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Type: PIB

  • Animal Husbandry, Dairy & Fisheries Sector – Pashudhan Sanjivani, E- Pashudhan Haat, etc

    [pib] Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PM-MSY) for boosting fisheries sector

    21 May 2020 | PIBSchemes | Economics
    Mains Paper 3: GS3-09.Economics of Animal Rearing

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana

    Mains level: Fisheries sector of India

    The Union Cabinet has approved the “Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana”.

    Practice question for Mains:

    Q. Only after the Indian Independence, has fisheries together with agriculture been recognized as an important sector. Examine the scope & challenges of aquaculture in India.

    About the PMMSY

    • The PMMSY aims to bring about the Blue Revolution through sustainable and responsible development of the fisheries sector in India.
    • With the scheme, highest ever investment of Rs. 20050 crores are being made in the fisheries sector.
    • It will be implemented over a period of 5 years from FY 2020-21 to FY 2024-25 in all States/Union Territories.

    Aims and objectives of PMMSY

    • Harnessing of fisheries potential in a sustainable, responsible, inclusive and equitable manner
    • Enhancing of fish production and productivity through expansion, intensification, diversification and productive utilization of land and water
    • Modernizing and strengthening of the value chain – post-harvest management and quality improvement
    • Doubling fishers and fish farmers incomes and generation of employment
    • Enhancing contribution to Agriculture GVA and exports
    • Social, physical and economic security for fishers and fish farmers
    • Robust fisheries management and regulatory framework

    Implementation strategy

    The PMMSY will be implemented as an umbrella scheme with two separate components namely:

    (a) Central Sector Scheme and

    (b) Centrally Sponsored Scheme

    • Majority of the activities under the Scheme would be implemented with the active participation of States/UTs.
    • A well-structured implementation framework would be established for the effective planning and implementation of PMMSY.
    • For optimal outcomes, ‘Cluster or area-based approach’ would be followed with requisite forward and backward linkages and end to end solutions.

    Back2Basics: Fisheries sector of India

    • Fisheries and aquaculture are an important source of food, nutrition, employment and income in India.
    • The sector provides livelihood to more than 20 million fishers and fish farmers at the primary level and twice the number along the value chain.
    • The Gross Value Added (GVA) of the fisheries sector in the national economy during 2018-19 stood at 1.24% of the total National GVA and 7.28% share of Agricultural GVA.
    • The sector has immense potential to double the fishers and fish farmers’ incomes as envisioned by government and usher in economic prosperity.
    • Fisheries sector in India has shown impressive growth with an average annual growth rate of 10.88% during the year from 2014-15 to 2018-19.

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  • Swachh Bharat Mission

    [pib] Star Ratings of Garbage Free Cities

    20 May 2020 | DOMRPIB | Governance
    Mains Paper 2: GS2-13.Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Human Resources.

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Star Ratings of Garbage Free Cities

    Mains level: Success of SBM

    The Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) has released the Star rating of garbage-free cities for the assessment year 2019-2020.

    Practice question for mains:

    Q. Discuss how the Swachh Bharat Mission has become a people’s movement in India. Also, discuss how it has managed to instill a behavioural change amongst the citizens.

    About Star Rating Protocol

    • The Star Rating Protocol was launched by the MoHUA in January 2018 to institutionalize a mechanism for cities to achieve Garbage Free status and to motivate cities to achieve higher degrees of cleanliness.
    • The protocol has been devised in a holistic manner including components such as the cleanliness of drains & water bodies, plastic waste management, managing construction & demolition waste, etc.
    • While the key thrust of this protocol is on Solid waste management(SWM), it also takes care of ensuring certain minimum standards of sanitation through a set of prerequisites defined in the framework.
    • The new protocol considers ward-wise geo-mapping, monitoring of SWM value chain through ICT interventions like Swachh Nagar App and zone-wise rating in cities with a population above 50 lakh.

    Performance of cities

    • Accordingly, as per the 2020 survey, 6 cities have been graded 5 stars, 65 Cities rated 3 Star and 70 Cities rated 1 Star.

    5 Star Cities

    ULB Name State Final Rating
    Ambikapur Chhattisgarh 5 Star
    Rajkot Gujarat 5 Star
    Surat Gujarat 5 Star
    Mysore Karnataka 5 Star
    Indore Madhya Pradesh 5 Star
    Navi Mumbai Maharashtra 5 Star

    Assessment under the protocol

    • To ensure that the Protocol has a SMART framework, the MoHUA has developed a three-stage assessment process.
    • In the first stage, ULBs populate their progress data on the portal along with supporting documents within a particular timeframe.
    • The second stage involves a desktop assessment by a third-party agency selected and appointed by MoHUA.
    • Claims of cities that clear the desktop assessment are then verified through independent field-level observations in the third stage.

    Significance

    • This certification is an acknowledgement of the clean status of Urban Local Bodies and strengthened SWM systems as well as a mark of trust and reliability akin to universally known standards.

    Back2Basics: Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM)

    • SBM is a nation-wide campaign in India for the period 2014 to 2019 that aims to clean up the streets, roads and infrastructure of India’s cities, towns, urban and rural areas.
    • The objectives of Swachh Bharat include eliminating open defecation through the construction of household-owned and community-owned toilets and establishing an accountable mechanism of monitoring toilet use.
    • Run by the GoI, the mission aims to achieve an “open-defecation free” (ODF) India by 2 October 2019, the 150th anniversary of the birth of Mahatma Gandhi by constructing 90 million toilets in rural India.
    • The mission will also contribute to India reaching Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG 6), established by the UN in 2015.
    • It is India’s largest cleanliness drive to date with three million government employees and students from all parts of India participating in 4,043 cities, towns, and rural areas.
    • The mission has two thrusts: Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (“gramin” or ‘rural’), which operates under the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation; and Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (‘urban’), which operates under the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs.

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  • Defence Sector – DPP, Missions, Schemes, Security Forces, etc.

    [pib] Shekatkar Committee recommendations on Border Infrastructure

    19 May 2020 | PIB | Internal Security
    Mains Paper 3: GS3-23.Security Challenges and their Management in Border Areas – Linkages of Organized Crime with Terrorism.

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Shekatkar Committee

    Mains level: Significance of the Border Infrastructure

    Government has accepted and implemented three important recommendations of the Committee of Experts (CoE) under the chairmanship of Lt General D B Shekatkar (Retd.) relating to border Infrastructure.

    Practice question for mains:

    Q. India’s unique geo-strategic location needs an all-weather and efficient border infrastructure. Comment.

    About Shekatkar Committee

    • The military reforms committee – under Lt General (retd.) DB Shekatkar – was set up by then Raksha Mantri Manohar Parrikar in 2015.
    • The committee was established with a mandate for Enhancing Combat Capability and Rebalancing Defence Expenditure.
    • Shekatkar Committee had made recommendations on enhancing the combat potential of India’s three armed forces, rationalizing the defence budget etc.
    • The committee submitted its report on December 21, 2016. It had apparently exceeded its brief with some 200 recommendations.
    • A major recommendation is that the defence budget should be 2.5% to 3% of the GDP.

    Recommendations on border infrastructure

    • On the matter related to creating border infrastructure, the Government has implemented the recommendation of CoE to outsource road construction work beyond the optimal capacity of Border Roads Organisation (BRO).
    • These were related to speeding up road construction, leading to socio-economic development in the border areas.
    • The other recommendation relating to the introduction of modern construction plants, equipment and machinery has been implemented.

    Back2Basics: Border Roads Organisation (BRO)

    • The BRO develops and maintains road networks in India’s border areas and friendly neighboring countries and functions under the Ministry of Defence.
    • It is entrusted for construction of Roads, Bridges, Tunnels, Causeways, Helipads and Airfields along the borders.
    • Officers from the Border Roads Engineering Service (BRES) and personnel from the General Reserve Engineer Force (GREF) form the parent cadre of the Border Roads Organisation.
    • It is also staffed by officers and troops drawn from the Indian Army’s Corps of Engineers on extra regimental employment.
    • The BRO operates and maintains over 32,885 kilometers of roads and about 12,200 meters of permanent bridges in the country.

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  • Labour, Jobs and Employment – Harmonization of labour laws, gender gap, unemployment, etc.

    [pib] National Migrant Information System (NMIS)

    18 May 2020 | PIB | Governance
    Mains Paper 2: E-Governance

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: National Migrant Information System (NMIS)

    Mains level: Inter-state workers migration

    The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) has developed an online Dashboard – National Migrant Information System (NMIS).

    Did you notice, the peculiarity of the NMIS? The portal is developed and maintained by the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) not Ministry of Labour & employment or Labour bureau.

    About NMIS

    • The NMIS aims to capture the information regarding the movement of migrants and facilitate the smooth movement of stranded persons across States.
    • The key data pertaining to the persons migrating has been standardized for uploading such as name, age, mobile no., originating and destination district, date of travel etc., which States are already collecting.
    • States will be able to visualize how many people are going out from where and how many are reaching destination States.
    • The mobile numbers of people can be used for contact tracing and movement monitoring during COVID-19.

    Benefits

    • The portal helps maintain a central repository on migrant workers and help in speedy inter-State communication/co-ordination to facilitate their smooth movement to native places.
    • It has additional advantages like contact tracing, which may be useful in overall COVID-19 response work.

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  • Innovations in Biotechnology and Medical Sciences

    [pib] Iron-Manganese based Biodegradable Alloy

    18 May 2020 | PIB | Science and Technology
    Mains Paper 3: GS3-17.Awareness in the fields of IT, Space, Computers, Robotics, Nano-technology, Bio-technology and issues relating to Intellectual Property Rights.

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Iron-Manganese based Biodegradable Alloy

    Mains level: Affordable medical devices and implants in India

    Indian scientists have jointly developed new generation Iron-Manganese based alloys for biodegradable metal implants for use in humans.

    Do you remember the Johnson and Johnson’s faulty hip implants case?? The alloy mentioned in the newscard can prove to be a gamechanger in the field of medical implants.

    Iron-Manganese based Biodegradable Alloy

    • Biodegradable materials (Fe, Mg, Zn, and polymer) can participate in the healing process and then degrade gradually by maintaining mechanical integrity without leaving any implant residues in the human body.
    • They are better alternatives to currently used metallic implants which remain permanently in the human body and can cause long-term side effects like systemic toxicity, chronic inflammation, and thrombosis.
    • The ARCI team employed both conventional melting and powder metallurgy techniques in the manufacturing of the new Fe-Mn based biodegradable alloys.
    • The alloy Fe-Mn (having Mn composition of more than 29% by weight) is a promising biodegradable metallic implant which exhibits a single austenitic phase (a non-magnetic form of iron) with MRI compatibility.

    Easy degradation

    • The alloy also showed a degradation rate in the range of 0.14-0.026 mm per year in the simulated body fluid.
    • It means that the Fe-Mn alloy exhibits mechanical integrity for 3-6 months and completely, disappears from the body in 12-24 months.
    • During the degradation process, calcium phosphate deposits on the implant due to local alkalization and saturation of calcium and phosphate, allow cells to adhere onto the surface to form tissues.

    Benefits

    • The Fe-Mn alloy produced at ARCI exhibited 99% density with impressive mechanical properties and behaved as a nonmagnetic material even under a strong magnetic field.
    • These properties are comparable to presently used permanent Titanium (Ti) and stainless-steel metallic implants (which is very costly).

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  • Defence Sector – DPP, Missions, Schemes, Security Forces, etc.

    [pib] Defence Testing Infrastructure Scheme (DTIS)

    16 May 2020 | PIB | Internal Security
    Mains Paper 3: Indigenization Of Technology

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Defence Testing Infrastructure Scheme (DTIS)

    Mains level: Defence manufacturing promotion measures

    In order to give a boost to domestic defence and aerospace manufacturing, Raksha Mantri has approved the launch of the Defence Testing Infrastructure Scheme (DTIS).

     

    Practice question for mains:

    Q. Self-reliance in defence manufacturing is one of the key objectives of ‘Make in India’. Discuss.

     

    Defence Testing Infrastructure Scheme (DTIS)

    • The DTIS would run for the duration of five years and envisages set up six to eight new test facilities in partnership with private industry.
    • The scheme has been allocated with an outlay of Rs 400 crore for creating a state of the art testing infrastructure for this sector.
    • This will facilitate indigenous defence production, consequently, reduce imports of military equipment and help make the country self-reliant.
    • While the majority of test facilities are expected to come up in the two Defence Industrial Corridors (DICs), the Scheme is not limited to setting up Test Facilities in the DICs only.

    Funding pattern

    • The projects under the Scheme will be provided with up to 75 per cent government funding in the form of ‘Grant-in-Aid’.
    • The remaining 25 per cent of the project cost will have to be borne by the Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) whose constituents will be Indian private entities and State Governments.
    • The SPVs under the Scheme will be registered under Companies Act 2013 and shall also operate and maintain all assets under the Scheme, in a self-sustainable manner by collecting user charges.

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  • Coronavirus – Economic Issues

    [pib] Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan (Self-reliant India Mission)

    13 May 2020 | PIBSchemes | Economics
    Mains Paper 3: Indian Economy, Mobilization Of Resources

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan

    Mains level: Significance and need for such a mission

    The PM has announced the Atma-nirbhar Bharat Abhiyan (or Self-reliant India Mission) and said that in the days to come the government would unveil the details of an economic package — worth Rs 20 lakh crore or 10% of India’s GDP in 2019-20 — aimed towards achieving this mission.

    Try a question:

    ‘Doubling Farmer’s Income’ and ‘USD 5 trillion economy’  seems more like slogans today in wake of COVID pandemic. Comment on the statement with keeping in view the Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan of the government.

    Atmanirbhar Bharat: With a special package

    • PM has announced a special economic package and gave a clarion call for Self-reliant India.
    • The package will provide a much-needed boost towards achieving self-reliance.
    • This package, taken together with earlier announcements by the government during COVID crisis and decisions taken by RBI, is to the tune of Rs 20 lakh crore, which is equivalent to almost 10% of India’s GDP.
    • The package will also focus on land, labour, liquidity and laws. It will cater to various sections including cottage industry, MSMEs, labourers, middle class, and industries, among others.

    Five pillars of a self-reliant India

    PM iterated that a self-reliant India will stand on five pillars viz.

    1) Economy, which brings in quantum jump and not incremental change

    2) Infrastructure, which should become the identity of India

    3) System, based on 21st-century technology-driven arrangements

    4) Vibrant Demography, which is our source of energy for a self-reliant India and

    5) Demand, whereby the strength of our demand and supply chain should be utilized to full capacity

    Is this a new package?

    • The PM did not give the details, but he specified that this calculation of Rs 20 lakh crore includes what the government has already announced and the steps taken by the RBI.
    • This means the total amount of additional money — that is over and above what the government would have spent even in the absence of a Covid crisis — will not be Rs 20 lakh crore.
    • It would be substantially less.

    Why?

    • That’s because the PM has included the actions of RBI, India’s central bank, as part of the government’s “fiscal” package, even though only the government controls the fiscal policy and not the RBI (which controls the ‘monetary’ policy).
    • Government expenditure and RBI’s actions are neither the same nor can they be added in this manner.

    What did the RBI provide earlier?

    • A rough estimate suggests that the RBI’s decisions have provided additional liquidity of Rs 5-6 lakh crore since the start of the Covid-19 crisis.
    • Add this to the Rs 1.7 lakh crore of the first fiscal relief package announced by the Centre on March 26. Together, the two already account for 40 per cent of the Rs 20-lakh crore package.
    • That leaves an effective amount of Rs 12 lakh crore.
    • However, if the government is including RBI’s liquidity decisions in the calculation, then the actual fresh spending by the government could be considerably lower than Rs 12 lakh crore.
    • That’s because RBI has been coming out with long term bond-buying operations (long term repo operation or LTRO, to infuse liquidity into the banking system) worth Rs 1 lakh crore at a time.
    • If for argument’s sake, RBI comes out with another LTRO of Rs 1 lakh crore, then the overall fiscal help falls by the same amount.

    Why shouldn’t RBI’s package be included in the overall package?

    • That is because direct expenditure by a government — either by way of wage subsidy or direct benefit transfer or any, immediately and necessarily stimulates the economy.
    • In other words, that money necessarily reaches the people — either as someone’s salary or someone’s purchase.
    • But credit easing by the RBI — that is, making more money available to the banks so that they can lend to the broader economy — is not like government expenditure.
    • That’s because, especially in times of crisis, banks may take that money from RBI and elsewhere and, instead of lending it, park it back with the RBI.

    Back2Basics: Long Term Repo Operations (LTRO)

    • The LTRO is a tool under which the RBI provides 1-3 year money to banks at the prevailing repo rate, accepting government securities with matching or higher tenure as the collateral.
    • Funds through LTRO are provided at the repo rate.
    • But usually, loans with higher maturity period (here like 1 year and 3 years) will have a higher interest rate compared to short term (repo) loans.
    • According to the RBI, the LTRO scheme will be in addition to the existing Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF) and the Marginal Standing Facility (MSF) operations.
    • The LAF and MSF are the two sets of liquidity operations by the RBI with the LAF having a number of tools like repo, reverse repo, term repo etc.

    What are Repo and Reverse Repo rates?

    • The repo rate is the rate at which the RBI lends money to the banking system (or banks) for short durations.
    • The reverse repo rate is the rate at which banks can park their money with the RBI.
    • With both kinds of the repo, which is short for repurchase agreement, transactions happen via bonds — one party sells bonds to the other with the promise to buy them back (or repurchase them) at a later specified date.
    • In a growing economy, commercial banks need funds to lend to businesses.
    • One source of funds for such lending is the money they receive from common people who maintain savings deposits with the banks. Repo is another option.

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  • Industrial Sector Updates – Industrial Policy, Ease of Doing Business, etc.

    [pib] CHAMPIONS Portal for Indian MSMEs

    13 May 2020 | PIB | Economics
    Mains Paper 3: GS3-02.Inclusive growth and issues therein

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: CHAMPIONS Portal

    Mains level: Not Much

    In a major initiative, Union Ministry of MSME has launched CHAMPIONS portal for assisting Indian MSMEs march into the big league as National and Global Champions.

    MSME sector has been hit badly by COVID. Initiatives like CHAMPIONS portal are crucial for this sector.

    CHAMPIONS Portal

    • ‘CHAMPIONS’ is a technology-driven Control Room-Cum-Management Information System.
    • The CHAMPIONS is an acronym for Creation and Harmonious Application of Modern Processes for Increasing the Output and National Strength
    • As the name suggests, the portal is basically for making the smaller units big by solving their grievances, encouraging, supporting, helping and handholding.
    • It is a technology-packed control room-cum-management information system.

    Three basic objectives of the CHAMPIONS

    1) How to help the MSMEs in this difficult situation in terms of finance, raw materials, labour, permissions, etc.

    2) How to help them capture new opportunities like manufacturing of medical accessories and products like PPEs, masks, etc.

    3) How to identify the sparks, i.e., the bright MSMEs who can not only withstand but can also become national and international champions.

    Technology imbibed in the portal

    • In addition to ICT tools including telephone, internet and video conference, the system is enabled by Artificial Intelligence, Data Analytics and Machine Learning.
    • It is also fully integrated on a real-time basis with GOI’s main grievances portal CPGRAMS and MSME Ministry’s own other web-based mechanisms.
    • The entire ICT architecture is created in house with the help of NIC in no cost. Similarly, the physical infrastructure is created in one of the ministry’s dumping rooms in record time.

     A hub and spoke model of network

    • As part of the system, a network of control rooms is created in a Hub & Spoke Model.
    • The Hub is situated in New Delhi in the Secretary MSME’s office.
    • The spokes will be in the States in various offices and institutions of Ministry.
    • As of now, 66 state-level control rooms are created as part of the system.

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  • Financial Inclusion in India and Its Challenges

    [pib] Atal Pension Yojana:  Marking 5 Years of Implementation

    12 May 2020 | PIBSchemes | Governance
    Mains Paper 2: Government Scheme/Policies

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: APY, NPS, PFRDA

    Mains level: Old age security concerns addressed by APY

    The flagship social security scheme ‘Atal Pension Yojana’ (APY) has completed five years of successful implementation.

    Five years of successfull implemention of APY is a significant feat. A statement based prelims question on terms of enrolment of the APY can be asked.

    Atal Pension Yojana

    • APY is a government-backed pension scheme, primarily targeted at the unorganised sector.
    • It is a social security scheme launched by the government on 9th May 2015 to provide a defined pension between Rs 1,000 to Rs 5,000.
    • It aims of delivering old age income security particularly to the workers in the unorganised sector with a guarantee of minimum pension after 60 years of age.

    Terms of enrolment

    • APY can be subscribed by any Indian citizen in the age group of 18-40 years having a bank account and its uniqueness is attributable to three distinctive benefits.
    • First, it provides a minimum guaranteed pension ranging from Rs 1000 to Rs 5000 on attaining 60 years of age,
    • Secondly, the amount of pension is guaranteed for a lifetime to spouse on death of the subscriber.
    • And lastly, in the event of the death of both the subscriber and the spouse, entire pension corpus is paid to the nominee.

    Success of the scheme

    • The scheme has now 2.23 crores enrolment.
    • Apart from remarkable enrolments, the scheme has been implemented comprehensively across the country covering all states and UTs with male to a female subscription ratio of 57:43.

    About PFRDA

    • Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA) is the statutory authority established by an enactment of the Parliament.
    • It aims to regulate, promote and ensure orderly growth of the National Pension System (NPS) and pension schemes to which this Act applies.
    • NPS was initially notified for central government employees recruits w.e.f. 1st Jan 2004 and subsequently adopted by almost all State Governments for its employees.
    • NPS was extended to all Indian citizens (resident/non-resident/overseas) on a voluntary basis and to corporates for its employees.

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  • Innovations in Biotechnology and Medical Sciences

    [pib] BiPAP Non-Invasive Ventilator “SwasthVayu”

    12 May 2020 | PIB | Science and Technology
    Mains Paper 3: GS3-17.Awareness in the fields of IT, Space, Computers, Robotics, Nano-technology, Bio-technology and issues relating to Intellectual Property Rights.

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: SwasthVayu

    National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL) Bangalore, a constituent of the lab of CSIR has developed a Non-Invasive BiPAP Ventilator ‘SwasthVayu ’in a record time of 36 days to treat COVID-19 patients.

    The name ‘SwasthVayu’ can be tricky to guess, specially after some days. In prelims, UPSC may throw some options related to air pollution.

    SwasthVayu

    • A ventilator is a machine that provides mechanical ventilation by moving breathable air into and out of the lungs, to deliver breaths to a patient who is physically unable to breathe, or breathing insufficiently.
    • BiPAP (Bilevel Positive Airway Pressure) Non-Invasive ventilator is a microcontroller-based precise closed-loop adaptive control system.
    • It is a built-in biocompatible “3D printed manifold & coupler” with HEPA filter (Highly Efficient Particulate Air Filter).

    Benefits of SwasthVayu

    • The major advantage of this machine is that it is simple to use without any specialized nursing, cost-effective, compact and configured with the majority of indigenous components.
    • This is ideal for treating COVID -19 patients in Wards, Makeshift Hospitals, dispensaries and home in current Indian COVID 19 scenario.

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