Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: voluntary tax transparency, TTR etc
Mains level: voluntary tax transparency framework, benefits challenges and way ahead
What’s the news?
- While India’s tax reforms have been awe-inspiring in magnitude and scale in recent years, the country needs a voluntary tax transparency framework to sustain its current economic growth.
Central Idea
- As the Indian economy aims to surpass the $5 trillion milestone, focusing on sustainable growth has become paramount. Achieving this goal requires the active participation of key stakeholders, including the government, corporations, investors, and civil society. In this context, tax transparency emerges as a crucial catalyst for sustaining India’s economic growth.
What is meant by voluntary Tax Transparency?
- Voluntary tax transparency refers to a proactive approach taken by organizations, businesses, or individuals to disclose their tax-related information and practices willingly and without any legal obligation. In this context, the term voluntary implies that there is no specific legal requirement or regulatory mandate forcing entities to disclose their tax-related information.
The Framework for Voluntary Tax Transparency
- The proposed voluntary tax transparency framework aims to incentivize organizations operating in India, encompassing private companies, multinationals, and public-sector units, to disclose their strategies and approaches towards domestic and international taxation.
- Moreover, these voluntary disclosures could be linked to the environmental, social, and governance (ESG) framework, creating a standard of commitment to sustainability for every company.
What is a tax transparency report (TTR)?
- Globally, a tax transparency report (TTR) serves as a format for such disclosures, providing annual voluntary information on a company’s global tax strategies.
- While some large companies voluntarily file these reports, the Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) project initiated by the OECD is working towards addressing gaps and mismatches in international tax regulations, which, over the years, have allowed many multinationals to minimize their tax outgo through creative tax structuring.
Benefits of Tax Transparency
- Economic benefits:
- Tax transparency serves as a litmus test to assess each company’s contribution to India’s growth and provides valuable insights into corporate tax strategies.
- It will attract international investors who prioritize transparency and responsible tax behavior, resulting in increased capital inflow, job opportunities, economic expansion, and overall prosperity.
- Environmental benefits:
- It will attract larger capital inflows, particularly in sectors like infrastructure and green energy.
- It fosters healthy competition among companies, encouraging them to disclose tax strategies and engage in responsible tax practices, thereby improving their ESG scores.
- Extending transparency to include environmental practices, such as reporting environmental taxes related to carbon emissions, plastic usage, waste management, and water consumption, incentivizes businesses to adopt greener practices.
- Social benefits:
- Tax transparency highlights a company’s contributions to areas such as social insurance, healthcare, and pension premium
- Additionally, under governance disclosures, the framework motivates companies to align their ESG policies with tax behavior, promoting robust corporate governance practices, accountability, and transparency.
The Influence of Tax Transparency on Consumer Behavior
- As India approaches the $5 trillion milestone and witnesses growing per capita income, the younger generation’s consumer behavior is undergoing a noticeable shift.
- These individuals prioritize a company’s ESG performance when making purchasing decisions or evaluating job prospects.
- Tax transparency, falling under the broader ESG umbrella, will play a significant role in influencing these choices.
Challenges for implementing voluntary tax transparency in India
- Lack of awareness and understanding of the concept of voluntary tax transparency among companies and organizations. Many may not fully grasp the benefits and importance of voluntarily disclosing tax-related information.
- Some companies may be hesitant to embrace voluntary tax transparency due to concerns about revealing sensitive financial information or competitive advantages.
- India’s tax system is known for its complexity. Companies may find it challenging to navigate India’s complex tax system
- The absence of clear regulations or guidelines on voluntary tax transparency
- Companies may be cautious about how the public, investors, and other stakeholders will perceive the information disclosed voluntarily.
- Smaller companies or organizations with limited resources might find it challenging to allocate time and effort to prepare and disclose voluntary tax-related information.
What India needs to do to promote voluntary tax transparency?
- India should develop a well-defined voluntary tax transparency framework that incentivizes organizations, including private companies, multinationals, and public-sector units, to disclose their domestic and international tax strategies voluntarily.
- Link tax transparency with the broader environmental, social, and governance (ESG) framework.
- Social contributions and governance policies should also be considered as part of the disclosure.
- Launch extensive awareness campaigns to educate businesses, investors, and the public about the benefits and significance of voluntary tax transparency
- India can establish a voluntary framework for companies on the lines of TTR to solidify its economic foundations and cultivate a business environment cantered around integrity.
- Set up a monitoring and evaluation mechanism to assess the effectiveness of voluntary tax transparency efforts regularly.
- Ensure that India’s voluntary tax transparency framework aligns with international best practices and standards.
- Ensure that the voluntary tax transparency framework does not hinder the ease of doing business in India.
Conclusion
- India’s pursuit of becoming a global economic powerhouse demands sustained and responsible growth. Adopting a voluntary tax transparency framework will not only attract sustainable investments but also demonstrate India’s commitment to a greener, more socially responsible, and transparent business environment. By embracing tax transparency, Indian companies can become trailblazers in promoting sustainable development and fostering a prosperous future for the nation
Also read:
Levying the Wealth tax to reduce income inequality
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Climate change mitigation efforts
Mains level: Climate change impact, mitigation targets, efforts and challenges, way forward
What’s the news?
- The media’s attention has been focused on the 1.5 degrees Celsius warming target and the influence of El Niño this year. While crossing this temperature threshold is a cause for concern, the hyperbolic end-of-the-world messaging around the climate crisis deserves revaluation.
Central idea
- The target in the Paris Agreement, to keep the planet’s surface from warming by 2 degrees Celsius by 2100, has been touted as a monumental goal. However, despite negotiations for more than two decades, global carbon emissions have not slowed. Also, the target was not derived scientifically. Instead of fixating on alarming scenarios, it is crucial to approach the climate challenge with a balanced perspective.
What is 2 Degrees Celsius Target?
- In 2015, during the United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP21) in Paris, the Paris Agreement was adopted by nearly all countries of the world.
- The central aim of the agreement is to keep global temperature rise well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels.
- The 1.5 degrees Celsius target was introduced to address concerns raised by vulnerable nations, particularly small island states.
- To achieve the 2 degrees Celsius target, countries are required to make nationally determined contributions (NDCs) that outline their planned efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
- The Paris Agreement emphasizes the importance of global cooperation and collective action to tackle climate change
What is Earth System Models (ESM’s)?
- ESM’s are complex computational models used by climate scientists to simulate the Earth’s climate system.
- These models are designed to represent the interactions and feedbacks between various components of the Earth system, including the atmosphere, oceans, land surface, ice, and biogeochemical processes.
- These models use numerical methods to solve these equations over a grid covering the entire globe, allowing scientists to simulate climate processes and changes over both short and long-time scales.
Key concerns regarding 2 Degrees target
- The 2 degrees Celsius target was not established based on robust scientific evidence or a comprehensive understanding of the potential impacts of such warming.
- Despite the international efforts and commitments made under the Paris Agreement, global carbon emissions have not shown signs of significant reduction.
- The 2 degrees Celsius target may not adequately address the regional variations in climate impacts.
- ESM’s used for climate projections struggle to accurately simulate regional-scale climate variations, especially in places like the Indian subcontinent.
- There are doubts about the ability to distinguish between the consequences of 1.5- and 2-degrees Celsius warming and to design region-specific climate adaptation policies.
Uncertainties for India
- Uncertainties in ESM’s make it difficult to accurately predict regional climate impacts at the scale of the Indian subcontinent.
- Climate change affects water availability, precipitation patterns, and glacial melt in the Himalayas. Unpredictability of these factors can have significant implications for India’s overall water security.
- Uncertainties in climate projections impact India’s agricultural sector, making it challenging to predict crop yields and plan for food security.
- Coastal areas in India, including major cities like Mumbai and Kolkata, are vulnerable to the impacts of rising sea levels, leading to increased risks of flooding and coastal erosion.
- Climate change can exacerbate health issues, including heat-related illnesses, vector-borne diseases, and air pollution. Uncertainties in how climate change affects disease patterns make it challenging to plan and implement effective public health responses.
Way forward
- Set ambitious and science-based climate targets that align with the latest climate research and international commitments.
- Revisit the 2 degrees Celsius warming target and consider more stringent goals to limit global warming.
- Invest in climate science and research to enhance the accuracy of regional climate projections and improve understanding of climate impacts on India.
- Strategies should focus on sectors like agriculture, water resources, infrastructure, and health to build resilience against the impacts of climate change.
- Accelerate the transition to renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydropower.
- Develop and implement measures to protect coastal areas from sea-level rise and extreme weather events.
- Strengthen public health systems to address health challenges related to climate change. This includes heatwave preparedness, disease surveillance, and measures to reduce air pollution.
- Foster climate education and empower citizens to participate in climate mitigation and adaptation efforts.
Conclusion
- The 2 degrees Celsius target, while widely accepted and seen as a significant milestone in addressing climate change, is not without its flaws and uncertainties. Going forward, it is essential for the global community to reassess and update climate targets based on the best available scientific evidence and consider the specific needs of different regions to effectively combat the climate crisis.
Also read:
Climate Change: Mission Adaptation A Comprehensive Measure
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: India's oil trade with Russia, advantages, implications and way forward
What’s the news?
- For over a year, India, the world’s third-largest consumer of crude oil with an import dependency of more than 85%, has been entangled in a passionate affair with Russian oil.
Central idea
- Aftermath invasion of Ukraine, Russia began offering deep discounts to willing buyers as Western countries turned their backs on its oil. Prior to the conflict, Russia had a minor role in India’s oil trade, which was predominantly dominated by West Asian suppliers like Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE. However, the discounts offered by Russia led to a drastic transformation, making it India’s primary source of crude oil
Recent growth in Russian oil imports
- According to data from the Directorate General of Commercial Intelligence and Statistics (DGCI&S), India’s oil imports from Russia surged more than tenfold since April 2022.
- This steady growth gained momentum, particularly after the G7 imposed a $60-per-barrel price cap on seaborne Russian crude in December 2022.
- Russia’s market share skyrocketed to 24.2% during the 14-month period, up from a mere 2% in FY22. In contrast, other major suppliers such as Iraq, Nigeria, and the US witnessed substantial declines in their market shares.
- OPEC’s share in India’s oil imports fell by almost half, from 75.3% in May 2022 to 40.3% in May 2023.
- Among the major suppliers to India, several OPEC members saw their market shares decline, while Russia’s share surged from 6% to 40.4%.
How it transformed India’s energy landscape?
- Before the Ukraine conflict, Russia was a minor player in India’s oil trade, and the country relied heavily on West Asian suppliers like Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE.
- The deep discounts offered by Russia created an opportunity for India to diversify its sources of crude oil, reducing its dependence on a few dominant suppliers and increasing energy security.
- The discounts on Russian oil provided significant foreign exchange savings for Indian refiners. Till May 2023, Indian refiners saved approximately $7.17 billion in foreign exchange due to increased purchases of discounted Russian oil.
- These savings positively impacted India’s trade balance and current account deficit, contributing to overall economic stability.
What are the concerns?
- India’s deepening energy ties with Russia amid geopolitical tensions and international sanctions may expose India to geopolitical risks.
- The association with Russian oil could lead to diplomatic complexities with other nations.
- Despite diversifying energy sources, there is still concern about over-reliance on Russian oil.
- India’s substantial imports from Russia could leave it vulnerable to supply disruptions or geopolitical developments affecting Russian exports.
- The volatility of discount levels on Russian oil adds uncertainty to India’s energy trade calculations.
- The lack of transparency in the pricing of Russian oil cargoes makes determining exact discounts challenging, leading to uncertainties in trade negotiations and financial planning.
Way forward
- India should continue diversifying its sources of crude oil to reduce dependence on a single supplier.
- Ensuring transparency in oil pricing and understanding the actual discounts offered by Russia can help in making informed decisions.
- As India deepens its energy ties with Russia, it should manage its relationships with other oil-producing nations, especially those from OPEC.
- India should develop a comprehensive and forward-looking energy policy that considers both short-term energy needs and long-term sustainability.
- Adequate energy infrastructure, including ports, pipelines, and storage facilities, is crucial to support diverse energy sources and efficient energy trade.
Conclusion
- The unprecedented shift in India’s oil trade reflects the dramatic impact of Russia’s deep discounts amid geopolitical conflicts. Although the recent erosion of discounts poses challenges for Indian refiners, the affair with Russian oil has left a lasting impact on India’s energy trade dynamics. The future of this relationship remains uncertain, but the profound influence of Russia’s discounts will be remembered as a transformative episode in India’s oil trade history.
Also read:
India’s export of Russian oil to West
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NFHS findings
Mains level: Changing dynamics of women in India and Aging women and its implications
What is the news?
- The observance of World Population Day (11 July) provides an opportunity to reflect upon India’s demographic journey and its transformative impact on the lives of its citizens, particularly women. This article presents insights and perspectives on how population growth, fertility decline, and social norms have influenced various aspects of women’s lives in India.
Central idea
- From a population of 340 million at Independence to a staggering 1.4 billion today, India has experienced remarkable growth fueled by advancements in public health, diminished starvation, and medical breakthroughs. This demographic transition has had profound implications for Indian women throughout their lives, presenting both positive and negative changes.
Challenges Faced by Indian Women
- Son Preference and Gender Bias: Indian society’s preference for sons is reflected in the sex ratio imbalance. The number of girls per 100 boys under the age of five dropped from 96 to 91 between 1950 and 2019. This decline can be attributed to practices such as sex-selective abortion and the neglect of sick daughters, resulting in limited opportunities and discrimination against girls.
- Early Marriage and Childbearing: The early marriage and childbearing continue to be significant challenges for Indian women. The average age at first birth has remained low, with women born in the 1980s still having a first birth below 22 years of age. Early motherhood limits women’s educational and employment prospects, perpetuating gender inequality.
- Limited Access to Education: While recent improvements have been made, access to quality education remains limited for many girls and women in India. The article emphasizes that although over 70% of girls enroll in secondary education, early marriage and childbearing restrict their educational opportunities, hindering their skill development and access to better employment prospects.
- Gender-based Violence and Harassment: There is prevalence of gender-based violence and harassment, including domestic violence, dowry-related violence, and sexual harassment. Such incidents negatively impact women’s physical and psychological well-being, restrict their freedom, and limit their ability to fully participate in society.
- Limited Economic Opportunities: Gender pay gaps, occupational segregation, and biases in hiring and promotion processes contribute to limited economic opportunities for women in India. The burden of unpaid domestic and caregiving work falls disproportionately on women, hindering their ability to engage in paid employment and achieve economic empowerment.
- Lack of Social and Financial Support: The widowed or elderly women often lack adequate social and financial support systems. Dependence on male family members, particularly sons, for financial support can perpetuate gender inequality and leave women vulnerable to economic hardships, social isolation, and limited access to healthcare and pension benefits
Aging women and its implications
- Increase in Proportion: The proportion of the female population aged 65 and above has risen significantly over the years. Between 1950 and 2022, the proportion of women aged 65 and above increased from 5% to 11% and is projected to reach 21% by 2050.
- Outliving Husbands: Women tend to marry older men and are more likely to outlive their husbands. As a result, a higher percentage of elderly women are widowed compared to men in the same age group. The 2011 Census shows that while only 18% of men above age 65 are widowed, about 55% of the women are widowed.
- Financial Challenges: Widowed women often face financial difficulties, as they may lack access to savings, property, and other financial resources. This dependence on their husbands and subsequent reliance on their children, primarily sons, can perpetuate the cycle of son preference.
- Limited Agency: Widowed women may experience limited decision-making power and agency in their later years. Their dependence on sons for support can restrict their ability to make independent choices and contribute to a sense of social and economic vulnerability.
Changing Dynamics for Indian Women
- Difficulty in ensuring the birth of a son: With families having fewer children, the likelihood of not having a son increased. Social norms, patrilocal kinship patterns, and financial insecurity reinforced the preference for sons. This led to practices such as sex-selective abortion and neglect of sick daughters.
- Decreased years spent on active mothering: As fertility rates declined, women had more time for education and employment. NFHS finds that the number of years women spend caring for children under five declined from 14 years in 1992-93 to eight in 2018-20; the years spent caring for children ages six to 15 dropped from 20 to 14 years.
- Persistent early marriage and childbearing: While women’s educational attainment increased, with over 70% of girls enrolling in secondary education, early marriage and childbearing remain the predominant forces defining women’s lives. As a recent article by Park, Hathi, Broussard, and Spears documents, the average age at first birth has hardly budged about 20 for women born in the 1940s and still remains well below 22 years for those born in the 1980s.
What is mean by Gender Dividend?
- Gender Dividend refers to the concept that societies can achieve greater productivity and equity by investing in women and girls and closing gender gaps, particularly in the labor market.
- It emphasizes that by realizing the economic potential of women and girls through increased investments and opportunities, societies can become more productive and equitable.
Strategies to harness the Gender Dividend
- Education and Skill Development: Promote gender equality in education by ensuring equal access to quality education for girls and women. Encourage girls’ enrollment and retention in schools, address barriers to education, and provide skill development programs that equip women with relevant skills for employment.
- Economic Empowerment: Create an enabling environment for women’s economic participation by addressing gender disparities in the labor market, promoting entrepreneurship, and ensuring equal pay for equal work. Implement policies and programs that support women’s access to financial resources, credit, and business opportunities.
- Women’s Leadership and Decision-making: Increase women’s representation and participation in leadership positions across sectors, including politics, business, and public institutions. Encourage women’s involvement in decision-making processes at all levels to ensure their perspectives and voices are heard.
- Legal Reforms and Gender Equality: Enact and enforce laws that protect women’s rights and promote gender equality. Address discriminatory practices, such as early marriage, dowry, and violence against women. Strengthen the implementation of existing laws to ensure justice and protection for women.
- Health and Well-being: Improve women’s access to healthcare services, including reproductive healthcare, maternal health, and preventive care. Address specific health issues affecting women, such as gender-based violence, reproductive health concerns, and mental health.
- Social Support and Safety: Establish social support systems that provide safety nets for women, particularly vulnerable groups such as widows, elderly women, and single mothers. Create awareness campaigns to challenge social norms and attitudes that perpetuate gender inequality and violence against women.
- Engaging Men and Boys: Engage men and boys as allies in promoting gender equality and challenging harmful gender norms. Encourage men’s involvement in caregiving, domestic responsibilities, and advocating for women’s rights.
- Data Collection and Monitoring: Collect sex-disaggregated data and conduct gender analysis to identify gaps, monitor progress, and inform evidence-based policymaking. Regularly evaluate and measure the impact of gender equality initiatives to ensure accountability and guide future interventions.
Strategies for enhancing childcare access
- Utilize National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS): Consider making staffing crèches an acceptable form of work under NREGS. This would involve using NREGS workers to help staff childcare centers, thereby expanding access to affordable childcare services.
- Leverage the Self-Help Group Movement: Harness the self-help group movement to establish neighborhood childcare centers in urban and rural areas. This can involve utilizing the network and resources of self-help groups to set up and manage childcare facilities.
- Expand Anganwadis: Increase the reach and scope of Anganwadis, which are government-funded centers providing integrated childcare and early education services. Expand their capacity and include provisions for crèche services to accommodate working parents.
- National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM): Integrate childcare services within the NRLM framework, which aims to enhance the livelihoods of rural households. This can involve incorporating childcare as part of the skill development and income-generation activities supported by NRLM.
- Financial Support for Childcare: Explore the implementation of subsidy programs or financial assistance schemes to make childcare more affordable for low-income families. This could include income-based subsidies, vouchers, or tax credits to alleviate the financial burden of childcare expenses.
- Neighbourhood Childcare Centers: Encourage the establishment of neighborhood-based childcare centers, particularly in urban areas, to cater to the local community’s childcare needs. This approach ensures proximity and accessibility for parents, making it easier for them to balance work and childcare responsibilities.
- Recognition of Childcare as Work: Recognize the valuable work of childcare providers and promote the professionalization of the childcare sector. This can include offering training programs, certification, and support systems to improve the quality of care provided by childcare professionals
Conclusion
- Realizing India’s demographic dividend requires fully harnessing the gender dividend by empowering women throughout their lives. Access to childcare plays a pivotal role in facilitating women’s labor force participation. Efforts to improve childcare access should be combined with strategies to challenge patriarchal norms and create an enabling environment for women’s education, employment, and asset ownership. By embracing these measures, India can empower its women and achieve inclusive and sustainable development.
Also read:
Women’s Political Representation in India: Moving Beyond Tokenism
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Motions and other parliamentary procedures and related provisions
Mains level: Adjournment motion, its significance and criticism and various parliamentary procedures
What’s the news?
- In the second day of the Monsoon Session of Parliament, the Lok Sabha witnessed adjournment proceedings as Opposition parties demanded an urgent discussion on the alleged sexual assault of women in Manipur amid the ongoing ethnic violence in the state.
Central idea
- Congress MPs moved adjournment motions, urging Prime Minister Narendra Modi to address the matter and uphold the government’s constitutional commitment to protect religious minorities and Scheduled Tribes. This article will delve into the concept of adjournment motions and their differences from other parliamentary motions raised in Indian Parliament.
What is an adjournment motion?
- An adjournment motion is a parliamentary procedure used to raise an issue of urgent public importance that requires immediate discussion and debate.
- It allows Members of Parliament (MPs) to interrupt the regular business of the house and seek the attention of the entire house on a specific matter that is deemed pressing and critical.
- Adjournment motion can be moved in the Lok Sabha by any member who seeks the Speaker’s consent to discuss a definite matter of urgent public importance.
- The notice for an adjournment motion must be given before 10 am to the Lok Sabha Secretary-General on the day it is to be raised.
Parliamentary Procedures in Indian Parliament
- Members of Parliament in both the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha have various procedures to draw attention to relevant issues.
- There are four main procedures under which discussions can take place in the Lok Sabha – a debate without voting under Rule 193, a motion (with a vote) under Rule 184, an adjournment motion, and a no-confidence motion.
- Similar measures, except no-confidence motion, also exist in the Rajya Sabha.
Rule 193: Short Duration Discussion
- Under Rule 193 of the Lok Sabha’s rules and Rule 176 of the Rajya Sabha’s rules, Short Duration Discussions can take place.
- These discussions require the Chairman or Speaker’s satisfaction that the matter is urgent and of sufficient public importance.
- The Chairman or Speaker can then fix a date for discussion, allowing a time period of up to two and a half hours.
- Disagreements over the rule to invoke led to the adjournment of the Rajya Sabha on the issue of Manipur.
Rule 184: Motion with a Vote
- A motion on a matter of general public interest can be admitted under Rule 184 if it satisfies certain conditions.
- The motion should not contain arguments, inferences, ironical expressions, imputations, or defamatory statements.
- It must be restricted to a recent occurrence and cannot pertain to a matter pending before any statutory authority, commission, or court of enquiry.
- The Speaker can allow such a motion to be raised at his own discretion, and a time period for discussion can be allotted.
Significance of the adjournment motion
- It allows the Parliament to discuss pressing matters promptly, ensuring that critical issues do not get overlooked or delayed.
- It serves as a tool for holding the government accountable for its actions or inactions.
- By raising urgent matters and initiating discussions, MPs can seek clarifications, explanations, and government responses, which promotes transparency in governance.
- The discussions resulting from an adjournment motion bring urgent matters into the public domain, raising awareness among citizens about significant issues affecting the country.
- The government is obligated to address the concerns raised during the adjournment motion debate.
- It provides an opportunity for the government to present its stance, actions, and plans to address the issue, thus ensuring greater accountability.
- It empowers the Opposition to raise important issues and bring government shortcomings to the forefront.
- It gives them a platform to voice dissent and critique government policies, fostering healthy democratic debates.
Criticisms over the adjournment motion
- The adjournment motion, once admitted, disrupts the regular proceedings of the house.
- Other important legislative business, debates, or bills scheduled for that session may get delayed or postponed, affecting the overall productivity of the Parliament.
- The debate resulting from an adjournment motion can be time-consuming
- Some critics argue that the adjournment motion overlaps with other parliamentary motions, such as the calling attention motion and the motion for an urgent discussion, which also provide opportunities to discuss urgent matters.
- In some cases, the adjournment motion can be misused for political purposes rather than genuinely addressing urgent matters.
- While the adjournment motion raises urgent matters and demands government attention, it does not guarantee immediate action or resolution.
Conclusion
- The recent demand for an urgent discussion on the ethnic violence in Manipur through an adjournment motion resulted in the Lok Sabha’s adjournment. Parliament has various procedures to address relevant issues, each with its own set of conditions and implications. As the proceedings are set to resume, it remains to be seen how the government and Opposition parties will navigate the demands for discussion on this critical matter.
Also read:
Short Duration Discussions in Parliament
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Biological Diversity (Amendment) Bill, 2022
Mains level: Biological Diversity (Amendment) Bill, 2022, Provisions, concerns and way forward
What’s the news?
- The Biological Diversity (Amendment) Bill, 2022 is set to be tabled during the monsoon session of the Parliament. Earlier, it was to be discussed in the Lok Sabha on March 29, 2023 but was deferred.
Central idea
- The Biological Diversity (Amendment) Bill, 2022, introduced in 2021 seeks to amend the existing Biological Diversity Act, 2002. However, it has faced criticism and reservations due to concerns that certain amendments may favor industry interests and not adequately uphold the principles of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). The bill’s journey so far has raised questions about its potential impact on biodiversity conservation in India.
Objectives of the Bill
- The main objectives of the amendment bill are to ease regulations on wild medicinal plants,
- Promote the Indian system of medicine
- Foster an environment for collaborative research and investments
- Reduce the burden of obtaining permissions from the National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) for practitioners and companies producing medicinal products
Controversial Provisions of the Biological Diversity (Amendment) Bill, 2022
- The bill proposes to de-criminalize violations of biodiversity laws and withdraws the power given to the National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) to file a First Information Report (FIR) against defaulting parties.
- The bill allows domestic companies to use biodiversity without seeking approval from biodiversity boards. Only foreign controlled companies are required to acquire permission.
- The bill includes the term codified traditional knowledge, which grants exemptions to users, including practitioners of Indian systems of medicine, from the provisions of approvals for accessing or sharing benefits.
Concerns raised by the activists
- Some critics argue that the proposed amendments may weaken biodiversity conservation efforts in India
- Lack of oversight and accountability may lead to unchecked utilization of biodiversity resources, which could negatively impact ecosystems and biodiversity.
- The codified traditional knowledge may enable profit-seeking domestic companies to exploit traditional knowledge without adequately compensating the communities that have conserved and developed it for generations.
- The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) emphasizes the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of biodiversity. The proposed amendments may not fully align with these principles.
- While the bill aims to promote traditional medicine and ease regulations, it may not sufficiently address the broader issues of biodiversity loss, habitat degradation, and the need for stronger conservation measures.
- Weakening biodiversity protection and benefit-sharing mechanisms could disproportionately affect indigenous and local communities, which often rely on biodiversity for their livelihoods and cultural practices.
Way forward
- Reassess and redraft the contentious provisions in the bill, particularly those related to decriminalizing violations, exempting domestic companies from seeking permission, and codified traditional knowledge.
- Establish robust and transparent mechanisms for equitable benefit sharing from the use of biodiversity.
- Adequately compensate indigenous communities and traditional knowledge holders for their role in conserving and preserving biodiversity.
- Incentivize businesses that prioritize conservation and sustainable utilization of resources.
- Strengthen enforcement measures to ensure compliance with biodiversity conservation regulations. Establish appropriate penalties for violations to deter non-compliance.
- Align the bill with India’s international commitments, especially those agreed upon during the 15th Conference of Parties to the CBD.
- Strengthen the capacity and authority of biodiversity governance bodies like the National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) to effectively regulate and monitor biodiversity-related activities.
Conclusion
- The Biological Diversity (Amendment) Bill, 2022 presents a complex dilemma for biodiversity conservation in India. As the bill awaits discussion in the monsoon session, it becomes crucial for policymakers to address the concerns raised by activists and legal experts, ensuring that India’s biodiversity is safeguarded and aligned with global conservation goals.
Also read:
Why is there a controversy on the forest Bill?
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Heatwaves, heat domes ,el nino , ocean warming etc and their interactions and impacts
Mains level: Rising Heatwaves across the globe, factors, impacts and mitigating strategies
What’s the news?
- The average daily global temperature on Thursday was recorded at 17.12 degrees Celsius, encompassing measurements over land, ocean, ice sheets, and mountainous snow regions.
Central idea
- In a concerning announcement, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) declared June as the hottest month ever recorded on Earth since temperature tracking began 174 years ago. The heatwave has persisted into July, with 18 out of the first 20 days witnessing unprecedented average daily global temperatures.
What is Heat-wave?
- A heatwave is a prolonged period of abnormally hot weather.
- Heatwaves usually last for several days or weeks and can occur in both dry and humid
- Characterized by temperatures that are significantly higher than the average for a particular region during that time of year.
What are heat domes?
- A heat dome occurs when an area of high-pressure stays over a region for days and weeks. It traps warm air, just like a lid on a pot, for an extended period.
- The longer that air remains trapped, the more the sun works to heat the air, producing warmer conditions with every passing day.
- Heat domes, if they last for a long period, may cause deadly heat waves.
What are Anticyclones?
- An anticyclone, also known as a high-pressure system, is essentially an area of high pressure in which the air goes downwards towards the Earth’s surface.
- As the air sinks, its molecules get compressed, which increases the pressure, making it warmer. This causes dry and hot weather.
- The winds remain calm and gentle during an anticyclone, and there is almost no formation of clouds because here the air sinks rather than rises.
Factors behind this scorching trend?
- Climate change: The primary driver behind the escalating heatwaves and rising global temperatures is human-induced climate change.
- The burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, industrial processes, and other human activities release greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O), into the atmosphere. These gases trap heat and lead to the greenhouse effect, resulting in the warming of the Earth’s surface.
- El Nino events, characterized by abnormal warming of surface waters in the equatorial Pacific Ocean, can elevate temperatures worldwide and exacerbate heatwaves.
- Heat domes and anticyclones are weather phenomena that can intensify and extend heatwaves.
- Warmer oceans release more heat into the atmosphere, fueling extreme weather events like heatwaves.
- Urban areas with concrete and asphalt surfaces can create heat islands that retain and amplify heat, leading to higher temperatures within cities compared to surrounding rural areas.
- Climate change can trigger feedback loops that amplify its effects. For example, melting ice in the Arctic reduces the Earth’s reflective surface, leading to increased absorption of sunlight and further warming.
*NOTE: Although heat domes and anticyclones don’t occur due to climate change, they have become more intense and longer as a result of soaring global temperatures.
Impact of Heatwaves
1.Human Health Impacts:
- Heat-related Illnesses: Heatwaves can cause heat-related illnesses such as heat exhaustion and heatstroke, which can be life-threatening if not treated promptly. The elderly, young children, and individuals with pre-existing health conditions are more vulnerable.
- Dehydration: High temperatures and excessive sweating can lead to dehydration, especially if individuals do not consume enough fluids.
2.Impact on Agriculture:
- Crop Failure: Prolonged heatwaves can cause damage to crops and reduce agricultural yields due to drought conditions and water shortages.
- Livestock Stress: High temperatures can lead to heat stress in livestock, affecting their productivity and overall health.
3.Environmental Impact:
- Drought: Heatwaves can contribute to drought conditions by increasing evaporation and reducing water availability, leading to water scarcity and affecting ecosystems.
- Wildfires: Hot and dry conditions during heatwaves can increase the risk of wildfires, leading to extensive damage to forests and wildlife habitats.
- Water Quality: Heatwaves can lead to higher water temperatures, which may negatively impact aquatic ecosystems and decrease water quality.
4.Energy Demand and Infrastructure Stress:
- Increased Energy Consumption: Heatwaves result in higher energy demand due to the use of air conditioning and cooling systems, putting strain on the power grid.
- Power Outages: The increased demand for electricity during heatwaves can lead to power outages if the electrical infrastructure becomes overloaded.
5.Social and Economic Impact:
- Disruption of Daily Activities: Heatwaves can disrupt daily life, making it uncomfortable to work, travel, or engage in outdoor activities.
- Economic Losses: Heatwaves can result in productivity losses, increased healthcare costs, and damage to infrastructure, leading to economic impacts on communities and businesses.
Worse affected countries
- United States: North America, particularly the United States, has experienced prolonged heatwaves covering a large swath of the country. States like California, Florida, New Mexico, and Arizona have been experiencing extreme temperatures. Temperature remained around 43.3 degree Celsius.
- Europe: Countries in Europe, such as Italy and Greece, have been gripped by two consecutive heatwaves. Italy’s island of Sardinia saw temperatures reaching 47.7 degrees Celsius, and Greece experienced temperatures exceeding 40 degrees Celsius, leading to wildfires and affecting historical sites.
- Spain: Spain witnessed a temperature of 45.4 degrees Celsius in the town of Figueres, the highest temperature recorded in the country since 1928. It led to dry spells and wildfires.
- Asia: China, Iraq and Saudi Arabia remain some of the worst affected countries. A remote township in China saw temperatures touching 52 degree Celsius
- Algeria: North Africa’s Algeria has reported record-breaking temperatures, with some experts suggesting temperatures exceeding 50 degrees Celsius in certain areas.
- Tunisia: Tunisia has also been impacted by severe heatwaves, with temperatures reaching up to 49 degrees Celsius in some regions.
Mains Marks enhancer: Best Practices in India
- Andhra Pradesh:
- Setting up Heat Action Plans: Cities like Vijayawada have implemented Heat Action Plans that include public awareness campaigns, heat helplines, and designated cooling centers to provide relief to vulnerable populations.
- Telangana:
- Early Warning Systems: The Telangana State Development Planning Society issues heatwave alerts and early warnings to district authorities and the public, allowing them to take precautionary measures.
- Rajasthan:
- Urban Heat Island Mitigation: Cities like Jaipur have implemented measures to reduce the urban heat island effect by promoting green spaces, reflective surfaces, and better urban planning.
- Gujarat:
- Cool Roofs: The Gujarat government has encouraged the use of cool roofs in buildings to reflect sunlight and reduce indoor temperatures during heatwaves.
- Tamil Nadu:
- Heatwave Awareness Programs: The Tamil Nadu government conducts awareness programs through schools, colleges, and community organizations to educate people about heatwave safety and preparedness.
Way forward: Urgent actions needed
- The international community must strengthen and implement the commitments made under climate agreements, such as the Paris Agreement.
- Countries should set more ambitious targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions
- Provide support to developing nations to enhance climate resilience and adaptation.
- Prioritize the transition to renewable energy sources and invest in clean technologies.
- Develop robust adaptation strategies such as involves establishing heat emergency response plans, cooling centers, and public awareness campaigns.
- Cities should adopt green urban planning practices, incorporating green spaces, green roofs, and sustainable building designs to mitigate the urban heat island effect and promote natural cooling.
- Promote sustainable land management practices, including reforestation and afforestation
- Enhance early warning systems to detect and respond to extreme heat events promptly.
Conclusion
- The alarming surge in global temperatures, culminating in devastating heatwaves across continents, is a potent reminder of the urgency to combat climate change. As nations grapple with the immediate impacts of heatwaves, it is imperative to take collective action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, mitigate the effects of climate change, and safeguard the planet for future generations. The time to act is now; the consequences of inaction are too dire to ignore.
Also read:
Heatwaves in India: Increasing Frequency Needs Range of Measures to Mitigate
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Indo-pacific partnerships and evelopments
Mains level: Indo-pacific and NATO, significance and challenges
What’s the news?
- The Russia-Ukraine conflict has made NATO summits more significant than ever. The wide presence of four Asia-Pacific countries: Australia, New Zealand, Japan, and South Korea has made this year’s summit more prominent especially for Indo- pacific
Central idea
- The recent NATO summit was held in Vilnius, Lithuania, marked a significant turning point for the alliance. The summit showcased NATO’s increasing focus on the Indo-Pacific region, signifying the importance of this area for Euro-Atlantic security.
What is Indo-Pacific?
- The Indo-Pacific is a geographic region interpreted differently by different countries.
- For India, the geography of the Indo-Pacific stretches from the eastern coast of Africa to Oceania whereas, for US, it extends up to the west coast of India which is also the geographic boundary of the US Indo-Pacific command.
NATO’s Historical Background and Pivot Towards Asia
- Founded in 1949, NATO emerged as a response to concerns over expanding Soviet influence in Eastern Europe.
- Originally cantered on trans-Atlantic security, the alliance has evolved to address pressing global security challenges.
- The recent summit’s agenda highlighted issues in the Indo-Pacific, such as North Korea’s nuclear activities, ballistic missile tests, and China’s military expansion and modernization.
Indo-Pacific Partnerships and Collaborations during the summit
- NATO and Japan:
- Individually Tailored Partnership Program between NATO and Japan was signed for the period of 2023-2026- focuses on cooperation in new technologies, space, and supply chain resilience.
- NATO and New Zealand:
- New Zealand was recognized as a valued partner by NATO during the summit.
- The alliance praised the collaboration with New Zealand in various areas, including cyber defense, counter-terrorism, arms control, and new technologies.
- NATO and South Korea:
- A significant agreement was reached between NATO and South Korea further strengthening their collaboration in emerging areas, particularly related to hybrid threats.
- NATO and Australia: Presence of Australian Prime Minister Anthony Albanese at the NATO summit indicates a willingness to strengthen ties and foster cooperation in areas of common concern
Significance of the Indo-Pacific for NATO
- The Indo-Pacific is home to numerous security challenges that have implications beyond the region.
- These challenges include North Korea’s nuclear and missile activities, China’s military expansion, territorial disputes, and non-traditional security threats such as cyber-attacks and terrorism.
- China’s growing economic, political, and military influence in the Indo-Pacific has global ramifications.
- China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and its assertive actions in the South China Sea have raised concerns among NATO allies about potential disruptions to regional stability and international norms.
- The Indo-Pacific region is a major driver of the global economy, with many NATO member states heavily reliant on trade and economic ties with countries in the area.
- Ensuring the security of critical sea lanes and trade routes is essential for NATO’s economic interests and stability.
- Collaborating with Indo-Pacific countries can contribute to a rules-based international order and strengthen NATO’s global reach.
Concerns Over NATO’s Role in Indo-Pacific
- Ambiguity and uncertainty within the alliance regarding NATO’s official presence and role in the Indo-Pacific.
- French President Emmanuel Macron’s public opposition to the idea of opening a NATO liaison office in Tokyo highlighted these concerns.
- Establishing an official NATO presence in proximity to China could potentially unsettle the Chinese security establishment and may be perceived as a challenge to China’s regional interests.
- Unease among ASEAN and other South Asian countries with strategic interests in the area.
- Some ASEAN countries’ centrality in the Indo-Pacific being replaced by bloc politics led by NATO.
- It could stretch the alliance’s resources and capabilities- divert attention away from NATO’s core mission in the Euro-Atlantic region.
Interesting read: What is Thucydides’ Trap?
- Thucydides’ Trap is a term derived from the historical work “History of the Peloponnesian War” by the ancient Greek historian Thucydides. Thucydides chronicled the conflict between the city-state of Athens and the rising power of Sparta in the 5th century BC, which eventually led to the Peloponnesian War.
- The central idea behind Thucydides’ Trap is that when a rising power challenges an established power, the competition between the two can lead to conflict or war.
- Thucydides famously wrote, “It was the rise of Athens and the fear that this instilled in Sparta that made war inevitable.” The rising power’s ascent and the fear it generates in the established power create a dangerous and unstable situation that may lead to a conflict as both sides jostle for power and influence.
- In the context of modern times, NATO’s involvement in the region could inadvertently contribute to the Thucydides’ Trap, where a rising power (China) and an established power (United States) risk conflict
- It serves as a warning to policymakers that managing the rise of a new power and avoiding a potential conflict requires careful diplomacy, strategic communication, and the establishment of mechanisms to peacefully resolve disputes
Conclusion
- The recent NATO summit in Vilnius showcased the alliance’s Look East moment, highlighting its increased focus on the Indo-Pacific region. Strengthening ties with Indo-Pacific partners is crucial amid the evolving global strategic landscape. However, NATO must navigate carefully and exercise caution while addressing the challenges of the 21st century and the changing dynamics of the international order.
Also read:
North East as Gateway to Indo-Pacific Strategy
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Minimum Guarantee income and employment schemes and their key provisions
Mains level: Minimum Guaranteed Income Bill, 2023, rational, significance and concerns
What’s the news?
- Rajasthan government has introduced ‘The Rajasthan Minimum Guaranteed Income Bill, 2023’ in the Assembly, what is widely expected to be the last session before the State goes for polls in less than four months.
Central Idea
- Rajasthan Minimum Guaranteed Income Bill, 2023, aim at providing guaranteed wages or pensions to the entire adult population of the state. Social activists have reacted positively to the bill, highlighting its unique features and praising its focus on providing employment and pensions through legislation rather than cash transfer schemes.
What is the Bill?
- All families of the state get guaranteed employment of 125 days every year,
- The aged, disabled, widows, and single women get a minimum pension of Rs 1,000 per month.
- The pension will be increased each year at the rate of 15 per cent.
- The Bill has three broad categories: right to minimum guaranteed income, right to guaranteed employment, and right to guaranteed social security pension.
- The government anticipates an additional expenditure of Rs 2,500 crore per year for this scheme, which may increase with time
Major provisions of the Bill
- Minimum guaranteed income:
- Guaranteed minimum income for 125 days- each year – every adult citizen of Rajasthan.
- Implemented through- Indira Gandhi Shahri Rozgar Guarantee Yojana for urban areas and MGNREGA for rural areas.
- Supplement MGNREGA’s 100 days- additional 25 days of employment in rural regions.
- Guaranteed employment:
- After completion of work- minimum wages should be paid on a weekly or fortnightly basis.
- Implementation responsibility – through A program officer– ensures- job sites are located within a five-kilometer radius of the registered job card address in both urban and rural areas.
- If the program officer fails to provide employment within 15 days of receiving an application- applicant will be entitled to a weekly unemployment allowance.
- Guaranteed social security pension:
- Individuals falling into the categories- old age, specially-abled, widows, and single women with prescribed eligibility- entitled to a pension.
- The pension amount will increase annually by 5% in July and 10% in January, beginning from the financial year 2024-2025.
What is the Rationale behind the Bill?
- The bill aligns with the principle of social justice and aims to provide support and security to the most vulnerable members of society.
- Treating the most marginalized individuals with fairness and dignity.
- “Mahatma Gandhi’s message that the true measure of a society lies in how it treats its most vulnerable members”
- As part of a bouquet of schemes and measures undertaken by the government to provide relief from inflation
- Provide a safety net and alleviate financial burdens on the most vulnerable sections of society.
Criticism over the bill
- The bill’s introduction close to the upcoming elections- politically motivated
- Populist measure designed to appeal to voters
- Financial feasibility of implementing the bill’s provisions- securing sustainable funding
- Burden on the state’s finances in the long run.
- Proper identification of beneficiaries, monitoring mechanisms, and ensuring efficient delivery of guaranteed income, employment, and pensions
Conclusion
- The Rajasthan Minimum Guaranteed Income Bill, 2023, is being seen as a pioneering step towards securing social security for all residents of the state. If implemented properly and efficiently the legislation will pave the way towards building a just and inclusive society, where the welfare of every citizen is a priority.
Also read:
A Social Security Board for Gig Workers: Rajasthan’s Pioneering Step
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Indus river system
Mains level: Indus Water Treaty, disputes, challenges and way ahead
What’s the news?
- India raised objection when Pakistan initiated arbitration at the Permanent Court of Arbitration to address the interpretation and application of the IWT.
- On July 6, 2023, the court unanimously passed a decision (which is binding on both parties without appeal) rejecting each of India’s objections.
Central Idea
- The Indus Waters Treaty (IWT), 1960 has long been hailed as a remarkable example of cooperation between India and Pakistan, despite their tumultuous relationship. The treaty has endured numerous conflicts and established detailed procedures for dispute resolution. However, in recent years, there has been an increase in the utilization of judicial recourse to settle disputes arising from India’s construction of run-of-river hydroelectric projects.
What is Indus Water Treaty (IWT)?
- The Indus Waters Treaty is a water-distribution treaty between India and Pakistan, brokered by the World Bank signed in Karachi in 1960.
- According to this agreement, control over the water flowing in three eastern rivers of India the Beas, the Ravi and the Sutlej was given to India.
- The control over the water flowing in three western rivers of India the Indus, the Chenab and the Jhelum was given to Pakistan
Basis of the treaty
- Back in time, partitioning the Indus rivers system was inevitable after the Partition of India in 1947.
- The sharing formula devised after prolonged negotiations sliced the Indus system into two halves.
- Underlying the treaty is the principle that water does not recognise international boundaries and upper riparian’s have a responsibility to lower riparian’s.
What are the Disputes and Challenges?
- Construction and design of run-of-river hydroelectric projects by India- Kishanganga (a tributary of the Jhelum) and Ratle, a hydro-electric project on the Chenab- objections from Pakistan– potentially impact the flow and utilization of water downstream.
- Pakistan initiated arbitration at Permanent Court of Arbitration- India objected to the jurisdiction of the court– advocating for the use of the neutral expert process instead.
- Pervasive atmosphere of distrust and strained relations between India and Pakistan, which hampers effective cooperation under the treaty.
- As precipitation patterns and runoff are altered, the assumption of fixed water availability under the IWT becomes increasingly uncertain.
- The treaty’s allocation of water resources does not adequately consider the potential impact of climate change on future water availability, creating a need for flexible mechanisms.
- The IWT does not sufficiently address the rapidly growing industrial and agricultural needs of both countries.
Principles of water course
- Equitable and Reasonable Utilization (ERU): This principle emphasizes the fair and reasonable use of water resources among riparian states.
- No Harm or Do No Harm Rule (NHR): The no harm principle states that riparian states should not cause significant harm to other states sharing the same watercourse. It requires taking necessary measures to prevent or mitigate any adverse impacts that might arise from water-related activities.
- Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM): IWRM approach considers water resources as an interconnected system, taking into account social, economic, and environmental factors. Achieve optimal and sustainable use of water resources.
- Basin-wide Management: Water resources should be managed at the basin or watershed level, as it is the most natural unit for water management.
- Prior Informed Consent: Obtaining the consent of affected communities and stakeholders before implementing projects or activities that may have significant impacts on water resources.
- Environmental Protection: Need to protect and conserve the ecological integrity of watercourses. Preservation of aquatic ecosystems, biodiversity, and water quality.
- The Role of the World Bank: The World Bank, as a party to the treaty, could utilize its platform to foster a transnational alliance of epistemic communities.
Conclusion
- By incorporating principles of equitable water utilization and preventing significant harm, the IWT can better address the evolving needs and climate change impacts of India and Pakistan. The World Bank’s involvement in facilitating collaboration and policy convergence could play a pivotal role in shaping a revised treaty that fosters long-term cooperation and sustainability in the shared management of the Indus waters
Also read:
Indus Water Treaty: A Case of Hydropolitics
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Skill development initiatives, employment generation schemes etc
Mains level: India's demographic dividend, a window of opportunity, skill development initiatives, challenges and way forward
What’s the news?
- India has a unique window of opportunity to unlock the potential of its youth with 1.1 billion people estimated to be in the working age group (15-64) by 2047.
Central idea
- World Youth Skills Day, observed annually since 2014, highlights the importance of investing in the skills of youth to foster future employment and entrepreneurial spirit. With a significant youth population, India stands poised to unlock the potential of working-age individuals. However, without sufficient opportunities, the youth bulge could transform into a demographic bomb.
What is demographic dividend?
- Demographic dividend, as defined by the United Nations Population Fund, is the economic growth potential that can result from shifts in a population’s age structure, mainly when the share of the working-age population is larger than the non-working-age share of the population
India’s robust youth skills program
- The Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE) operates its umbrella scheme, the Skill India Mission launched in 2015- objective to develop a skilful youth workforce of the future- Providing proper skillset training to over 400 million young people by the year 2022
- Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY)– a skill certification scheme of the MSDE implemented by- National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC)- aims to mobilise and equip the youth population with the necessary skill sets training.
- National Skills Qualifications Framework (NSQF)- to enable candidates to acquire desired competency levels
- Recognition of Prior Learning Learning (RPL)—skill certification for youth, especially in the unregulated sectors
- Kaushal—a hands-on awareness-based approach with the intention of attracting potential candidates for skill training
- Rozgar Mela—a career placement fair for young jobs seekers.
- PMKVY 2.0, which ran from 2016 to 2020, aimed to equip 10 million young people with demand-driven skill sets through short-term training and Recognition of Prior Learning.
- PMKVY 3.0, launched in 2020-21, provided training to over 7.36 lakh candidates, including a specialized crash course for COVID warriors.
- Skill Hub Initiative was introduced to align vocational training with the National Education Policy 2020 and create a skilled workforce aligned with industry needs.
- PMKVY 4.0 will be launched soon to take skill development to a wider young segment- it will also cover niche new age technologies such as coding, Artificial Intelligence (AI), robotics, mechanotrics, Internet of Things (IOT), 3D-printing, drones, and developing other soft skills.
- The NAPS launched in 2016 has been promoting Apprenticeship in the country through financial incentives, technology, and advocacy support.
- PM-YUVA was launched in 2016 as an all-India scheme to promote business studies, and facilitate access to entrepreneurship support networks and start-ups ideas for the youth.
- Project AMBER strives to provide holistic skilling to foster quality jobs, improved employment opportunities and retention methods.
- The Skill Loan Scheme was launched in July 2015 to provide finance to the youth for enrolment in skill development courses
Challenges regarding India’s youth skills enabling journey
- According to the International Labour Organisation (ILO), India is projected to face a significant skill deficit of 29 million by 2030.
- Skill development programs have suffered from underutilization of funds and high dropout rates.
- Gender disparity in India’s workforce, with a female labor participation rate of only 22
- Only a fraction of certified individuals has found jobs through the skill development programs.
Way forward
- Enhance the effectiveness of basic education– incorporating relevant and practical skills training, updating curricula– align with industry needs, and promoting experiential learning approaches.
- Foster closer collaboration between skill development initiatives and industries to ensure the relevance of training programs.
- Promote gender equality in skill development programs– encouraging more women to participate in training, providing support systems tailored to their needs, and creating opportunities for women to enter non-traditional sectors.
- Address the funding gap and ensure effective utilization of resources in skill development initiatives.
- Develop robust job placement and retention strategies, including establishing strong linkages with industries, facilitating internships and apprenticeships.
- Regularly assess labor market needs and trends to update skill training programs.
- Conduct public awareness campaigns to promote vocational skills as aspirational career choices
Conclusion
- India’s journey towards youth skill development has witnessed commendable efforts. However, addressing the skill deficit and unlocking the true potential of the youth requires continued investment, policy enhancements, and stakeholder collaboration. Through concerted efforts, India can maximize its demographic dividend for the workforce of the future.
Also read:
India’s Population Growth: Dividend or a Disaster?
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Project Cheetah, Cheetah- characteristics and conservation status
Mains level: Project cheetah, Significance of cheetahs reintroduction, conservation failures and way forward
What’s the news?
- Till now, eight translocated cheetahs at Madhya Pradesh’s Kuno National Park (KNP) have died.
Central idea
- The recent deaths of two cheetahs in Kuno due to suspected septicaemia from festering neck wounds caused by radio collars have raised concerns about the reintroduction project. Similar injuries have been observed in three other cheetahs. This unexpected setback has puzzled experts familiar with the routine use of collars for monitoring and research purposes in both India and Africa.
What are collars on animals?
- Collars on animals refer to devices worn around the neck or attached to the neck area of an animal. These collars serve various purposes depending on the specific context and the type of animal involved.
What are Radio Collars used on Cheetahs?
- Radio collars are like tracking collars which utilizes radio signals for monitoring animals.
- They are commonly used in wildlife research to gather information about animal movements, home ranges, and social interactions.
- Radio collars can provide valuable insights into the behaviour and ecology of animals in the wild.
The Problem with Collars
- Carrying a device on the body for an extended period can have adverse effects.
- A study published in the Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research highlighted the higher presence of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria on the wrists of watch wearers, which can lead to sepsis or death.
- Similarly, domestic dogs often develop acute moist dermatitis or hot spots under collars, worsened by tick or flea bites.
- Moreover, tight-fitting collars can cause pressure necrosis and hair loss around the neck, resembling bedsores
Factors Influencing Vulnerability of Cheetahs in Kuno
- Cheetahs possess a furrier winter coat compared to tigers or leopards, which retains more water and takes longer to dry.
- This prolonged moisture exposure weakens the skin over time.
- A study criticized the 3% collar weight rule for not considering animal athleticism.
- Accelerometer-based research revealed that collars exert forces on cheetahs during movement equivalent to up to 18 times the collar’s weight.
- This weight burden, particularly on a wet coat, may have adverse effects on cheetahs during high-speed sprints.
- Cheetahs may be vulnerable to local pathogens to which Indian tigers and leopards are immune.
- Alternatively, the cheetahs might have carried dormant pathogens that thrived under new conditions, given their weakened immunity due to stress
What needs to be done?
- An immediate action is to track, immobilize, and evaluate all cheetahs for neck injuries caused by the radio collars.
- Reevaluating the use of radio collars and exploring collar modifications or alternatives.
- Developing lighter collars and ensuring proper fitting to minimize the risk of collar-induced injuries.
- Non-invasive tracking methods that do not require collars could be explored.
- Providing appropriate veterinary care and treatment
- Understand and identify the specific pathogens causing collar-induced infections in the cheetahs of Kuno
- Collaboration among wildlife biologists, veterinarians, researchers, and conservationists is crucial. Consultation and sharing knowledge and experiences.
FYI: Some common types of collars used on animals
- Identification Collars: Collars with tags or labels are often used on domestic pets such as dogs and cats for identification purposes.
- Tracking Collars: Tracking collars are commonly used in wildlife research and conservation Equipped with GPS or radio transmitters – monitor movement and behavior of animals.
- Electric Fencing Collars: To train livestock and other animals to avoid crossing designated boundaries. Electric fencing systems and deliver a mild electric shock
- Training Collars: Training collars, also known as e-collars or shock collars, are used in dog training to aid in obedience training or behavior correction- mild electrical stimulation or vibrations to reinforce desired actions
Conclusion
- The recent collar-induced injuries and deaths of cheetahs in Kuno have posed a significant challenge to the reintroduction project. It is crucial to address the issues to ensure the success and well-being of the cheetahs. However, finding a solution that balances collar use with the cheetahs’ safety and health remains a complex task.
Also read: The impact of cheetahs on India’s grasslands
Reintroduction of Cheetahs and Its Potential Impact
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Economic indicators and concepts
Mains level: India's economic growth, Indicators, future prospect and challenges
What’s the news?
- With the receding impact of Covid-19 and hopeful prospects for an amicable resolution to the Russia-Ukraine War, India must now focus on charting its future growth strategy
Central idea
- India’s current per capita income estimated at $2,379 in 2022-23, which needs to be raised by nearly six times over the next 25 years. This ambitious goal will pave the way for a higher standard of living and the eradication of poverty. However, achieving this vision requires a comprehensive understanding of the challenges ahead and the necessary actions to overcome them.
What is per capita income?
- Per capita income refers to the average income earned by individuals in a specific geographic area. It is calculated by dividing the total income of a population by the total number of individuals in that population.
- Per capita income provides an indicator of the average standard of living and economic well-being within a given population.
What is Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF)?
- GFCF refers to the total value of investment in fixed assets within an economy, such as machinery, equipment, buildings, and infrastructure, during a specific period.
- It represents the net increase in the stock of fixed capital goods.
- GFCF is an essential component of aggregate demand and is considered a driver of economic growth.
- Higher levels of investment in fixed assets contribute to increased production capacity, improved productivity, and long-term economic development.
- The GFCF ratio is often expressed as a percentage of GDP, indicating the proportion of total investment in fixed assets relative to the size of the economy.
What is incremental capital-output ratio (ICOR)?
- The ICOR is an economic indicator that measures- amount of investment required to generate an additional unit of output.
- It represents the ratio between the change in capital investment and the corresponding change in output or GDP.
- It provides insights into the efficiency of capital utilization and the productivity of investment in an economy.
- A lower ICOR indicates that a smaller amount of investment is required to generate a given increase in output, indicating higher efficiency and productivity of capital.
- A higher ICOR suggests that a larger amount of investment is needed to achieve the same level of output growth, indicating lower efficiency of capital utilization.
Growth Target and Investment Requirements
- To sustain continuous growth of 7 percent over the next 25 years, India must maintain a GFCF rate of 28 percent.
- According to the latest release of NSO, the GFCF rate in current prices for 2022-23 is 29.2 per cent of GDP.
- While the commonly assumed incremental capital-output ratio (ICOR) of 4 suggests improved capital efficiency, recent trends indicate an average ICOR of 4.65 from 2016-17 to 2022-23.
- Acknowledge the evolving ICOR and work towards an estimated investment rate of 30-32 percent of GDP.
- Both public and private investments, especially from the corporate and non-corporate sectors, need to increase.
- Direct investments into sectors that promote growth and generate employment opportunities
- Welcoming Foreign direct investment in emerging technological sectors
What global factors at present poses challenges?
- The overall climate for peace– necessary for growth– deteriorated- Ukraine-Russia conflict.
- Prolonged tension and conflicts- negative impact on global stability and economic growth.
- Shifting attitude of some countries towards global trade.
- Developed countries, which previously advocated for free trade, are now imposing restrictions on imports– challenges for developing countries like India, particularly as they strive to compete in the world market.
- Supply disruptions of critical imports, such as oil, can cause setbacks for developing and developed countries alike.
- The absorption of new technologies, such as Artificial Intelligence (AI)- impact on the industrial structure and employment landscape– challenge for populous countries like India
- Balancing economic growth with environmental sustainability may require compromises and adjustments in the growth rate.
What strategy India must follow to sustain its growth?
- India’s economic transformation in 1991 marked a departure from the past, embracing a more market-oriented approach.
- India needs to adopt a multi-dimensional approach that encompasses agriculture, manufacturing, and exports.
- Given India’s strength in the services sector, it is essential to preserve and enhance this advantage.
- Prepare to absorb new technologies, including Artificial Intelligence (AI),
- Reorienting the educational system to equip students with required skills and
- Identifying labour-intensive economic activities to address potential job losses due to adoption of technology
Conclusion
- India has made significant strides in building a strong and diversified economy over the past 75 years. However, India’s per capita income remains low compared to many countries, emphasizing the need for sustained growth. By addressing domestic challenges, seizing opportunities, and prioritizing inclusive development, India can realize its vision of a prosperous and equitable future.
Also read:
Why Indian manufacturing’s productivity growth is plummeting and what can be done?
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Biofuel and its applications, India's Biofuel program, GBA and ISA
Mains level: Global biofuel alliance, Biofuel Industry, significance In particular for India, India's Biofuel programme
What’s the news?
- The upcoming 14th Clean Energy Ministerial and Eighth Mission Innovation (CEM14/MI-8) conference, scheduled to take place in Goa from July 19-22, 2023, will witness the establishment of the Global Biofuel Alliance (GBA).
Central Idea
- The prospected establishment of the Global Biofuel Alliance (GBA) led by India during its G20 Presidency, with support from Brazil and the United States, aims to foster international collaboration and cooperation to promote the acceptance and utilization of biofuels. It seeks to leverage the transformative potential of biofuels in economic growth, rural development, energy self-sufficiency, reduced air pollution, and the global transition to clean energy.
What is Biofuel?
- Biofuel is derived from biological sources, such as plants, agricultural crops, organic waste, or animal by-products.
- It is a renewable energy source that can be used as an alternative to fossil fuels.
- The production and use of biofuels aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote sustainability.
Key types of biofuels
- Bioethanol: This is an alcohol-based fuel primarily produced by fermenting sugar or starch crops, such as sugarcane, corn, or wheat. Bioethanol is commonly used as a blend in gasoline for transportation purposes.
- Biodiesel: Biodiesel is produced from vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled cooking oil. It can be used as a direct replacement for or blended with conventional diesel fuel in vehicles.
- Biogas: Biogas is a mixture of gases, primarily methane, produced through the anaerobic digestion of organic waste materials such as agricultural residues, food waste, or sewage. It can be used for electricity generation, heating, or as a vehicle fuel.
Key Objectives and Initiatives of Global Biofuel Alliance (GBA)
- Developing robust markets for biofuels and facilitating global trade in biofuels.
- Promote policy coordination, share concrete policy lessons, and provide technical support to national biofuel programs worldwide.
- Collaborate and complement- existing regional and international agencies– energy transition initiatives, such- Clean Energy Ministerial Biofuture Platform, the Mission Innovation Bioenergy initiatives, and the Global Bioenergy Partnership (GBEP).
- By leveraging synergies–maximize impact and accelerate the biofuel industry’s growth.
India’s Biofuel Program India’s and significant strides in recent years
- Ethanol Production: In 2020-21, India produced 4.08 billion liters of ethanol, resulting in a blending rate of 10.02%. This led to a reduction of 2.7 million tonnes of CO2 emissions and significant savings in forex.
- Blending Targets: The current target for 2022-23 is to achieve a blending rate of 12%, with the ultimate goal- 20% by 2025.
- Compressed Bio-Gas (CBG) Program:
- India actively promoting CBG as a clean fuel derived from waste through the Sustainable Alternative Towards Affordable Transportation (SATAT) program. As of 46 CBG plants established so far, and around 16,164 tonnes of CBG have been sold.
- The goal- install 5,000 CBG plants across India by 2024, contributing- waste management -reducing pollution.
- Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF):
- India conducted its first commercial passenger flight– domestically produced sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) blend– commitment to decarbonizing the aviation sector.
- The establishment of the Bio-Aviation Turbine Fuel Program Committee by the Union Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas further advances the development of sustainable aviation fuel in the country.
Inspiration behind GBA: International Solar Alliance (ISA)
- The ISA jointly initiated by India and France in 2015.
- The ISA- significant contributions to combating climate change through widespread adoption of solar energy solutions.
- Facilitated- solar project development – initiatives like the Solar Finance Facility, SolarX Grand Challenge, Solar Technology Application Resource Centres, and the ‘One Sun One World One Grid Initiative.‘
- The GBA aims to replicate the success of the ISA by promoting the utilization of biofuels and reducing India’s reliance on foreign oil.
Conclusion
- The GBA is poised to revolutionize the global biofuel industry. India’s leadership in the G20 Presidency highlights the importance of biofuels in achieving energy independence, reducing carbon emissions, and fostering a clean energy transition. The GBA’s detailed roadmap, ambitious targets and initiatives will pave the way for a greener and more sustainable future.
Also read:
India plans to export Solar Power
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: CBDC's
Mains level: Private digital currencies, challenges to monetary sovereignty, and counter measures
What is the news?
- The emergence of Private digital currencies presents a challenge to central banks’ control and can disrupt the established order by introducing new dynamics and possibilities.
Central idea
- The control over money supply, circulation, and value holds significant influence over economic systems and national trajectories. Governments and central banks play a crucial role in managing currency, shaping economic policies, and ensuring macroeconomic stability. However, the rise of private digital currencies introduces new dynamics and challenges to this control, potentially disrupting the established order.
What are Private digital currencies?
- Private digital currencies, also known as cryptocurrencies, are digital or virtual currencies that utilize cryptographic technology to secure transactions and control the creation of new units.
- They operate independently of traditional financial institutions and are typically decentralized, meaning they are not controlled or regulated by a central authority like a government or central bank.
- Some of the most well-known private digital currencies include Bitcoin (BTC), Ethereum (ETH), Ripple (XRP), and Litecoin (LTC)
What are stable coins?
- Stablecoins are a type of cryptocurrency that are designed to maintain a stable value relative to a specific asset or a basket of assets.
- Unlike many other cryptocurrencies that experience significant price volatility, stablecoins aim to provide stability and minimize price fluctuations.
- They achieve this stability by pegging their value to an underlying asset, such as a fiat currency (like the U.S. dollar), commodities (like gold), or a combination of assets.
What is mean by monetary sovereignty?
- Monetary sovereignty is the country’s ability to exercise control over its own currency and monetary policy without external interference.
- It is the authority of a nation’s government and central bank to determine and manage the value, supply, and circulation of its currency, as well as to shape and implement monetary policies that promote economic stability and growth.
Challenges posed by Private digital currencies to monetary sovereignty
- Private digital currencies- utilizes blockchain technology– bypasses the need for central intermediaries like banks and central banks
- Alternative systems of value transfer- peer-to-peer transactions – diminish the relevance of banks and other financial institutions.
- Operate outside the regulatory frameworks– challenges in terms of enforcing financial regulations- Anti Money Laundering and KYC requirements, which are designed to prevent illicit activities.
- The volatility and speculative nature– risks to financial stability.
- Sharp price fluctuations and market instability- adverse effects on investors, consumers, and the broader economy- particularly developing economies– less robust financial systems.
- Facilitate illicit activities- money laundering, tax evasion, and terrorist financing
Case study 1: Myanmar’s digital dynamics of power
- In Myanmar, the National Union Government (NUG) has utilized- cryptocurrency to – circumvent the military controlled economy- raise funds for the resistance.
- The NUG issued- Digital Myanmar Kyat (DMMK) -evade military oversight-independent determination of exchange rates.
- The DMMK- cross-border payments – easier to collect donations from diaspora communities.
- Serves as- means of fundraising- challenges the legitimacy of the military-issued kyat.
- The split financial system in Myanmar highlights the risks and consequences of digital currencies on sovereign legitimacy.
Case study 2: China’s Cautious Monetary Security Approach
- Contrasting views on cryptocurrencies and central bank digital currencies (CBDCs)
- Cryptocurrencies- strict restrictions- not recognized as legal tender
- Actively promotes its digital yuan- internationalize the currency- reduce reliance on US-controlled financial networks.
- Acknowledges the potential of digital money to reshape the financial ecosystem and sees it as a catalyst for global monetary decentralization.
- China’s comprehensive ban- cryptocurrencies- commitment to safeguard monetary sovereignty.
Case study 3: India’s apprehensions
- The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has underscored the need for decisive actions to address the escalating risks associated with the crypto-assets ecosystem.
- The primary concern- risks associated with stablecoins– susceptible to potential risks of redemptions and investor panics- necessitating careful mitigation measures.
- The RBI has further cautioned- private currencies, emphasising their historical propensity to generate instability– undermine sovereign control over money supply, interest rates, and macroeconomic stability- especially in developing economies.
- India’s own CBDC- Digital Rupee- perceived as a strategic response- counter the challenges- crypto-assets ecosystem.
Way forward
- Clear and comprehensive regulatory frameworks for private digital currencies- address consumer protection, investor safeguards, financial integrity, and risk management.
- International coordination and collaboration- engage in dialogue- information sharing- standardization efforts
- Continue exploring the potential of CBDCs as regulated digital currency alternatives
- Public education and awareness-building trust- benefits and risks- foster responsible usag
- Invest in research and development- development of solutions- enhance financial systems- increase efficiency.
Conclusion
- Private digital currencies present both opportunities and challenges to monetary sovereignty. The examples of Myanmar, China, and India demonstrate the complex interplay between currency control, legitimacy, and trust. As the world navigates the development of digital currencies, the balance between innovation and maintaining sovereign control will continue to shape the future of monetary systems
Also read:
India’s Central bank digital currency (CBDC) in detail
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: recent developments and bilateral partnerships
Mains level: Outcomes of the recent visit of Prime minister to US and France, opportunities for India
What’s the News?
- Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s recent visits to the US and France have focused on enhancing strategic and economic cooperation in the technology sector. These visits took place against the backdrop of global political and economic instability, including the Ukraine war and concerns surrounding China’s rise.
Central Idea
- Prime Minister Modi’s visits to the US and France have bolstered India’s tech diplomacy efforts, enabling cooperation in critical areas such as defence technology and digital advancements. The partnerships formed during these visits are set to define the trajectory of tech usage, management, and proliferation in the years leading up to the centenary of these bilateral relationships in 2047.
What is mean by tech diplomacy?
- Tech diplomacy refers to the strategic use of technology and digital diplomacy to foster international relations, promote cooperation, and address global challenges.
- It involves leveraging technology as a tool for diplomacy, enabling countries to engage with each other, build alliances, and shape the global technology landscape
Defence Technology Partnerships established during the visits
- United States:
- General Electric and Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL):
- MoU- General Electric and HAL – indigenous manufacture of GE F-414 jet engines in India.
- These engines are intended for use in the Light Combat Aircraft Mk 2, and the partnership involves the transfer of technology (TOT).
- This collaboration strengthens India’s indigenous defence production capabilities and supports the development of advanced combat aircraft
- General Atomics: India procured- 31 MQ-9B HALE (High-Altitude Long Endurance) Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) from General Atomics.
- These advanced UAVs provide critical surveillance and reconnaissance capabilities to bolster India’s defense preparedness.
- France:
- Safran and Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO):
- Safran, a French aerospace company, and DRDO- jointly develop a military jet engine in India– Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA).
- Enhance India’s indigenous defense manufacturing capabilities– strengthen its air superiority
- Safran and Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL):
- Safran and HAL- co-develop the engine for the Indian Multi-Role Helicopter (IMRH)
- Advancing India’s capabilities in helicopter technology and reinforces its defense preparedness
Advancing Digital Technology Cooperation
- United States:
- The Indo-US iCET initiative- foundation for discussions and agreements- digital technology.
- Framework for cooperation- cybersecurity, artificial intelligence (AI), quantum computing (QC), semiconductors, and high-performance computing (HPC).
- MoU- Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY)- US- foster cooperation in digital technologies.
- Collaboration- semiconductor capabilities, developing AI and QC systems, and establishing standards for global cooperation.
- France:
- Based on the Indo-French roadmap on Cyber Security and Digital Technology adopted in 2019, an MoU on cooperation in digital technologies was signed between the MeitY and the French Ministry of Economy.
- This agreement aimed to strengthen collaboration in areas such as cybersecurity, AI, and QC.
Addressing Cybersecurity and Digital Infrastructure
- United States:
- The US and India- importance of India’s Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI)- reducing the global digital divide.
- The US expressed support for India’s DPI initiatives, recognizing their potential to bridge the digital divide and promote inclusive growth.
- France:
- The MoU- Indo-French roadmap on Cyber Security and Digital Technology- strengthen cooperation in cybersecurity.
- Agreement- critical infrastructure protection, cybersecurity education, and skills development
- France joined the US – endorsing India’s efforts to bridge the digital gap and promote digital inclusion.
How India can capitalize on these partnerships?
- Invest in research and development – enhance its technological capabilities.
- Leverage the expertise and resources available.
- Training programs, educational reforms, and skill development– nurture a talented pool – AI, cybersecurity, quantum computing, and digital technology.
- Encouraging entrepreneurship- favourable ecosystem for startups- incentives to startups
- Clear policies and regulations that promote collaboration, protect intellectual property rights, facilitate technology transfer, and ensure data security.
- State-of-the-art research facilities, testing laboratories, and advanced digital infrastructure to support collaborative projects and attract investments.
Conclusion
- Prime Minister Modi’s historic visits to the US and France have laid the groundwork for strengthening India’s technological diplomacy. By focusing on capacity-building and leveraging these partnerships, India can navigate the strategic journey of technological advancements in the coming years, cementing its position as a key player on the global stage
Also read:
iCET: Initiative on Critical and Emerging Technologies between India and US
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Project RPwD Generation, Mission Accessibility
Mains level: India's disability law jurisprudence, challenges, Project RPwD Generation, Mission Accessibility and way forward
What’s the news?
- Disability Pride Month, celebrated every July, serves as a global platform to acknowledge the identities of individuals with disabilities and affirm their rights and visibility.
Central idea
- Chief Justice of India, D Y Chandrachud, emphasized the importance of diversity and plurality as the essence of India’s narrative. However, India’s disability law jurisprudence has faced challenges that hindered the narratives and identities of persons with disabilities.
Challenges in India’s disability law jurisprudence
- Lack of Reasonable Accommodations: The implementation of policies and approaches by government departments and private institutions often disregarded the need for reasonable accommodations, resulting in the exclusion of persons with disabilities from various aspects of daily life.
- Inadequate Grievance Redressal Mechanisms: The absence of swift and effective grievance redressal mechanisms has made it challenging for persons with disabilities to seek justice and resolve disputes related to their rights. Bureaucratic red tape further complicated the process, hindering individuals’ ability to voice their grievances.
- Digital Exclusion: The transition to online platforms and technology-based services during the pandemic exacerbated digital barriers faced by persons with disabilities. The accessibility needs of disabled individuals were often overlooked, preventing them from fully participating in the digital realm and accessing essential services, education, employment opportunities, and information.
- Inadequate Implementation of Legislation: Although the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016, recognized and safeguarded the rights of persons with disabilities, its implementation has been insufficient. Many provisions remain unenforced, limiting the legislation’s effectiveness in ensuring accessibility, rights, and inclusion.
- Lack of Awareness and Sensitization: Limited awareness and sensitization about disability rights and the unique needs of persons with disabilities contribute to misconceptions, stigma, and discrimination. Addressing this challenge requires efforts to promote awareness and educate the public about disability rights and inclusivity.
A Growing Concern of Digital Exclusion
- Accessibility Barriers: Many digital platforms and technologies lack adequate accessibility features, making them inaccessible to individuals with disabilities. Challenges such as non-compliance with accessibility standards, poor user interface design, lack of alternative text for images, and limited compatibility with assistive technologies prevent persons with disabilities from fully utilizing digital services and platforms.
- Assistive Technology Compatibility: Persons with disabilities often rely on assistive technologies to access and navigate digital content. However, compatibility issues between these assistive technologies and digital platforms can hinder their effectiveness and limit access to information and services.
- Digital Skills and Awareness: Limited digital skills and awareness among persons with disabilities contribute to their digital exclusion. Some individuals may lack the knowledge or resources to effectively use digital tools or access assistive technologies, further widening the gap between disabled and non-disabled individuals in the digital space.
- Affordability and Accessibility: The cost of assistive technologies and internet access can be a significant barrier for persons with disabilities, particularly those from marginalized communities. The lack of affordable and accessible technology further exacerbates digital exclusion, hindering their participation in online activities
How Mission Accessibility is Driving Change?
- Engaging with Developers: Mission Accessibility proactively engages with developers of digital platforms that are inaccessible to disabled users. By working closely with these developers, they aim to raise awareness about accessibility needs and advocate for necessary changes to ensure inclusivity.
- Advocacy through Litigation: Mission Accessibility actively pursues change through legal means, including litigation if necessary. They participate in litigation cases, such as the Pathaan litigation, where they advocate for directions to make OTT (Over-The-Top) content accessible for persons with disabilities. Their involvement in such cases brings attention to the accessibility needs of disabled individuals and can result in positive changes.
- Capacity Building: Mission Accessibility conducts capacity-building workshops for web developers, particularly those working on government websites. By providing knowledge and skills related to creating accessible digital experiences, they empower developers to implement inclusive design practices and make government websites more accessible to persons with disabilities.
- Collaboration with Government Bodies: Mission Accessibility collaborates with government bodies responsible for accessibility. For example, they work with the office of the Chief Commissioner for Persons with Disabilities (CCPD) in issuing notices to digitally inaccessible platforms, urging them to make their platforms accessible within a specified timeframe. This collaboration helps drive the adoption of accessibility practices at a systemic level.
- Promoting Accessibility Audits: Mission Accessibility advocates for accessibility audits of digital platforms and services. By highlighting the importance of involving persons with disabilities in evaluating the accessibility of platforms, they push for thorough assessments that can identify and address accessibility barriers effectively.
Striving for Dignity and Rights of persons with disabilities through Project RPwD Generation
- Accessing Spaces: Project RPwD Generation works towards ensuring that persons with disabilities have equal access to public spaces. They aim to eliminate physical barriers and promote inclusive infrastructure to create an environment that is accessible to all individuals.
- Housing: The project focuses on addressing the housing needs of persons with disabilities. They strive to advocate for accessible and inclusive housing options, including barrier-free housing and the inclusion of accessibility features in housing policies.
- Education: Project RPwD Generation emphasizes inclusive education opportunities for persons with disabilities. They work to ensure that disabled individuals have access to quality education by advocating for accessible learning environments, reasonable accommodations, and inclusive practices in schools and educational institutions.
- Employment: The project aims to promote equal employment opportunities for persons with disabilities. They advocate for inclusive workplace policies, reasonable accommodations, and initiatives that foster diversity and inclusion in the workforce. Their efforts focus on eliminating discrimination and barriers to employment faced by disabled individuals.
- Rights Enforcement: Project RPwD Generation actively works towards the effective enforcement of the rights of persons with disabilities. They engage in strategic litigation, if necessary, to protect and uphold the rights of disabled individuals when they are violated. This includes taking legal actions to address instances of discrimination, lack of accessibility, or denial of rights.
- Grievance Redressal: The project places importance on strengthening grievance redressal mechanisms to ensure that disabled individuals have access to high-quality and swift justice. They aim to improve the accessibility and efficiency of the grievance redressal process, allowing persons with disabilities to effectively address their grievances
Way forward
- Strengthening the Legal Framework: Enhancing the existing legal framework related to disability rights and accessibility is crucial. This includes ensuring that legislation, such as the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, is effectively implemented, enforced, and updated as needed. Continuous evaluation and improvement of legal provisions can drive institutional change.
- Developing Clear Procedures: Establishing clear procedures and guidelines for institutions regarding accessibility and inclusion is essential. This can include creating accessibility standards, design guidelines, and protocols for reasonable accommodations.
- Capacity Building and Training: Conducting training programs and capacity-building initiatives for government officials, private sector employees, educators, and service providers can raise awareness about disability rights and accessibility requirements.
- Collaboration and Partnerships: Foster collaboration between government bodies, civil society organizations, disability rights activists, and experts in the field of accessibility.
- Accessibility Audits and Monitoring: Regular accessibility audits and monitoring of institutions, including government departments, private organizations, and digital platforms, can ensure compliance with accessibility standards.
- Promoting Inclusive Technology: Encouraging the development and adoption of inclusive technologies is crucial for digital inclusion. Institutions should prioritize accessibility in their technological solutions, ensuring that digital platforms, websites, and applications are designed with universal design principles and meet accessibility standards.
- Public Awareness and Sensitization: Conducting awareness campaigns and sensitization programs to foster a more inclusive and accepting society is essential. Promoting positive attitudes towards disability, debunking misconceptions, and encouraging empathy and understanding will contribute to the overall inclusivity of institutions.
Conclusion
- As Disability Pride Month encourages us to celebrate the identities of persons with disabilities, it is imperative to recognize the challenges they face and work towards transformative change. By embracing an inclusive mindset, pursuing systemic reforms, and implementing institutional solutions, we can create a society that respects and upholds the rights of all individuals. Let us take pride in our progress while striving for a future where disability does not hinder one’s ability to fully participate in society.
Also read:
Promoting Inclusive Cities through Innovative Technology and ICT
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Related Constitutional provisions
Mains level: Significance of constitutional tenets in safeguarding individual rights and personal choice, Constitutional morality and personal liberty and various Supreme court Judgment's in this regard
What is the news?
- A recent judgment by the Allahabad High Court in the case of Kiran Rawat vs State of UP.
- The court declined the prayer of an inter-faith couple in a live-in relationship for protection from police harassment.
- The court deemed the live-in relationship as a “social problem” and relied on personal laws on marriage
Central Idea
- A recent judgment by the Allahabad High Court has garnered significant national attention. The ruling in Kiran Rawat vs State of UP undermines the principles of constitutional morality in personal relationships, a notion repeatedly affirmed by the Supreme Court of India. The judgment, has been criticised for its departure from constitutional principles, disregard for precedent, and reliance on irrelevant personal laws.
What is the case?
- The case of the petitioners, a Muslim man and a Hindu woman, was short and simple. They are around 30 years of age, living together and their relation is based on mutual love and affection.
- They alleged that the local police have been torturing them while living in a rented house, and sought protection from police harassment, allegedly done on the basis of a complaint made by a family member
What is mean by constitutional morality?
- Constitutional morality refers to the principles and values embedded in a constitution that guide the interpretation and application of its provisions.
- It encompasses the spirit and objectives of the constitution, promoting justice, equality, freedom, and the protection of fundamental rights.
- Constitutional morality goes beyond conventional social norms and customs, emphasizing the adherence to constitutional principles even in the face of opposition or prevailing societal beliefs.
What is personal liberty?
- Personal liberty refers to the individual’s freedom to make choices, decisions, and actions without undue interference or coercion from external forces, including the state or other individuals.
- It is a fundamental right that is protected by various legal frameworks, including constitutions and human rights declarations.
- Personal liberty encompasses various aspects of an individual’s life, including physical, mental, and emotional well-being, as well as their autonomy and privacy.
- However, personal liberty is not an absolute right and may be limited in certain circumstances,
Main factors that make the judgment unacceptable in the constitutional sense
- Prioritizing Conventional Social Morality: The High Court is accused of being influenced by conventional social morality rather than upholding constitutional principles. This undermines individual autonomy and personal liberty, which are essential components of constitutional morality.
- Disregard for Supreme Court Judgments: Despite citing Supreme Court judgments on live-in relationships, the High Court rejects their intended purpose without providing sound reasons. This undermines the binding nature of Supreme Court judgments and the consistency of legal interpretation.
- Irrelevant Reliance on Personal Laws: The judgment relies on personal laws related to marriage that are deemed irrelevant to the case. By doing so, the High Court deviates from the constitutional framework and fails to prioritize the fundamental rights of individuals.
How the judgement shows an inclination towards orthodoxy?
- Assuming Marriage as a Condition Precedent: Though there were many deficits in the petition, the High Court could not have assumed that marriage is a condition precedent for constitutional protection and the exercise of fundamental rights.
- Acting as a Theological Court: In effect, The High Court acted as a theological court, as if the very idea of individual liberty and autonomy are alien to the writ jurisdiction. The verdict shows a clear inclination towards social orthodoxy and religious revivalism.
- Reiteration of Traditional Beliefs:
- The court tried to reiterating traditional beliefs on marriage and morals, rather than embracing a progressive and inclusive approach. By relying on and reinforcing traditional views, the court fails to accommodate changing societal norms and the importance of personal choices and freedoms
- Rejection of Supreme Court Precedents: The law laid down by the Supreme Court is binding on all the courts in the country, as in Article 141 of the Constitution. The judgment of the Allahabad High Court rejects the precedential value of Supreme Court verdicts on live-in relationships, such as D. Velusamy (2010), Indra Sarma (2013), and Dhanu Lal (2015). By doing so, the High Court disregards the guidance provided by the apex court, which has recognized and protected the rights of individuals in live-in relationships.
The Judgements by the Supreme Court which upholds personal liberty
- Decriminalization of Adultery in Joseph Shine vs Union of India (2018): In the case of Joseph Shine vs Union of India (2018), the Supreme Court decriminalized adultery defined under Section 497 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC). The court held that individual moral aberrations should not be punished by the state’s police power. The judgment emphasized that fidelity is a value, but not one that the state should police.
- Striking Down of Section 377: In the case of Navtej Singh Johar (2018), the Supreme Court substantially struck down Section 377 of the IPC, which dealt with same-sex relations. The court’s judgment was a constitutional adjudication rather than a mere moral judgment. It recognized the importance of personal choices and limited the state’s power in the realm of personal relationships.
- In Lata Singh (2006) case: The SC t directed police authorities throughout the country to see to it that any adult undergoing inter caste or inter religious marriage is not harassed by anyone.
- Khushboo vs Kanniammal & Anr. (2010): The Supreme Court held, while it is true that the mainstream view in our society is that sexual contact should take place only between marital partners, there is no statutory offence that takes place when adults willingly engage in sexual relations outside the marital setting.
Note: Note down these judgements to support your argument when question asks you to critically analyse
Way forward
- Clear Guidance on Live-in Relationships: The Supreme Court should provide clear guidelines and legal recognition for live-in relationships, emphasizing the protection of individuals’ rights and dignity. This would prevent confusion and inconsistent interpretations by lower courts in the future.
- Judicial Training and Sensitization: There is a need to conduct training programs and sensitization workshops for judges at all levels. This would ensure a better understanding of constitutional principles, fundamental rights, and the evolving nature of societal norms, enabling judges to make informed and unbiased decisions.
- Public Awareness Campaigns: Public awareness campaigns should be conducted to educate people about the rights and legal protections available to individuals in live-in relationships. This would help dispel social stigmas and promote acceptance of diverse personal choices.
- Legislative Reforms: The legislature should consider enacting specific laws or amending existing ones to address the legal rights and responsibilities of individuals in live-in relationships. This would provide clarity and protection to couples in such relationships and ensure equal treatment under the law.
- Strengthening Precedent: It is crucial to emphasize the binding nature of Supreme Court judgments on all courts in the country. Lower courts should be vigilant in adhering to established precedents, respecting the hierarchy of judicial decisions, and avoiding interpretations that deviate from constitutional principles.
- Dialogue and Engagement: Societal dialogue and engagement with stakeholders, including legal experts, activists, and religious leaders, can help promote a better understanding of individual rights, personal choices, and the importance of constitutional values in a diverse society
Conclusion
- The Allahabad High Court’s judgment in Kiran Rawat vs State of UP reflects a regressive view on personal relationships and disregards constitutional morality. By neglecting Supreme Court judgments, relying on irrelevant personal laws, and failing to uphold personal liberties, the High Court has erred in its duty to provide justice. It is crucial that the Supreme Court rectifies this judicial indiscipline and reaffirms the significance of constitutional tenets in safeguarding individual rights and personal choice
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Forest (Conservation) Amendment Bill, 2023
Mains level: Forest Conservation Act ,1980 and the Amendment Bill, 2023, key provisions , concerns and way ahead
What’s the news?
- The Forest (Conservation) Amendment Bill, 2023 is set to be presented during the upcoming monsoon session of Parliament.
Central idea
- Recently, a Joint Parliamentary Committee (JPC) which was looking at amendments to the Bill has approved the version sent by the government with almost no comment, revisions or suggestions. However, multiple objections have been raised over the proposed amendments.
Definition- Forest (Conservation) Amendment Bill, 2023
- The Forest (Conservation) Amendment Bill is a proposed legislation aimed at amending the Forest Conservation Act of 1980 in India.
- The proposed amendments seek to address certain issues and introduce changes to enhance forest conservation efforts and promote sustainable development.
Background-Forest Conservation Act, 1980
- The Forest Conservation Act, 1980 was enacted to protect the country’s forests and empower the central government to regulate the extraction of forest resources, including timber, bamboo, coal, and minerals, by industries and forest-dwelling communities.
- Prior to the implementation of the Forest Conservation Act, extensive deforestation and diversion of forest land for non-forestry purposes were prevalent.
- From 1951 to 1975, approximately four million hectares of forest land were diverted. However, after the Act came into effect, from 1980 to 2023, only around one million hectares have been diverted.
The key objectives of the Forest (Conservation) Amendment Bill, 2023
- Definition and Demarcation of Forests: The amendments aim to provide a clear and comprehensive definition of forest and establish criteria for demarcating forest areas.
- Renaming of the Act: The proposed amendments include changing the name of the Act from Forest (Conservation) Act to Van (Sanrakshan Evam Samvardhan) Adhiniyam, which translates to Forest Conservation and Augmentation.
- Applicability of the Act: The amendments specify that the Act will apply only to lands officially notified as forest in government records on or after 1980.
- Exemptions and Strategic Projects:
- The proposed amendments introduce certain exemptions from the Act’s provisions.
- Forest land located within 100 km of international borders and intended for strategic projects of national importance, as well as land ranging from 5 to 10 hectares for security and defense projects, would be exempted.
- Encouraging Reforestation and Carbon Sink Development:
- The amendments address the issue of disincentives faced by private parties interested in developing plantations in degraded forests or restoring tree patches.
- The proposed changes seek to incentivize reforestation efforts and support India’s commitment to developing a carbon sink of three billion tonnes by 2030, as per its obligations under the Paris Agreement.
Objections to the changes
- Impact on Ecologically Sensitive Areas:
- The exemptions introduced in the amendments could have detrimental effects on significant forests in the Himalayan, trans-Himalayan, and northeastern regions.
- Clearing these forests without proper assessment and mitigation plans may threaten the biodiversity of vulnerable ecological and geologically sensitive areas and potentially trigger extreme weather events.
- Exclusion of Forest Land:
- Limiting the Act’s applicability only to forest areas recorded on or after 1980 may leave out substantial forest land and biodiversity hotspots.
- This exclusion could potentially lead to the sale, diversion, clearance, and exploitation of these areas for non-forestry purposes, undermining forest conservation efforts.
- Renaming of the Act:
- Dissent has been expressed regarding the renaming of the Act as Van (Sanrakshan Evam Samvardhan) Adhiniyam.
- The use of sanskritik terminology in the name is untenable and may not be in alignment with the linguistic and cultural diversity of the country.
- Balance of Power:
- Concerns have been raised about the balance of power between the central and state governments.
- They argue that forest conservation falls under the concurrent jurisdiction of both levels of government, and the amendments may shift the balance towards the central government, potentially undermining the authority of state governments in forest conservation matters.
Environment Ministry’s stand on the issue
- Addressing Concerns: The Environment Ministry has submitted detailed explanations to the JPC to address the concerns that have been raised. The Ministry aims to clarify and alleviate the apprehensions surrounding the proposed amendments.
- Protection of Godavarman Judgment: The Ministry asserts that the new amendments do not dilute the Godavarman Thirumulpad judgment, indicating that the changes are consistent with the principles laid down in the landmark Supreme Court ruling.
- Preventing Misuse of Land: The Ministry emphasizes that there are provisions in place to ensure that forest land will not be misused. The amendments include safeguards to prevent unauthorized exploitation or inappropriate utilization of forest land.
- Specific Exemptions: The Ministry clarifies that the exemptions introduced in the amendments would be limited to specific linear projects of strategic importance identified by the Central government.
Way forward
- Inclusive dialogue: Facilitate inclusive dialogue with stakeholders, including Opposition parties, NGOs, tribal communities, and experts, to address concerns and objections.
- Impact assessment: Conduct thorough environmental impact assessments (EIAs) to assess potential consequences of the amendments and develop mitigation plans for ecological sensitivity.
- Strengthen safeguards: Enhance safeguards for significant forest areas and develop clear definitions of forest to ensure effective conservation measures.
- Balance conservation and development: Promote sustainable practices like private plantations and reforestation while regulating industrial and mining use of forest tracts.
- Central-state collaboration: Foster collaboration and coordination between Central and state governments to harmonize forest conservation efforts.
- Transparent implementation: Allocate resources for monitoring, prevention of illegal activities, and ensure transparency and accountability in forest-related activities.
Conclusion
- The Forest (Conservation) Amendment Bill, 2023, set to be introduced in the monsoon session of Parliament. As the bill moves forward for debate, it is crucial to consider the concerns raised and ensure a balanced approach that protects both forests and the rights of forest-dependent communities.
Also read:
Wildlife (Protection) Amendment Bill and the Forests rights
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Implications of cash transfers instead of grains
Central idea
- Three years ago, financial constraints prevented the Centre and states from providing cash transfers to vulnerable households during pandemic lockdowns. However, there was an abundance of wheat and rice in FCI’s warehouses, allowing distribution to 813.5 million people. However, the current scenario has reversed, with governments having funds but limited grain stocks, raising concerns for future provisions.
Grain Distribution and Export Scenario
Grain Distribution:
- During the pandemic-enforced lockdowns the government distributed 10 kg of grain per month practically free to 813.5 million people from April 2020 to December 2022.
- This distribution was made possible through the public distribution system (PDS) and aimed to support poor and vulnerable households suffering from job and income losses.
Offtake of Grains:
- 2020-21 (April-March): The offtake of wheat and rice totalled 92.9 million tonnes, surpassing the annual average of 62.5 million tonnes during the first seven years after the National Food Security Act (NFSA) implementation.
- 2021-22: The offtake further increased to 105.6 million tonnes.
- 2022-23: The offtake remained high at 92.7 million tonnes.
Grain Exports:
- Rice: In 2021-22, India exported 21.2 million tonnes of rice, valued at $9.66 billion. In 2022-23, rice exports reached 22.3 million tonnes, valued at $11.14 billion.
- Wheat: Wheat exports accounted for 7.2 million tonnes ($2.12 billion) in 2021-22 and 4.7 million tonnes ($1.52 billion) in 2022-23
Karnataka Case: Shift from Grain to Cash Transfers
- Change in Financial Situation: As economic activities resumed, the financial situation improved for both the Centre and the states. Gross GST revenues grew, indicating increased financial resources available to the governments.
- Reduction in Grain Quota: From January 2023, the monthly grain quota under the National Food Security Act (NFSA) was reduced from 10 kg to 5 kg per person.
- Additional grain demand: The government in Karnataka sought additional grain from the FCI to fulfill its election promise of providing 10 kg of free rice per month to all members of below-poverty-line (BPL) households.
- Centre’s Refusal: The Centre did not allow the state government to distribute the extra rice beyond the 5 kg provided under the National Food Security Act (NFSA)
- Resort to Cash Transfers: As a result the Karnataka government started giving cash transfers instead. They started transferring Rs 170 to the bank accounts of the BPL family heads in lieu of the extra 5 kg of rice
Implications of cash transfers
- Inflationary Pressures:
- When households receive cash instead of free grain, they have the flexibility to use the money for various purposes, including purchasing rice or other goods.
- Increased demand for rice in the market can lead to higher prices, potentially contributing to inflationary pressures.
- Deflationary Impact of Free Grain Distribution:
- When surplus grains are distributed without a monetary transaction, it can help stabilize or reduce the prices of grains in the market.
- This can mitigate inflationary pressures and ensure affordable access to essential food items for vulnerable populations.
- Budgetary Considerations:
- This allocation needs to be carefully managed to ensure that it aligns with overall fiscal goals and priorities.
- The availability of adequate financial resources for cash transfers can be a determining factor in choosing between cash transfers and free grain distribution.
- Flexibility for Beneficiaries:
- Instead of receiving a predetermined amount of grain, households can decide how to allocate the cash according to their priorities.
- This flexibility allows households to address their unique requirements beyond food, such as healthcare, education, or other essential expenses.
- Market Dynamics:
- Cash transfers can stimulate economic activity by injecting money into local markets. This can have positive multiplier effects, benefiting various sectors and local businesses.
- On the other hand, free grain distribution may limit the market demand for grains, potentially affecting the livelihoods of farmers and traders.
Depleted grain stocks and uncertain monsoon
- Depleted Grain Stocks:
- The total stocks of wheat and rice in the Central pool today stands at a five-year-low.
- While these stocks are still above the normative minimum required, there are concerns about the monsoon and its impact on this year’s rice crop, which may affect procurement and future stocks.
- Monsoon Impact on Production:
- The poorly distributed rain has resulted in lower-than-usual rice cultivation, with farmers having planted only 123.18 lakh hectares out of the normal total of 399.45 lakh hectares under rice during the monsoon season. Additionally, the cumulative area sown is 6.1% lower than the previous year.
- Insufficient rainfall in the monsoon’s second half can impact not only the kharif rice but also the upcoming rabi wheat crop.
The Export conundrum
- Record Export Quantities: Despite the imposition of restrictions on grain exports, India witnessed record-breaking exports of rice, wheat, and other cereals. Specifically, total exports amounted to 32.3 million tonnes in 2021-22 and 30.7 million tonnes in 2022-23, valued at $12.87 billion and $13.86 billion, respectively.
- Inflationary Pressures: The rising demand for rice, coupled with reduced domestic availability due to exports, can lead to higher prices for consumers within the country.
- Limited Import Capability for Rice: As India is the world’s largest rice exporter, importing rice in case of domestic production shortfalls becomes challenging. Unlike wheat, which can be imported due to ample global supplies, rice imports are restricted.
- Price Volatility and Potential Export Restrictions: The rising rice prices globally, indicating potential price volatility. Given concerns over depleted grain stocks and uncertainties related to the monsoon, the government is considering additional export restrictions.
Way forward: A balanced approach
- Targeted Cash Transfers: Implement focused cash transfer programs to support the most vulnerable households affected by economic hardships.
- Optimal Grain Procurement: Strengthen grain procurement mechanisms to ensure an adequate supply of grains for the Public Distribution System (PDS) and strategic reserves.
- Strategic Stock Management: Develop effective strategies to balance grain distribution for immediate consumption while maintaining sufficient reserves for emergencies.
- Diversify Food Sources: Explore diverse food options, such as millets, pulses, and vegetables, to reduce reliance on a single crop and enhance food and nutritional diversity.
- Enhance Food System Resilience: Improve supply chain efficiency, reduce food waste, and enhance coordination among stakeholders for a resilient food system.
- Continuous Monitoring and Evaluation: Establish robust monitoring and evaluation systems to track the effectiveness of cash transfer programs, grain procurement strategies, and food security initiatives.
Conclusion
- The current state of depleted grain stocks, coupled with the uncertainties surrounding monsoon performance and global market dynamics, presents a significant challenge for the government. Balancing the need for cash transfers to alleviate the plight of vulnerable households while ensuring adequate grain reserves to sustain the country’s food security is a delicate task.
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