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Type: Prelims Only

  • International Space Agencies – Missions and Discoveries

    Hope: UAE’s first mission to Mars

    Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Hope Mission

    Mains level: Mars mission worldwide and their success

    The first Arab interplanetary mission is expected to reach Mars’ orbit on February 9 in what is considered the most critical part of the journey to unravel the secrets of weather on the Red Planet.

    Try this question from CSP 2014:

    Q.Which of the following pair is/are correctly matched?

    Spacecraft Purpose
    1. Cassini-Huygens Orbiting the Venus and transmitting data to the Earth
    2. Messenger Mapping and investigating the Mercury
    3. Voyager 1 and 2 Exploring the outer solar system

    Select the correct answer using the code given below.

    a) 1 only

    b) 2 and 3 only

    c) 1 and 3 only

    d) 1, 2 and 3

    Hope Mission

    • The Emirates Mars Mission called “Hope” was announced in 2015 with the aim of creating mankind’s first integrated model of the Red planet’s atmosphere.
    • Hope weighs over 1500 kg and will carry scientific instruments mounted on one side of the spacecraft, including the Emirates exploration Imager (EXI), which is a high-resolution camera among others.
    • The spacecraft will orbit Mars to study the Martian atmosphere and its interaction with outer space and solar winds.
    • Hope will collect data on Martian climate dynamics, which should help scientists understand why Mars’ atmosphere is decaying into space.

    Objectives of the mission

    • Once it launches, Hope will orbit Mars for around 200 days, after which it will enter the Red planet’s orbit by 2021, coinciding with the 50th anniversary of the founding of UAE.
    • The mission is being executed by the Mohammed bin Rashid Space Centre, UAE’s space agency.
    • It will help answer key questions about the global Martian atmosphere and the loss of hydrogen and oxygen gases into space over the span of one Martian year.

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  • Food Processing Industry: Issues and Developments

    FSSAI caps transfats in foods

    Prelims Only | Governance | Mains Paper 2: Health & Education

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Trans fats

    Mains level: Health threats posed by Trans Fats

    The FSSAI has amended its rules to put a cap on trans fatty acids (TFAs) in food products just weeks after it tightened the norms for oils and fats.

    What are the new rules?

    • Food products in which edible oils and fats are used as an ingredient shall not contain industrial Trans fatty acids more than 2% by mass of the total oils/fats present in the product, on and from 1st January 2022.
    • In December, the FSSAI had capped TFAs in oils and fats to 3% by 2021, and 2% by 2022 from the current levels of 5%.
    • The 2% cap is considered to be the elimination of trans fatty acids, which is to be achieved by 2022.

    What are Trans Fats?

    • Trans fatty acids are created in an industrial process that adds hydrogen to liquid vegetable oils to make them more solid, increase the shelf life of food items and for use as an adulterant as they are cheap.
    • They are present in baked, fried and processed foods as well as adulterated ghee which becomes solid at room temperature.
    • They are the most harmful form of fats as they clog arteries and cause hypertension, heart attacks and other cardiovascular diseases.

    Why need such regulation?

    • As per the World Health Organisation (WHO), approximately 5.4 lakh deaths take place each year globally because of intake of industrially-produced trans-fatty acids.
    • The WHO has called for the elimination of industrially-produced trans-fatty acids from the global food supply by 2023.
    • The latest FSSAI rules signal the completion of the process of regulating trans fats in India.
    • The move will make a big difference in the health harm caused by this unwanted ingredient.
    • This allows FSSAI and the State-level food safety machinery to focus on implementation and enforcement of the WHO recommendations.

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  • Corruption Challenges – Lokpal, POCA, etc

    Donation reports of only 3.39% registered unrecognized parties available in public domain

    Prelims Only | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Representation Of People’s Act

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Political Parties and their types

    Mains level: Political Parties in India

    The contribution reports of only 78 (3.39%) of the total 2,301 registered unrecognized political parties are available in the public domain for 2018-19 reports the Association For Democratic Reforms (ADR).

    Classification of Political Parties in India

    (A) National parties

    A registered party is recognised as a national party only if it fulfils any one of the three conditions listed below:

    • A party should win 2% of seats in the Lok Sabha from at least three different states.
    • At a general election to Lok Sabha or Legislative Assembly, the party polls 6% of votes in any four or more states and in addition, it wins four Lok Sabha seats.
    • A party gets recognition as a state party in four states.
    • A party recognised as a National party can be derecognized if it fails to maintain the criteria.

    (B) State parties

    A party has to fulfil any of the following conditions for recognition as a state party:

    • A party should secure at least 6% of valid votes polled in an election to the state legislative assembly and win at least 2 seats in that state assembly.
    • A party should secure at least 6% of valid votes polled in an election to Lok Sabha and win at least 1 seat in Lok Sabha.
    • A party should win a minimum of three per cent of the total number of seats or a minimum of three seats in the Legislative Assembly, whichever is higher.
    • A party should win at least one seat in the Lok Sabha for every 25 seats or any fraction thereof allotted to that State.
    • Under the liberalized criteria, one more clause that it will be eligible for recognition as state party if it secures 8% or more of the total valid votes polled in the state.

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  • Renewable Energy – Wind, Tidal, Geothermal, etc.

    Denmark’s artificial energy island project

    Prelims Only | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways Etc.

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Energy Island

    Mains level: Energy Island Concept

    The Danish government has approved a plan to build an artificial island in the North Sea as part of its effort to switch to green energy.

    The Energy Island concept provides an innovative solution for countries like India grappled with the scarcity of land required for RE projects!

    What is Energy Island?

    • An energy island is based on a platform that serves as a hub for electricity generation from surrounding offshore wind farms.
    • The idea is to connect and distribute power between Denmark and neighbouring countries.

    What is the Danish project?

    • Denmark has already entered into agreements with the Netherlands, Germany and Belgium to begin the joint analysis of connections in the energy island.
    • The project is being called the largest construction project to be undertaken in Denmark’s history with an estimated cost of DKK 210 billion.
    • In June 2020, the Danish Parliament decided to initiate the construction of two energy islands, which will export power to mainland Denmark and neighbouring countries.
    • One of these islands will be located in the North Sea and the second island, called the island of Bornholm, will be located in the Baltic Sea.
    • The artificial island will be located about 80 km into the North Sea and the majority of it will be owned by the Danish government.

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  • Capital Markets: Challenges and Developments

    What are Government Securities (G-Secs)?

    Prelims Only | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Government Budgeting

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Government Securities (G-Secs), T-Bills etc

    Mains level: Government Securities (G-Secs)

    The RBI has said that it would allow retail investors and other small investors direct access to its government securities trading platform.

    What are G-Secs?

    • These are debt instruments issued by the government to borrow money.
    • The two key categories are:
    1. Treasury bills (T-Bills) – short-term instruments which mature in 91 days, 182 days, or 364 days, and
    2. Dated securities – long-term instruments, which mature anywhere between 5 years and 40 years

    Note: T-Bills are issued only by the central government, and the interest on them is determined by market forces.

    Why G-Secs?

    • Like bank fixed deposits, g-secs are not tax-free.
    • They are generally considered the safest form of investment because they are backed by the government. So, the risk of default is almost nil.
    • However, they are not completely risk-free, since they are subject to fluctuations in interest rates.
    • Bank fixed deposits, on the other hand, are guaranteed only to the extent of Rs 5 lakh by the Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation (DICGC).

    Who can invest in Corporate Bonds and Government Securities?

    • Pension Funds: Pension funds can also invest in both corporate bonds and government securities to ensure long-term stability and growth in their investment portfolio. .
    • Retail Investors: Retail investors, including individual investors, can invest in both corporate bonds and government securities.
    • Insurance Companies: Insurance companies can invest in both corporate bonds and government securities as part of their investment portfolio. The search results indicate that insurance companies often invest in a mix of low-risk and high-yield assets, with government securities providing lower risk and corporate bonds offering higher returns.

    Retail investors and G-Secs

    • Small investors can invest indirectly in g-secs by buying mutual funds or through certain policies issued by life insurance firms.
    • To encourage direct investment, the government and RBI have taken several steps in recent years.
    • Retail investors are allowed to place non-competitive bids in auctions of government bonds through their Demat accounts.
    • Stock exchanges act as aggregators and facilitators of retail bids.

    Try this PYQ:

    Consider the following statements:

    1. The Reserve Bank of India manages and services the Government of India Securities but not any State Government Securities.
    2. Treasury bills are issued by the Government of India and there are no treasury bills issued by the State Governments.
    3. Treasury bills offer are issued at a discount from the par value.

    Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

    (a) 1 and 2 only

    (b) 3 Only

    (c) 2 and 3 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3

    Why the current proposal?

    • The g-sec market is dominated by institutional investors such as banks, mutual funds, and insurance companies. These entities trade in lot sizes of Rs 5 crore or more.
    • So, there is no liquidity in the secondary market for small investors who would want to trade in smaller lot sizes.
    • In other words, there is no easy way for them to exit their investments.
    • Thus, currently, direct g-secs trading is not popular among retail investors.

    What will the current proposal do?

    • The details are not out yet. However, the RBI’s intention is to make the whole process of g-sec trading smoother for small investors.
    • By allowing people to open accounts in RBI’s e-kuber system, it is hoping to create a market of small investors who will invest in these instruments.

    Why such a move?

    • The RBI is the debt manager for the government.
    • In the forthcoming financial year, the government plans to borrow Rs 12 lakh crore from the market.
    • When the government demands so much money, the price of money (i.e., the interest rate) will move up.
    • It is in the government’s and RBI’s interest to bring this down.
    • That can only happen by broadening the base of investors and making it easier for them to buy g-secs.

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  • International Space Agencies – Missions and Discoveries

    Square Kilometre Array Observatory

    Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Square Kilometre Array Observatory, Radio Telescopes

    Mains level: Not Much

    The Square Kilometre Array Observatory (SKAO) Council held its maiden meeting and approved the establishment of the world’s largest radio telescope.

    Note all important telescopes in news and their features. Some of them are – Thirty Meter Telescope, Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope, Spitzer, Chandra etc.

    SKAO

    • It is a new intergovernmental organisation dedicated to radio astronomy and is headquartered in the UK.
    • At the moment, organisations from ten countries are a part of the SKAO.
    • These include Australia, Canada, China, India, Italy, New Zealand, South Africa, Sweden, the Netherlands and the UK.

    What are radio telescopes?

    • Unlike optical telescopes, radio telescopes can detect invisible gas and, therefore, they can reveal areas of space that may be obscured by cosmic dust.
    • Significantly, since the first radio signals were detected by physicist Karl Jansky in the 1930s, astronomers have used radio telescopes to detect radio waves emitted by different objects in the universe and explore it.
    • According to NASA, the field of radio astronomy evolved after World War II and became one of the most important tools for making astronomical observations since.

    The Arecibo telescope in Puerto Rico, which was the second-largest single-dish radio telescope in the world, collapsed in December 2020.

    Significance of SKA telescope

    • The telescope, proposed to be the largest radio telescope in the world, will be located in Africa and Australia whose operation, maintenance and construction will be overseen by SKAO.
    • Some of the questions that scientists hope to address using this telescope include the beginning of the universe, how and when the first stars were born and the life-cycle of a galaxy.
    • It would explore the possibility of detecting technologically-active civilizations elsewhere in our galaxy and understanding where gravitational waves come from.
    • As per NASA, the telescope will accomplish its scientific goals by measuring neutral hydrogen over cosmic time, accurately timing the signals from pulsars in the Milky Way.

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  • Indian Army Updates

    Exercise Yudh Abhyas 2021

    Prelims Only | Security Issues | Mains Paper 3: Various Security Forces, Agencies & Their Mandates

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Yuddh Abhyas

    Mains level: NA

    The 16th edition of Indo-U.S. joint military exercise ‘Yudh Abhyas’ is set to be held in Rajasthan between February 8 and 21.

    Yudh Abhyas

    • The exercise near the India-Pakistan border aims at enhancing cooperation and interoperability between the two armies and will focus on counter-terrorism operations under the UN mandate.
    • The drill comes days after the air forces of India and France held a five-day joint exercise in Rajasthan in January.
    • Exercise with U.S. Army is significant in terms of security challenges faced by both the nations in the backdrop of global terrorism.
    • The joint military exercise will enhance the level of defence cooperation between both armies which will also foster the bilateral relations between both nations.
    • It reiterates India’s key role as a key partner in the Indo-Pacific region.

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  • Foreign Policy Watch: India-Sri Lanka

    Sri Lanka pushes India out of Colombo Terminal Project

    Prelims Only | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: India & Its Neighborhood – Relations

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Various ports of Sri Lanka

    Mains level: China as deterrent in India's neighbourhood policy

    After the strong opposition from within, the Sri Lankan government was forced to revoke a 2019 agreement with India and Japan to develop the strategic East Container Terminal (ECT) at the Colombo Port.

    Map Reading: Note all these major ports and try recalling their sequences in the clockwise and counter-clockwise direction.

    What is the news?

    • PM Mahinda Rajapaksa made a statement that the operation of the east terminal would be done by Sri Lanka Ports Authority on its own.
    • Its cabinet has approved a proposal to develop the West Terminal at the Colombo Port as a PPP with India and Japan, which is seen as a bid to compensate India.
    • It is unclear whether India would accept the latest proposal.

    What is the Project?

    • The tripartite agreement, signed by India, Sri Lanka and Japan, proposes to develop the ECT, which is located at the newly expanded southern part of the Colombo Port.
    • The ECT is located 3 km away from the China-backed international financial city, known as Port City, currently being built in Colombo.
    • A Chinese company was behind the controversial 2018 Hambantota port project, signed its first contract in the Port City last month.
    • It is also on the map of China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI).

    India’s reaction

    • A few weeks ago EAM S. Jaishankar visited Sri Lanka where he discussed the development of the stalled project.
    • India’s first response was that the island nation should not be taking a decision in a unilateral manner on an existing tripartite agreement.

    Compensatory offer to India

    • After the decision on revoking the 2019 agreement, SL has approved another proposal to develop the west terminal of the Colombo port with Japan and India.
    • Commercially, the west terminal offer is better for India as it gives 85% stake for developers of the West Terminal against the 49% in ECT.

    Sri Lanka expects India to rethink. Why?

    • Indian response to this compensatory offer is unclear since there was no formal communication by SL authorities.
    • Geo-politically, west terminal is almost the same India considers the security aspect and the necessity to have a port terminal in Sri Lanka.
    • There is no difference between East and West Terminals except for the fact that development of the ECT is partially completed while the development of the West Terminal has to start from scratch.

    SL version of the revocation

    • Incumbent PM Mahinda Rajapaksa said the pressure was immense on the President Gotabaya Rajapaksa to cancel the 2019 agreement.
    • The pressure was brewing so much that he was becoming so unpopular among the people.
    • As per the agreement signed by the former Maithripala Sirisena-Ranil Wickremesinghe administration, India and Japan together were to hold 49% stake in ECT.
    • What had finally made the government surrender before trade unions were the increasing support of many more sections in the society for the protests against privatization.

    The inevitable factor: China

    • This move can be easily interpreted as a reaction to Chinese communication to Sri Lanka.
    • China has reportedly instigated trade unions and civil societies against this project.

    Q.The threat of Chinese presence in South Asia can be tackled more effectively if India changes course in its dealings with its neighbours and becomes more sensitive to their concerns. Critically analyse.

    Outcome: Souring of the ties

    • For India, the strategic ECT project was important. Even the EAM has visited Colombo in January in this regard.
    • Critics of the Sri Lankan government anticipate many national and international impacts surrounding the latest decision on ECT.
    • Meantime, internationally an offended India can make life tough for Sri Lanka, isolating the tiny island nation, geo-politically and on the economic front.
    • The economic isolation will not help Sri Lanka at a time when the country is taking steps to revive the economy amid a pandemic.

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  • Modern Indian History-Events and Personalities

    [pib] Centenary of ‘Chauri Chaura’ Incident

    Prelims Only | | Mains Paper 1: Modern Indian History

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Chauri Chaura Incident

    Mains level: Mass movements for freedom struggle

    PM will inaugurate the centenary Celebrations at Chauri Chaura at Gorakhpur Dist. Uttar Pradesh.

    ‘Chauri Chaura’ Incident

    • The incident took place on 4 February 1922 at Chauri Chaura in the Gorakhpur district of the United Province.
    • A large group of protesters participating in the Non-Cooperation Movement clashed with police who opened fire.
    • In retaliation the demonstrators attacked and set fire to a police station, killing all of its occupants.
    • The incident led to the death of three civilians and 22 policemen.
    • Mahatma Gandhi, who was strictly against violence, halted the non-co-operation movement on the national level on 12 February 1922, as a direct result of this incident.

    Try this PYQ:

    Q.The ‘Swadeshi’ and ‘Boycott’ adopted as methods of struggle for the first time during the

    (a) Agitation against the Partition of Bengal

    (b) Home Rule Movement

    (c) Non-Cooperation Movement

    (d) Visit of the Simon Commission to India

    Background

    • In the early 1920s, Indians, led by Mahatma Gandhi, were engaged in a nationwide non-cooperation movement.
    • Using non-violent methods of civil disobedience known as Satyagraha, protests were organised by the INC to challenge oppressive regulations such as the Rowlatt Act.

    Course of the incident

    • Two days before the incident, on 2 February 1922, volunteers participating in the Non-cooperation Movement led by a retired Army soldier named Bhagwan Ahir.
    • The protest was planned against high food prices and liquor sale in the marketplace.
    • Several of the leaders were arrested and put in the lock-up at the Chauri Chaura police station.
    • In response to this, a protest against the police was called on 4 February, to be held at the local marketplace.
    • Infuriated by the gunfire into their ranks, the crowd set the chowki ablaze, killing all of the Indian policemen and other staff trapped inside.

    Aftermath

    • Appalled at the outrage, Gandhi went on a five-day fast as penance for what he perceived as his culpability in the bloodshed.
    • In reflection, Gandhi felt that he had acted too hastily in encouraging people to revolt against the British Raj without sufficiently emphasizing the importance of non-violence.
    • On 12 February 1922, the Indian National Congress halted the Non-co-operation Movement on the national level as a direct result of the Chauri Chaura tragedy.

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  • International Space Agencies – Missions and Discoveries

    Stardust 1.O: the first rocket to run on biofuel

    Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

    Note4Students

    From UPSC perspective, the following things are important:

    Prelims level: Stardust-1, Biofuels

    Mains level: Not Much

    Stardust 1.O was recently launched from Maine, the US has become the first commercial space launch powered by biofuel.

    UPSC may puzzle you with the following type of MCQ asking:

    Q.Which of the following is the unique feature of the Stardust 1.0 Spacecraft recenlty seen in news?

    (a) It is propelled by Bio-fuels.

    (b) It has the largest payload capacity.

    (c) It is re-usable launch vehicle.

    (d) All of the above

    What is Stardust 1.O?

    • Stardust 1.O is a launch vehicle suited for student and budget payloads.
    • The rocket is manufactured by bluShift, an aerospace company based in Maine that is developing rockets that are powered by bio-derived fuels.
    • The rocket is 20 feet tall and has a mass of roughly 250 kg.
    • The rocket can carry a maximum payload mass of 8 kg and during its first launch carried three payloads.
    • The payloads included a cubesat prototype built by high-school students, a metal alloy designed to lessen vibrations.

    Why such missions are important?

    • Such efforts are a part of a growing number of commercial space companies that are working to provide easier and cheaper access to space to laypeople.
    • It also makes access to space cost-effective for purposes of academic research, corporate technology development and entrepreneurial ventures among others.

    Back2Basics: Biofuel

    • Biofuels are obtained from biomass, which can be converted directly into liquid fuels that can be used as transportation fuels.
    • The two most common kinds of biofuels in use today are ethanol and biodiesel and they both represent the first generation of biofuel technology.
    • Ethanol, for instance, is renewable and made from different kinds of plant materials.
    • Biodiesel on the other hand is produced by combining alcohol with new and used vegetable oils, animal fats or recycled cooking grease.

    Categories of biofuels

    Biofuels are generally classified into three categories. They are

    1. First-generation biofuels – First-generation biofuels are made from sugar, starch, vegetable oil, or animal fats using conventional technology. Common first-generation biofuels include Bioalcohols, Biodiesel, Vegetable oil, Bioethers, Biogas.
    2. Second-generation biofuels – These are produced from non-food crops, such as cellulosic biofuels and waste biomass (stalks of wheat and corn, and wood). Examples include advanced biofuels like biohydrogen, bioethanol.
    3. Third-generation biofuels – These are produced from micro-organisms like algae.

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