Why in the News?
- For the first time, the Chief of Army Staff (COAS) General Upendra Dwivedi paid homage at the National War Memorial to soldiers who died during Operation Pawan (1987–1990).
- Event held on 25 November 2025.
What was Operation Pawan?
- A major military operation launched by the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) in Sri Lanka.
- Objective: Disarm the LTTE under the Indo–Sri Lanka Accord (1987).
- Duration: October 1987 – 1990.
Background
- Under the Indo–Sri Lanka Peace Accord (July 1987):
- India agreed to deploy IPKF to enforce peace in Northern & Eastern Sri Lanka.
- The LTTE initially agreed to surrender weapons but soon reneged.
Casualties in Operation
- Hundreds of Indian soldiers killed, and over 1,000 injured.
- One of India’s largest overseas military operations.
National War Memorial
- Location: New Delhi, near India Gate.
- Dedicated to soldiers of post-Independence operations including:
- 1947–48, 1962, 1965, 1971 wars
- Kargil 1999
- IPKF operations, and counter-insurgency missions.
Importance of the IPKF MissionÂ
- First large-scale out-of-country deployment of Indian forces.
- Political and military complexities:
- Fighting LTTE, once seen sympathetically by India.
- Hostile terrain and guerrilla warfare challenges.
| Operations undertaken by the Army towards upliftment of the local population in remote areas to include addressing of their basic needs is called: Â (2024)
(a) Operation SankalpÂ
(b) Operation MaitriÂ
(c) Operation SadbhavanaÂ
(d) Operation Madad
This question is highly relevant as it tests the specific format of knowledge required for Operation Pawan (the name and mission of a defence action). |
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Why in the News?
- A new study published in JAMA Neurology (Nov 24, 2025) found that untreated Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) can nearly double the risk of developing Parkinson’s disease.
- The study analysed 11 million+ U.S. military veterans’ medical records (1999–2022).
- Use of CPAP (Continuous Positive Airway Pressure) significantly reduces the elevated risk, making sleep quality a potential neuroprotective factor.
Key Findings
- Untreated OSA → ~2× higher likelihood of developing Parkinson’s.
- CPAP therapy helps maintain oxygen levels → reduces neurodegeneration risk.
- Repeated oxygen drops during sleep may lead to long-term neuronal stress.
- Parkinson’s disease risk increases naturally with age, especially >60 years, but untreated OSA further elevates vulnerability.
About Parkinson’s DiseaseÂ
- A progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting movement.
- Caused by loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra.
- Symptoms: tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia, cognitive decline (late stages).
- No cure; treatments focus on symptom management.
Prelims Pointers
- New association identified: OSA ↔ Parkinson’s disease risk.
- Published in JAMA Neurology.
- Largest dataset used for this linkage: 11 million veterans.
- CPAP is not just a sleep device—it may offer neuroprotection.
- Chronic intermittent hypoxia implicated in neurodegeneration.
| Excessive release of the pollutant carbon monoxide (CO) into the air may produce a condition in which oxygen supply in the human body decreases. What causes this condition? (2010)
(a) When inhaled into the human body CO is converted into CO2Â
(b) The inhaled CO has much higher affinity for haemoglobin as compared to oxygenÂ
(c) The inhaled CO destroys the chemical structure of haemoglobinÂ
(d) The inhaled CO adversely affects the respiratory centre in the brain
This PYQ is chosen because the core pathological connection linking Sleep Apnea and Parkinson’s disease is the concept of chronic oxygen deprivation (Hypoxia) and its neurodegenerative impact. |
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Why in the News?
- On 20 Nov 2025, the Supreme Court approved the government’s definition of Aravalli Hills as any hill 100 m or higher above local ground.
- Problem: This definition excludes 90% of Aravalli hills, making them open for mining and construction.
Background
- The Aravalli Range runs from Delhi to Gujarat through Haryana and Rajasthan.
- It is oldest fold mountains in India and plays a key role in ecology, dust control, groundwater, and wildlife corridors.
- In 2024, the SC asked the government to create a uniform Aravalli definition.
FSI’s Warning
- Lower hills (20–100 m) act as natural windbreaks, blocking sand and dust from Thar desert.
- Removing protection risks:
- Higher air pollution in NCR
- Loss of wildlife corridors
- Impact on agriculture and farmer livelihoods
| If there were no Himalayan ranges, what would have been the most likely geographical impact on India? (2010)
1. Much of the country would experience the cold waves from Siberia.Â
2. Indo-gangetic plain would be devoid of such extensive alluvial soils.Â
3. The pattern of monsoon would be different from what it is at present.Â
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?Â
(a) 1 onlyÂ
(b) 1 and 3 onlyÂ
(c) 2 and 3 onlyÂ
(d) 1, 2 and 3
The profound geographical and ecological functions of a major mountain range, which directly parallels the catastrophic risks associated with losing the Aravallis. |
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Why in the News?
- Rampant sewage discharge into the Pazhayar River in Nagercoil (Tamil Nadu), especially near Ozhuginesary, has raised serious environmental and public health concerns.
- A 2024 situational report highlighted severe domestic, agricultural, and industrial (rubber processing) pollution in the river.
- Nagercoil Corporation has initiated steps to seal sewage inlets, but pollution remains widespread.
About the Pazhayar River
- A perennial river in Kanniyakumari district, Tamil Nadu.
- Part of the Kodhayar River Basin, covering 1,646.964 sq km.
- Basin lies entirely within Tamil Nadu, with a small stretch in Radhapuram (Tirunelveli district).
| Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) is a standard criterion for (2017)
(a) Measuring oxygen levels in bloodÂ
(b) Computing oxygen levels in forest ecosystemsÂ
(c) Pollution assay in aquatic ecosystemsÂ
(d) Assessing oxygen levels in high altitude regions |
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Why in the news?
The Hayli Gubbi volcano in Ethiopia’s Afar region erupted on 23 November 2025 after nearly 12,000 years of dormancy, producing a massive ash plume rising to ~14 km (45,000 ft). High-level winds transported volcanic ash across the Red Sea and Arabian Peninsula towards western and northern India, causing temporary disruption in aviation operations.
Key Facts: Location & Geological BackgroundÂ
Hayli Gubbi Volcano
- Type: Shield volcano
- Location: Afar Region, Ethiopia (part of the East African Rift System)
- Dormancy: Last known activity ~10,000–12,000 years ago (Holocene threshold)
- Geological Setting: Lies on the triple junction where the Arabian, Nubian, and Somali plates are diverging → high tectonic activity.
East African Rift System (EARS)
- A major continental rift zone.
- Known for active volcanism (Erta Ale, Dabbahu, Nabro, etc.).
- Possible future site of a new ocean basin due to plate divergence.
Impact on India
1. Flight Disruptions
- Several international flights cancelled or delayed (Delhi, Mumbai, Hyderabad, Kochi).
- Airlines: Air India, IndiGo, Akasa Air initiated precautionary measures.
- Aircraft inspections ordered for those that flew through potentially affected air corridors.
2. Airspace Management
- Civil Aviation Ministry, Air Traffic Control (ATC), and the India Meteorological Department (IMD) issued continuous advisories.\
- No major safety threat, but routing adjustments and cancellations made as precaution.
3. No Impact on Local Weather or Air Quality
- IMD clarified:
- Ash remained in upper troposphere.
- No impact on ground-level AQI.
- Delhi’s poor air quality is unrelated, caused by local pollution.
4. Clearance Timeline
- Ash plume expected to move completely towards China by 7:30 pm, Nov 25.
Why Aviation Avoids Volcanic Ash?Â
- Ash melts inside jet engines → forms glassy deposits → engine flameout.
- Damages navigation systems & windshields.
- Reduces visibility.
- Can cause stalls, loss of thrust, and total engine failure.
Relevant Organisation:
▶ Volcanic Ash Advisory Centers (VAACs) issue global alerts—here, Toulouse VAAC monitored the plume.
| Consider the following: (2024)
1. Pyroclastic debrisÂ
2. Ash and dustÂ
3. Nitrogen compoundsÂ
4. Sulphur compoundsÂ
How many of the above are products of volcanic eruptions?Â
(a) Only oneÂ
(b) Only twoÂ
(c) Only threeÂ
(d) Only four |
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Why in the news?Â
The Ministry of Finance has notified the Capital Gains Accounts (Second Amendment) Scheme, 2025, introducing major changes to the existing Capital Gains Account Scheme (CGAS), 1988. The amendments aim to modernise processes, expand banking access, and increase clarity for taxpayers seeking capital gains exemptions.
About Capital Gains Account Scheme (CGAS), 1988
- Launched by the Central Government in 1988.
- Objective: To help taxpayers claim exemptions on long-term capital gains when reinvestment cannot be completed before the ITR filing due date.
- Linked mainly to Section 54, 54F, and related provisions of the Income Tax Act.
Why CGAS is Needed?
- Exemption requires reinvestment of capital gains within:
- 2 years (purchase of property)
- 3 years (construction of property)
- If this period extends beyond the ITR filing deadline, the taxpayer can temporarily deposit unutilised gains in CGAS to keep the exemption claim valid.
Important Conditions
- Deposit must be made before filing Income Tax Return.
- Money deposited is treated as reinvested for exemption.
- If the amount is not utilised within the stipulated period, it becomes taxable long-term capital gains in that year.
- Only long-term capital gains qualify — short-term gains are NOT eligible.
Who Can Deposit in CGAS?
- Any person with long-term capital gains, including: Individuals, HUFs, Companies, Firms, Trusts, and Any eligible taxpayer seeking exemption
- Mainly used by property sellers who need more time to reinvest.
Capital Gains Accounts (Second Amendment) Scheme, 2025 — Key Changes
- Expansion of Authorized Banks: Previously limited mostly to Public Sector Banks + IDBI Bank.
- Now extended to 19 private and small finance banks at all non-rural branches.
- Non-rural branch condition: Branch must be located in an area with population ≥ 10,000 (2011 Census).
- Rural branches cannot open CGAS accounts.
- Wider Definition of Electronic Payments: Electronic deposits can now be made through: Credit cards, Debit cards, Net banking, IMPS, UPI, RTGS, NEFT and BHIM Aadhaar Pay.This modernises the earlier narrow definition of “electronic mode”.
- Online Closure of CGAS Accounts (From April 1, 2027): Closure requests can be submitted electronically using:
- Digital Signature (DSC)
- Electronic Verification Code (EVC)
- Earlier: Closure only through physical branches.
- Clarification on Effective Date of Deposit: For cheque/DD/electronic transfers, the date of receipt of the payment instrument along with account application at the Deposit Office is treated as the effective date.Removes ambiguity around last-day deposits for tax exemption.
- Electronic Statements Permitted: Banks can now issue electronic statements instead of physical passbooks.
- Aligns CGAS with general digital banking norms.
- Â Extension of CGAS to Section 54GA: CGAS can now be used for exemptions under Section 54GA:
- Relates to capital gains arising from shifting an industrial undertaking from an urban area to a Special Economic Zone (SEZ).
- Broadens applicability beyond property-related reinvestments.
| Consider the following statements: (2025)
I. Capital receipts create a liability or cause a reduction in the assets of the Government.Â
II. Borrowings and disinvestment are capital receipts.Â
III. Interest received on loans creates a liability of the Government.Â
Which of the statements given above are correct?Â
(a) I and II onlyÂ
(b) II and III onlyÂ
(c) I and III onlyÂ
(d) I, II and III |
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Why in the News?
- A series of RTI applications filed by The Hindu across 19 States/UTs revealed that most State Forest Departments have no records of breeders, pet shops, or ownership registrations for the African Grey Parrot, despite the species being widely available in pet markets.
- Only Kerala reported receiving 17 breeder licence applications through the PARIVESH portal, exposing major gaps in India’s monitoring of exotic species trade.
About Species Profile
- African Grey Parrot (Psittacus erithacus)
- IUCN Status: Endangered
- CITES Status: Appendix I (Highest level of protection; commercial international trade highly restricted)
- WPA 1972: Listed under Schedule IV (post-2022 amendments)
Legal & Regulatory Framework (India)
Living Animal Species (Reporting and Registration) Rules, 2024
- Mandatory registration of all exotic live species on PARIVESH 2.0.
- Applies to: Pet owners, Pet shops and Breeders.
Breeders of Species Licence Rules, 2023
To breed any CITES Appendix I species, an applicant must possess:
- Breeding Licence from State Chief Wildlife Warden
- CITES Import Permit
- DGFT Import Licence Number
- NOC from State Chief Wildlife Warden prior to import
Wildlife Protection Act (WPA), 1972
- African Grey Parrot → Schedule IV
- Illegal possession/trade punishable under WPA
| With reference to the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), which of the following statements is/are correct? (2015)
(1) IUCN is an organ of the United Nations and CITES is an international agreement between governments.Â
(2) IUCN runs thousands of field projects around the world to better manage natural environments.Â
(3) CITES is legally binding on the States that have joined it, but this Convention does not take the place of national laws.Â
Select the correct answer using the code given below.Â
(a) 1 onlyÂ
(b) 2 and 3 onlyÂ
(c) 1 and 3 onlyÂ
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Why in the News?
- Recent inspections by state food-safety departments and laboratory analyses by academic institutions have once again detected the presence of Auramine O — a banned industrial dye — in sweets, savoury items, and brightly coloured chickpeas sold in public.
What is Auramine O?
- A synthetic bright yellow industrial dye.
- Uses: textiles, leather, printing inks, paper, microbiological staining.
- Not permitted as food colour in India, USA, EU, or most countries.
- IARC Classification: Possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B).
|
Why is Auramine O Harmful?
- Toxicological risks:
- Liver & kidney damage
- Spleen enlargement
- Mutagenic effects
- Potential carcinogenicity
- Organ lesions even at low doses
How Does Auramine Enter the Food Chain?
- Cheap industrial dyes are sold informally in markets.
- Used by small vendors to mimic:
- Saffron
- Turmeric
- Approved synthetic colours
- Usage spikes during festivals when brightly coloured sweets/snacks are in demand.
- Lack of awareness and cost pressure lead to misuse.
Commonly Adulterated Food Items
- Bright yellow chickpeas
- Laddus, peda, halwa
- Namkeen, mixtures
- Pickles and condiments
Regulatory Framework – India
Food Safety and Standards Act (2006)
- Defines adulteration.
- Penalties: fines + imprisonment (for injury/death).
FSSAI Initiatives
- Sampling & crackdown during festive seasons.
- Seizures of illegal dyes and prosecution.
- New order: bold, larger nutritional information on labels.
- Awareness programs for:
- Micro and small enterprises
- Street vendors
|
Consider the following statements: (2018)
- The Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006 replaced the Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954.Â
- The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) is under the charge of Director General of Health Services in the Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.Â
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?Â
- 1 onlyÂ
- 2 onlyÂ
- Both 1 and 2Â
- Neither 1 nor 2
|
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Why in the News?
Justice Surya Kant took oath as the 53rd Chief Justice of India (CJI) on November 24, 2025, administered by President Droupadi Murmu at Rashtrapati Bhavan.
About Justice Surya Kant
- Born: 10 February 1962, Hisar, Haryana.
- Youngest Advocate General of Haryana (appointed 2000).
- Judge, Punjab & Haryana High Court (2004).
- Chief Justice, Himachal Pradesh High Court (2018).
- Appointed to Supreme Court: 24 May 2019 (along with Justice B.R. Gavai).
Tenure
- Will serve until 2 February 2027 — a little over one year.
Major Priorities as the 53rd CJI
- Reduce pendency of 90,000+ cases in the Supreme Court to a “manageable number.”
- Address growing trend:
- Litigants bypassing High Courts and approaching SC directly.
- Repeated “miscellaneous applications” causing prolonged litigation
Major Cases Involving Justice Surya Kant
- Abrogation of Article 370 (J&K’s special status removed).
- Electoral Bonds Case – Bench struck down the scheme as unconstitutional.
- Pegasus spyware case.
- Suspension of sedition law deliberations.
- Granted conditional interim bail to Ashish Mishra (Lakhimpur Kheri incident).
Procedure for Selection of the Chief Justice of India (CJI)
Constitutional Basis
- Article 124(2) of the Constitution deals with the appointment of Supreme Court judges (including the CJI). The CJI is appointed by the President of India.
Seniority Convention
- By long-standing constitutional convention, the most senior judge of the Supreme Court is appointed as the next CJI.
- Seniority = date of appointment to the Supreme Court Bench.
Role of the Collegium
When the CJI’s post is falling vacant:
- The outgoing CJI recommends the name of the senior-most SC judge to the Government of India.
- This recommendation is part of the Collegium system, but only the CJI’s advice is required, not the full Collegium.
Role of the Law Ministry
- The Ministry of Law & Justice processes the recommendation.
- Sends it to the Prime Minister, who advises the President.
Appointment by the President
- The President formally appoints the recommended judge as the Chief Justice of India.
- Appointment is notified in the Gazette.
Oath of Office
- The President administers the oath of office to the new CJI at Rashtrapati Bhavan.
- Oath is under Article 124(6).
Tenure
- The CJI holds office until the age of 65.
|
Q. With reference to Indian Judiciary, consider the following statements:
1. Any retired judge of the Supreme Court of India can be called back to sit and act as a Supreme Court judge by the Chief Justice of India with the prior permission of the President of India.
2. A High Court in India has the power to review its own judgement as the Supreme Court does.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?Â
[A] 1 onlyÂ
[B] 2 onlyÂ
[C] Both 1 and 2Â
[D] Neither 1 nor 2 |
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 Why in the News?
INS Sahyadri of the Indian Navy and HMAS Ballarat of the Royal Australian Navy participated in the AUSINDEX 2025 bilateral maritime exercise in the Northern Pacific, strengthening India–Australia defence cooperation and enhancing interoperability.
What is AUSINDEX? Â
- Bilateral naval exercise between India and Australia
- First held in 2015
- Aims at maritime cooperation, interoperability, and security
- Conducted alternately in India and Australia / designated oceanic regions
AUSINDEX 2025Â
- Location: Northern Pacific
- INS Sahyadri – Shivalik-class guided-missile stealth frigate
- HMAS Ballarat – Anzac-class frigate
-
-
- Anti-submarine warfare (ASW)
- Gunnery drills
- Advanced flying operations
- Joint maritime manoeuvres
- Objective: Boost interoperability and reaffirm commitment to a free, open, inclusive Indo-Pacific
| With reference to India’s defence, consider the following pairs: (2025)
I. Dornier-228 : Maritime patrol aircraftÂ
II. IL-76 : Supersonic combat aircraft III. C-17 GlobemasterÂ
III : Military transport aircraftÂ
How many of the pairs given above are correctly matched?Â
(a) Only oneÂ
(b) Only twoÂ
(c) All the threeÂ
(d) None |
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Why in the News?
The Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI) has seized 32 kg methamphetamine tablets worth ₹32 crore in two separate operations in Assam and Tripura, exposing the continued use of the Indo–Myanmar route for drug trafficking. Three persons have been arrested under the NDPS Act, 1985.
About Methamphetamine Â
- A synthetic psychostimulant
- Known as Ya Ba / Speed pills in Southeast Asia
- Highly addictive
- Controlled under Schedule of NDPS Act, 1985
What is Hydroponic Weed?
- Marijuana grown in nutrient-rich water systems, not soil
- Higher potency due to controlled conditions
- New smuggling trend: carried by air passengers into NE India
NDPS Act, 1985Â Â
- Regulates narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances
- Provides for seizure, arrests, forfeiture
- Commercial quantity offences: 10–20 years imprisonment
- Empowered agencies: DRI, NCB, Customs, State Police, BSF, Assam Rifles
| Q: India’s proximity to two of the world’s biggest illicit opium-growing states has enhanced her internal security concerns. Explain the linkages between drug trafficking and other illicit activities such as gunrunning, money laundering and human trafficking. What countermeasures should be taken to prevent the same? (UPSC 2018) |
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Why in the News?
The Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority (HMDA) has announced a new advanced bioremediation initiative using enzyme solutions and biochar-based Bokashi balls to clean and restore Hussainsagar Lake, which has long suffered from algal blooms, foul odour, sewage inflow, and industrial pollution.
About Hussainsagar Lake
- A 16th-century artificial lake in Hyderabad.
- Faces severe pollution due to:
- Sewage inflow
- Nutrient overload (nitrates, phosphates)
- Industrial waste
- Problems: algal blooms, foul odour, low Dissolved Oxygen (DO), high Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD).
What Is Bioremediation?
- Definition: Use of microorganisms, enzymes, or biological materials to break down pollutants and restore ecosystems.
- Types relevant here:
- In-situ bioremediation – treating the lake onsite without removing water.
- Bio-augmentation – adding microbial cultures to enhance degradation.
- Aerobic/oxygenation systems – boost DO to improve water quality.
New Intervention Planned by HMDA
-
-
- Enhance microbial breakdown of organic pollutants.
- Help reduce nutrient load responsible for algal blooms.
-
Bokashi Balls (with Biochar)
-
- Bokashi = fermented organic matter rich in beneficial microbes.
- Biochar:
- Carbon-rich material produced from biomass.
- Increases microbial activity, absorbs toxins, improves water clarity.
- Purpose:
- Reduce algae, odour, pathogenic bacteria.
- Increase water transparency and DO levels.
| In the context of solving pollution problems what is/are the advantage/disadvantages of bioremediation technique? (2017)
1. It is a technique for cleaning up pollution by enhancing the same biodegradation process that occurs in nature.Â
2. Any contaminant with heavy metals such as cadmium and lead can be readily and completely treated by bioremediation using microorganisms.Â
3. Genetic engineering can be used to create microorganisms specifically designed for bioremediation.Â
Select the correct answer using the code given below:Â
(a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Why in the news?
A recent study published in iScience revealed that moss spores (Physcomitrium patens) survived nine months outside the International Space Station (ISS), enduring vacuum, cosmic radiation, microgravity, and temperature extremes. Over 80% of the spores survived and successfully germinated on return to Earth. Scientists estimate moss could survive up to 15 years in space.
Key Findings of the Study
- 20,000 moss spores were placed outside the ISS in March 2022.
- Exposed to: Vacuum, Cosmic radiation, Microgravity and Extreme temperatures
- After 283 days, the spores were retrieved.
- Results: 80% survived
- Among survivors, 89% germinated successfully
- Chlorophyll levels normal except a 20% drop in chlorophyll a, but not harmful
- Survival attributed to multiple spore wall layers offering passive protection.
About the Species
- Species: Physcomitrium patens
- Model organism for plant evolutionary studies
- Mosses are one of the earliest land plants
- Already known for surviving:
- Antarctica
- Volcanic fields
- Deserts
|
Why Moss Survived – Scientific Insight
- Multiple thick-walled layers → physical shielding
- Ability to remain in dormant state
- Natural mechanisms to handle:
- Radiation
- Desiccation
- Freezing and thawing cycles
Why Is This Significant?
- Implications for Space Exploration:Â
-
-
- Ability to survive harsh space environments → potential role in: Oxygen generation, Humidity control, Soil formation on Moon/Mars.
- Supports concepts of bioregenerative life-support systems
- It could be used in terraforming experiments on other celestial bodies
-
-
- Supports the idea that primitive plant life could survive interplanetary transport.
- Relevant to panspermia hypothesis (life spreading across planets via spores).
-
- Moss can grow with minimal resources
- Can contribute to:
- Closed-loop ecosystems
- Sustainable habitats
- Psychological well-being in isolated environments (greenery)
| Consider the following statements: (2023)
1. Some microorganisms can grow in environments with temperature above the boiling point of water.Â
2. Some microorganisms can grow in environments with temperature below the freezing point of water.Â
3. Some microorganisms can grow in highly acidic environment with a pH below 3.Â
How many of the above statements are correct?Â
(a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None |
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Why in the news?
On the eve of the 350th Martyrdom Day of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji, the President of India, Smt. Droupadi Murmu paid tribute to the ninth Sikh Guru, highlighting his supreme sacrifice for the protection of righteousness, humanity and freedom of faith.
Who was Guru Tegh Bahadur? Â
- Ninth Guru of Sikhism (1621–1675).
- Youngest son of Guru Hargobind Sahib, the sixth Guru.
- Known as “Hind di Chadar” (Shield of India) for defending religious freedom.
- Key teachings recorded in the Guru Granth Sahib, including hymns on detachment, courage, and equality.
Why is His Martyrdom Significant?
- Guru Tegh Bahadur opposed forced conversions under Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb.
- He defended the rights of Kashmiri Pandits, who sought his protection.
- Arrested and executed in Chandni Chowk, Delhi, on 24 November 1675.
- His martyrdom represents:
- Protection of freedom of conscience
- Defence of pluralism and interfaith harmony
- Upholding justice and truth
President of India’s 2025 Message: Key Highlights
- Tribute to his valour, sacrifice, and principles.
- Emphasised his role in preserving: Righteousness, Humanity, Truth.
- Called upon citizens to imbibe his values to strengthen harmony and unity in India.
Guru Tegh Bahadur’s Contributions Â
- Spiritual Teachings: Advocated nirbhau (fearlessness) and nirvair (compassion). Stressed spiritual liberation through humility and service.
- Establishment of Sikh Centres: Founded the city of Anandpur Sahib (1665). Travelled widely across the Indian subcontinent, spreading Sikh philosophy.
- Guru Granth Sahib Contribution: Composed 116 hymns, including shaloks on detachment and moral courage.
| (2009) With reference to the cultural history of medieval India, consider the following statements:Â
1. Siddhas (Sittars) of Tamil region were monotheistic and condemned idolatry.Â
2. Lingayats of Kannada region questioned the theory of rebirth and rejected the caste hierarchy.Â
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?Â
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Why in the news?
A recent Lancet three-paper series highlights the rapid rise in ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption globally, including India, and its strong link to rising obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and premature mortality. The case of an 18-year-old Indian youth with obesity and early-onset metabolic disorders illustrates the growing public health crisis.
What are Ultra-Processed Foods?
According to the NOVA classification, ultra-processed foods are:
- Industrial formulations with multiple chemical and cosmetic ingredients
- Made using high-fructose corn syrup, hydrogenated oils, flavour enhancers, emulsifiers, preservatives, colours
- Designed for long shelf life, hyper-palatable taste and convenience
Examples: Soft drinks, chips, packaged noodles, biscuits, sugary beverages, chocolates, breakfast cereals, frozen pizzas, ready-to-heat meals, chicken nuggets, processed meats.
Difference from Processed Foods:
Processed = minimal changes (washing, canning, cooking).
Ultra-processed = heavy industrial formulations, low nutrients, high calories.
Note: NOVA is a food classification system developed by the University of SĂŁo Paulo (Brazil) that categorises foods based on the extent and purpose of industrial processing, not nutrients. |
India’s UPF Consumption – Why It’s a Concern?
- Huge surge in consumption: Retail sales of UPFs in India jumped from USD 0.9 billion (2006) → USD 38 billion (2019) (approx. 40-fold increase).
- Rising NCD (Non-Communicable Diseases) burden: As per ICMR–INDIAB (2023): Obesity: 28.6%, Diabetes: 11.4%, Prediabetes: 15.3%, Abdominal obesity: 39.5% and Childhood obesity rising: 2.1% → 3.4% (NFHS).
| A company marketing food products advertises that its items do not contain trans-fats. What does this campaign signify to the customers? (2011)
1. The food products are not made out of hydrogenated oils.Â
2. The food products are not made out of animal fats/oils.Â
3. The oils used are not likely to damage the cardiovascular health of the consumers.Â
Select the correct answer using the code given below:Â
(a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Why in the news?
Delhi’s air quality deteriorated sharply in November 2025. A major contributing factor identified is the continued operation of several thermal power plant units within a 300-km radius of Delhi without Flue Gas Desulphurisation (FGD) systems.
What is FGD?
Flue Gas Desulphurisation (FGD) is a pollution-control technology used in thermal power plants and industrial units to remove sulphur dioxide (SOâ‚‚) from exhaust flue gases before they are released into the atmosphere.
Status of FGD InstallationÂ
Thermal Power Plants within 300 km of Delhi
- Total plants: 11
- Total units: 35
- Units with FGD (as of Apr 2025): 13
- Units without FGD: 22
- Units currently operating without FGD (Nov 2025): 15
- Units shut/reserve shutdown: 6
States & Operators
- Haryana (HPGCL): Panipat TPS, Yamuna Nagar TPS.
- Punjab (PSPCL): Guru Hargobind TPS and Ropar TPS.
- Private: Talwandi Sabo (Vedanta).
|
Why SOâ‚‚ Emissions Matter? Â
- SOâ‚‚ converts into secondary PM2.5, the most harmful pollutant for human health.
- Causes: Respiratory diseases, Acid rain and Visibility reduction (smog)
- Travels long distances, affecting entire regions beyond plant boundaries.
| According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), which one of the following is the largest source of sulphur dioxide emissions? (2024)
(a) Locomotives using fossil fuelsÂ
(b) Ships using fossil fuelsÂ
(c) Extraction of metals from oresÂ
(d) Power plants using fossil fuels |
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Why in the news?
According to the India Meteorological Department (IMD), a low-pressure area formed over the Bay of Bengal on November 22, 2025. It is expected to intensify into a depression by November 24 and move west-northwestwards.
What Has the IMD Reported? Â
a) Formation: Low-pressure area formed near the Malacca Strait over the South Andaman Sea. It arose due to a cyclonic circulation.
b) Likely Path: Expected to move west-northwestwards. Likely to intensify into a depression over southeast Bay of Bengal & adjoining south Andaman Sea by November 24.
c) Further IntensificationCould intensify further over the southwest Bay of Bengal within 48 hours after formation. IMD is uncertain whether it will develop into a cyclonic storm.
d) State Impact (Odisha & Coastal Areas): System is far from Odisha coast → dry weather Farmers in coastal and southern regions have started harvesting mature paddy in anticipation of possible heavy rains. The State Agriculture Department has not yet issued advisories.
| (2015) In the South Atlantic and South-Eastern Pacific regions in tropical latitudes, cyclone does not originate. What is the reason?Â
(a) Sea surface temperatures are lowÂ
(b) Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone seldom occursÂ
(c) Coriolis force is too weakÂ
(d) Absence of land in those regions |
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 Why in the news?
Chief Justice of India B.R. Gavai, on November 23, 2025, clarified the Supreme Court’s advisory opinion in the 2025 Presidential Reference regarding timelines for Governors and the President in granting assent to State Bills.
What is a Presidential Reference?
- Made under Article 143 of the Constitution.
- The President can seek the advisory opinion of the Supreme Court on questions of law or matters of public importance.
- Not binding, but carries high persuasive value.
- Cannot overrule an existing judgment, but can clarify the law.
CJI Gavai emphasised that the advisory opinion is not a judicial review judgment. |
Background:Â
Tamil Nadu Governor Case (April 8 Judgment) The April 8, 2025 Supreme Court judgment held:
- Governors/President must act on pending Bills within 3 months,
- Or else the Bill would be “deemed to have received assent”.
This introduced a judicially created timeline not explicitly present in the Constitution. This triggered the Presidential Reference seeking clarity.
Supreme Court’s Advisory Opinion (November 20, 2025)
A five-judge Bench led by CJI Gavai issued the following clarifications:
a) No Mandatory Timeline: The Constitution does not prescribe specific timelines for Governors or the President. Judiciary cannot read timelines into the Constitution.
b) “Reasonable Period” Standard: Governors and President must act within a “reasonable period”. However, the Court did not define what constitutes “reasonable”.
c) No Endless Delay: Governors cannot sit indefinitely on Bills. Courts may exercise limited judicial review in extreme delay cases.
d) Context Matters: Routine Bills → 1 month may be reasonable. Bills related to internal/external emergency → may require more time.
Key Constitutional Provisions Involved
Article 200 – Governor’s options on State Bills
-
Give assent
-
Withhold assent
-
Return the Bill (if not a Money Bill)
-
Reserve the Bill for President’s consideration
Article 201 – President’s powers over reserved Bills
-
Grant or withhold assent
-
No fixed timeline prescribed
Article 143 – Presidential Reference
-
Supreme Court gives advisory opinion
Why is this Important for UPSC Prelims?
This case clarifies the separation of powers, federalism, and the role of constitutional authorities.
Prelims often tests:
- Powers of Governor
- Assent procedures for Bills
- Nature of advisory jurisdiction
- Limits of judicial interpretation
Other Key Statements by CJI Gavai (Factual Highlights)
a) Advisory Opinion vs Judgment: Advisory opinion cannot overturn a judgment.
b) Judiciary–Executive Relations: CJI rejected the idea that “friction” is necessary between judiciary and government.
c) Judicial Independence: A judge’s independence is not measured by ruling against the government.
d) High Court Judge Transfers: Transfers made for administrative reasons and sometimes due to complaints after verification.
e) Personal Note: CJI forgave a lawyer who threw an object at him: “It’s how I was brought up.”
| Which of the following are the discretionary powers given to the Governor of a State? (PYQ 2014)
1. Sending a report to the President of India for imposing the President’s ruleÂ
2. Appointing the MinistersÂ
3. Reserving certain bills passed by the State Legislature for consideration of the President of IndiaÂ
4. Making the rules to conduct the business of the State GovernmentÂ
Select the correct answer using the code given below:Â
(a) 1 and 2 onlyÂ
(b) 1 and 3 onlyÂ
(c) 2, 3 and 4 onlyÂ
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 |
|
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Why In The News?
An Indian Air Force Tejas fighter jet crashed during the Dubai Air Show, killing Wing Commander Namansh Syal, after spiralling out of control and igniting on impact at Al Maktoum International Airport.
1)Tejas Mk1A:Â
- About: The Tejas Mk1A is an upgraded variant of India’s Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Tejas, developed by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL).
- Purpose: This version is aimed to enhance operational and combat capabilities, survivability and maintainability over the baseline Mk1.
- Capabilities:
- Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) radar integration.
- Electronic Warfare Suite (EWS) – radar‑warning and self‑protection jamming.
- Upgraded Flight Control Computer (DFCC Mk1A) for better maneuverability and stability.
- Missile compatibility- Beyond Visual Range (BVR) missiles, Air-to-Air and Air-to-Ground missiles and Advanced Short Range Air-to-Air Missiles (ASRAAM).
- Planned integration of Combined Interrogator and Transponder (CIT), Software Defined Radio (SDR) and Operating Data Link (ODL) with existing onboard avionics.
2) LCA Tejas:
- About: The LCA Tejas programme, initiated by the Government of India in 1984, aimed to replace the ageing MiG-21 fighter jets. The programme is managed by the Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA).
- Features:
- Lightest, smallest, and tailless multi-role supersonic fighter in its class.
- Capable of carrying a variety of air-to-air, air-to-surface, and precision-guided weapons.
- Maximum payload capacity of 4000 kg.
- Maximum speed: Mach 1.8.
- Range: 3,000 km.
- Variants of Tejas:
- Tejas Trainer: 2-seater operational conversion trainer for training air force pilots.
- LCA Navy:Â Twin- and single-seat carrier-capable for the Indian Navy.
- LCA Tejas Navy MK2: This is phase 2 of the LCA Navy variant.
- LCA Tejas Mk-1A:Â This is an improvement over the LCA Tejas Mk1 with a higher thrust engine.
3)Fifth Generation Fighter Jets:
- About:
- Combat Role: Designed for highly contested combat zones with advanced air and ground threats.
- Stealth & Speed: Feature stealth technology and supercruise capability.
- Key Advantages:
- Multi-spectral low-observable design
- Enhanced self-protection
- Radar jamming capabilities
- Fully integrated avionics systems
- Global Operators:
- Russia: Sukhoi Su-57
- China: Chengdu J-20
- United States: F-35 series
- Need for India:
- Squadron Strength: IAF has ~30 squadrons, below the sanctioned 42.
- Ageing Fleet:
- MiG-21
- MiG-29
- Jaguar
- Mirage 2000
- All to be phased out by mid-next decade.
- Airpower Gap:
- China: 3,304 aircraft
- India: 2,296 aircraft
- Pakistan: 1,434 aircraft
- Strategic Need: Strengthen air defences against China and Pakistan and increase defence self-reliance.
- Indigenous Development:
- Developing AMCA
- Five prototypes planned
- Joint effort by ADA, HAL, and private industry
- Strategic Positioning: 5G fighters would place India alongside the US, Russia, and China.
| [UPSC 2024] Question: Consider the following aircraft:
1. Rafael
2. MiG-29
3. Tejas MK-1
How many of the above are considered fifth generation fighter aircraft?
Options: (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None* |
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Why In The News?
The Sangai Festival in Manipur opened amid protests by IDPs and NGOs, lowering attendance. Critics say the government should prioritise resolving the Kuki-Zo–Meitei ethnic conflict and resettling displaced people before holding tourism events after the May 2023 violence.
1) About Sangai Festival:
- Celebration Period: Manipur Sangai Festival is held every year from 21-30 November.
- Objective: The festival aims to showcase Manipur as a world-class tourism destination.
- Name Origin: It is named after the State animal – the Sangai, the brow-antlered deer found only in Manipur.
- Beginning: The festival started in 2010.
- Theme: The theme for this year is “Festival of Oneness.”
- Focus Areas: It highlights Manipur’s tourism potential in Arts & Culture, Handloom, Handicrafts, Indigenous Sports, Cuisine, and Music.
2) About Sangai Deer:
General Information:
- Scientific Name: Rucervus eldii
- Common Names: Sangai, Brow-antlered Deer, Dancing Deer
- Population: About 260 (Forest Department census, 2016).
- Habitat: Exclusively in Keibul Lamjao National Park, located on phumdi in Loktak Lake, Bishnupur district.
Characteristics:
- Medium-sized deer with distinctive long brow antlers forming the main beam.
- Antlers appear to grow from the eyebrow, giving the name brow-antlered deer.
- Possesses a dark reddish-brown winter coat that becomes paler in summer.
- Walks with mincing hops on floating phumdi, hence called the Dancing Deer.
Status:
- State Animal of Manipur.
- Listed in Schedule-I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.
- Classified as Endangered on the IUCN Red List.
Conservation Issues:
- Threatened by degenerating phumdi habitat due to continuous inundation from the artificial reservoir.
- Invasion of non-native plants like Paragrass.
- Risks from diseases, inbreeding depression, and poaching.
3) Manipur Crisis:
About the Violence:
- Violence occurred between Kuki tribe and Meitei community across multiple regions of Manipur.
- The Imphal Valley (10% of land) is dominated by Meiteis (64% of population) and elects 40 of 60 MLAs.
- The hills (90% of land) are inhabited by 35%+ recognised tribes, electing 20 MLAs.
- Unrest began in February 2023 after an eviction drive seen as targeting a tribal group.
Meitei Demand for ST Status:
- Supported by the Scheduled Tribes Demand Committee of Manipur (STDCM) since 2012.
- Claim that Meiteis were recognised as a tribe before the 1949 merger with India.
- Demand ST status to preserve land, culture, language, and ancestral identity.
- Argue they face marginalisation and cite population decline from 59% (1951) to 44% (2011).
Why Tribal Groups Oppose ST Status for Meiteis:
- Tribals argue Meiteis already hold demographic, political, and economic advantages.
- Fear ST status will allow Meiteis to acquire land in the hills, reducing tribal land rights.
- Meitei dominance includes:
- Manipuri language in the Eighth Schedule
- Sections already under SC/OBC categories
- Tribes believe Meitei claims of cultural vulnerability are self-defeating.
| [UPSC 2017] Consider the following pairs : Traditions Communities
1. Chaliha Sahib Festival — Sindhis
2. Nanda Raj Jaat Yatra — Gonds
3. Wari-Warkari — Santhals Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?
Options: (a) 1 only* (b) 2 and 3 only (c)1 and 3 only (d) None of the above |
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