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Type: Explained

  • Terrorism and Challenges Related To It

    What is Maharashtra’s new bill to combat Naxalism in urban areas?   

    Explained | Security Issues | Mains Paper 3: External State & Non-State Actors: Challenges To Internal Security.

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Federal issues and Internal security;

    Mains level: Naxalism in India;

    Why in the News? 

    The Maharashtra state government has introduced a comprehensive new legislation – Maharashtra Special Public Security (MSPC) Bill, 2024,  to address the growing incidence of Naxalism in urban areas.

    • The Maharashtra government claims that Naxalism is no longer limited to remote rural areas, but has now spread its influence to urban centers through “frontal organizations”.
    • The government argues that existing laws like the Unlawful Activities Prevention Act (UAPA) and Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Act are not sufficient to effectively control these urban Naxal organizations.

    Key provisions drafted under the MPSC Bill, 2024:

    Declaration of Unlawful Organizations The bill empowers the state government to declare any organization as “unlawful” under Section 3. 

    An advisory board of three qualified individuals (current/former/qualified High Court judges) will review such decisions as per Section 4.
    Definition of Unlawful Activities The bill defines “unlawful activities” in broad terms, including “activities threatening public order, peace, and tranquility” (Section 2(f)(i)), “interference with law administration and public servants” (Section 2(f)(ii)), and “encouraging disobedience to law and institutions” (Section 2(f)(iv)).
    Cognizable and Non-Bailable Offences All offences under this law will be cognizable and non-bailable, and will be investigated by a police officer not below the rank of a Sub-Inspector as per Section 9.
    Punishments
    • Members of Unlawful Organizations: Imprisonment up to 3 years and fines up to Rs 3 lakh (Section 10)
    • Non-members Contributing or Aiding Unlawful Organizations: Imprisonment up to 2 years and fines up to Rs 2 lakh (Section 11)
    • Management or Promotion of Unlawful Organizations: Imprisonment up to 3 years and fines up to Rs 3 lakh (Section 12)
    • Committing, Abetting, or Planning Unlawful Activities: Imprisonment up to 7 years and fines up to Rs 5 lakh (Section 13)
    Seizure and Forfeiture The District Magistrate or Commissioner of Police can notify and take possession of any place used for unlawful organization activities (Section 14). The government can also forfeit money and assets intended for unlawful organizations (Section 15).
    Legal Review An advisory board must review the declaration of unlawful organizations within six weeks and submit a report within three months (Section 4). The High Court can review government actions through revision petitions (Section 7).

     

    Why it is being seen as a threat to civil liberty:

    • Vague Definitions of Unlawful Activities: The bill defines “unlawful activities” in broad and vague terms, including “activities threatening public order, peace, and tranquility” and “encouraging disobedience to law and institutions” in Section 2(f)(i) and (iv).
    • Excessive Powers Granted to the State: The bill allows the state government to unilaterally declare an organization as “unlawful” without adequate judicial oversight in Section 3. It also empowers District Magistrates and Police Commissioners to grant permission for prosecution, bypassing the courts in Section 9.
    • Threat to Civil Liberties and Press Freedom: The bill’s broad provisions in Sections 2(f) and 8 could be used to criminalize activities such as reporting on administrative failures or the plight of citizens, as seen in other states with similar laws. This poses a threat to press freedom and the right to freedom of expression.
    • Lack of Transparency and Public Consultation: The bill was tabled hastily, with the draft not made available for public scrutiny and objections, as noted by civil society members.

    Potential for Misuse and Abuse: Given the vague definitions in Section 2(f) and excessive powers granted to the state in Sections 3, 8 and 9, the bill has a high potential for misuse and abuse against political opponents, activists, and journalists, turning Maharashtra into a “police state”.

    Way forward: 

    • Consultative Process: The Maharashtra government should engage in a consultative process with legal experts, civil society organizations, and stakeholders to refine the bill’s provisions, ensuring they align with constitutional principles and international human rights standards.
    • Safeguarding Rights: Introduce safeguards such as judicial oversight in the process of declaring organizations unlawful, ensuring that fundamental rights like freedom of expression and assembly are protected while addressing legitimate security concerns effectively.

    Mains PYQ: 

    Q  Naxalism is a social, economic and developmental issue manifesting as a violent internal security threat. In this context, discuss the emerging issues and suggest a multilayered strategy to tackle the menace of Naxalism. (2022)

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  • Foreign Policy Watch: India-United States

    Donald Trump shot  

    Explained | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and agreements involving India

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: U.S. Secret Service

    Mains level: What is the difference between SPG and US secret services?

    Why in the News? 

    During a campaign rally in Butler, Pennsylvania, Donald Trump was the target of an apparent assassination attempt.

    • The suspected gunman, identified as 20-year-old Thomas Matthew Crooks, fired up to eight shots from an AR-15-style rifle before being killed by a Secret Service sharpshooter.

    What is the U.S. Secret Service?

    • The U.S. Secret Service is a federal law enforcement agency under the Department of Homeland Security. It was originally established in 1865 to combat counterfeiting of U.S. currency.
    • After the assassination of President William McKinley in 1901, the Secret Service was given the additional responsibility of protecting the President.

     

    About the Protective Mission:

    • The Secret Service is tasked with protecting the President, Vice President, President-elect, Vice President-elect, and their immediate families.
    • It also protects former Presidents and their spouses (unless remarried), as well as major presidential and vice presidential candidates within 120 days of a general election.
    • The Secret Service provides physical security for the White House, the Vice President’s residence, and foreign diplomatic missions in Washington D.C.
    • It secures major events designated as National Special Security Events, like the State of the Union address and presidential inaugurations.

    What is the difference between SPG (Special Protection Group) and the US Secret Service? 

    Dimensions India’s SPG  US Secret Service
    Mandate and Origins The SPG was formed in 1988 to provide proximate security to the Prime Minister of India The U.S. Secret Service was established in 1865 to combat currency counterfeiting.
    Scope of Protection The SPG is mandated to provide security only to the serving Prime Minister and their immediate family. The U.S. Secret Service protects the President, Vice President, their families, presidential/vice-presidential candidates, and former Presidents and their spouses for life.
    Tenure and Resignation SPG personnel have a fixed 6-year tenure and are not allowed to resign during their deputation. U.S. Secret Service agents can resign freely and may be assigned to protective details for 3-5 years before being transferred.
    Coordination with Foreign Agencies When the Indian PM visits the U.S., the SPG takes a backseat while the U.S. Secret Service takes over primary security responsibilities. The U.S. Secret Service coordinates with foreign agencies to protect visiting heads of state, including the Indian PM.
    Operational Differences The SPG has an unblemished record, while the U.S. Secret Service has lost one President (John F. Kennedy) to assassination. SPG personnel are drawn from various paramilitary forces, while the Secret Service has its own dedicated agents.

     

    Conclusion: While both the SPG and the U.S. Secret Service are elite protective agencies with distinct mandates, origins, and operational structures, they each play critical roles in safeguarding their respective leaders.

    Mains PYQ: 

    Q  Indian government has recently strengthed the anti-terrorism laws by amending the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, (UAPA), 1967 and the NIA Act. Analyze the changes in the context of the prevailing security environment while discussing the scope and reasons for opposing the UAPA by human rights organisations. (UPSC IAS/2019)

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  • Police Reforms – SC directives, NPC, other committees reports

    On the Jurisdiction of the CBI         

    Explained | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Civil Service

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: CBI; Delhi Special Police Establishment (DSPE) Act, 1946.

    Mains level: Functions and Powers of CBI;

    Why in the News? 

    The Supreme Court upheld the West Bengal government’s suit, which accuses the Union government of “Constitutional overreach” by using the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) to register and investigate cases in the state, despite the state’s withdrawal of general consent on November 16, 2018.

    Background

    • In November 2018, the West Bengal government withdrew its “general consent” that allowed the CBI to conduct investigations within the state.
    • However, the CBI continued to register FIRs and conduct investigations in West Bengal, leading the state government to file an original suit in the Supreme Court under Article 131 of the Constitution.
    • The suit accused the Union government of “constitutional overreach” by allowing the CBI to operate in West Bengal despite the withdrawal of general consent.

    Key highlights of the verdict: 

    • Solicitor-General Tushar Mehta argued the CBI’s independence from the Union government, but the Supreme Court pointed to the DSPE Act’s provisions.
    • It highlighted the Act’s requirement for Central government control over CBI’s establishment and administration, except for cases under the Prevention of Corruption Act, which the CVC oversees.

    Is the CBI an Independent Agency or Under Union Government Control?

    • The Supreme Court ruled that the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) is not entirely independent. 
      • The CBI is constituted, administered, and has its powers extended under the Delhi Special Police Establishment (DSPE) Act, 1946.
    • The central government exercises superintendence over the CBI, particularly for offenses other than those under the Prevention of Corruption Act, where the Central Vigilance Commission has superintendence.
      • Therefore, the Union government is vitally concerned with the CBI’s functions and operations.

    Does the CBI Need the State’s Permission to Carry Out Investigations in Its Territory?

    • The CBI derives its powers from the DSPE Act, of 1946.
      • According to Section 6 of this Act, the CBI requires the state government’s consent to extend its investigation beyond the Union Territories.
    • The Supreme Court has ruled that although the CBI is under the administrative control and superintendence of the Union government, this does not negate the requirement of state consent for investigations as per the DSPE Act.
    • There are two types of consent – General consent and Specific consent.
      • When a state gives general consent, the CBI does not need to seek permission for every case.
      • However, if the general consent is withdrawn, the CBI needs to seek specific case-by-case consent from the state.
    • Several opposition-ruled states have withdrawn their general consent for CBI investigations, which has hampered the CBI’s ability to freely investigate cases of corruption involving central government employees in those states.
      • The states that have withdrawn are- Mizoram, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and then states of Punjab, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Kerala, and Jharkhand (2020).
      • Telangana, Tamil Nadu, and Meghalaya withdrew general consent in 2022.
    • However, the withdrawal of general consent does not affect pending CBI investigations or cases where a court has ordered a CBI probe. The CBI can also approach a local court to obtain a search warrant to conduct investigations in states that have withdrawn consent.

    Note: In total, 10 states have withdrawn general consent to the CBI as of 2022. This has significantly limited the CBI’s ability to freely investigate cases in these states without seeking prior permission.

    Way Forward: 

    • Strengthening Federal Cooperation: Establish a clear institutional framework that promotes cooperation and coordination between the central and state governments regarding CBI investigations.
    • Legal and Administrative Reforms: Consider amending the DSPE Act to provide more clarity on the roles and powers of the CBI and the requirements for state consent.

    Jurisdictional Overview and Federal Character:

    The CBI operates within the context of India’s federal structure, which grants states certain powers and autonomy. The need for state consent limits the CBI’s jurisdiction, as it cannot conduct investigations in states without their general consent.

    Powers and Jurisdiction of CBI

    • Offenses against Central Government Employees: The CBI has jurisdiction to investigate crimes committed against employees of the central government, such as bribery, corruption, or misconduct cases involving central government officials.
    • Interstate and International Cases: The CBI can investigate cases that have inter-state or international ramifications, including organized crime, terrorism, human trafficking, money laundering, and other offenses that require a nationwide or global perspective.
    • Specific Offences Listed in the Delhi Special Police Establishment Act: The CBI can investigate offenses specified in the Delhi Special Police Establishment Act, including offences under the Prevention of Corruption Act, crimes related to the violation of certain central laws, and cases referred to the CBI by the courts or the central government.

    Mains PYQ: 

    Q The jurisdiction of the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) regarding lodging an FIR and conducting probe within a particular State is being questioned by various States. However, the power of the States to withhold consent to the CBI is not absolute. Explain with special reference to the federal character of India. (UPSC IAS/2021)

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  • The SC ruling on the portrayal of disability in films 

    Explained | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Laws, Institutions & Bodies Constituted For The Vulnerable Sections

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Disability rights

    Mains level: Effectiveness of Disability law

    Why in the News?

    On July 8, the Supreme Court issued guidelines against stereotyping and discriminating persons with disabilities in visual media, prompted by a plea to ban Aaankh Micholi.

    Background:

    • The Supreme Court’s guidelines came in response to a plea filed by activist Nipun Malhotra challenging the alleged insensitive portrayal of differently-abled individuals in the Film ‘Aaankh Micholi’.
    • The petitioner argued that the film contained derogatory references and stereotyping of persons with disabilities.

    Key Highlights of the Supreme Court Ruling:

    • Avoiding Derogatory Language: The court asked creators to avoid words like “cripple”, “spastic”, “afflicted”, “suffering”, and “victim” as they contribute to negative self-image and perpetuate discriminatory attitudes.
    • Accurate Representation: The court said stereotyping differently-abled persons in visual media and films must end, and creators should provide an accurate representation of disabilities rather than mocking or mythifying them.
    • Involvement of Persons with Disabilities: The court asked creators to practice the principle of “nothing about us, without us” and involve persons with disabilities in the creation and assessment of visual media content.
    • Training and Collaboration: The court emphasized the need for training programs for writers, directors, producers, and actors to sensitize them on the impact of portrayals on public perceptions.

    What are the laws which grant disability rights?   

    • Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act (RPwD Act), 2016: This is the primary legislation that comprehensively addresses the rights and entitlements of persons with disabilities in India. It replaced the earlier Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection of Rights and Full Participation) Act, of 1995.
    • The National Trust Act, 1999: It provides legal support to persons with autism, cerebral palsy, mental retardation, and multiple disabilities. It focuses on enabling guardianship and providing support to those who may not have guardians.
    • Rehabilitation Council of India Act, 1992: Regulates the training of rehabilitation professionals and promotes research in rehabilitation and special education.
    • Mental Healthcare Act, 2017: While primarily focusing on mental health issues, this Act also includes provisions related to the rights and treatment of persons with mental disabilities.

    Are the laws governing the ‘Rights of Differently-abled’ persons being implemented properly?  

    • Implementation Gaps: There are significant gaps between the provisions laid out in laws like the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (RPwD) Act, 2016, and their actual implementation on the ground. Many disabled persons continue to face barriers to accessing their entitlements and rights.
    • Awareness and Sensitization: There is a lack of awareness among the general public, as well as within government bodies and institutions, about the rights and needs of persons with disabilities.
    • Infrastructure and Accessibility: Despite legal mandates for accessibility in public places, transportation, and buildings, implementation remains uneven.
    • Employment Opportunities: While laws mandate employment quotas for persons with disabilities in government and private sectors, these quotas are often not met.

    What is the way forward?

    • Enhanced Monitoring and Accountability: Implement regular audits and monitoring mechanisms to ensure compliance with disability rights laws at all levels of governance and across sectors.
    • Need to Increase Awareness and Sensitization: Launch nationwide awareness campaigns targeting both the general public and stakeholders within government and private sectors to promote understanding of disability rights.

    Mains PYQ: 

    Q The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 remains only a legal document without intense sensitisation of government functionaries and citizens regarding disability. Comment. (UPSC IAS/2022)

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  • Foreign Policy Watch: India-Russia

    The Yuan Challenge: How India-Russia trade gap may threaten rupee internationalization efforts    

    Explained | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and agreements involving India

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: India-Russia Bilateral Ties;

    Mains level: Benefits of Internationalization of the Rupee;

    Why in the News? 

    New Delhi aims to boost trade with Moscow to $100 billion by 2030, but India faces a $57 billion trade deficit due to strong oil imports from Russia.

    Background

    • India’s trade with Russia has been skewed since the onset of the Ukraine war in 2022. Russia has become India’s top oil supplier, while Indian exports to Russia have struggled, resulting in a large trade deficit.
    • The trade deficit in the bilateral trade stood at $57 billion in FY24, with a total trade value of $66 billion. This deficit is primarily driven by India’s significant oil imports from Russia.

    Why is the widening trade gap with Russia benefiting the Yuan?

      • Increase in Balanced Trade with China: Unlike India, China has been able to maintain a more balanced trade relationship with Russia since the Ukraine war began in 2022.
        • China’s exports to Russia have surged, with shipments increasing by 47% year-on-year to $111 billion in 2023.
        • 95% of trade between China and Russia is conducted in domestic currencies, making the yuan the most popular currency in the Russian stock market.
      • Increase in volatility of Rubble and Rupee:  Unlike the yuan, both the Indian rupee and Russian ruble have experienced considerable volatility, complicating trade in domestic currency.
        • The yuan’s relative stability compared to the rupee and ruble has made it a more attractive currency for settling Russia-India trade
    • Reluctance of Private Banks: The Indian private banks have been reluctant to facilitate trade with Russia due to fears of Western sanctions.
      • Most Indian private banks have significant business interests in Western countries and fear their branches could face sanctions if they engage with Russia.
      • As Russia prefers the yuan for payments, India’s limited exports to Russia have hindered the use of the rupee in bilateral trade.

    What are the benefits of the Internationalisation of the Rupee?

    • Reduced Dependence on USD: Internationalizing the rupee would reduce India’s reliance on foreign currencies like the US dollar for international trade and financial transactions.
      • This would enhance India’s economic sovereignty and reduce exposure to currency fluctuations.
    • Enhanced Trade Efficiency: Using the rupee for international transactions can simplify trade processes and reduce transaction costs.
      • Internationalization of the rupee would eliminate the need for currency conversions, reducing transaction costs and simplifying cross-border trade.
    • Mitigating Risks: Protection from currency volatility not only reduces the cost of doing business but also enables better growth of business, improving the chances for Indian businesses to grow globally
    • Increased Global Influence: A widely accepted rupee would boost India’s economic and political influence on the global stage.

    How can India internationalize the rupee?

    • The Reserve Bank of India permitted settling trade using the rupee through its circular in July 2022.
      • Trade invoicing: For the rupee to be recognized as an international currency, it needs to be increasingly used for trade invoicing.
      • Trade invoicing refers to the process of issuing invoices for goods or services exchanged between international trading partners. It includes detailing the terms of sale, such as prices, quantities, payment terms, and currencies used for settlement.
    • Increase Rupee Turnover: The rupee needs to achieve a global forex turnover share of around 4% to be regarded as an international currency, up from the current 1.6%.
    • Government Support: Strengthening industrial cooperation and addressing banking sector concerns can promote the use of the rupee.

    Challenges involved:

    • Banking Sector Reluctance: Private banks are hesitant to facilitate trade with Russia due to fear of Western sanctions.
    • Rupee Settlement Mechanism: Indian exporters face difficulties using the rupee settlement mechanism due to the absence of a Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for banks.
      • Note: A Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for banks is a formal document outlining step-by-step instructions for routine processes and activities to ensure consistency and compliance.
    • Currency Volatility: Both the ruble and the rupee have experienced considerable volatility, complicating trade in domestic currencies.
    • International Sanctions: Private banks’ significant business interests in Western countries make them wary of facilitating trade with Russia.

    How are Russia and India planning to boost trade?

    • Both countries have decided to eliminate non-tariff and tariff barriers in trade.
      • Negotiations for a trade deal with the Russia-led Eurasian Economic Union (EEU) could ease the flow of Indian products into the EEU.
    • Cooperation in manufacturing sectors like transport engineering, metallurgy, and chemicals.
      • Implementation of joint projects in priority areas and expanding reciprocal trade flows of industrial products.
    • Discussions on a Migration and Mobility partnership agreement to facilitate trade and movement between the two countries.

    Way Forward 

    • Enhanced Banking Support and Infrastructure: Develop a robust Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for banks to facilitate smoother implementation of the rupee settlement mechanism for trade with Russia.
    • Strategic Economic Diplomacy: Strengthen bilateral economic ties through high-level diplomatic engagements to mitigate banking sector reluctance and enhance trust between Indian and Russian financial institutions.

    Mains PYQ: 

    Q Craze for gold in Indian has led to surge in import of gold in recent years and put pressure on balance of payments and external value of rupee. In view of this, examine the merits of Gold Monetization scheme. (UPSC IAS/2015)

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  • Food Procurement and Distribution – PDS & NFSA, Shanta Kumar Committee, FCI restructuring, Buffer stock, etc.

    The PDS impact on household expenditure   

    Explained | Economics | Mains Paper 3: PDS, Buffer Stock & Food Security

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: About PDS and its structural mandate

    Mains level: Imputation of values for food and non-food items

    Why in the news? 

    The Household Consumption Expenditure Survey Data provides an opportunity to analyze the effects of social transfers.

    About Public Distribution System (PDS):

    • The Public Distribution System (PDS) aims to ensure food security by providing subsidized foodgrains to economically vulnerable sections of society. Under the National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013, up to 75% of the rural population and 50% of the urban population are eligible for subsidized foodgrains.
    • Foodgrains procured by the Food Corporation of India (FCI) are distributed through a network of Fair Price Shops (FPS).

    Its structural mandate: 

    • Procurement and Distribution: The PDS operates through the procurement of foodgrains by the Food Corporation of India (FCI) from farmers at Minimum Support Prices (MSP). These foodgrains are then allocated to states and union territories based on their requirements and distributed to Fair Price Shops (FPS), which deliver subsidized foodgrains to eligible beneficiaries.
    • Identification and Subsidy: Beneficiaries are identified based on the Socio-Economic and Caste Census (SECC) data, classifying households into Priority Households and Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) households. Under the National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013, eligible households receive rice at ₹3 per kg, wheat at ₹2 per kg, and coarse grains at ₹1 per kg. The system aims to ensure that food security is maintained for the economically vulnerable sections of society.

    Observations made by the HCES:2022-23 report  

    • The Household Consumption Expenditure Survey (HCES) 2022-23 provides insights into the coverage of social welfare programs, including the Public Distribution System (PDS).
    • The survey highlights discrepancies between administrative data and survey estimates due to inclusion and exclusion errors, offering detailed characteristics of households benefiting from these programs.

    Imputation of values for food and non-food items    

    Note: Imputation of values for food and non-food items refers to the process of assigning a monetary value to items received by households for free or at a subsidised rate through social welfare programs like the Public Distribution System (PDS) in India.

    • Purpose: Imputation is done to estimate the total consumption expenditure of households more accurately. It accounts for the fact that households receive goods (such as foodgrains from PDS) without directly paying for them, thus impacting their overall consumption.
    • Methodology: The National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) and other agencies use statistical methods to assign a value to these items. This involves determining the modal (most common) or percentile prices of the items received, which may vary by state and rural/urban classification.
    • Types of Items Imputed: Imputation covers both food and non-food items. In the context of the PDS, it primarily includes foodgrains but can extend to other essential commodities provided through government schemes.
    • Data Sources: Data for imputation can come from surveys like the HCES, where households report receiving these items. NSSO surveys typically provide detailed guidelines on how imputation values are derived and applied in their reports.
    • Impact on Analysis: Imputing values allows analysts to compute metrics like the Monthly Per Capita Consumption Expenditure (MPCE) accurately, reflecting the true economic status and welfare impact of households.

     Implications for Poverty

    • Economic Relief for Poorer Households: By providing foodgrains at highly subsidized rates, the PDS reduces the financial burden on poorer households, allowing them to allocate their limited resources to other essential needs.
    • Enhanced Measurement of Poverty: Imputing the value of free or subsidised items received through programs like the PDS allows for a more comprehensive assessment of household consumption. Including these imputed values in poverty measurements provides a more accurate reflection of the economic well-being of households.
    • Policy Insights and Targeting: Understanding how imputed values impact poverty metrics helps policymakers in targeting social welfare programs more effectively.
    • Diversification of Diet: Access to subsidized foodgrains from the PDS allows households to free up resources, potentially enabling them to purchase a more diverse range of nutrient and protein-rich foods such as vegetables, milk, pulses, eggs, fish, and meat

    Way forward: 

    • Enhancing Efficiency and Targeting: Improve the identification and targeting of beneficiaries through updated and accurate data collection methods. Continuous validation and updating of Socio-Economic and Caste Census (SECC) data can help in reducing inclusion and exclusion errors.
    • Promoting Nutritional Security and Health Outcomes: Expand the scope of subsidized items beyond basic grains to include more nutritious food options like pulses, edible oils, and fruits.

    Mains PYQ: 

    Q What are the major challenges of Public Distribution System (PDS) in India? How can it be made effective and transparent? (2022)

    Q Food Security Bill is expected to eliminate hunger and malnutrition in India. Critically discuss various apprehensions in its effective implementation along with the concerns it has generated in WTO. (2013)

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  • ISRO Missions and Discoveries

    ISRO’s plans to venture into planetary defence 

    Explained | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Achievements Of Indians In S&T

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Space Objects

    Mains level: Challenges related to asteroid Apophis

    Why in the news? 

    Last week, ISRO Chairman S Somanath expressed the possibility of engaging with the asteroid Apophis during its close approach to Earth at a distance of 32,000 km in 2029. However, the specific manner of ISRO’s involvement has not yet been determined.

    Space objects: 


    The asteroid Apophis may pose a threat:

    • Initial Concerns: Discovered in 2004, Apophis initially posed a 2.7% chance of colliding with Earth, raising alarms due to its size (about 450 m wide).
    • Revised Risk: Subsequent observations ruled out immediate collision risks in 2029, 2036, and 2068, but it will pass close to Earth in 2029 at 32,000 km.
    • Potential Impact: Its size could cause significant damage if it were to collide with Earth, though recent observations suggest no imminent danger.

    Other possible incoming threats from space:

    • Daily Encounters: Thousands of asteroids enter Earth’s atmosphere daily, most burning up due to friction, causing phenomena like fireballs.
    • Russian Example: In 2013, a 20-meter asteroid exploded above Russia, releasing significant energy and causing damage and injuries.
    • Detection Challenges: Some asteroids are detected only upon entering the atmosphere, especially those coming from the direction of the Sun, which can obscure detection.

    ISRO’s plan: From sci-fi to reality:

    • Planetary Defense Initiative: ISRO aims to develop capabilities in planetary defense, potentially participating in missions to study and potentially deflect asteroids.
    • Collaboration: Considering sending its own spacecraft or collaborating with other space agencies, like NASA, which has already redirected a spacecraft to study Apophis in 2029.
    • Evolution of ISRO: Reflects ISRO’s evolution as a space agency, transitioning from aspirations to reality in tackling global space objectives, demonstrating growing confidence and capabilities.

    Way forward: 

    • Form Partnerships: ISRO should actively seek partnerships with leading space agencies like NASA, ESA (European Space Agency), and others involved in asteroid detection and planetary defense.
    • Joint Missions: Collaborate on joint missions to study and potentially mitigate asteroid threats. This could include sharing resources, technology, and expertise to maximize effectiveness and minimize costs.

    Mains PYQ: 

    Q What is India’s plan to have its own space station and how will it benefit our space programme? (UPSC IAS/2019)

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  • Russian Invasion of Ukraine: Global Implications

    How PM Modi’s visit to Austria sends a message both to Moscow and the West

    Explained | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and agreements involving India

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Bordering countries of Austria and Russia

    Mains level: Key dimension related to relation between Austria and India

    Why in the news? 

    Prime Minister Narendra Modi selected Vienna as a neutral location to convey a message to both Moscow and the Western countries.

    What message it sent?

    • India’s Diplomatic Signal: Modi’s visit to Vienna after meeting Putin in Moscow underscored India’s commitment to global peace and non-violence.Statements emphasized India’s concern over civilian casualties in conflict zones and the futility of war as a solution.
    • Historical Context: Referencing Austria’s historical neutrality and diplomatic role during the Cold War, Modi’s visit reaffirmed India’s stance on maintaining strategic autonomy. Highlighted India’s support for negotiated settlements and dialogue in international disputes.

    Similarity in ideologies between both countries

    • Neutrality and Non-Alignment: Both India and Austria historically maintained neutrality in global conflicts. Shared values in promoting peace, diplomacy, and non-intervention in internal affairs of other nations.
    • Historical Ties: Nehru’s role in supporting Austria’s sovereignty post-World War II reflected shared principles of neutrality and independence. Both countries value multilateralism and respect for international law.

    Evolution of bilateral relations between India and Austria

    • Establishment of Diplomatic Relations: Diplomatic ties between India and Austria were established in 1949, celebrating 75 years of engagement in 2024.Historical visits by leaders from both countries have strengthened political and economic cooperation.
    • Modern Partnerships: Focus on future-oriented collaborations in infrastructure, renewable energy, technology, and trade. Continuation of bilateral engagements despite global geopolitical shifts, maintaining a balanced approach in international relations.

    Key dimension related to relation between Austria and India: 

    • Political Relations: India intervened in Austria’s favor during negotiations with the Soviet Union on the Austrian State Treaty in 1953.India supported Austria on the UN-South Tyrol conventions. Austria expressed support for India’s bid for a permanent seat on a reformed United Nations Security Council.
    • Economic Relations: As of 2019, there are over 200 collaborations, including 100 technical collaborations and 60 joint ventures between Indian and Austrian firms.Bilateral trade between Austria and India was EUR 2.93 billion in 2023. Austria has received a cumulative foreign direct investment of EUR 1.159 billion from India as of 2023.
    • Cultural Relations: The Indo-Austrian cultural relations date back to the 16th century. The Austrian tradition of Indology began in the 19th century.Rabindranath Tagore visited Vienna in 1921 and 1926, fostering cultural exchange.

    Way forward: 

    • Enhanced Political Dialogue: Increase high-level visits and diplomatic exchanges to deepen understanding and cooperation on global issues like climate change, terrorism, and global health.
    • Support for Multilateral Initiatives: Collaborate in multilateral forums such as the United Nations to promote shared values of peace, neutrality, and respect for international law. Work towards common positions on global challenges.

    Mains PYQ: 

    Q What introduces friction into the ties between India and the United States is that Washington is still unable to find for India a position in its global strategy, which would satisfy India’s National self-esteem. (UPSC IAS/2019)

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  • NITI Aayog’s Assessment

    Release of SDG India Index 2023-24- NITI Aayog     

    Explained | Governance | Mains Paper 2: Governance, Transparency & Accountability, Citizens Charters

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: SDG India Index

    Mains level: Key highlights and results from the fourth edition of the SDG India Index

    Why in the news?

    Overall SDG score for the country is 71 for 2023-24, significant improvement from 66 in 2020-21 and 57 in 2018 (Baseline report).

    About SDG India Index:

    • The SDG India Index is a comprehensive tool developed by NITI Aayog to measure the progress of India and its states/UTs towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
    • The index tracks the progress on 113 indicators aligned with the National Indicator Framework of the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI).

    Key highlights and results from the fourth edition of the SDG India Index:     

    • Top Performers: Uttarakhand and Kerala secured the top spots with a score of 79 out of 100, showcasing strong performance across Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) such as poverty eradication, health, education, and environmental sustainability.
    • National Improvement: India’s overall SDG score improved from 66 points in 2020-21 to 71 points in 2023-24, indicating significant progress in achieving the SDGs nationwide. This improvement reflects efforts in poverty reduction, economic growth, and environmental conservation.
    • State-wise Variations: Bihar ranked lowest with 57 points, indicating areas needing more attention and development. States like Punjab, Manipur, West Bengal, and Assam showed notable improvements, with Punjab leading the pack with an increase of 8 points to reach 76 points.
    • Goal-specific Insights: Goals such as “No Poverty,” “Decent Work and Economic Growth,” and “Life on Land” saw the highest increases in scores, reflecting advancements in income equality, employment opportunities, and biodiversity conservation efforts.
    • Challenges and Focus Areas: Gender Equality received the lowest score at 49 points, highlighting persistent challenges in achieving parity in workforce participation, education access, and political representation. Addressing issues related to hunger and nutrition remains a priority, with the “Zero Hunger” goal scoring 52 points, emphasizing the need for nutritious food access and combating malnutrition.

    How did States and UT performed?    

    • Score Ranges: States’ scores range from 57 to 79, while UTs score between 65 and 77. This indicates an improvement compared to the 2020-21 scores, where the range was 52 to 75 for States and 62 to 79 for UTs.
    • Front Runner Category: There has been a significant increase in the number of States and UTs achieving Front Runner status. In the latest edition, 32 States/UTs scored between 65 and 99, up from 22 in the previous edition. Notably, 10 new States and UTs entered the Front Runner category, including Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Manipur, Odisha, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, and Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu.
    • Score Improvements: Across all States and UTs, there has been improvement in composite scores ranging from 1 to 8 points since the 2020-21 edition. Leading in score improvements are Assam, Manipur, Punjab, West Bengal, and Jammu and Kashmir, each showing an increase of 8 points.
    • Methodology: The methodology involves compiling raw data for indicators, setting 2030 targets, normalizing data to a 0-100 score, and calculating Goal scores as means of relevant indicators. The composite score represents an average of all Goal scores, excluding Goal 14 focused solely on coastal States.

    Way forward: 

    • Targeted Interventions for Lagging States: Implement customized, data-driven interventions in States with lower scores, such as Bihar, to address specific challenges in poverty, health, and education.
    • Enhance Focus on Gender Equality and Nutrition: Strengthen policies and programs aimed at improving gender equality and combating malnutrition, particularly by increasing female workforce participation and ensuring access to nutritious food.

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  • Health Sector – UHC, National Health Policy, Family Planning, Health Insurance, etc.

    Why are dengue cases on the rise worldwide?     

    Explained | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3:

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: How dengue spread?

    Mains level: Are urbanisation and climate change fuelling dengue spread in the world?

    Why in the news?

    In recent weeks, there has been an increase in dengue cases, notably in Karnataka, with rising numbers also observed in Kerala and Tamil Nadu.

    What is the global situation of dengue?

    • Epidemiological Burden: In 2024, over 7.6 million cases of dengue were reported globally, with 3.4 million confirmed cases and significant numbers of severe cases and deaths. Dengue affects approximately half of the world’s population, with an estimated 100-400 million infections occurring annually.
    • Geographical Distribution: Dengue transmission occurs in 90 countries worldwide, predominantly in tropical and subtropical regions. The disease is endemic in more than 100 countries across WHO regions, including Africa, the Americas, the Eastern Mediterranean, South-East Asia, and the Western Pacific.

    Are urbanisation and climate change fuelling dengue spread in the world?

    Urbanization:

    • Increased Population Density: Urban areas provide optimal conditions for the Aedes aegypti mosquito due to the availability of breeding sites like stagnant water in containers, tires, and other urban infrastructure.
    • Expansion of Cities: Rapid urbanization leads to unplanned growth, inadequate waste management, and inadequate water supply, creating breeding grounds for mosquitoes.
    • Human Movement: Urbanization facilitates increased human mobility, enabling the spread of the dengue virus through infected individuals travelling between urban centers.

    Climate Change:

    • Temperature and Rainfall Patterns: Warmer temperatures and altered rainfall patterns associated with climate change create favourable conditions for mosquito breeding and survival.
    • Shifts in Geographic Distribution: Changing climate allows Aedes mosquitoes to expand their range to new regions previously unaffected by dengue, including temperate climates.
    • Extreme Weather Events: Increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather events like hurricanes and floods provide breeding opportunities for mosquitoes and facilitate virus transmission.

    Impact:

    • Health Impact: India accounts for an estimated 33 million clinically apparent dengue cases each year, contributing to a third of the global dengue burden
    • Economic Impact: A cost analysis study in southern India estimated the direct medical costs per hospitalized dengue patient at around ₹20,000 in 2017-18, with costs soaring to over ₹61,000 for complications requiring intensive care.
    • Impact on Individuals: Dengue can cause a wide spectrum of illness, from mild flu-like symptoms to severe complications like internal bleeding, organ impairment, and potentially death if not treated promptly.

    Way forward: 

    • Enhance Urban Infrastructure: Improve urban planning to include effective waste management, regular clearing of stagnant water sources, and sustainable water supply systems to reduce mosquito breeding grounds.
    • Public Awareness Campaigns: Launch comprehensive public awareness campaigns focusing on urban populations to promote community involvement in mosquito control measures and encourage responsible waste disposal practices.

    Mains PYQ: 

    Q Public health system has limitation in providing universal health coverage. Do you think that private sector can help in bridging the gap? What other viable alternatives do you suggest? (UPSC IAS/2015)

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