Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Cervical Cancer
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- This article sheds light on the significance of Cervical Cancer Awareness Month, the grim reality of cervical cancer in India, and the importance of prevention through knowledge, screening, and vaccination.
Cervical Cancer: Unveiling the Facts
- Prevalence in India: Cervical cancer ranks as the second-most common cancer among Indian women, with its origin in the cervix, the entrance to the uterus from the vagina.
- HPV Connection: Persistent infection by the human papillomavirus (HPV) is the primary cause of cervical cancer. HPV is a common virus that affects nearly all sexually active individuals, often without any symptoms. While the immune system typically clears the virus, high-risk strains can lead to cancer.
- India’s Alarming Stats: India bears a heavy burden, accounting for nearly a quarter of global cervical cancer deaths. Every year, approximately 1.25 lakh women are diagnosed with cervical cancer, and tragically, around 75,000 lose their lives to this disease.
Global Efforts and India’s Progress
- WHO’s Elimination Strategy: In 2022, the World Health Organization (WHO) launched a strategy to eliminate cervical cancer as a public health concern worldwide. The strategy emphasizes three pillars: vaccination, screening, and treatment.
- Positive Trends in India: India may not meet the 2030 goals outlined by WHO, but there is a glimmer of hope. Incidence rates are declining, possibly attributed to factors like sexual hygiene, pregnancy age, contraception use, and individual immune status.
- Comprehensive Approach: Experts stress the need for a multi-pronged approach, including awareness programs, vaccination drives, regular screenings, and education to combat stigma.
Screening Methods and Challenges
- Pap Smear vs. HPV DNA Testing: Traditionally, the pap smear was the gold standard for cervical cancer screening. However, it has limitations, such as the need for cytologists and low awareness, especially in rural areas.
- Advancements in Screening: Today, HPV DNA testing is recommended as the primary screening method. It involves testing cervical cells for high-risk HPV strains. This method is more reliable and less prone to errors.
- Empowering Self-Sampling: Studies suggest that self-sampling for cervical cancer screening, where patients collect their samples, can be as effective as physician-collected samples. Offering this option can enhance screening accessibility.
Vital Role of Vaccination
- HPV Vaccine Controversy: India faced controversy in the past regarding the HPV vaccine’s safety. However, cervical cancer is preventable, and the vaccine targets HPV serotypes 16&18, responsible for 70% of cervical cancers.
- Single-Dose Effectiveness: Recent recommendations from the WHO’s Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization (SAGE) highlight the effectiveness of even a single dose of the HPV vaccine, crucial for countries with low population coverage.
- India’s Vaccination Efforts: Two vaccines, Merck’s Gardasil and Serum Institute of India’s Cervavac, are available in India. Expanding production and introducing the vaccine into national programs are essential steps.
Government Initiatives and Challenges
- State-Level Success: Sikkim set a positive example by introducing free HPV vaccination, achieving high coverage rates among girls aged 9 to 14.
- Slow National Rollout: The Central government’s plan for a nationwide HPV vaccination program faced delays. Despite recent reports suggesting a rollout in phases, the Union Health Ministry has yet to make a final decision.
- Global Perspective: While 100 countries have integrated the HPV vaccine into their national schedules, achieving high coverage remains a challenge, particularly in poorer nations.
Encouraging Early Action
- Optimal Age for Vaccination: Vaccination is recommended for girls aged 9 to 15, providing maximum protection. However, it can benefit adults up to the age of 45.
- Combatting Hesitation: Effective communication and education are essential to address vaccine hesitancy and dispel misconceptions.
- A Global Endeavor: The International Agency for Research on Cancer stresses the importance of scaling up screening programs, expanding HPV vaccination coverage, and increasing access to affordable treatment to meet WHO’s 2030 targets.
What You Can Do
- Stay Informed: Educate yourself and others about HPV and cervical cancer.
- Prioritize Screening: Consult your healthcare provider for cervical cancer screening, especially if you haven’t done so before.
- Consider Vaccination: Discuss the HPV vaccine with your healthcare provider and make an informed choice for yourself or your loved ones.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Sub-Categorization of SCs, OBCs
Mains level: Horizontal Reservation
Introduction
- The Union government of India has taken a significant step by forming a committee of Secretaries to address the pressing issue of equitable distribution of benefits, schemes, and initiatives among the diverse Scheduled Castes (SCs) spread across the nation.
- This move has been triggered by a longstanding demand for sub-categorization of SCs, particularly raised by the Madiga community in Telangana.
Need for Sub-Categorization
- Historical Imbalance: Over 1,200 Scheduled Castes exist in India, leading to varying degrees of backwardness and underrepresentation.
- Demand from Madiga Community: The Madiga community in Telangana has been vocal about sub-categorization to ensure fair allocation of benefits.
- Prime Minister’s Commitment: Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s pledge to address this issue gained prominence during the Telangana Assembly election.
Supreme Court’s Role
- Constitutional Challenge: A seven-judge Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court is set to examine the permissibility of sub-categorization among SCs and Scheduled Tribes.
- Focus on Reservation: The Supreme Court’s hearing revolves around the constitutionality of sub-categorization concerning reservation in jobs and education, leaving other aspects open for consideration.
Legal Landscape to date
- State-Level Attempts: In the past two decades, several states, including Punjab, Bihar, and Tamil Nadu, have attempted to introduce reservation laws for sub-categorizing SCs within their jurisdictions. However, these efforts have been entangled in legal battles, awaiting a decision from a Supreme Court Constitution Bench.
- Andhra Pradesh’s Initiative: The issue gained prominence when the Andhra Pradesh government established a commission in 1996, led by Justice Ramachandra Raju, to recommend sub-categorization based on disparities among SC communities. In 2004, the Supreme Court ruled that states lacked unilateral authority to sub-categorize communities within the SC and Scheduled Tribes (ST) lists, as this prerogative rested with Parliament and the President.
- Contradictory Rulings: A 2020 judgment by a five-judge Bench, led by Justice Arun Mishra, contradicted the 2004 ruling by suggesting that determining benefits within the SC/ST lists would not constitute “tinkering” and could be within the purview of states. This contradiction led to the referral of the 2020 judgment to a larger Bench.
Government Committee’s Mandate
- Equitable Strategies: The committee, chaired by the Cabinet Secretary, aims to explore alternative approaches to address grievances within the SC communities.
- No Involvement in Reservation: The committee is explicitly instructed not to interfere with reservation-related matters, such as quota distribution for employment and education.
- Focus on Special Initiatives: Instead, it will concentrate on strategies like special initiatives and the realignment of existing schemes to benefit underprivileged SCs.
- Committee Members: The committee comprises Secretaries from the Home Ministry, Law Ministry, Tribal Affairs Ministry, and Social Justice Ministry.
- Submission of Findings: Although no specific deadline is set, the committee is urged to present its findings as soon as possible.
The Madiga Community’s Struggle
- Long-standing Demand: The Madiga community has advocated for sub-categorization since 1994, initiating the formation of commissions to explore possibilities.
- Concerns of Exclusion: Madigas allege that the benefits meant for SCs have predominantly favored the Mala community, leaving them marginalized.
- State Initiatives: Several states, including Punjab, Bihar, and Tamil Nadu, have attempted state-level reservation laws to sub-categorize SCs.
- Pending Supreme Court Decision: These efforts are stalled, awaiting the Supreme Court’s verdict on the matter.
Arguments for Sub-Categorization
- Addressing Graded Inequalities: Advocates argue that sub-categorization rectifies the graded inequalities within SC communities. It ensures that the most backward communities receive their due share of benefits, preventing the dominance of relatively advanced communities.
- Representation at All Levels: The goal is to ensure representation at all levels, including higher positions. However, the most marginalized SCs lag so far behind that even reserved positions at advanced levels may not benefit them due to a lack of suitable candidates.
Data Requirements for Sub-Categorization
- Emphasis on Robust Data: Legal experts stress the significance of comprehensive data, including population figures, socio-economic indicators, and community-specific information.
- Basis for Fair Categorization: This data serves as the foundation for reasonable categorization, quota allocation, and informed policy decisions.
Conclusion
- The initiative to address sub-categorization within the Scheduled Castes is a critical step towards achieving equitable distribution of benefits and opportunities.
- While the Supreme Court grapples with the constitutional aspects of reservation, the government committee seeks alternative means to ensure the welfare of the most marginalized SCs.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: INSAT 3D satellite
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- As large parts of North India, including regions like Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Haryana, Delhi, and Punjab, grapple with heavy fog, the India Meteorological Department (IMD) has been issuing alerts and warnings to keep residents informed about the prevailing conditions.
- This article seeks to unravel the science behind these warnings and the role of the INSAT 3D satellite in providing crucial data for fog monitoring.
Fog Situation in North India
- Persistent Fog: Since December 2023, many parts of North India have been shrouded in heavy fog.
- IMD Warnings: On January 16, the IMD issued warnings about “very dense fog” in several states, including Haryana, Chandigarh, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, and Madhya Pradesh, with visibility expected to drop below 50 meters during night and morning hours.
Decoding Satellite Images
- Insights from INSAT 3D: The INSAT 3D satellite plays a vital role in monitoring foggy conditions through images.
- Solar Reflectance and Brightness Temperature: The colors in these images are determined by two factors: solar reflectance and brightness temperature.
- Solar Reflectance: Reflects the amount of solar energy reflected by a surface in relation to the energy it receives.
- Brightness Temperature: Relates an object’s temperature to the brightness of its surface, measured across various wavelengths.
Day Microphysics Data
- Solar Reflectance at Three Wavelengths: INSAT 3D’s ‘day microphysics’ component studies solar reflectance at three wavelengths: 0.5 µm (visible radiation), 1.6 µm (shortwave infrared radiation), and 10.8 µm (thermal infrared radiation).
- Color Determination: The strength of signals at these wavelengths determines the RGB (red-green-blue) colors in the image.
- Applications: These images help analyze cloud types, thunderstorm stages, snow identification, and fire detection.
Night Microphysics Data
- Complex Color Determination: INSAT 3D’s ‘night microphysics’ component derives two colors from the difference between two thermal infrared signals.
- Color Variables: Red color depends on the difference between 12 µm and 10 µm signals, green on 10.8 µm and 3.9 µm signals, and blue on the strength of the 10.8 µm signal.
- Identifying Features: Night microphysics data aids in identifying cloud types and their temperature differences.
Combining Day and Night Data
- Comprehensive Insights: Meteorologists combine day and night microphysics data to study moisture droplets, temperature variations, and track the formation, evolution, and depletion of weather events, including cyclones.
- Advanced Warning Systems: Proposed applications include predicting thunderstorms one to three hours in advance.
Radiometers and Sounders
- Satellite Instruments: INSAT 3D and 3DR use radiometers for spectral measurements and atmospheric sounders for temperature, humidity, and water vapor analysis.
- Improved Technology: These satellites offer significant improvements in spatial resolution and spectral channels compared to their predecessors, enhancing India’s weather monitoring capabilities.
Future with INSAT 3DS
- Continued Advancements: The Indian Space Research Organisation plans to launch the INSAT 3DS meteorological satellite in February 2024.
- Enhanced Capabilities: This satellite will build upon the successes of its predecessors, further enhancing India’s weather monitoring and warning capabilities.
Conclusion
- The INSAT 3D satellite, with its ability to capture and analyze day and night microphysics data, plays a pivotal role in monitoring and predicting weather conditions, including foggy scenarios, in North India.
- By understanding the intricate science behind these satellite images, meteorologists can provide timely warnings and valuable insights to protect public safety and navigate the challenges posed by severe weather conditions.
- With advancements on the horizon, India’s meteorological capabilities continue to evolve, ensuring better preparedness for weather-related events in the future.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Multidimensional Poverty
Mains level: Poverty stats of India
Introduction
- The recent paper by Niti Aayog has highlighted a significant reduction in ‘multidimensional poverty’ among Indians between 2013-14 and 2022-23, an achievement acknowledged by PM Modi.
- To comprehend this data accurately, it is essential to grasp the concept of multidimensional poverty and evaluate the methodology used.
Understanding Multidimensional Poverty
- Traditional Poverty Metrics: Poverty is commonly measured monetarily, based on income or expenditure thresholds.
- Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI): India employs a global MPI that assesses poverty by considering 12 life aspects beyond income. These aspects fall under categories like education, health, and living standards.
- Deprivation Assessment: Households are evaluated for deprivation across each of the 12 indicators. If they are deprived in several areas, they are labelled ‘multidimensionally poor’ (MDP).
Data Sources
- National Family Health Surveys (NFHS): Household-level data from NFHS serves as the raw material. Niti Aayog further processes this data to calculate MDP figures.
- NFHS Rounds: NFHS data is available for three rounds: 2005-06 (NFHS-3), 2015-16 (NFHS-4), and 2019-21 (NFHS-5).
- Share of MDP Indians: In 2005-06, it was 55%, which decreased to 25% in 2015-16. Assuming a consistent pace, the paper suggests it may have been 29% in 2013-14. Further extrapolation estimates it to be 11% by 2022-23.
Assessing the Assumptions
- Vague Starting Point: The choice of 2013-14 as a starting point may be open to interpretation and serves as a defining factor for evaluating nine years of Modi’s leadership.
- Uniform Pace Assumption: Assuming a uniform pace over such a long period can be challenging, as it may not account for variations in progress over different years.
- Neglecting Pandemic Impact: Extrapolating progress without considering the pandemic’s effects on data collection and welfare reversals may lead to inaccuracies.
Interpreting the Data
- Value of Indices: While indices like MPI offer a combined view of multiple indicators, they should not overshadow the importance of monetary poverty data.
- Not Equivalent to Poverty: Multidimensional poverty should not be equated with poverty itself, as they represent different aspects. It is essential to differentiate between the two.
- Selective Maths: The exercise of interpolation and extrapolation to align with a government’s tenure should be viewed critically and with consideration of potential limitations.
Conclusion
- The reduction in multidimensional poverty in India is a noteworthy achievement, as evidenced by NFHS data.
- However, it is crucial to approach such data with a nuanced understanding of the methodology, assumptions, and its implications.
- While multidimensional poverty indices provide valuable insights, they should complement, not replace, comprehensive poverty assessment methods.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Human Microbiome
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- The human microbiome, consisting of trillions of microorganisms residing primarily in the digestive tract, plays a crucial role in regulating health and disease.
- This intricate microbial community impacts various facets of human well-being, encompassing digestion, nutrient absorption, metabolite processing, immune function, and mental health.
What are Human Microbiomes?
- The human microbiome refers to the vast and diverse community of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other microbes, that inhabit various parts of the human body, such as the skin, mouth, gut, and reproductive organs.
- These microorganisms play a crucial role in maintaining health by aiding digestion, supporting the immune system, and influencing metabolic processes.
- Imbalances in the microbiome have been linked to various health conditions, including digestive disorders and autoimmune diseases.
- Research on the human microbiome has grown significantly in recent years, leading to a better understanding of its impact on overall well-being.
Genomic Advancements in Microbiome Research
- Challenges in Study: Many microbiome microorganisms defy conventional laboratory culturing, necessitating innovative approaches.
- The Human Microbiome Project: Launched in 2012, this international consortium initiated genomic exploration of the human microbiome through DNA sequencing.
- Technological Progress: Advancements in genomic technology over the last decade have empowered scientists to achieve greater revelations.
Impact on Human Health
- Vital Physiological Functions: The human gut microbiome significantly contributes to essential processes like digestion, nutrient absorption, and the production of necessary enzymes.
- Health Conditions: Imbalances in microbial populations can lead to various health conditions, emphasizing the importance of a balanced microbiome.
- Response to Antibiotics: The gut microbiome can undergo significant changes when individuals take antibiotics, eventually reverting to its original state.
Manipulating Microbiome for Clinical Outcomes
- Microbiota Transplants: Researchers have employed treatments like fecal microbiota transplants to manage infections and metabolic syndromes, demonstrating the potential to artificially alter the human microbiome.
From Genetics to Gut Microbes
- Genetic Influence on Microbes: Recent studies suggest that genetic variations in individuals may affect the diversity and abundance of gut microbes.
- A Link to ABO Blood Group: Researchers identified a link between genetic variants in the ABO blood group and microbial genes involved in metabolizing N-acetylgalactosamine, revealing potential links to cardiometabolic traits and even COVID-19 susceptibility.
Implications for Cancer and Neurons
- Cancer Link: Gut microbes have been associated with the development of colorectal cancer, offering new prospects for cancer therapy.
- Neuronal Signaling: Microbiome-produced vitamin B12 may influence neuronal signaling through its impact on choline availability.
Role in Urobilinogen Metabolism
- Yellow Urine Pigment: Researchers uncovered the role of the human microbiome in metabolizing urobilinogen, impacting bilirubin levels and jaundice.
- Personalized Healthcare: These genetic insights are shaping future healthcare by enabling personalized interventions.
Conclusion
- The study of the human microbiome, guided by genomic research, continues to unravel its profound impact on human health and well-being.
- From its vital role in physiological functions to potential links with diseases and even neurological processes, the microbiome is an essential component of our overall health.
- Understanding the genetic intricacies of this microbial community holds great promise for personalized healthcare and innovative therapies.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Kafala System
Mains level: India-UAE Relations
Introduction
- PM Modi recently highlighted the strength of India-UAE relations at the Vibrant Gujarat Summit 2024.
- Bilateral discussions were held with UAE President Sheikh Mohammed bin Zayed, who was the Chief Guest.
India-UAE Relations: Historical Context
India-UAE relations have seen significant milestones:
- India-UAE CEPA: Effective since May 1, 2022, this agreement has slashed tariffs on over 80% of products, facilitating duty-free access for 90% of Indian exports to the UAE. Non-oil trade surged to $50 billion from May 2022 to April 2023, with a $100 billion target by 2030.
- IMEC: The UAE is vital to the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC), offering an alternative to China’s Belt and Road Initiative.
- I2U2 Group: Comprising India, UAE, Israel, and the U.S., this group promotes technological and private-sector cooperation in water, energy, and transportation.
- Rupee-Dirham Agreement: The Reserve Bank of India and the Central Bank of the UAE have established a framework for using local currencies in cross-border transactions, reducing dependence on the U.S. Dollar.
- Cultural Exchange: The UAE’s tolerance is evident with the construction of the BAPS Hindu Mandir in Abu Dhabi, the first temple of its kind.
Significance of India-UAE Relations
These relations hold immense strategic, political, economic, and cultural importance:
[A] Strategic Significance:
- Security Concerns: Amid conflicts in the Middle East, the India-UAE alliance enhances both nations’ security, including fighting piracy and terrorism.
- Energy Security: The UAE is India’s sixth-largest crude oil exporter, playing a key role in India’s Strategic Petroleum Reserves Program.
[B] Political Significance:
- Multilateral Reforms: The UAE supports India in various international platforms.
- Counterbalancing China’s Regional Dominance: India’s strengthened relations with the UAE help offset China’s growing presence in the region.
- Engagement with Regional Alliances: Enhanced India-UAE relations could pave the way for India’s membership in organizations like the OIC and a free trade agreement with the GCC.
[C] Economic Significance:
- Remittances: The UAE is a major source of remittance inflows to India.
- Trade and Investments: The UAE is India’s third-largest trade partner, with substantial investments in various sectors.
- Access to the African Market: Relations with the UAE facilitate India’s entry into the African market.
[D] Cultural Significance:
- Safeguarding Indian Diaspora Interests: A robust relationship protects the interests of the large Indian expatriate community.
- Boosting India’s Soft Power: Positive relations enhance India’s soft power in the Middle East.
Challenges to India-UAE Relations
- Trade Restrictions: The UAE’s Non-Tariff Barriers (NTBs), including SPS measures and TBT, have affected Indian exports, particularly in sectors like poultry and processed foods.
- Chinese Economic Influence: China’s “Cheque Book Diplomacy” overshadows Indian enterprises in the UAE.
- Kafala Labour System: Harsh conditions for immigrant laborers, passport confiscation, and delayed wages pose significant issues.
- Financial Aid to Pakistan: Concerns arise due to the UAE’s substantial financial assistance to Pakistan.
- Iran-Arab Dispute: Balancing ties with the UAE and Iran amid their conflict is a diplomatic challenge.
Way Forward
- Clarity in Non-Tariff Barriers (NTBs): Establish transparent NTB practices for smoother trade relations.
- Comprehensive Strategic Dialogue: Initiate high-level dialogues to address strategic, defense, and political issues.
- Harmonization with UAE’s ‘Vision 2021’: Collaborate in emerging sectors to reinforce economic ties.
- Joint Ventures in Technology and Innovation: Encourage collaborations in cutting-edge technology.
- Healthcare Cooperation: Collaborate in healthcare research and public health initiatives.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Pakke Paga Hornbill Festival
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- The 9th edition of the Pakke Paga Hornbill Festival (PPHF) is set to take place in Arunachal Pradesh, highlighting the region’s commitment to wildlife conservation, with a special focus on hornbills.
- This festival, scheduled from January 18-20, 2024, at Seijosa in the Pakke Kessang district, brings together diverse communities to unite in their efforts to protect these iconic birds and promote environmental awareness.
Pakke Paga Hornbill Festival
- Festival’s Theme: “Domutoh Domutoh, Paga hum Domutoh”
- Meaning: Translating to “Let Our Hornbills Remain” in the Nyishi language, this year’s theme underscores the critical importance of preserving these magnificent birds.
- Conservation Advocacy: PPHF serves as a platform to advocate for the protection of hornbill populations and their natural habitats.
Emphasis on Wildlife Conservation
- Hornbill Species: The Pakke Tiger Reserve (PTR) in Arunachal Pradesh is home to four hornbill species: Wreathed, Great Indian, Oriental Pied, and the endangered Rufous-necked hornbill.
- Nyishi Tribal Contribution: The festival recognizes the Nyishi, Arunachal Pradesh’s largest tribal group, for their pivotal role in hornbill conservation. They transitioned from hunting hornbills to becoming advocates for their preservation.
- Alternative Income: PPHF aims to generate alternative sources of income for the region and raise awareness about PTR and its surroundings, fostering economic development while preserving the environment.
Back2Basics: Great Indian Hornbill
- IUCN status: Vulnerable (uplisted from Near Threatened in 2018), CITES: Appendix I
- The great hornbill (Buceros bicornis) also known as the great Indian hornbill or great pied hornbill, is one of the larger members of the hornbill family.
- The great hornbill is long-lived, living for nearly 50 years in captivity.
- It is predominantly fruit-eating, but is an opportunist and preys on small mammals, reptiles and birds.
- Its impressive size and colour have made it important in many tribal cultures and rituals.
- A large majority of their population is found in India with a significant proportion in the Western Ghats and the Nilgiris.
- The nesting grounds of the birds in the Nilgiris North Eastern Range are also believed to support some of their highest densities.
- Referred to as ‘forest engineers’ or ‘farmers of the forest’ for playing a key role in dispersing seeds of tropical trees, hornbills indicate the prosperity and balance of the forest they build nests.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs)
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- In 2014, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences declared that “the 21st century will be lit by LED lamps,” recognizing the pivotal role of Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) in shaping the future of lighting technology.
- This article delves into the fascinating world of diodes, LEDs, and their significance in modern technology.
Understanding Diodes
- Diode Basics: A diode is a small electronic component with two terminals, an anode and a cathode. Its primary function is to allow current flow in one direction only, thanks to a p-n junction.
- P-N Junction: A p-n junction consists of two adjacent materials: a p-type with positive charge-carriers called holes and an n-type with negative charge-carriers – electrons. Electrons can flow easily from the n-type to the p-type but not the other way, granting the diode its one-way current control.
- Anode and Cathode: The anode terminal is connected to the p-type material, while the cathode is connected to the n-type material. These terminals define the diode’s directionality.
Birth of Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs)
- Electroluminescence: LEDs are diodes that emit light. Electrons, with higher energy levels than holes, release energy when they occupy holes in the p-n junction. If this energy falls within the visible spectrum, light is emitted – a phenomenon known as electroluminescence.
- Band Gap: LEDs achieve specific light colors by ensuring that electron-hole recombination releases a precise amount of energy, determined by the band gap.
Significance of Band Gap
- Energy Levels: Electrons can only have distinct energy values and occupy particular energy levels. These electrons tend to occupy the lowest energy levels available, leading to conductors, insulators, and materials with a band gap.
- Band Gap’s Role: A band gap represents the energy threshold required for electrons to move from lower to higher energy levels, allowing materials to conduct electricity.
- LEDs and Band Gap: In LEDs, the energy emitted during electron-hole recombination corresponds to the band gap, determining the light’s color.
LED’s Color Palette
- Historical Context: Scientists developed red and green LEDs over four decades before achieving blue LEDs. The challenge lay in creating gallium nitride crystals with precise properties for electroluminescence.
- Primary Colors: LEDs can produce red, green, and blue light, offering a versatile color palette. Combining different LEDs enables a broad spectrum of colors on display boards and screens.
- Breakthrough: Japanese researchers, Isamu Akasaki, Hiroshi Amano, and Shuji Nakamura, made a significant breakthrough in the late 1980s, creating a bright blue LED using gallium nitride. Their achievement earned them the 2014 Nobel Prize in Physics.
Advantages of LEDs
- Efficiency: LEDs outperform incandescent bulbs and fluorescent lamps in terms of luminous efficacy, emitting more light per watt of power.
- Durability: LEDs are highly durable, reducing material waste and maintenance costs.
- Diverse Applications: LEDs find applications in diverse fields, from consumer electronics and signage to greenhouse lighting and air quality monitoring.
- Color Versatility: LEDs can emit various colors and frequencies, catering to a wide range of applications.
Future Prospects
- Haitz’s Law: Similar to Moore’s law, LEDs have followed Haitz’s law, predicting cost reduction and increased light output over time.
- Innovations: Ongoing research explores skin-embedded LEDs, organic LEDs, and efficient LEDs made from perovskites, promising further advancements in lighting technology.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Thiruvalluvar Day
Mains level: NA
Introduction
- Thiruvalluvar, an eminent figure in Tamil culture, has recently stirred controversy over the representation of his image and attire by TN Governor and the CM.
About Thiruvalluvar Day
- Thiruvalluvar Day is usually celebrated either on the 15th or 16th of January in the state of Tamil Nadu.
- The day is quite similar to Raksha Bandhan where women pray for the well-being of their brothers.
- The women perform the rituals in the morning. Rice is put at the centre of a leaf as a part of the ritual while the women ask for the well-being of their brothers.
- This is followed by an Arati and turmeric water is sprinkled on the “kolam”.
Who was Thiruvalluvar?
- Thiruvalluvar, also known as Valluvar, is a revered Tamil poet-saint who holds a special place in the hearts of Tamils, transcending caste and religious boundaries.
- The exact period during which he lived and his religious affiliation remain subjects of debate.
- Some place him in the third or fourth century, while others date him to the eighth or ninth century.
- His religious identity varies, with some considering him a Hindu, some associating him with Jainism, and Dravidian groups regarding him as a saint due to his rejection of the caste system.
- Thirukkural, his principal work, consists of 1330 couplets (kurals) and is categorized into three parts, offering teachings on dharma (virtue), artha (wealth), and kama (love).
Significance of Robes
- Political Influence: Depictions of Thiruvalluvar, including his attire, have been molded by various political groups over time, despite limited historical information.
- Scholar Insights: Scholars suggest that Thiruvalluvar’s affiliation was likely Jain, not Hindu or Dravidian. His appearance, including white robes, is a relatively recent interpretation.
- Disputed Symbolism: The controversy surrounding the color of Thiruvalluvar’s robes stems from differing political agendas and interpretations of his verses.
Thiruvalluvar’s Relevance Today
- Archaeological Discoveries: Recent excavations at Keeladi near Madurai have pushed the history of Tamilagam (Sangam Era) back by at least 300 years, bolstering Dravidian historians’ assertions of their ancient heritage.
- Keeladi Context: The Keeladi findings have ignited debates between supporters of Hindutva and those upholding the Dravidian perspective. While no Hindu idols were found at Keeladi, interpretations vary on the presence of ‘Hindu’ elements.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Science Communication, Various initiatives mentioned
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- Science communication is an essential bridge between the scientific community and the public, fostering understanding, engagement, and informed decision-making.
- In India, the recent focus on communicating science, particularly during Chandrayaan-3 and the COVID-19 pandemic, highlights the growing importance of this discipline.
- However, gaps and challenges persist in effectively conveying scientific information.
Role of Science Communication
- Science communication encompasses all aspects of conveying scientific knowledge, fostering discussions on ethical, societal, and political impacts, and engaging scientists and diverse audiences.
- In today’s context, it extends to sharing research findings, institutional outreach, and public engagement with science.
Contemporary Science Communication in India
- Government Initiatives: In 2021, the CSIR-National Institute of Science Communication and Policy Research (CSIR-NIScPR) was established. National science funding agencies and research organizations actively engage in science communication through press releases, social media campaigns, exhibitions, and lectures.
- Growing Landscape: Science communication extends to research organizations, universities, social enterprises, non-profits, and art-science collaborations. It bridges journalism, education, outreach, and art with science.
Government-Led Efforts
India’s commitment to science communication dates back to the post-independence era. Key milestones include:
- Publications & Information Directorate (PID): Established in 1951 under the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), PID published national science magazines to disseminate scientific knowledge.
- Birla Industrial and Technological Museum (1959): Focused on defining India’s scientific heritage and promoting science education.
- 42nd Amendment to the Constitution (1976): Introduced Article 51 A (h), emphasizing the development of a scientific temper among citizens.
- National Council for Science and Technology Communication (NCSTC): Formed during the sixth Five Year Plan (1980-1985), emphasizing the popularization of science.
- Vigyan Prasar (1989): An autonomous organization set up by the Department of Science and Technology to popularize science.
Addressing Challenges and Forging Ahead
To enhance science communication in India:
- Formal Education and Training: Introduce masters and doctoral programs in science communication. These programs will cultivate a cadre of skilled communicators attuned to India’s diverse contexts.
- Integration with Scientific Process: Encourage scientists to actively participate in science communication. This includes incorporating communication as part of research and rewarding scientists for their efforts.
- Large-Scale Strategy: Establish a professional organization that collaborates with government departments, stakeholders, and experts to create comprehensive science communication frameworks. These frameworks must span various disciplines, media formats, and demographic groups.
Conclusion
- Science communication plays a pivotal role in advancing scientific literacy, public engagement, and informed decision-making in India.
- By addressing current gaps and embracing a forward-looking approach, India can build a robust science communication ecosystem that effectively bridges the gap between science and society, empowering citizens and propelling scientific progress.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: KABIL, Lithium
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- Khanij Bidesh India Limited (KABIL), has taken a significant step towards securing its strategic mineral supply by acquiring five lithium blocks in Argentina.
About KABIL
- Joint Venture: Khanij Bidesh India Limited (KABIL) is a Joint Venture Company established with the participation of three Central Public Sector Enterprises: National Aluminium Company Ltd. (NALCO), Hindustan Copper Ltd. (HCL), and Mineral Exploration Company Ltd. (MECL).
- Formation: KABIL was founded in 2019 with the primary objective of sourcing critical minerals like lithium and cobalt from overseas locations.
- Ministry Oversight: Under the purview of the Ministry of Mines, KABIL’s equity participation is distributed in the ratio of 40:30:30 among NALCO, HCL, and MECL, respectively.
Mission and Functions
- Strategic Mineral Security: KABIL’s core mission is to ensure India’s mineral security and achieve self-reliance in critical and strategic minerals. It identifies and acquires overseas mineral assets like lithium and cobalt.
- Functions: KABIL conducts the identification, acquisition, exploration, development, mining, and processing of strategic minerals abroad to meet the country’s commercial requirements.
- Exploration: It explores various avenues for sourcing minerals, including trading opportunities, governmental collaborations, strategic acquisitions, and investments in exploration and mining assets.
- Global Partnerships: KABIL fosters partnerships with mineral-rich countries worldwide, such as Australia, Africa, and South America, leveraging India’s expertise in exploration and mineral processing to create mutually beneficial economic opportunities.
Key Developments
- Argentina’s Lithium Resources: Argentina, along with Chile and Bolivia, forms the world’s “Lithium Triangle,” collectively possessing over half of the world’s lithium resources. Argentina stands out with its second-largest lithium resources, third-largest lithium reserves, and fourth-largest production globally.
- Block Acquisition: KABIL, a state-owned entity, has acquired Exploration and Exclusivity Rights for five lithium brine blocks in Argentina.
- Branch Office in Argentina: KABIL is gearing up to establish a branch office in Catamarca, Argentina, further emphasizing its commitment to the project.
Significance of this acquisition
- Strategic Significance: This groundbreaking endeavour holds paramount importance for India’s transition towards green energy solutions. Lithium, often referred to as ‘white gold,’ is integral for various applications, including energy storage solutions, mobile phone batteries, and electric vehicles (EVs).
- Reducing Import Dependency: India’s lithium requirements, valued at around ₹24,000 crore, are primarily met through imports, with a significant portion originating from China.
- Unlocking Technical Expertise: The Union Minister for Mines, highlights that this initiative not only addresses India’s lithium sourcing needs but also brings valuable technical and operational experience in brine-type lithium exploration, exploitation, and extraction.
Conclusion
- India’s acquisition of lithium blocks in Argentina through KABIL represents a monumental stride towards securing its strategic mineral supply.
- This initiative not only strengthens India’s position in the global lithium market but also aligns with its commitment to sustainable and self-reliant energy solutions.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NEDL
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) has initiated the revision of the National Essential Diagnostics List (NEDL), acknowledging the evolving healthcare landscape since its first release in 2019.
- This move aims to optimize the availability of essential diagnostic tests across all tiers of healthcare facilities in India.
What is NEDL?
- Inception: The NEDL extends and builds upon initiatives like the Free Diagnostics Service Initiative (FDI) under which was launched in July 2015 under National Health Mission (NHM).
- Comprehensive List: The NEDL is designed to cater to all levels of healthcare, including village-level healthcare, primary care, secondary care, and tertiary care facilities.
- Scope of Tests: The NEDL focuses on diagnostic tests essential for diseases with significant burdens, such as vector-borne diseases (Malaria, Dengue, Filariasis, Chikungunya, Japanese encephalitis), as well as Leptospirosis, Brucellosis, Tuberculosis, Hepatitis (A, B, C, and E), HIV, and Syphilis. Specific tests are marked as desirable, recommended for regions or states with high disease prevalence.
- In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD): Alongside diagnostic tests, the NEDL recommends corresponding In Vitro Diagnostics (IVD) products, which are tests conducted on samples like blood or tissue taken from the human body.
- Regulatory Guidance: The NEDL includes a comprehensive guidance document on the “Regulatory framework for diagnostics: National and International.”
- Human Resources: It also recommends the allocation of human resources, such as ASHA workers, lab technicians, and pathologists, tailored to the proposed list of diagnostics for different healthcare levels.
Significance of NEDL
- Quality Assurance: The availability of quality-assured diagnostics enhances the optimal utilization of the Essential Medicine List (EML).
- SDG Achievement: Implementation of the NEDL contributes to the realization of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3.8, aiming for Universal Health Coverage (UHC).
- Enhanced Healthcare: The NEDL facilitates evidence-based healthcare, improving patient outcomes, reducing out-of-pocket expenses, and ensuring the effective use of public health facilities. It aids in disease burden assessment, trend analysis, surveillance, outbreak identification, and addressing antimicrobial resistance.
- Standardization and R&D: The NEDL encourages the standardization of technology and diagnostic services, fostering research and development (R&D) for innovative diagnostics, ultimately leading to cost reduction.
Revisiting the List: Careful Consideration Process
- Disease Burden Analysis: The inclusion of diagnostic tests in the NEDL is based on rigorous assessments of disease burden data across India’s diverse states.
- Alignment with National Programs: Tests align with national health programs to address specific health needs.
- Adherence to Standards: The NEDL adheres to Indian public health standards and considers the necessary resources, infrastructure, and personnel required at each healthcare facility.
Factors to Consider
- Essential Test Criteria: Stakeholders are encouraged to propose tests that meet specific criteria:
-
- Priority for healthcare needs
- Alignment with disease prevalence and public health significance
- Demonstrated efficacy, accuracy, and cost-effectiveness
- Impact on Disease Management: Tests should focus on conditions with high disease burdens and substantial public health relevance. The introduction of these tests should significantly enhance disease diagnosis and management.
- Appropriate Utilization: Any proposed addition to the NEDL must align with the availability of equipment, infrastructure, and qualified personnel, by the Indian Public Health Standards of 2022.
Conclusion
- The revision of India’s National Essential Diagnostics List is a crucial step towards ensuring that essential diagnostic tests are accessible at all healthcare levels.
- By aligning with disease burden data and adhering to stringent criteria, India aims to enhance its public health infrastructure, making diagnostics an integral part of healthcare delivery.
- The involvement of stakeholders ensures a comprehensive and effective approach to meet the evolving healthcare needs of the nation.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Classical Languages in India
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- In a significant move to deepen cultural ties, External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar announced that the Centre has decided to include Farsi (Persian) as one of the nine classical languages in India under the New Education Policy.
Classical Languages in India
- As of now, India recognizes six languages as classical, including Tamil (2004), Sanskrit (2005), Kannada (2008), Telugu (2008), Malayalam (2013), and Odia (2014).
- In addition to these classical languages Pali, Persian, and Prakrit and their works of literature are to be preserved according to India’s National Education Policy-2020.
- The addition of Farsi (Persian) brings the total to nine classical languages (Needs more clarification).
Criteria for Classical Language Status
The Ministry of Culture in the Rajya Sabha outlined the criteria for declaring a language as ‘Classical’:
- High Antiquity: The language must have a recorded history spanning 1500-2000 years.
- Valuable Heritage: It should possess a body of ancient literature and texts cherished by generations.
- Originality: The literary tradition must be unique and not borrowed from another linguistic community.
- Distinctness: The classical language and its literature should be distinct from modern forms or offshoots.
Promotion of Classical Languages
Upon being recognized as a classical language, the HRD Ministry provides various benefits, including:
- International Awards: Two major international awards for eminent scholars in classical Indian languages.
- Centre of Excellence: Establishment of a Centre of Excellence for studies in Classical Languages.
- Professional Chairs: Requesting the University Grants Commission (UGC) to create Professional Chairs for Classical Languages, initially in Central Universities.
The Eighth Schedule
The Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution outlines the official languages of the Republic of India. It is governed by Articles 344(1) and 351 of the Constitution.
- Purpose: Originally created to grant representation on the Official Languages Commission and enrich Hindi and English, the official languages of the Union.
- Medium for Examinations: Candidates appearing for public service examinations have the privilege of using any language from the Eighth Schedule as a medium to answer exam papers.
- Languages Included: Currently, the Eighth Schedule includes 22 languages, including Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, Dogri, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Maithili, Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali, Odia, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Santali, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, and Urdu.
Chronological Additions
The chronological additions to the Eighth Schedule are as follows:
- 1950: Initially included 14 languages.
- 1967: Sindhi was added through the 21st Constitutional Amendment Act.
- 1992: Konkani, Manipuri (Meitei), and Nepali were included through the 71st Constitutional Amendment Act.
- 2003: Bodo, Dogri, Maithili, and Santali were added through the 92nd Constitutional Amendment Act.
- 2011: The spelling “Oriya” was replaced with “Odia” through the 96th Constitutional Amendment Act.
Try this PYQ:
Consider the following languages:
- Gujarati
- Kannada
- Telugu
Which of the above has/have been declared as ‘Classical Language / Languages’ by the Government?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Post your answers here.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Punganur Cows
Mains level: Not Much
Introduction to Punganur Cattle
- On the auspicious occasion of Makar Sankranti, Prime Minister made headlines by feeding Mini Punganur cows at his residence in New Delhi.
- His gesture not only symbolized a cultural tradition but also shed light on this unique cattle breed.
About Punganur Cows
- Origin: Punganur cows hail from the Punganur municipality in Andhra Pradesh’s Chittoor district.
- Dwarf Stature: These mini cows are exceptionally small, measuring just 70-90 cm in height, with an average weight ranging from 115-200 kg.
- Distinctive Features: They are known for their broad foreheads, short horns, and are ideal for small-scale dairy and organic farming.
- Milk Capacity: Punganur cows are recognized for their rich milk production, yielding 3 to 5 liters of milk daily.
- Temple Use: Many temples in Andhra Pradesh, including the renowned Tirupati Thirumala Temple, use the milk of Punganur cows for Ksheeraabhishekam (milk offerings to deities).
- Varied Costs: The Punganur Cow cost ranges from Rs 1 lakh to 10 lakhs, depending on factors like purity and health.
Nutrition in Punganur Cow’s Milk
- Presence of Gold: Notably, the milk from Punganur cows contains an element identified as ‘Au’, the chemical symbol for gold.
- High-Fat Content: Punganur cow’s milk boasts a high-fat content of eight percent, in contrast to 3 to 4 percent in other indigenous breeds.
- Nutrient-Rich: This milk is rich in Omega fatty acids, calcium, potassium, and magnesium, offering significant nutritional benefits.
- Medicinal Value: The milk is believed to possess medicinal properties, contributing to overall health.
Resilience and Adaptability
- Drought-Resistant: Punganur cows exhibit remarkable resilience, with the ability to thrive on dry fodder like grass, straw, and hay.
- Docile Temperament: They have a calm and manageable temperament, making them easy to handle.
- Disease Resistance: These cows are resistant to common diseases and parasites, adding to their appeal.
Breed Protection Measures
- Threat of Extinction: At one point, Punganur cattle faced extinction due to a shift towards hybrid cattle for higher milk production.
- Mission Punganur: In 2020, the Andhra Pradesh government initiated ‘Mission Punganur’ with an allocation of Rs 69.36 crore to boost the cattle population using IVF technology.
- Enhancing Reproduction: The mission aimed to enhance reproductive efficiency, with plans to produce 8.5 offspring from each cow within five years.
- PMO’s Involvement: The Prime Minister’s Office (PMO) is also part of the conservation efforts, rearing a group of Punganur cattle.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Shree Mandira Parikrama Project
Mains level: Not Much
Introduction
- In a bid to elevate the spiritual experience of devotees and bolster the infrastructure for pilgrims, the Odisha government is all set to inaugurate the grand Shree Mandira Parikrama project.
What is Shree Mandira Parikrama Project?
- This Rs 800-crore heritage corridor, encircling the iconic Jagannath Temple in Puri, is a pivotal part of a broader initiative aimed at rejuvenating this holy city.
- It entails the creation of a 75-meter corridor that encircles the revered Jagannath Temple complex.
- This designed corridor aims to provide pilgrims with a “visual connect” to the temple, enriching their spiritual journey.
About Jagannath Puri Temple
- The Jagannath Temple is an important Vaishnavite temple dedicated to Jagannath, a form of Sri Krishna in Puri in Odisha.
- The present temple was rebuilt from the 10th century onwards, on the site of an earlier temple, and begun by Anantavarman Chodaganga Deva, the first king of the Eastern Ganga dynasty.
- The Puri temple is famous for its annual Ratha Yatra, or chariot festival, in which the three principal deities are pulled on huge and elaborately decorated temple cars.
Its architecture
- With its sculptural richness and fluidity of the Oriya style of temple architecture, it is one of the most magnificent monuments of India.
- The huge temple complex covers an area of over 400,000 square feet and is surrounded by a high fortified wall.
- This 20 feet high wall is known as Meghanada Pacheri.
- Another wall known as kurma bedha surrounds the main temple.
The temple has four distinct sectional structures, namely:
- Deula, Vimana or Garba griha (Sanctum sanctorum) where the triad deities are lodged on the ratnavedi (Throne of Pearls). In Rekha Deula style;
- Mukhashala (Frontal porch);
- Nata mandir/Natamandapa, which is also known as the Jagamohan (Audience Hall/Dancing Hall), and
- Bhoga Mandapa (Offerings Hall)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: World Economic Forum (WEF)
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- The World Economic Forum (WEF) has begun its annual summit in Davos, Switzerland.
World Economic Forum (WEF)
- Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, WEF is an international not-for-profit organization, focused on bringing the public and private sectors together to address the global political, social, and economic issues.
- It was founded in 1971 by Swiss-German economist and Professor Klaus Schwab in a bid to promote global cooperation on these most pressing problems.
- The first meeting of WEF was held more than five decades ago in Davos, which has been the home of the annual gathering almost ever since, also becoming the shorthand for the event.
Purpose and Essence of the WEF
- Bringing Stakeholders Together: The WEF gathers leaders from business, government, and civil society to address global challenges and brainstorm solutions.
- Scope Expansion: Initially focusing on European firms catching up with US management practices, the WEF’s scope broadened to encompass economic and social issues.
Annual Meeting in Davos
- Membership: In 1975, the WEF introduced a membership system for the world’s top 1,000 companies.
- Global Diplomacy: Davos serves as a backdrop for international diplomacy, offering leaders a conducive environment to defuse tensions and engage in critical discussions.
- Historic Meetings: Notable meetings in Davos have included North and South Korea’s first ministerial-level talks and discussions on German reunification.
- Birth of the G20: The idea for the G20, comprising 20 countries and initially focusing on global finance, emerged from discussions at the WEF in 1998.
Funding and Davos’s Serene Environment
- WEF Funding: The WEF is primarily funded by partnering corporations, typically global enterprises with annual turnover exceeding $5 billion.
- Davos Setting: Davos’s tranquil surroundings provide an ideal backdrop for the WEF’s mission to foster a more prosperous global economy.
Beyond Discussions: WEF’s Impact
- Global Rankings: The WEF publishes influential global rankings and indices, such as the Global Competitiveness Report and the Global Gender Gap Report.
- Significance: WEF Summit serves as a dynamic platform where leaders and stakeholders converge to address pressing global issues, fostering cooperation and innovation on a grand scale.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Global Surgery
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- Global surgery, despite its critical importance, often remains in the shadows of global health initiatives.
- This is particularly evident in South Asia, where the world’s largest population lacking access to essential surgery resides.
Why discuss this?
- Global surgery aims to address this disparity by focusing on equitable access to emergency and essential surgical care, encompassing a range of procedures.
- While 2015 marked a turning point in recognizing the significance of global surgery, this field’s history goes back several decades.
What is Global Surgery?
- Equitable Access: Global surgery prioritizes providing equitable access to emergency and essential surgical care, predominantly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), but also in under-served populations within high-income countries (HICs).
- Scope of Surgery: It encompasses essential and emergency surgeries, including surgery, obstetrics, trauma, and anaesthesia (SOTA).
Emergence of Global Surgery
- Annus Mirabilis of 2015: This year marked a pivotal moment in recognizing the global significance of surgical care.
- Influential Reports: The Disease Control Priorities Network (DCPN) report sponsored by the World Bank and The Lancet Commission on Global Surgery (LCoGS) played key roles.
- WHO Resolution 68.15: The World Health Organization Declaration on Safe Surgery highlighted the essential role of surgical systems in achieving universal health coverage.
Magnitude of the Problem
- Access Disparities: Over 70% of the global population, around five billion people, lack timely access to safe and affordable surgical care.
- Regional Disparities: Access gaps are most severe in low- and lower-middle-income countries (LLMICs), with 99% and 96% of people facing disparities, compared to 24% in HICs.
- South Asia’s Challenge: Over 1.6 billion people, over 98% of South Asia’s population, lack access to safe and affordable SOTA care.
- Disease Burden: In 2010, surgically treatable conditions caused around 17 million deaths, surpassing the combined mortality burden of HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria.
- Economic Impact: The cumulative projected loss to global GDP due to insufficient surgical care could reach $20.7 trillion by 2030.
Current Efforts and Neglect
- Neglect in Policies: Surgical care often receives little attention in international and national policies.
- Limited Research Focus: Research in global surgery is underrepresented compared to global health.
- Funding Neglect: Funding for surgery is significantly lower than for other health sectors.
- Research Funding Disparity: Research funding for surgery-related projects is scarce compared to other health fields.
Way Forward
- Cost-Effectiveness: Global surgery has demonstrated that emergency and essential surgical care is cost-effective and cost-beneficial.
- Policy Commitment: Many countries have initiated National Surgical, Obstetrics, and Anaesthesia Plans (NSOAPs), demonstrating political and policy commitment.
- Positive Initiatives: Several South Asian countries have launched initiatives to expand surgical access.
- Research and Innovation: Prioritizing research, policy support, and sustainable financing are key to addressing global surgery challenges.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Shankaracharyas, Adi Shankara
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- The four Shankaracharyas’ decision to abstain from the inauguration of the Ram temple in Ayodhya on January 22 has raised questions and garnered attention.
- To understand this decision and the significance of Shankaracharyas, it’s crucial to delve into the context and explore the life of Adi Shankara, a pivotal figure in Hinduism.
Who are the Shankaracharyas?
- Religious Leaders: Shankaracharya, meaning ‘teacher of the way of Shankara,’ is a title held by the heads of four cardinal mathas or peeths, believed to be established by Adi Shankara (c 788 CE-820 CE).
- Legacy of Adi Shankara: These religious teachers are said to belong to a lineage dating back to Adi Shankara, a revered scholar and philosopher.
- Historical Context: The existence of these mathas before the 14th century CE is disputed, with evidence suggesting retrospective establishment to legitimize these centers of knowledge and learning.
Adi Shankaracharya: A Brief Overview
- Adi Shankaracharya was a prominent Indian philosopher and theologian, often referred to as Sankara (Jagatguru). He was a staunch advocate of ancient Hinduism.
- His birthplace Kaladi in Ernakulam, Kerala, is poised to be declared a national monument.
- He received guidance from his guru, Govinda Bhagavatpada, under whom he diligently studied texts like ‘Gaudapadiya Karika,’ ‘Brahmasutra,’ Vedas, and Upanishads.
- Shankara propagated the philosophies of ‘Advaita Vedanta’ and ‘Dashanami Sampradaya,’ earning him the title ‘Shankaracharya’ among his disciples.
His Philosophy: Advaita Vedanta
- Non-Dualism: Shankaracharya’s philosophy, known as ‘Advaita Vedanta,’ espouses non-dualism.
- Ultimate Reality: It asserts that the world exists due to the creative energy (Maya) of Brahman, the ultimate, transcendent, and immanent God of the later Vedas.
- Identity of Self: In Advaita Vedanta, the transcendental self of the universe (Atman) and the experiencing self (Jiva) are both identical in truth – both are Brahman. However, the individual self appears different, akin to space inside a container seeming distinct from space as a whole.
- Overcoming Error: Mistakes and ignorance lead to a plurality (Avidya), but understanding Brahman eliminates these errors, resulting in liberation from the cycle of reincarnation and worldly servitude.
Disciples of Adi Shankaracharya
Shankaracharya’s four closest disciples played pivotal roles in propagating his teachings:
- Padmapada: Known for his deep devotion and poetry.
- Totakacharya: Devoted to Shankaracharya’s mission and revered for his poetry “Totakashtakam.”
- Hasta Malaka: A child prodigy who astounded Shankaracharya with his understanding of Advaita philosophy.
- Sureshwara: Initially a householder, he became a disciple after losing a philosophical debate to Shankaracharya.
Contributions of Adi Shankaracharya
- Shankaracharya introduced the ‘Shanmata’ system, which emphasized worship of the five principal deities and restored the Dashanami structure.
- He composed numerous devotional and meditative hymns and authored key texts on Advaita Vedanta, including commentaries on major scriptures.
- Adi Shankaracharya revitalized Hinduism at a time when it faced challenges from Jainism and Buddhism, promoting unity and re-establishing traditions.
- He established four monastic institutions (Mathas) in different corners of India, unifying the nation and codifying leadership roles:
- Sri Sringeri Sharada Peetam in Chikmaglur in Karnataka
- Jyotir Matha in the Garhwal region in Uttarakhand
- Kalika Matha in Dwarka in Gujarat
- Govardhana Matha in Puri in Odisha
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Gigantopithecus Blacki
Mains level: Not Much
Introduction
- A recent study published in Nature sheds light on the extinction of Gigantopithecus blacki, the largest known primate species.
- This research provides crucial insights into the species’ inability to survive environmental changes, contrasting with the adaptability of other similar primates.
About Gigantopithecus Blacki
- Species Description: Gigantopithecus blacki was a great ape species that inhabited China between 2 million and 330 thousand years ago.
- Physical Attributes: Estimated to stand 3 meters tall and weigh between 200–300 kg, it is considered the largest primate ever to have existed on Earth.
- Geographical Range and Extinction: The species experienced a significant reduction in geographical range before its extinction, with the most recent fossils indicating a marked decline.
Research Methodology
- Fossil Analysis: Researchers analyzed fossils from 22 caves in southern China, focusing on dental samples of G. blacki and its closest relative, Pongo weidenreichi.
- Environmental Reconstruction: The study employed pollen and stable isotope analysis to reconstruct the environmental conditions during the species’ existence.
- Diet and Behavior Assessment: Changes in diet and behavior within the extinction window were inferred from dental analyses.
Findings on Environmental Changes and Adaptation
- Initial Habitat: Around 2.3 million years ago, G. blacki thrived in dense forests with heavy cover.
- Transition in Environment: During the extinction window (295–215,000 years ago), there was a shift to open forests, indicating significant changes in forest plant communities.
- Dietary and Stress Responses: Dental analysis revealed a less diverse diet and reduced water consumption for G. blacki, alongside signs of increased chronic stress. In contrast, P. weidenreichi showed better adaptation to these environmental changes.
- Fossil Record Decline: The number and geographical spread of G. blacki fossils declined relative to P. weidenreichi by 300 thousand years ago, supporting the hypothesis of its struggle to adapt.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Operation Sadbhavana
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- The Indian Army has recently adopted Topa Pir village in Poonch district, Jammu and Kashmir, as a model village under Operation Sadbhavana.
Operation Sadbhavana
- Purpose: Operation Sadbhavana (Goodwill) is an initiative by the Indian Army in Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh to address the needs of people affected by terrorism, primarily sponsored by Pakistan.
- Welfare Activities: The operation includes running Army Goodwill Schools, infrastructure development projects, and educational tours for children in remote areas.
- Focus on Education: There are seven Army Goodwill Schools under Operation Sadbhavana in the Ladakh Region, aiming to improve the standard of education.
- Objectives: The operation aims to achieve national integration, women empowerment, employment generation, and development activities towards nation-building.
- Collaborative Approach: Projects under Operation Sadbhavana are selected considering local aspirations and in coordination with the local civil administration.
Adoption of Topa Pir Village
- Model Village Initiative: The Army’s adoption of Topa Pir village is a step towards creating a model village, with an emphasis on community development and welfare.
- Recent Incidents: The village gained attention following a controversial incident involving the alleged torture of civilians by the Army, which led to the deaths of three individuals.
- Community Relations: The incident has significantly impacted the relationship between the Army and the local Gujjar and Bakarwal communities, who predominantly inhabit areas near the Line of Control (LoC).
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