary Agricultural Credit Societies
3. Social Capital development
4. Free electricity supply to farmers
5. Waiver of agricultural loans by the banking system
6. Setting up of cold storage facilities by the governments
Select the correct answer using the code given below: Options: (a) 1, 2 and 5 only (b) 1, 3, 4 and 5 only (c) 2, 3 and 6 only* (d) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 |
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Why In The News?
Police in Assamâs Sonitpur district are searching for five people declared non-citizens by a Foreignersâ Tribunal after they repeatedly failed to appear for hearings, prompting the tribunal to issue an ex-parte order.
1) About Foreigners Tribunal (FT):
- Legal Basis: Quasi-judicial bodies established under the Foreigners (Tribunals) Order, 1964, issued under Section 3 of the Foreigners Act, 1946.
- Purpose: Allows State authorities to refer cases of individuals suspected to be foreigners for determination.
- Composition: Headed by members drawn from judges, advocates, or civil servants with judicial experience.
- Powers: Possesses civil court powers-summoning individuals, examining on oath, and requiring document production.
2) Are Foreigners Tribunals Only for Assam?
- Nationwide Applicability: The 1964 Order applies across all of India, but FTs currently operate only in Assam.
- Other States: Suspected illegal immigrants are dealt with by local courts under the Foreigners Act, 1946.
- 2019 Amendment: Earlier only the Centre could set up FTs; after the amendment, states also have the power to establish them.
3) Foreigners Tribunal â Functioning:
- Notice Period: Tribunal must issue a notice to the suspected foreigner within 10 days of receiving a reference.
- Response Time: The individual gets 10 days to reply, and another 10 days to submit supporting evidence.
- Time for Disposal: Tribunal must dispose of cases within 60 days.
- Outcome: If unable to prove citizenship, the person may be sent to a detention centre (transit camp) for future deportation.
4) Immigration and Foreigners Order, 2025:
- Replaces: Supersedes the Foreigners (Tribunal) Order, 1964 under the new Immigration and Foreigners Act, 2025.
- New Powers:
- FTs can now issue arrest warrants and detain individuals unable to prove citizenship-previously done through executive orders.
- Warrants may be issued if a suspect fails to appear.
- Expanded Judicial Authority: FTs now possess powers of:
- A civil court under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908.
- A judicial magistrate (First Class) under Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023.
- Key Powers Include:
- Summoning and enforcing attendance.
- Examining persons on oath.
- Requiring discovery and production of documents.
- Issuing commissions for witness examination.
- Directing personal appearance.
- Issuing arrest warrants for non-appearance.
| Ex-Parte Order:
An ex parte decree is issued when a defendant fails to appear despite receiving summons, allowing the court to hear only the plaintiffâs case and pass a decision in the defendantâs absence. |
| [UPSC 2009] Consider the following statements :
1. Central Administrative Tribunal (CAT) was set up during the Prime Ministership of Lal Bahadur Shastri.
2. The Members for CAT are drawn from both judicial and administrative streams.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct ?
Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 only* (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Why in the News?
About 2.25 crore ineligible people were removed from the NFSA free ration list in the past 4â5 months to ensure benefits reach only rightful beneficiaries.
About Free Ration Scheme:
- Foodgrain Allocation: The scheme provides 5 kg of free foodgrains (wheat or rice) per person per month to poor households for basic sustenance.
- Criteria for Ineligibility: Ineligible individuals included those owning four-wheelers, earning above the income threshold, holding company directorships, or deceased persons.
- Verification Process: The Centre identified suspect entries and shared them with States for verification and deletion.
- Role of State Governments: States are responsible for identifying beneficiaries, issuing ration cards, and continuously updating lists.
- Current Coverage: The scheme currently covers around 80.56 crore people, with scope to add about 0.79 crore more beneficiaries.
- Ration Card & Distribution Network: India has over 19 crore ration card holders and around 5 lakh fair price shops.
- Beneficiary Categories:
- Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY): 35 kg per household per month
- Priority Households (PHH): 5 kg per person per month
About National Food Security Act, 2013 (NFSA):
- Enactment: NFSAÂ was signed into law on 12 September 2013, with effect from 5 July 2013.
- Coverage Goal: It aims to provide subsidized food grains to about two-thirds of Indiaâs population, covering 75% rural and 50% urban populations.
- Legal Entitlements: It converts food security schemes into legal entitlements for eligible households.
- Subsidized Prices: Mandated Targeted Public Distribution System prices:
- Rice â âš3/kg
- Wheat â âš2/kg
- Coarse grains â âš1/kg
- Household Head Provision: The eldest woman aged 18 or above in a household is designated as the head for issuing ration cards.
- Nutritional Support: Pregnant women, lactating mothers, and children (6 monthsâ14 years) receive free meals under ICDS and Mid-Day Meal schemes.
- Maternity Benefits: Pregnant and lactating women are entitled to a âš6,000 maternity benefit, paid in installments.
- Entitlements Under NFSA:
- Priority Households: 5 kg foodgrains per person per month
- AAY Households: 35 kg per month
- Universal coverage of ICDS and Mid-Day Meals
| [UPSC 2018] With reference to the provisions made under the National Food Security Act, 2013, consider the following statements:
1. The families coming under the category of âbelow poverty line (BPL)â only are eligible to receive subsidies food grains.
2. The eldest woman in a household, of age 18 years or above, shall be the head of the household for the purpose of issuance of a ration card.
3. Pregnant women and lactating mothers are entitled to a âtake-home rationâ of 1600 calories per day during pregnancy and for six months thereafter.
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 only* (c) 1 and 3 (d) 3 only |
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Why in the News?
The Union Agriculture Minister has confirmed that the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmersâ Rights Act, 2001 (PPV&FRA) will be amended, with the Centre incorporating inputs from farmers, scientists, civil society, and industry.
About the Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmersâ Rights Act (PPV&FRA), 2001:
- Overview: Indiaâs sui generis legislation protects the rights of plant breeders, farmers, and local communities while promoting innovation and conserving agrobiodiversity.
- TRIPS Compliance: Designed as an alternative to restrictive Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) models, recognising farmers both as cultivators and as breeders with equal legal standing.
- Key Features:
- Institutional Framework: Established the PPV&FR Authority, National Register of Plant Varieties, and the National Gene Bank for long-term conservation.
- Farmersâ Rights: Allows farmers to save, use, sow, resow, exchange, share, and sell seeds of protected varieties (except branded seeds) and register their own varieties.
- Breedersâ Rights: Grants exclusive commercialisation rights over registered varieties, subject to benefit-sharing and statutory limitations.
- DUS Testing: Registration based on Distinctness, Uniformity, Stability, with protection of 15 years for annuals and 18 years for trees and vines.
- Compulsory Licensing: Ensures public access where breeders fail to provide seeds at fair prices or adequate quantities.
- Community Benefits: Provides for benefit-sharing, recognition of traditional varieties, and safeguards against unfair claims on farmer-developed seeds.
- Scope of Varieties: Covers new, extant, farmersâ, and essentially derived varieties.
What are the Proposed Amendments?
- Redefinition of âVarietyâ: Broadened to include combinations of genotypes and vegetative propagules such as tubers, bulbs, rhizomes, roots, synthetic seeds, and tissue-culture plants, aligning with the Seeds Bill 2019.
- Expanded Definition of âSeedâ: Includes all planting materials and vegetatively propagated parts to harmonise Indiaâs seed laws.
- Clarifying âBreederâ and âInstitutionâ: Updated to formally recognise both public and private bodies as legitimate breeders.
- Strengthening DUS Testing: Adds trait-based descriptors, greater transparency, and safeguards against misuse seen in cases like njavara paddy.
- Defining âAbusive Actsâ: Introduces penalties for selling varieties with identical denominations or misusing breeder rights to gain monopolistic control.
- Community Seed Rights: Ensures that community-developed and traditional varieties cannot be appropriated by private entities.
- Protection Against Misappropriation: Prevents registration of varieties already tested or conserved by farmers without disclosure or consent.
- Farmer Compensation: Strengthens mechanisms for compensating farmers when registered varieties underperform compared to breeder claims.
- Global Alignment: Follows negotiations under the International Plant Treaty (MLS), especially on in situ conservation and equitable sharing of genetic resources.
| [UPSC 2014]Â In the context of food and nutritional security of India, enhancing the ‘Seed Replacement Rates’ of various crops helps in achieving the food production targets of the future. But what is/are the constraint/constraints in its wider/greater implementation?
1. There is no National Seeds Policy in place.
2. There is no participation of private sector seed companies in the supply of quality seeds of vegetables and planting materials of horticultural crops.
3. There is a demand-supply gap regarding quality seeds in case of low value and high volume crops.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
Options: (a)Â 1 and 2 only (b)Â 3 only* (c)Â 2 and 3 only (d)Â None of the above |
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Why in the News?
The Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare has released the Draft Seeds Bill, 2025 for public consultation before its introduction in Parliament.
Precursor to the Draft Seeds Bill, 2025:
- Seeds Act, 1966: Regulated seed production, certification, sale, and import/export through central and state seed committees and certification agencies.
- Seeds (Control) Order, 1983: Added licensing requirements for dealers and expanded oversight of notified seeds.
- Why Reform? Old laws could not address modern hybrids, biotechnology, private R&D, global seed trade, or digital traceability – creating the need for an updated, technology-ready statute.
|
About the Draft Seeds Bill, 2025:
- Objective: Ensure farmers get affordable, high-quality seeds while improving transparency and ease of doing business in the seed value chain.
- Purpose: Replaces the Seeds Act, 1966 and Seeds (Control) Order, 1983 to regulate seed quality, curb spurious seeds, strengthen traceability, and modernise Indiaâs seed sector.
- Scope: Covers seed production, registration, import, sale, quality control, penalties, farmer rights, and digital monitoring.
Key Provisions of the Draft Bill:
- Farmer Rights: Farmers may grow, sow, save, use, exchange, share, or sell seeds of any registered variety from their own holdings, except when sold under a brand name.
- Mandatory Registration of Varieties: All seed varieties meant for commercial sale must be registered (export-only and farmersâ own-use varieties exempt).
- Registration of Seed Businesses: Producers (non-farmers), processing units, dealers, distributors, and nurseries must register with the designated authority.
- Digital Traceability: Introduces a Central Seed Traceability Portal; seed packets must carry QR codes to monitor provenance and quality.
- Graded Penalties: Trivial-to-major offences defined. Minor offences may get warnings; moderate offences attract fines up to âš2 lakh; major offences (spurious/unregistered seeds) attract fines up to âš30 lakh and/or imprisonment up to 3 years.
- Seed Testing & Enforcement: Central and state seed labs can be established/recognised. Inspectors may sample, seize, inspect premises, and verify records.
- Import Regulation: Imported seeds must meet germination and purity standards; trial and research imports require permits.
- Ease of Doing Business: Minor offences decriminalised; compliance simplified while retaining strict penalties for serious violations.
Key Differences: Seeds Act 1966 vs Draft Seeds Bill 2025
|
Seeds Act, 1966 / Seeds (Control) Order, 1983 |
Draft Seeds Bill, 2025 |
| Farmer Rights |
Implicit, not clearly articulated |
Explicit protection to save, use, exchange, share, sell non-branded seeds |
| Variety Registration |
Only notified varieties regulated |
Mandatory registration for all commercial varieties |
| Business Registration |
Focus on producers/dealers |
Mandatory for producers, processors, dealers, distributors, nurseries |
| Traceability |
No digital tracking provisions |
QR-based seed traceability via Central Seed Portal |
| Penalties |
Limited, less structured |
Graded penalties; major offences up to âš30 lakh + imprisonment |
| Imports |
Narrow regulation; limited trial mechanisms |
Structured system for import, research, and trial evaluations |
| Ease of Doing Business |
More regulatory rigidity |
Decriminalisation of minor offences and reduced compliance burden |
| Technological Fit |
Pre-hybrid, pre-biotech era framework |
Aligned with modern hybrids, biotech seeds, global seed trade |
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Why in the News?
RTI activists across India marked 20 years since the Right to Information Act, 2005, came into effect.
About the Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005:
- Overview: Passed by Parliament in 2005, replacing the Freedom of Information Act, 2002.
- Objective: Empower citizens to access information freely from public authorities to promote openness and good governance.
- Scope: Applicable to Central, State, and Local Governments, public sector undertakings, and statutory bodies.
- Key Provision: Under Section 22, the RTI Act overrides all other laws that may restrict access to information.
- Constitutional Basis:
- It is derived from Article 19(1)(a), the Right to Freedom of Speech and Expression.
- The Supreme Court has recognized access to information as implicit in freedom of expression.
- Backed by Article 32 and Article 226, citizens can seek redress for violations through the Supreme Court and High Courts.
- RTI upholds constitutional principles of equality (Article 14) and personal liberty (Article 21) by ensuring informed citizen participation.
- Timeframe for Response:
- 30 days in general cases.
- 48 hours when life or liberty is involved.
- Exemptions from Disclosure:
- Section 8(1): Exempts disclosure of information that could compromise sovereignty, national security, strategic or economic interests, or affect foreign relations.
- Section 8(2): Allows disclosure if public interest outweighs potential harm to protected interests.
- Proactive Disclosure: Every public authority must digitize records and proactively publish information to minimize formal RTI requests.
- RTI (Amendment) Act, 2019:
-
- The amendment removed fixed tenure (5 years) and salary parity with Election Commissioners.
- It vested powers in the Central Government to determine terms of service, tenure, and allowances for CIC and ICs.
- This was viewed as reducing the institutional autonomy of the RTI framework, raising concerns among transparency advocates.
Institutional Framework:
-
Central Information Commission (CIC)
- Composition: Chief Information Commissioner (CIC) + up to 10 Information Commissioners (ICs).
- Appointment: By the President on recommendation of a committee comprising the Prime Minister (Chairperson), Leader of Opposition (Lok Sabha), and a Union Cabinet Minister.
- Tenure: As prescribed by the Central Government or until 65 years of age, whichever is earlier.
- Functions:
- Inquire into complaints and appeals under RTI.
- Exercise civil court powers for summoning witnesses or documents.
- Conduct suo motu inquiries in cases of systemic non-compliance.
-
State Information Commissions (SICs)
- Composition: State Chief Information Commissioner + up to 10 Information Commissioners.
- Appointment: By the Governor, based on recommendations from a committee chaired by the Chief Minister, along with the Leader of Opposition and a Cabinet Minister.
- Qualifications: Persons of eminence in public life, not affiliated with political parties or profit-making roles.
- Functions: Parallel to CIC at the state level, ensuring local compliance with RTI obligations.
| [UPSC 2019] There is a view that the Officials Secrets Act is an obstacle to the implementation of RTI Act. Do you agree with the view? Discuss.
[UPSC 2018] The Right to Information Act is not all about citizensâ empowerment alone, it essentially redefines the concept of accountability.â Discuss. |
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Why in the News?
The Union Home Minister is set to introduce three bills in the Lok Sabha to provide legal framework for removal of the Prime Minister, Union Ministers, Chief Ministers and Ministers in States and UTs who are âarrested and detained in custody on account of serious criminal charges.â
Which are the three Bills?
- 130th Constitutional Amendment Bill, 2025 (discussed below)
- Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation (Amendment) Bill, 2025 â Provides clarity on removal of CM and Ministers in J&K.
- Government of Union Territories (Amendment) Bill, 2025 â Defines similar provisions for Puducherry and other UTs.
About the 130th Constitutional Amendment Bill, 2025:
- Scope: Applies to Prime Minister, Chief Ministers, and Ministers at Union, State, and Union Territory levels.
- Grounds for Removal: Arrest and detention for 30 consecutive days for an offense punishable by five years or more.
- Reappointment: Possible after release from custody.
- Objective: Prevent prolonged tenure of arrested leaders in office (e.g., recent case involving Delhi CM Arvind Kejriwal).
Amendments proposed to the following Articles:
|
Current Provision |
Limitation |
Changes Proposed |
| Article 75 (Union â PM & Union Ministers) |
PM appointed by President; Ministers appointed on PMâs advice. They hold office during the pleasure of the President. Removal is political (loss of confidence, resignation, dismissal). |
No explicit mechanism to remove PM/Ministers if detained/arrested for long periods. |
New provision: If PM or any Union Minister is detained in custody for 30 consecutive days for a serious offense (âĽ5 years punishment), they must resign by 31st day or automatically cease to hold office. They may be reappointed after release. |
| Article 164 (States â CM & State Ministers) |
CM appointed by Governor; Ministers appointed on CMâs advice. They hold office during the pleasure of the Governor. Council of Ministers collectively responsible to State Assembly. |
No clear rule for automatic removal if CM/Ministers remain in custody. |
Similar to Union level: If CM or Minister is detained in custody for 30 consecutive days under serious charges (âĽ5 years punishment), they automatically lose office. Reappointment allowed after release. |
| Article 239AA (Union Territory of Delhi â CM & Ministers) |
Special status for Delhi (NCT). CM and Council of Ministers aid & advise LG. They hold office as per political responsibility to the Assembly. |
No explicit provision for automatic removal on detention. |
A new Section 5A to be inserted: CM/Ministers of NCT of Delhi cease office if detained for 30 days under serious charges (âĽ5 years). Reappointment possible after release. |
Rationale and Significance:
- At present, the Constitution has no provision for automatic removal of ministers in custody.
- Bill ensures that office bearers uphold public trust and do not undermine governance during detention.
- The statement of objects emphasized that elected representatives must rise above political interests and maintain conduct beyond suspicion.
- Promotes integrity of democracy by aligning ministerial positions with constitutional morality and accountability.
| [UPSC 2020] Consider the following statements:
1. According to the Constitution of India, a person who is eligible to vote can be made a minister in a State for six months even if he/she is not a member of the Legislature of that State.
2. According to the Representation of People Act, 1951, a person convicted of a criminal offence and sentenced to imprisonment for five years is permanently disqualified from contesting an election even after his release from prison.
Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2* |
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Why in the News?
The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (Amendment) Bill, 2025 was introduced in the Lok Sabha by Finance Minister to streamline insolvency, cut tribunal delays, and add new tools like creditor-led resolution and cross-border insolvency.
About the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC), 2016:
- IBC is Indiaâs bankruptcy law, covering corporate persons, partnership firms, and individuals.
- Insolvency: Liabilities exceed assets; entity cannot meet obligations.
- Bankruptcy: Legal declaration of inability to pay debts.
- Objective: Time-bound, creditor-driven resolution to improve recovery and business confidence.
- Regulating Authority: Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India (IBBI), a statutory body with members from Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Corporate Affairs, and Reserve Bank of India.
- Adjudicating Authority:
- National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) for companies/LLPs.
- Debt Recovery Tribunal (DRT) for individuals and partnership firms.
Key Amendments Proposed in IBC (2025):
- Creditor-Initiated Insolvency Resolution Process (CIIRP): Out-of-court creditor resolutions with NCLT approval; faster timelines and promoter involvement.
- Group Insolvency: Joint proceedings for related companies to preserve asset value and cut costs (e.g., Videocon Group case).
- Cross-Border Insolvency: Framework to handle overseas assets and debts, allowing Indian lenders access to foreign assets.
- Pre-Packaged Insolvency (PPIRP): Faster, affordable restructuring route for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) while operations continue.
- Other Reforms: Segregated asset sales, more NCLT benches (now 16), extended claim timelines, sector-specific provisions, and debtor audits.
Achievements of IBC:
- Debt Resolution: Resolved âš3.16 lakh crore in 808 cases since 2016 (CRISIL data).
- Recovery Rate: Average recovery of 32% of admitted claims, 169% of liquidation value.
- Comparison: Outperformed earlier mechanisms (DRT, SARFAESI Act, Lok Adalat) which achieved only 5â20% recovery.
- Deterrence: Borrowers pre-settled âš9 lakh crore debt to avoid IBC proceedings.
- Large NPAs: Addressed RBIâs âDirty Dozenâ cases like Bhushan Steel, Essar Steel, Jaypee Infratech.
|
| [UPSC 2017] Which of the following statements best describes the term âScheme for Sustainable Structuring of Stressed Assets (S4A)â, recently seen in the news?
Options: (a) It is a procedure for considering ecological costs of developmental schemes formulated by the Government.
(b) It is a scheme of RBI for reworking the financial structure of big corporate entities facing genuine difficulties.
(c) It is a disinvestment plan of the Government regarding Central Public Sector Undertakings.
(d) It is an important provision in âThe Insolvency and Bankruptcy Codeâ recently implemented by the Government. * |
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Why in the News?
Parliament has passed the Carriage of Goods by Sea Bill, 2025, replacing the nearly century-old Indian Carriage of Goods by Sea Act, 1925.
About Carriage of Goods by Sea Bill, 2025:
- Replaces: The colonial-era Indian Carriage of Goods by Sea Act, 1925.
- Purpose: Regulates the rights, duties, liabilities, and immunities of parties involved in shipping goods by sea from Indian ports to domestic or international destinations.
- International Alignment: Retains consistency with the Hague Rules (1924), which also formed the basis of the 1925 Act.
- Objective: Modernises maritime law in line with global standards and boosts Indiaâs ease of doing business in the maritime sector.
Key Features:
- Bills of Lading Defined: It outlines the details of the shipment, including the type and quantity of goods, the origin and destination, and the terms of the agreement between the shipper and the carrier.
-
- Includes details on goods’ type, quantity, condition, and destination.
- Serves as a legally binding contract between the shipper and carrier.
- Central Government Powers:
- May issue directions for implementation.
- Can amend the Schedule of Rules related to bills of lading.
- Part of Broader Maritime Reforms:
- Supports port development and coastal trade.
- Encourages creation of State Maritime Boards and a Maritime State Development Council.
- Covers port safety, disaster response, pollution control, and dispute resolution.
- Global Compliance: Aligns Indiaâs shipping laws with evolving international conventions and practices.
| [UPSC 2016] The term ‘import cover’, sometimes seen in the news, refers to
(a) It is the ratio of value of imports to the Gross Domestic Product of a country
(b) It is the total value of imports of a country in a year
(c) It is the ratio between the value of exports and that of imports between two countries
(d) It is the number of months of imports that could be paid for by a country’s international reserves* |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Maharashtra Prisons and Correctional Services Act, 2024
Why in the News?
The Maharashtra Legislative Assembly passed the Maharashtra Prisons and Correctional Services Act, 2024, aiming to modernize and reform the Stateâs prison system. It is based on the Model Prisons Bill, 2023, issued by the Government of India (GoI).
Maharashtra Prisons and Correctional Services Act, 2024: Key Highlights :
- Repeal of Outdated Acts:
- The Prisons Act, 1894, the Prisoners Act, 1900, and the Transfer of Prisoners Act, 1950 stand repealed.
- The new legislation consolidates laws related to regulation of prisons, correctional services, and prisoners in Maharashtra.
- Establishment of High-Security Prison in Mumbai:
- Plans are underway to construct a high-security, multi-storey prison with advanced surveillance measures, akin to international standards like Alcatraz in San Francisco.
- Features include fortified walls, electronic tracking, power fencing, watchtowers, and 24×7 CCTV coverage.
- Land parcels for the new Mumbai jail have already been identified.
- Special Categories of Prisons:
- Special Prisons for high-risk inmates.
- Open and Semi-Open Prisons to facilitate rehabilitation.
- Open Colonies designed for reintegration of inmates with society.
- Temporary Prisons for certain categories of offenders.
- Gender-Sensitive Facilities:
- Separate cells and wards for women inmates with provisions for pre- and post-natal care.
- Special child-care areas (Balwadis) for children staying with mothers in prison.
- Dedicated enclosures and healthcare for transgender inmates.
- Rehabilitation, Skill Development, and Welfare:
- Mandatory libraries, sports facilities, yoga, and recreation for inmates.
- Work-based compensation and opportunities to sell inmate-produced goods at on-site outlets.
- Borstal institutions for young offenders, focusing on education and skill-building.
- Early Release and Monitoring:
- A system of parole and furlough for good behavior, with electronic tracking.
- A special committee under district collectors to support bail bond funding for indigent undertrial prisoners (noting that 1,600 accused are still in jail due to lack of funds).
- Detention Centre in Mumbai:
- The State plans to establish a detention centre in Mumbai. The Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) has been tasked to identify land for the project.
About Model Prison Act, 2023Â
- It replaces the colonial-era Prisons Act, 1894, aiming to modernise prison laws and align them with contemporary standards.
- It shifts emphasis from mere detention to reform and reintegration of inmates.
- It serves as a model document for states, since âPrisonsâ is a State List subject in India.
- It merges relevant provisions of older legislations (e.g., Prisoners Act, 1900 and Transfer of Prisoners Act, 1950).
- It strives to bring Indiaâs prison system in line with international best practices and human rights norms.
- Key features include:
- Specialised Jails: Provides for high-security, open, and semi-open prisons to manage different categories of inmates.
- Rehabilitation Measures: Emphasises vocational training, skill development, counselling, and educational programs to facilitate inmatesâ reintegration.
- Legal Aid & Incentives: Outlines provisions for legal assistance, along with parole, furlough, and premature release for good conduct.
- Use of Technology: Encourages CCTV, video conferencing, and e-monitoring systems to enhance transparency and security within prisons.
- Inclusive Accommodation: Mandates separate facilities for women, transgender persons, and other special categories, ensuring safety and dignity.
|
Present Prison System: Key Findings of the Supreme Courtâs Centre for Research and Planning Report
- The occupancy rate stood at 131.4% as of December 2022, with 75.8% of inmates being undertrials.
- This highlights a pressing need for measures to reduce congestion and expedite trials.
Initiatives taken:
- Modernization of Prisons Project (2021â26): The government provides financial assistance to States and Union Territories to implement advanced security measures in prisons.
- Aims to support reformation and rehabilitation efforts for inmates through various correctional programs.
- Model Prison Manual (2016): Offers detailed guidelines on the legal rights of inmates, including access to free legal services.
- Modernization of Prisons Scheme (2002â03): Introduced to improve living conditions in prisons, address the welfare of inmates, and enhance the working environment for prison staff.
|
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: DV Act 2005 and its key provisions
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- A recent question before the Supreme Court compelled it to deliberate on whether damages for domestic violence should be determined based on the injuries sustained by the victim or the perpetrator’s ability to pay.
- The petitioner contested orders from the Bombay High Court and a trial court directing him to pay Rs 3 crore to his wife under Section 22 of the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005.
Domestic Violence Law: An Overview
- The DV Act, 2005 aims to safeguard women’s rights by addressing violence within the family.
- Key Features of the DV Act:
|
Details |
| Background |
Introduced in 2005 to address limitations in civil and criminal courts regarding domestic violence (under Section 498A of the Indian Penal Code). |
| Definitions of Violence |
- Includes physical, sexual, emotional, verbal, psychological, and economic abuse (Section 3).
- Even a single act of harm or injury qualifies as domestic violence.
|
| Beneficiaries |
- Any woman in a domestic relationship (Section 2).
- Children can also file complaints, and any person can file on their behalf (Section 2).
|
| Respondents |
- Adult male members in domestic relationships (Section 2).
- Relatives of the husband or male partner can also be respondents (Section 2).
|
| Rights to Residence |
Women cannot be denied access to resources during legal proceedings (Section 17). |
| Other Rights |
- Access to police, shelter, medical aid, and legal assistance.
- Can obtain various court orders, including protection, residence, and compensation orders (Section 18).
|
| Remedial Measures |
- Victims entitled to medical facilities, counseling, and shelter (Section 12).
- Both parties may receive counseling as directed by the court (Section 14).
- Respondents required to provide compensation for losses incurred by the victim (Section 20).
- Courts to order respondents to pay damages for injuries, including mental and emotional trauma, resulting from domestic violence (Section 22).
|
| Protection Officers |
Appointment of officers in each district, preferably women, with necessary qualifications (Section 8). |
| Fixed Timeline |
All complaints must be heard and disposed of within 60 days (Section 12). |
PYQ:
[2022] Explore and evaluate the impact of âWork From Homeâ on family relationships. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Trademarks, Patents
Mains level: Patent Amendments Rules
In the news-
- The Patent (Amendment) Rules, 2024 were recently published in the Gazette of India, making crucial changes in the Indian patent regime.
Context:
2023 emerged as a landmark year for intellectual property rights (IPR) in India, reflecting the nation’s commitment to innovation and creativity.
- 1 Lakh Patents filed: The Indian Patent Office has achieved a significant milestone this year by granting over 1 lakh patents in a year for the first time.
- Sector-wise Breakdown: The highest number of patents, 47,993, were granted in the electrical and related field of invention, followed by mechanical (37,714), chemical sciences (12,028) and Biotech (3,576) categories.
|
Key Amendments Introduced:
- Revised Timeline for Request for Examination: The period for submitting a Request for Examination (RFE) in a patent application has been shortened from 48 months to 31 months from the earliest priority date.
- Streamlined Applications: Patent applicants now need to furnish details of corresponding applications solely twice using Form 3.
- Introduction of ‘Certificate of Inventorship’: This new provision acknowledges the contributions of inventors to patented innovations.
- Reduction in Advance Renewal Fees: A discount of 10% on renewal fees is offered if paid electronically in advance for a minimum of four years.
- Decreased Frequency of Patent Working Statements: The requirement to file statements of working patents has been reduced from annually to once every three financial years.
- Enhanced Authority of Controller: The Controller is now empowered to extend specified periods and excuse delays for up to six months.
- Amendments to Opposition Procedures: Adjustments have been made to the time frames for submitting recommendations by an Opposition Board and the response period for applicants in both pre-grant and post-grant opposition procedures.
What are Patents?
- A patent is a legal right granted by a government to an inventor or assignee, giving them exclusive rights to an invention for a limited period.
- It provides the inventor with the right to exclude others from making, using, selling, or importing the patented invention without their permission.
- In essence, a patent acts as a form of intellectual property protection for inventions, allowing inventors to control and commercialize their creations.
- Patents are territorial rights. In general, the exclusive rights are only applicable in the country or region in which a patent has been filed and granted.
Indian Patent Regime: A Backgrounder
- Indian patents are governed by the Indian Patent Act of 1970.
- India has gradually aligned itself with international regimes pertaining to intellectual property rights.
- In 1995, India became a party to the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement following its membership to the World Trade Organisation on January 1, 1995.
- An interesting point is that the original Indian Patents Act did NOT grant patent protection to pharmaceutical products to ensure that medicines were available at a low price.
- Patent protection of pharmaceuticals were re-introduced after the 2005 amendment to comply with TRIPS.
Filing a Patent: Key Terms
- Patentable Subject Matter: Under the Indian Patents Act, inventions related to products, processes, methods, and applications in all fields of technology are patentable, provided they are novel, involve an inventive step, and are capable of industrial application.
- Patent Office: The Indian Patent Office, under the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), administers the patent system in India. It operates through four branches located in Kolkata, Mumbai, Delhi, and Chennai, with the Controller General of Patents, Designs & Trade Marks overseeing patent-related matters.
- 20-Year Validity: Patent protection is granted for a limited period, generally 20 years from the filing date of the application.
Various Agreements
India is also a signatory to several IPR-related conventions, including-
- Berne Convention (1886) The Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, established in 1886, is an international treaty governing copyright.
- Budapest Treaty (1977): It aims to facilitate the international recognition of patents relating to microorganisms by providing a centralized deposit system for the storage and distribution of biological materials.
- Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property (1883): It aims to harmonize and standardize the protection of industrial property, including patents, trademarks, industrial designs, and trade secrets, among its member countries.
- Patent Cooperation Treaty (1970): It is an international treaty administered by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) to simplify the process of filing patent applications in multiple countries by providing a unified procedure for filing an international patent application.
Back2Basics:
|
Patents |
Copyright |
Trade Secrets |
| Legal Basis |
Patents Act, 1970 |
Copyright Act, 1957 |
Common law, contracts |
| Duration of Protection |
20 years |
Author’s lifetime + 60 years |
Indefinite |
| Nature of Protection |
Inventions, processes, methods |
Literary, artistic, musical works |
Confidential information |
| Criteria for Protection |
Novelty, Inventiveness |
Originality, Fixation |
Confidentiality |
| Registration Requirement |
Required |
Optional (automatic) |
None (advisable) |
| Scope of Protection |
Technical aspects |
Expression of ideas |
Unauthorized use or disclosure |
| Enforcement Mechanism |
Civil litigation |
Civil and criminal actions |
Civil litigation |
| International Protection |
Patent protection can be sought internationally through the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) and other international agreements |
Copyright protection is recognized internationally through the Berne Convention and other treaties |
Protection of trade secrets can vary internationally and may depend on the laws and regulations of individual countries |
| Examples |
Inventions, software |
Books, music, software |
Formulas, processes |
PYQ:
2013: Bringing out the circumstances in 2005 which forced an amendment to section 3(d) in Indian Patent Law, 1970, discuss how it has been utilized by the Supreme Court in its judgement in rejecting Novartisâ patent application for âGlivecâ. Discuss briefly the pros and cons of the decision. (200 words)
2014: In a globalized world, Intellectual Property Rights assume significance and are a source of litigation. Broadly distinguish between the termsâCopyrights, Patents and Trade Secrets.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Various policies mentioned in the newscard
Mains level: E-V Promotion: Policy Initiatives
Why in the news-
- The Union Government has approved a scheme aimed at promoting India as a manufacturing destination for e-vehicles (EVs) with the latest technology.
- The policy aims to attract investments from reputed global EV manufacturers to bolster the EV ecosystem in the country.
About E- Vehicle Manufacturing Policy
- Access to Latest Technology: Indian consumers will gain access to the latest technology in EVs, aligning with the Make in India initiative.
- Strengthening the EV Ecosystem: The policy aims to strengthen the EV ecosystem by fostering healthy competition among EV players, leading to high-volume production and economies of scale.
- Reducing Import Dependency: By promoting domestic production, the policy aims to reduce imports of crude oil, lower the trade deficit, and curb air pollution, particularly in cities.
- Key provisions of the Policy include:
- Minimum Investment Requirement: A minimum investment of Rs 4150 crore (âźUSD 500 million) is required to qualify for the scheme.
- Timeline for Manufacturing: Manufacturers must set up manufacturing facilities in India within 3 years, start commercial production of e-vehicles, and achieve 50% domestic value addition (DVA) within 5 years.
- Domestic Value Addition (DVA): Localization levels of 25% by the 3rd year and 50% by the 5th year must be achieved during manufacturing.
- Customs Duty Incentives: A customs duty of 15% applies to vehicles with a minimum CIF value of USD 35,000 and above, subject to certain conditions.
Additional Provisions and Requirements
- Limit on Duty Forgone: The duty foregone on imported EVs is limited to the investment made or âš6484 crore, whichever is lower.
- Annual Import Limits: A maximum of 40,000 EVs can be imported annually, subject to investment thresholds.
- Bank Guarantee Requirement: Investment commitments must be backed by a bank guarantee, which will be invoked in case of non-achievement of DVA and minimum investment criteria.
- Bank Guarantee Invocation: The bank guarantee will be invoked if companies fail to meet the DVA and minimum investment criteria outlined in the scheme guidelines.Â
Various Policy Moves for Promoting E-Vehicles
- FAME scheme II (2019): Offers incentives such as subsidies, tax rebates, and preferential financing for EV manufacturers and buyers.
- National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (2013): Aims to achieve annual sales targets of 6-7 million hybrid and electric vehicles by 2020 through fiscal incentives.
- Amendments to the Model Building Bye-laws (2016): It requires 20% of parking spaces in residential and commercial buildings to be allocated for EV charging facilities.
- National Mission on Transformative Mobility and Battery Storage (2019): Aims to create an ecosystem for EV adoption and support the establishment of large-scale battery manufacturing plants.
- Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme (2021): It incentivises EV and component manufacturing.
- Vehicle Scrappage Policy (2021): It incentivizes the scrapping of old vehicles and the purchase of new EVs.
- Ministry of Power’s guidelines: It mandates charging stations every 3 km along grids and every 25 km on highways.
|
Try this PYQ from CSE Mains 2019:
Q. How is efficient and affordable urban mass transport key to the rapid economic development in India?
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Wildlife (Protection) Act, of 1972
Mains level: Man-Animal Conflit and its mitigation
Introduction
- The Kerala Legislative Assembly unanimously passed a resolution urging amendments to the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 aiming to tackle the escalating human-animal conflict in the state.
What is Wildlife (Protection) Act, of 1972?
- WPA provides for the protection of the countryâs wild animals, birds and plant species, in order to ensure environmental and ecological security.
- It provides for the protection of a listed species of animals, birds and plants, and also for the establishment of a network of ecologically-important protected areas in the country.
- It provides for various types of protected areas such as Wildlife Sanctuaries, National Parks etc.
There are six schedules provided in the WPA for the protection of wildlife species which can be concisely summarized as under:
| Schedule I |
- Species need rigorous protection
- Harshest penalties for violation of the law are for species under this Schedule.
|
| Schedule II |
- Animals under this list are accorded high protection.
- Cannot be hunted except under threat to human life.
|
| Schedule III & IV |
- Species that are not endangered.
- Includes protected species but the penalty for any violation is less compared to the first two schedules.
|
| Schedule V |
Contains animals which can be hunted. |
| Schedule VI |
Plants that are forbidden from cultivation. |
Kerala’s Demands for Amendment
- Section 11 Amendment: Kerala proposes amending Section 11(1)(A) to empower Chief Conservators of Forests (CCF) instead of Chief Wildlife Wardens (CWLW) to permit hunting of Schedule I mammals. This seeks to expedite decision-making at the local level in handling human-wildlife conflicts.
- Declaration of Wild Boar as Vermin: Kerala urges the Centre to declare wild boars as vermin under Section 62, allowing controlled culling to mitigate threats to life and livelihoods.
Major Reason: Escalating Human-Animal Conflict
- Rising Incidents: Kerala has witnessed a surge in human-animal conflicts, particularly involving elephants and wild boars, causing extensive damage to lives and crops.
- Government Data: In 2022-23, there were 8,873 wild animal attacks, including 4,193 by elephants and 1,524 by wild boars. These incidents resulted in 98 deaths and significant crop loss.
- Wild Boar Menace: Wild boars, in particular, are notorious for ravaging farmlands, with 20,957 incidents of crop damage recorded from 2017 to 2023.
Challenges and Implications
- Urgent Action Needed: Kerala’s plea for amendments highlights the pressing need for effective measures to address the human-animal conflict.
- Local Empowerment: Empowering local forest authorities can lead to quicker responses to wildlife threats, ensuring both human safety and wildlife conservation.
- Balancing Conservation and Livelihoods: Striking a balance between conservation and livelihood concerns is crucial for sustainable coexistence between humans and wildlife.
Conclusion
- Kerala’s proactive stance in advocating for amendments to the Wildlife Protection Act underscores its commitment to confronting the challenges posed by the human-animal conflict.
- These proposed changes aim to protect both citizens and biodiversity, reflecting a holistic approach towards environmental and socio-economic well-being.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016
Mains level: Accessibility for Divyangjan
Introduction
- Enhancing accessibility in cinema halls for individuals with hearing and visual impairments is a crucial step towards promoting inclusivity and ensuring equal participation in cultural activities.
- The Ministry of Information & Broadcasting’s draft guidelines aim to address this imperative by mandating accessibility features in film screenings.
Accessibility Guidelines: Rationale Behind
- Legal Mandate: The guidelines are framed under the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016, which emphasizes universal access in the information and communication sector.
- Population Statistics: With approximately 2.21% of the Indian population classified as disabled, the guidelines aim to cater to the needs of individuals with hearing and visual disabilities, constituting a significant portion of this demographic.
Proposed Guidelines Overview
[A] Accessibility Features
- Producer Responsibility: Producers must submit two sets of films to the Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC): one original and the other with accessibility features, including audio description, open/closed captioning, and Indian Sign Language Interpretation.
- Certification Requirement: Cinema halls must ensure that feature films for theatrical release have both versions certified by CBFC.
[B] Implementation Options for Cinemas
- Dedicated Screenings: Cinema halls can opt for dedicated days and timings for screenings with accessible services.
- In-theater Equipment: Alternatively, theaters can utilize specific equipment during regular shows to facilitate the impaired segment.
[C] Accessibility Equipment
- Availability Requirement: Theaters must provide at least two pieces of equipment per 200 seats, which could include:
-
- Smart glasses for displaying captions
- Closed caption stands near seats
- Small screens below the big screen for captions/subtitles
- Headphones/earphones for audio description
- Mobile apps and other technologies for assistance during shows
Implementation Timeline
- Initial Phase: Films dubbed in multiple languages must incorporate accessibility features within six months of guideline implementation.
- National Platforms: Feature films for national awards and film festivals must include accessibility features starting January 1 of the following year.
- Full Compliance: All other certified feature films must provide accessibility features within three years from the guideline issuance date.
Onus and Monitoring Mechanisms
- Exhibitor Responsibility: Cinema owners must develop a self-regulatory mechanism to provide accessible seating within three years and train staff to assist customers with disabilities.
- Monitoring and Oversight: Licensing authorities will ensure compliance, and a committee, including members with disabilities and film industry representatives, will oversee implementation.
- Grievance Redressal: A structured grievance mechanism will allow individuals to file complaints, ensuring accountability and transparency.
Key Initiatives for Divyangjanâs Accessibility
- Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act 2016: Enacted in 2016, it safeguards the rights and dignity of individuals with disabilities across various spheres, including education, social services, legal matters, and economic opportunities.
- Accessible India Campaign (2015): It aims to ensure full accessibility of government buildings for people with disabilities, enhancing inclusivity and mobility.
- Sugamya Bharat App (2016): Introduced by the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, this app addresses accessibility challenges faced by differently-abled individuals in buildings and transportation systems.
- New Education Policy (2020): Rolled out in 2020, NEP 2020, under the Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan, provides in-service training for teachers and special educators to ensure barrier-free access to education for children with disabilities.
- Assistance to Disabled Persons for Purchase/Fitting of Aids and Appliances (1981): ADIP scheme, operational since, assists disabled individuals in obtaining modern aids and appliances to enhance their physical, social, and psychological rehabilitation.
Conclusion
- The proposed roadmap for implementation underscores the commitment to realizing the principles of universal access and ensuring the rights of persons with disabilities are upheld in the realm of entertainment.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 and its provisions
Mains level: Preventing River Water Pollution
Introduction
- The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Amendment Bill, 2024 was tabled in the Rajya Sabha on February 5, 2024, aiming to amend the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974.
- This legislation, instrumental in establishing central and state pollution control boards (CPCB and SPCBs), undergoes significant modifications under the proposed Bill, primarily concerning penalties and regulatory mechanisms.
About Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
|
Description |
| Objective |
To prevent and control water pollution and maintain or restore the wholesomeness of water resources |
| Applicability |
Applies to the entire territory of India, including streams, rivers, lakes, inland water bodies, subterranean waters, and territorial waters of the country |
| Establishments |
Establishes Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) at the central level and State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) at the state level |
| Standards and Regulations |
Empowers Pollution Control Boards to prescribe standards for the discharge of pollutants and quality of water for various purposes |
| Consent Mechanism |
Requires industries and establishments to obtain prior consent from Pollution Control Boards before discharging pollutants into water bodies |
| Penalties and Enforcement |
Specifies penalties for contravention, including fines and imprisonment; authorizes officers to inspect premises, take samples, and issue directives for compliance |
Key Amendments Proposed:
[A] Consent Exemptions for Establishing Industries
- Prior Consent Requirement: Currently, the Act mandates obtaining consent from SPCBs for setting up industries or treatment plants likely to discharge sewage into water bodies.
- Bill Provisions: The Bill empowers the central government, in consultation with the CPCB, to exempt certain industrial categories from seeking consent. It also authorizes the central government to issue guidelines for the grant, refusal, or cancellation of such consent.
- Penalties: Violating the consent requirement or tampering with monitoring devices incurs penalties ranging from Rs 10,000 to Rs 15 lakh.
[B] Chairman of State Board
- Nomination Process: While the Act vests state governments with the authority to nominate SPCB chairpersons, the Bill introduces central government-prescribed nomination procedures and terms of service.
[C] Discharge of Polluting Matter
- Regulatory Measures: The SPCBs can issue directives to halt activities leading to the discharge of harmful substances into water bodies.
- Penalties: Contraventions against pollution standards attract penalties ranging from Rs 10,000 to Rs 15 lakh, replacing the previous imprisonment provisions.
- Amended Provisions: The Bill replaces imprisonment with penalties between Rs 10,000 and Rs 15 lakh for unspecified offences under the Act.
[D] Adjudication Mechanism
- Appointment of Officers: It allows the central government to designate adjudication officers, with appeals against their decisions to be lodged before the National Green Tribunal.
- Penalty Utilization: Fines collected are directed to the Environment Protection Fund established under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.
[E] Cognizance of Offences
- Expanded Scope: The Bill extends the entities empowered to file complaints to include adjudication officers, alongside CPCB and SPCB.
- Penalization: Heads of departments are subject to penalties equal to one month’s basic salary if their departments violate the Act, reinforcing accountability within government bodies.
Challenges with the Bill
- Lack of Oversight: Granting exemptions for certain industrial categories from seeking consent may lead to increased pollution levels if not properly regulated.
- Risk of Unchecked Discharge: Lack of oversight could result in unchecked discharge of pollutants into water bodies, compromising water quality and public health.
- Centralized Nomination Process: Central government-prescribed nomination procedures for the appointment of State Pollution Control Board (SPCB) chairpersons may undermine the autonomy of state governments.
- Reduced Deterrence: Replacing imprisonment provisions with penalties for contraventions against pollution standards may reduce the deterrence effect.
- Questionable Adjudication Process: Allowing the central government to designate adjudication officers may raise questions about the impartiality and independence of the adjudication process.
- Potential Administrative Inefficiencies: Extending the entities empowered to file complaints may lead to overlapping jurisdictions and administrative inefficiencies, resulting in delays and bureaucratic hurdles.
Way Forward
- Enhanced Regulation: Implement stringent monitoring and regulatory mechanisms to ensure compliance with pollution standards and prevent unauthorized discharge of pollutants into water bodies.
- Stakeholder Consultation: Conduct extensive consultations with environmental experts, industry representatives, and civil society organizations to address concerns and refine the proposed amendments.
- Capacity Building: Provide training and capacity-building programs for Pollution Control Boards to enhance their skills in enforcing environmental regulations effectively.
- Transparency and Accountability: Ensure transparency in the exemption process and establish accountability mechanisms to uphold the integrity of regulatory decisions.
- Public Awareness: Conduct public awareness campaigns to educate industries and the general public about the importance of water conservation and pollution prevention measures.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Unfair Means in Public Exams
Introduction
- The Public Examinations (Prevention of Unfair Means) Bill, 2024, introduced in Lok Sabha, seeks to combat “unfair means” in public examinations and enhance transparency and credibility in the examination system.
- This comprehensive legislation addresses various aspects of unfair practices in public exams and outlines stringent penalties for violations.
“Unfair Means” in Examinations
- Enumerating Offenses: Section 3 of the Bill outlines at least 15 actions that constitute “unfair means” in public examinations, primarily for monetary or wrongful gain.
- Examples: These actions include question paper leaks, unauthorized access to question papers or answer sheets, tampering with answer sheets, providing unauthorized solutions to questions, and conducting fake examinations.
Scope of “Public Examinations”
- Defining Public Examinations: Under Section 2(k), a “public examination” encompasses any examination conducted by designated “public examination authorities” listed in the Bill’s Schedule or notified by the Central Government.
- Designated Authorities: The Schedule includes entities like UPSC, SSC, RRBs, IBPS, and NTA, responsible for various national-level examinations.
- Central Government’s Authority: Ministries and Departments of the Central Government, along with their attached and subordinate offices for staff recruitment, fall under the Bill’s purview.
Penalties for Violations
- Stringent Measures: Section 9 stipulates that offenses are cognizable, non-bailable, and non-compoundable.
- Cognizable Offenses: Authorities can arrest individuals without a warrant.
- Non-Bailable: Bail is not a matter of right and is subject to a magistrate’s discretion.
- Non-Compoundable: Complainants cannot withdraw the case, necessitating a trial.
Punishments
- Individual Offenders: Violators may face imprisonment ranging from three to five years and fines of up to Rs 10 lakh.
- Additional Penalty: Failure to pay the fine can result in additional imprisonment, as per the provisions of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023.
- Service Providers: Those providing support for examination conduct can be fined up to Rs 1 crore, along with other penalties.
- Organized Paper Leaks: In cases of organized paper leaks constituting “organized crime,” offenders may face imprisonment for a minimum of five years, extendable up to ten years, and a fine not less than one crore rupees.
Rationale Behind the Bill
- Addressing Rampant Paper Leaks: Numerous cases of question paper leaks in recruitment exams nationwide have disrupted the hiring process and affected millions of applicants.
- Need for Specific Legislation: The absence of a substantive law to address unfair practices in public examinations necessitated a comprehensive central legislation.
- Objectives: The Bill aims to ensure transparency, fairness, and credibility in public examinations while deterring individuals and entities exploiting vulnerabilities in the system for wrongful gains.
- Model Draft for States: The Bill is intended to serve as a model for states to adopt at their discretion, assisting them in preventing disruptions in their state-level public examinations.
Conclusion
- This legislation represents a significant step toward safeguarding the integrity of public examinations in India.
- By establishing stringent penalties for unfair practices and addressing the issue of paper leaks, the legislation seeks to reassure candidates that their sincere efforts will be duly rewarded and their future secured.
- Moreover, the Bill’s potential to serve as a model for state-level legislation enhances its impact in curbing exam-related malpractices.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Stamp Duty
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- Stamp duty, a tax levied for registering various documents, plays a significant role in India’s financial landscape.
- However, the existing Indian Stamp Act, 1899, has faced challenges with redundancy and non-uniform application.
- To address these issues, the Ministry of Finance has introduced the ‘Indian Stamp Bill, 2023,’ seeking to revamp and modernize the stamp duty regime.
Understanding Stamp Duty
- Nature of Stamp Duty: Stamp duty is a government tax levied for the registration of various documents, such as agreements and transaction papers, with the registrar.
- Tax Calculation: The amount is typically a fixed value based on the document’s nature or a percentage of the agreement’s stated value.
Scope of Stamp Duty
- Applicable Documents: Stamp duties are imposed on a range of documents, including bills of exchange, cheques, promissory notes, bills of lading, letters of credit, insurance policies, share transfers, debentures, proxies, and receipts.
- Jurisdiction: While levied by the Central government, stamp duty revenues are collected by individual states within their territories, as authorized by Article 268 of the Constitution.
Indian Stamp Act, 1899
- Fiscal Legislation: The Indian Stamp Act, 1899, is a fiscal statute governing the imposition of taxes in the form of stamps on transaction-recording instruments.
- Instrument Definition: Under Section 2 of the Act, an “instrument” encompasses any document creating, transferring, limiting, extending, extinguishing, or recording any right or liability.
- Stamp Characteristics: A “stamp” is defined as any mark, seal, or endorsement authorized by the State Government, including adhesive or impressed stamps, for the Act’s duty purposes.
- Taxable Instruments: Section 3 of the 1899 Act specifies that certain instruments or documents are chargeable with amounts listed in Schedule 1 of the Act, including bills of exchange and promissory notes.
|
Reasons for the Indian Stamp Bill, 2023
- Redundancy and Inoperability: The Ministry of Finance cites the redundancy and inoperability of several provisions within the Indian Stamp Act, 1899.
- Lack of Uniformity: The absence of provisions for digital e-stamping and the lack of consistent stamp duty legislation across Indian states necessitate a new law.
Notable Provisions in the Draft Bill
- Digital E-stamping: The draft Bill introduces provisions for digital e-stamping, enabling electronic payment of stamp duty.
- Digital Signatures: It includes provisions for digital signatures, redefining “executed” and “execution” to mean “signed” and “signature,” incorporating electronic records and signatures as defined in the Information Technology Act, 2000.
- Penalty Enhancements: The draft Bill proposes increased penalties, raising the maximum penalty from Rs 5,000 to Rs 25,000 for contravention of the law and imposing a daily penalty of Rs 1,000 for repeated offenses.
Conclusion
- The ‘Indian Stamp Bill, 2023’ represents a significant step towards modernizing stamp duty laws in India.
- By addressing the shortcomings of the existing legislation and introducing digital-friendly provisions, the bill aims to streamline and enhance the stamp duty regime, facilitating smoother transactions and compliance in the country’s financial landscape.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Press and Registration of Periodicals Bill, 2023
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The Press and Registration of Periodicals Bill, 2023, faced opposition uproar but was passed in the Rajya Sabha on August 3. Subsequently, it was approved in the Lok Sabha on December 21, marking its legislative passage.
Press and Registration of Periodicals Bill: Purpose and Objectives
- Repealing the 1867 Act: The Bill aims to repeal the Press and Registration of Books Act, 1867, modernizing the regulatory framework for periodicals.
- Key Provisions: It includes a notable clause preventing individuals convicted of terrorism or acting against state security from publishing periodicals.
- Rationale for Introduction: The Bill focuses on easing business processes for publishers, removing procedural hurdles, and reducing the administrative burden of declarations and filings.
Comparison with the 1867 Act
- Exclusion of Books: Unlike the 1867 Act, the 2023 Bill excludes books from its purview, as they fall under the HRD Ministry’s jurisdiction.
- Penalty Structure: The new Bill replaces imprisonment with fines for certain violations and introduces an appellate mechanism led by the Press Council of India Chairman.
- Shift in Administrative Power: Power is transferred from the District Magistrate to the newly established Press Registrar General, centralizing the registration and regulation process.
Declaration and Registration Process
- Simplification of Procedures: The Bill simplifies the declaration process, eliminating the need for DM involvement and allowing online intimations for printing presses.
- Simultaneous Processing: It enables concurrent processing of title allotment and registration applications, streamlining the procedure.
- Time-Bound Responses: The specified authority must provide feedback within 60 days, expediting the registration process.
UAPA Provision in the Bill
- Restriction on Convicted Individuals: The Bill bars individuals convicted of terrorist acts or unlawful activities, as defined under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967, from publishing periodicals.
- Security Concerns: This provision addresses concerns about the misuse of periodicals for activities threatening national security or sovereignty.
Conclusion
- Modernizing Media Regulation: The Press and Registration of Periodicals Bill, 2023, represents a significant overhaul of India’s media regulatory framework, aligning it with contemporary needs.
- Balancing Ease of Business and Security: While the Bill aims to facilitate easier operations for publishers, it also incorporates measures to safeguard against security threats.
- Potential for Debate and Discussion: The Bill’s passage, amidst opposition concerns, suggests ongoing debates about media freedom, security, and regulatory oversight in India’s evolving democratic landscape.
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