Former Supreme Court judge Justice Ajay Manikrao Khanwilkar has been appointed as the chairperson of Lokpal, the anti-corruption ombudsman of India.
Justice Khanwilkar retired from the Supreme Court in July 2022, bringing a wealth of judicial experience to his new role.
About Lokpal
Establishment: Lokpal is a statutory body established under the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act of 2013.
Mandate: It is tasked with investigating allegations of corruption against certain public functionaries and related matters.
Organisational Structure:
The Lokpal comprises a chairperson and a maximum of 8 members.
The chairperson must be a former Chief Justice of India, a former Supreme Court judge, or an eminent person meeting eligibility criteria.
Half of the members must be judicial members, either former Supreme Court judges or former Chief Justices of High Courts.
At least 50% members must be from SC / ST / OBC / Minorities and women.
Members serve a term of 5 years or until they turn 70, whichever is earlier.
Perks and Benefits: The salary, allowances, and other conditions of service for the chairperson are equivalent to those of the CJI, while members receive benefits similar to Supreme Court judges.
Appointment Process:
The President of India appoints the chairperson and members based on the recommendation of a selection committee.
The selection committee includes the PM as Chairperson, the Speaker of Lok Sabha, the Leader of Opposition in Lok Sabha, the Chief Justice of India or a nominated judge, and one eminent jurist.
Jurisdiction:
Lokpal has jurisdiction to investigate allegations of corruption against Prime Ministers, Union Ministers, Members of Parliament, and officials of the Union Government.
It extends to individuals associated with government-funded entities and those receiving substantial foreign contributions.
Exceptions for Prime Minister:
Lokpal cannot probe allegations against the PM related to certain sensitive areas like international relations, security, public order, atomic energy, and space without the approval of at least 2/3rds of its members.
A full Lokpal bench must consider initiating inquiries into complaints against the PM.
Powers of Lokpal:
Lokpal exercises superintendence over and provides directions to the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)in corruption cases.
It can authorize the CBIfor search and seizure operations linked to such cases.
The Lokpal’s Inquiry Wing possessespowers akin to a civil court.
It can recommend the transfer or suspension of public servantsimplicated in corruption allegations.
Lokpal is empowered to prevent the destruction of records during preliminary inquiries and confiscate assets obtained through corruption.
Reporting and Accountability
Annually, Lokpal submits a report on its activities to the President, which is then presented to both Houses of Parliament for scrutiny.
Try this PYQ from CS Mains 2013
Q.‘A national Lokpal, however strong it may be, cannot resolve the problems of immorality in public affairs’. Discuss.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Cannabis , THCBD, NDPS Act, Exception for 'Bhang'
Mains level: Therapeutic uses of narcotic substances
In the news
Cannabis (Cannabis sativa) has long intrigued psychiatrists due to its impact on mood and cognition, prompting research into its potential therapeutic applications for conditions like schizophrenia and mood disorders.
Do you know?
The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985 regulates cannabis by defining it under Section 2(iii) of the act.
Cannabis, also known as hemp, includes various forms such as charas (resin), ganja (flowering or fruiting tops), and any mixture or drink prepared from these forms.
However, interestingly, bhang, a preparation of cannabis, is NOT covered under this act and remains beyond its purview.
Bhang is permitted for production and sale by many States as it falls outside the definition of cannabis under the NDPS Act.
What is Cannabis?
Cannabis, also known as marijuana, weed, pot, or ganja, is a genus of flowering plants that belongs to the Cannabaceae family.
It is primarily known for its psychoactive properties due to the presence of compounds such as tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).
This THC interacts with the brain’s cannabinoid receptors, resulting in various effects including relaxation, euphoria, altered perception of time, and increased appetite.
The plant contains over 100 different cannabinoids, with THC and cannabidiol (CBD) being the most well-known and studied.
Why discuss this?
Researchers at the University of British Columbia initiated a clinical trial to explore the efficacy of cannabidiol (CBD) in treating bipolar depression, offering promise for addressing depressive episodes in bipolar disorder.
While delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the primary psychoactive compound in cannabis, CBD has garnered attention for its potential antipsychotic and neuroprotective effects.
Understanding the Cannabinoid System
Receptor Mechanisms: The human cannabinoid system, comprising CB1 and CB2 receptors, plays a crucial role in modulating various bodily functions, including pain, memory, and appetite, with THC exerting acute effects on motor control and memory.
Endo-cannabinoid System (ECS): The ECS, governed by endogenous molecules, regulates neurotransmitter activity, influencing mood and cognitive processes.
Therapeutic Applications
Medical Uses: THC and synthetic cannabinoids are utilized to stimulate appetite, alleviate nausea, and manage pain associated with conditions like HIV-AIDS and cancer.
Addiction and Withdrawal: Debate surrounds the addictive potential of THC, with animal studies suggesting addictive responses and withdrawal symptoms upon cessation of heavy use.
Psychiatric Implications
Mood Effects: Cannabis’ impact on mood is multifaceted, with reports suggesting associations with depression and bipolar disorder, although rigorous scientific scrutiny is lacking.
Psychotic Risks: Individuals with psychotic illnesses, including schizophrenia, exhibit heightened susceptibility to cannabis-induced psychotic symptoms, with youth cannabis use potentially advancing the onset of schizophrenia in genetically vulnerable individuals.
Policy Considerations
Global Trends: The global trend toward legalizing medical and recreational cannabis underscores the need for informed policymaking to mitigate risks, particularly for vulnerable populations such as children and individuals with mental illnesses.
Decriminalization Debate: Broader debates on decriminalization necessitate measures to prevent commercialization and ensure safeguards against misuse, emphasizing protection for vulnerable segments of society.
Conclusion
Navigating the complexities of cannabis necessitates a balanced approach, leveraging its therapeutic potential while addressing associated risks through evidence-based policymaking and clinical interventions.
Back2Basics: Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985
The NDPS Act is a comprehensive law that consolidates and amends the existing laws relating to narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances in India.
The Act prohibits the manufacture, cultivation, possession, sale, purchase, transport, storage, or consumption of drugs without permission from appropriate authorities.
Violations are punishable with rigorous imprisonment for a minimum of 10 years and a fine.
Lesser punishments are mandated for illegal possession in small quantities for personal consumption.
The Act also provides for the forfeiture of property derived from, or used in, illicit traffic in narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances.
Drugs covered include:
Narcotic Drugs: Coca leaf, cannabis (hemp), opium, poppy straw, and their manufactured goods.
Psychotropic Substances: Any substance that modifies the mind, including amphetamine, methaqualone, diazepam, alprazolam, ketamine, etc.
Other substances: Cocaine, morphine, diacetylmorphine, or any other narcotic drug or any psychotropic substance as may be specified on this behalf by the Central Government.
Shrinking Divisible Pool: Historically, the divisible pool consisted mainly of income taxes and excise duties shared with states. However, recent changes have seen the exclusion of certain taxes, like corporation taxes, from the divisible pool, reducing the share available for states.
Expansion of Cesses and Surcharges: Despite the GST implementation, new cesses and surcharges continue to be introduced, contributing to the exclusion of an increasing share of gross tax revenue from net proceeds, impacting vertical devolution.
Conflicting Data: Discrepancies in government-released information on the quantum of cesses and surcharges have raised concerns about transparency and accurate reporting, which are vital for assessing the true extent of vertical devolution challenges.
Financial Implications
Collection Trends: Disaggregated data analysis reveals a significant rise in the collection of cesses and surcharges over the past decade, with amounts not shared with states but retained solely by the Union government, exacerbating the vertical devolution imbalance.
Cumulative Collection: Cumulatively, substantial amounts have been collected as cesses and surcharges, depriving states of their rightful share and necessitating corrective measures to address historical wrongs in vertical devolution.
Challenges in Tied Transfers
[A] Nature of Transfers:
Central Schemes: The requirement for state contributions to centrally sponsored schemes and central sector schemes places a financial burden on states, undermining their fiscal autonomy and perpetuating a patron-client relationship with the Union government.
Conditionalities: Grants provided to states often come with conditionalities, such as labelling requirements, further limiting states’ flexibility in utilizing funds according to their specific needs.
Loan Nature: Most capital transfers to states are in the form of loans, adding to states’ debt burdens and constraining their financial freedom.
[B] Impact on Federal Dynamics:
Centralizing Tendency: Imposed conditionalities and the reliance on centrally sponsored schemes reinforce a centralizing tendency, eroding the principles of cooperative fiscal federalism and undermining states’ autonomy in fiscal matters.
Substitution of Untied Transfers: The substitution of untied transfers with centrally sponsored schemes introduces rigidity in Union-State relations, hindering effective collaboration and diluting the spirit of cooperative federalism envisioned in the Indian federal structure.
Scrutiny by Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG)
Non-Transfer of Funds: Instances of non-transfer or short transfer of collected amounts, as highlighted by the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG), raise concerns about the effective utilization of funds and the transparency of financial management practices.
Consequences:
Defeat of Collection Logic: The failure to transfer cesses and surcharges to the designated reserve funds undermines the intended purpose of their collection, leading to inefficiencies and potential misappropriation of funds.
Ruse for Fund Diversion: The discrepancies in fund transfers raise suspicions regarding the true intent behind cesses and surcharges, with indications that they may serve as a means to divert funds away from the divisible pool for other government expenditures.
Deviations from Finance Commission (FC) Recommendations
[A] Assessment of Union Government’s Claims:
Retention of Gross Tax Revenue: While the retention of a portion of gross tax revenue by the Union government has a basis in constitutional provisions, the failure to adhere to FC recommendations on sharing net proceeds raises questions about the government’s commitment to equitable fiscal federalism.
Failure in Net Proceeds Sharing: Analysis of the share of central taxes devolved to states against FC-stipulated percentages reveals consistent underperformance by the Union government, indicating a significant deviation from FC recommendations.
[B] Quantitative Analysis:
Shortfalls: Comparisons of actual devolutions with FC-recommended shares highlight substantial shortfalls, amounting to significant cumulative amounts over the years, representing a systemic failure in achieving equitable distribution of resources among states.
Cumulative Impact: The cumulative amounts not devolved to states underscore the magnitude of the fiscal imbalance and the urgent need for corrective measures to rectify historical injustices in vertical devolution.
Way Forward: Reform Agenda for the 16th Finance Commission
[A] Corrective Measures
Compensations to States: Addressing historical wrongs in vertical devolution requires compensatory measures to ensure fair resource distribution among states and rectify past imbalances.
Accurate Reporting: Mandating accurate reporting of “net proceeds” in budget documents is essential for transparency and accountability in fiscal management, enabling stakeholders to assess the true extent of resource allocation.
Addressing Shortfalls: Providing lump sum untied grants to states to offset past shortfalls in devolution is crucial to restoring states’ fiscal autonomy and promoting cooperative federalism.
[B] Legislative Action:
Limiting Cesses and Surcharges: Enacting legislation to impose strict limits on the collection of cesses and surcharges, with provisions for automatic expiry and prevention of rechristening, is necessary to prevent misuse and ensure transparency in revenue generation.
Conclusion
The stance of the 16th Finance Commission on vertical devolution is pivotal for the survival of fiscal federalism in India, requiring decisive action to address existing challenges and uphold the principles of cooperative federalism.
The Karnataka government’s recent move to amend the law governing the taxation of Hindu temples sparked significant debate and controversy.
It aims to overhaul the existing framework, particularly in terms of income allocation and management.
Proposed Changes in Temple Taxation
The Karnataka Hindu Religious Institutions and Charitable Endowments (Amendment) Bill, 2024 aimed to modify several provisions in the existing law:
Income Allocation: The proposed change sought to divert 10% of the gross income of temples earning over Rs 1 crore annually to a common pool for temple maintenance. Section 19 of the Act outlines the purposes for which the common fund may be utilized, including religious studies, temple maintenance, and charitable causes.
Shift in Calculation: This change would shift from the previous norm of allocating 10% of the net income of temples with earnings over Rs 10 lakh annually.
DedicatedCommon Pool: Additionally, 5% of the income of temples earning between Rs 10 lakh and Rs 1 crore annually would have been dedicated to the common pool.
Priests Welfare: The Congress government proposed utilizing the enhanced funds to support lower-income temples, provide assistance to ailing priests, and offer scholarships to priests’ families.
Additional Amendments Proposed:
Committee of Management: The Bill proposed including a member skilled in Vishwakarma Hindu temple architecture and sculpture within the committee of management for temples.
Authority of Rajya Dharmika Parishat: It granted the Rajya Dharmika Parishat the power to appoint the chairman of temple management committees.
Infrastructure Oversight: The Bill mandated the creation of district-level and state high-level committees to oversee infrastructural projects facilitating temple pilgrimage.
Criticism and Opposition
Interference into Religious Matters: BJP leaders accused the government of attempting to “rob” Hindu temples and questioned the selective targeting of Hindu institutions.
Questioning Motives: Concerns were raised regarding the selective taxation of Hindu temples, prompting questions about the government’s intentions.
Constitutional Insights into the Issue
The proposed Bill, which aimed to divert a percentage of temple income to a common pool, raised concerns about government interference in temple finances, potentially infringing on these constitutional rights under:
Article 25: Ensures individuals’ freedom to profess, practice, and propagate religion, subject to public order, morality, and health.
Article 26: Grants religious denominations autonomy to manage their religious affairs and establish institutions for religious and charitable purposes.
Comparison with Other States
Telangana’s Model: Similar to Karnataka, Telangana also mandates temple contributions towards a common good fund, utilized for temple maintenance and related expenses.
Kerala’s Devaswom Boards: Kerala’s temples are managed by state-run Devaswom Boards, each with its own budget and administrative laws, overseen by government-appointed nominees.
Issues with the Bill
Government Interference: The appointment of members from Hindu and other religions to temple management committees raises concerns about state involvement in temple affairs.
Contradiction to Secularism: Perceived as contradicting the principle of secularism advocating for a separation of religion and state involvement in religious matters.
Conflict with Autonomy: Opposition to the diversion of temple income for a common pool fund highlights concerns about encroachment on religious autonomy and financial mismanagement by the state.
Conclusion
The Karnataka temple bill controversy underscores the complex interplay between governance, religion, and finance.
While intended reforms aimed to enhance temple infrastructure and support, differing interpretations and political alignments led to its rejection.
As states grapple with temple management, a balance between tradition, governance, and public welfare remains a constant challenge.
Try this Question from CS Mains 2018:
Q.How the Indian concept of secularism different from the western model of secularism? Discuss. (10)
Prelims Only | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution - historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Article 371A, Rat Hole Mining
Mains level: Special Provisions for NE States
In the news
The Nagaland CM is facing pressure to regulate coal mining after a tragic incident where six miners died in an explosion.
The unique land rights granted under Article 371A of the Indian Constitution have complicated efforts to control illegal coal mining activities.
Article 371A: Special Provisions for Nagaland
Details
Historical Context
Established in 1963 for Nagaland, recognizing its autonomy after the Naga people’s struggle.
Religious & Social Practices
Protects Naga tribes’ customs, traditions, and religious practices from external interference.
Customary Laws
Allows continuation of indigenous legal systems and traditional methods of justice.
**Autonomy
Grants Nagaland autonomy in managing its land, forests, and natural resources.
Legislation
Reserves seats in the Nagaland Legislative Assembly for various tribes and communities.
Special Rights
Aims to protect Naga people’s rights and promote socio-cultural development within the state.
Why discuss this?
Rat-hole Mining: Nagaland’s coal mining policy, permitting rat-hole mining due to the scattered nature of coal deposits, presents challenges for effective regulation.
Licensing Restrictions: Small pocket deposit licenses, awarded to individual landowners, impose limitations on lease duration, mining area, and machinery usage, as outlined in the Nagaland Coal Policy (First Amendment) of 2014.
Conclusion
The intersection of constitutional provisions, traditional land rights, and regulatory frameworks poses complex challenges for the Nagaland government in its endeavour to address illegal coal mining activities.
As legislative deliberations continue, concerted efforts towards public awareness, regulatory reforms, and enforcement actions remain imperative for safeguarding both natural resources and community welfare in the state.
Despite the recent agreement between India and Nepal, discussions over the Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project (PMP) remain deadlocked.
About Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project (PMP)
It is a bi-national project between India and Nepal, aimed primarily at energy production and enhancing irrigation in both countries.
It involves the construction of a 315-meter high dam across the River Mahakali (Sarada in India).
It forms an 80 km long reservoir with a surface area of 116 km square and a total gross storage volume of about 11.35 billion cubic meters.
Once completed, the PMP is expected to have a capacity of 5,040 megawatts (MW) and will be among the tallest dams globally, with an estimated cost ranging from Rs. 401.84 billion to Rs. 500 billion.
The project’s objectives include energy productionandirrigation enhancement, but environmentalists have raised concerns about its potential impact on the region’s ecology and local communities.
This project underscores the progress of the Mahakali Treaty signed in February 1996 between India and Nepal includes provisions for the integrated development of the Mahakali River basin.
Obstacles to Progress
Benefit Sharing: Disagreements arise over the distribution of benefits, with India receiving a larger share of irrigation benefits while Nepal emphasizes the value of water as a precious resource.
Political and Bureaucratic Challenges: Political considerations, including impending elections in India and domestic political fragility in Nepal, hinder progress. Bureaucratic concerns further impede consensus-building.
Back2Basics: Mahakali Treaty
Details
Mahakali River
Also known as Sharda River or Kali Ganga in Uttarakhand.
Joins Ghagra River in Uttar Pradesh, a tributary of the Ganga.
Signatories and Date
Signed between Nepal and India on February 12, 1996.
Objective
Aimed at the integrated development of the Mahakali River, including projects like the Sarada Barrage, Tanakpur Barrage, and Pancheshwar Project.
Ratification Process
Required a two-thirds majority in the combined session of both houses of the Nepalese parliament.
Faced opposition and scrutiny from parliamentarians during the process.
Establishment of Commission
Provision for the establishment of a Mahakali River Commission to oversee and regulate matters outlined in the treaty.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Jacaranda Trees
Mains level: Impact of climate change on plants blossoms
Introduction
Mexico City’s iconic jacaranda trees, known for their stunning purple blooms in spring, are experiencing an unusual phenomenon this year, with some trees blooming as early as January instead of their typical spring awakening.
AboutJacaranda Trees
Jacaranda is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Bignoniaceae.
Native to tropical and subtropical regions of Central and South America, with some species found in the Caribbean and Africa.
Known for its stunning clusters of trumpet-shaped flowers in shades of purple, blue, or white, Jacaranda trees are prized as ornamental plants in parks, gardens, and urban landscapes worldwide.
Jacaranda trees hold cultural significance in various regions, such as Brazil, where their blooming heralds the arrival of spring, and South Africa, where they are commonly planted in urban areas.
Some species of Jacaranda produce valuable timber, prized for its lightweight nature, durability, and attractive grain pattern, suitable for furniture and decorative woodworking.
While generally not invasive, Jacaranda trees can become weedy in introduced regions, though their ornamental value often outweighs any negative impacts, making them well-tolerated in urban landscapes.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: West Asia and arising conflict;
Mains level: Recent Geopolitical issues in news;
Why in the News?
Recently, there are evolving dynamics surrounding Palestinian statehood, including global perspectives, Israeli leadership positions, and the potential implications for the region w.r.t two-state solution.
What are the Global Dynamics and Israeli Opposition towards Palestinian Statehood?
Global Expectations:Western nations and Arab States are hopeful for Israel to act sensibly amidst the challenging situation in Gaza. The UK and France express readiness to recognize a Palestinian state independently of an agreement with Israel, prompting speculation about US involvement.
Israeli stance: Israeli PM Benjamin Netanyahu openly opposes a two-state solution and advocates for Israeli control over the entire area west of the Jordan River.
Netanyahu rejects international pressure and warns against unilateral recognition, citing concerns about terrorism and his political standing.
Netanyahu’s opposition to a Palestinian state without negotiations reflects his political strategy and the challenges within his ruling coalition.
Netanyahu’s plan echoes sentiments previously condemned when expressed by Hamas, raising concerns about Israel’s intentions.
Global Response to the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict
UN Secretary-General’s Call: UN emphasizes the importance of acknowledging Palestinian statehood and condemns the loss of life in Gaza.
Hearings at ICJ: The International Court of Justice began hearing arguments concerning the legal status of a Palestinian state.
Mixed Signals: The U.S.’s support for Israel’s security contradicts its calls for a two-state solution, as demonstrated by voting against a UN resolution regarding Israeli settlements. World leaders previously have largely neglected the Palestinian cause during the tenure of former Israeli PM Netanyahu and post-Abraham Accords era.
Sudden Interest from various Nations: Recently, there has been renewed interest in a two-state solution following Israel’s military actions in Gaza and increasing pressure from international bodies. The U.S. too have imposed sanctions on individual settlers rather than addressing broader issues related to settlements and violence.
Domestic Pressures: King Abdullah II of Jordan, along with Egypt, France, and Germany, issued a joint statement opposing Israel’s annexation plans. The U.S., EU, and Arab States face mounting pressure to address the crisis, hoping for positive changes within Israel’s leadership.
Saudi Demand: Saudi Arabia demands an immediate peace process for a Palestinian state before resuming normalization talks with Israel.
Threatening Proposal: Israel’s latest plan suggests dissolving the UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA), which would compromise the two-state solution
BEYOND EDITORIAL:
What are Abraham Accords?
The Abraham Accords, established in September 2020, represent a series of bilateral agreements aimed at normalizing relations between Israel and several Arab nations: the UnitedArab Emirates (UAE), Bahrain, Sudan, and Morocco.
These agreements marked a departure from traditional Arab League policies, which historically required resolution of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict before establishing formal ties with Israel.
How Abraham Accords have influenced the Israeli-Palestinian conflict?
Despite not directly involving parties in active conflict, the Abraham Accords have influenced the broader context in several ways:
Normalization without Resolution: The Accords sidestepped the Palestinian issue, allowing Arab states to establish normalized relationships with Israel without addressing core issues like Palestinian self-determination and statehood
Domestic Repercussions: The Accords led to internal conflicts within Arab societies, as some citizens felt betrayed by their leadership’s decision to prioritize normalization over Palestinian rights
Regional Stability: While the Accords were promoted as increasing stability, critics argue that they have done little to address underlying causes of instability, including the Israeli-Palestinian conflict itself
Critical Analysis of Accords towards the dynamics of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict:
Critics argue that the Accords have failed to bring lasting peace or stability, instead serving as a means of authoritarian conflict management that ignores the root causes of the conflict
Supporters contend that the Accords offer opportunities for cooperation and economic growth, although these benefits may come at the expense of Palestinian rights.
The Abraham Accords have altered the dynamics of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict by shifting focus away from the centrality of Palestinian rights and towards normalization between Israel and select Arab states. Despite initial optimism, the Accords have faced challenges in achieving sustainable peace and stability, and their success remains a subject of debate.
What is the feasibility of a Single-State Solution?
If the two-state solution fails given recent developments and Israeli leadership positions, then:
Equal Rights: In a single-state scenario, Israel must provide equal rights to Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza to remain a democracy. Providing equal rights would reduce the percentage of Jews below 50%, challenging Israel’s identity as a Jewish state.
Apartheid or Ethnic Cleansing: Without equal rights, Palestinians risk becoming second-class citizens, resulting in either apartheid or ethnic cleansing.
Preservation of Status Quo: Continuing the present conditions would perpetuate the occupation and deny Palestinians self-determination.
Driving Out Palestinians: An alternative to providing equal rights might involve expelling Palestinians from the West Bank, Gaza, and East Jerusalem.
Decline of Support: Increasingly, Israelis have distanced themselves from developments in the Occupied Territories, reducing support for a two-state solution.
Rise of Right Wing: The growth of right-wing parties in Israel has led to the demise of groups supporting the Oslo Accords.
Shifting Attitudes: Following attacks by Hamas, support for a two-state solution has dwindled, leaving Israelis questioning whether Palestinians truly desire peace.
Recognition of Two-State Solution: Even Hamas once acknowledged a two-state solution based on 1967 borders, although this position has weakened over time.
How can be the ‘Afghan Model’ solution towards this issue?
The Afghan model refers to the acceptance of the Taliban’s return to power despite reservations. As the world grapples with the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, comparisons have emerged between the Taliban’s ascension in Afghanistan and potential shifts in Hamas’ role in Palestine.
Similarity between both cases: Both sides require transformative leadership changes. Israel needs to embrace a two-state solution, and Palestine requires an inclusive and representative leadership encompassing Gaza and the West Bank.
What are the Challenges and Implications if Afghan model is applied?
Political stance: Centrist Israeli politicians have lost popularity due to their perceived inaction on the Palestinian issue. In short, replacing them as champions of a two-state solution is challenging.
Hamas’ inclusion in Palestinian governance structures would necessitate significant ideological shifts and concessions, which may prove difficult.
The international community’s reluctant approach to the two-state solution raises questions about their commitment to promoting meaningful change in the Middle East.
Conclusion:
The ‘Afghan model,’ while imperfect, offers insights into the possibilities and limitations of accommodating hard-line forces within mainstream political processes. Ultimately, the success of such efforts depends upon the ability of all stakeholders—including Israel, Palestine, and the international community to overcome deeply ingrained mistrust and pursue genuine reconciliation.
Prelims PYQs:
The term “two-state solution” is sometimes mentioned in the news in the context of the affairs of (UPSC CSE 2018)
China
Israel
Iraq
Yemen
Mains PYQs:
Too little cash, too much politics, leaves UNESCO fighting for life.’ Discuss the statement in the light of US’ withdrawal and its accusation of the cultural body as being ‘anti-Israel bias’ (UPSC CSE 2019)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Na
Mains level: need for eco-friendly elections
Mains Pyq: ‘Simultaneous election to the Lok Sabha and the State Assemblies will limit the amount of time and money spent in electioneering but it will reduce the government’s accountability to the people’ Discuss.
Prelims Pyq:
Consider the following statements :
1. In India, there is no law restricting the candidates from contesting in one Lok Sabha election from three constituencies.
2. In 1991 Lok Sabha Election, Shri Devi Lal contested from three Lok Sabha constituencies.
3. As per the existing rules, if a candidate contests in one Lok Sabha election from many constituencies, his/her party should bear the cost of bye-elections to the constituencies vacated by him/her in the event of him/her winning in all the constituencies.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
a.1 only
b.2 only
c.1 and 3
d. 2 and 3
Why is it in news?
Amidst the climate crisis, shifting to sustainable practices across every sphere of human activity has become inevitable and urgent. In August 2023, ahead of the Assembly elections in five States, the Election Commission of India (ECI) voiced its concern over the environmental risks associated with the use of non-biodegradable materials in elections.
What is the Concept of Green Elections?
Green elections involve adopting eco-friendly practices throughout the electoral process, including campaign materials, rallies, and polling booths.
Transitioning to sustainable alternatives can mitigate the environmental impact and promote citizens’ health.
Why there is need of Green Elections?
Given that the conduct of every election results in an avoidable carbon footprint, there is a need for eco-friendly elections, which would be a boost to environmental stewardship alongside civic participation.
Sri Lanka and Estonia, for instance, have conducted environmentally-conscious elections. As India, the world’s most populous democracy, gears up for the next general election, environmental considerations must be prioritised, paving the way for ‘green elections’.
Environmental Impact of Elections:
In the 2016 US presidential elections, emissions from campaign flights of just one candidate equaled the annual carbon footprint of 500 Americans.
Traditional election methods involve energy-intensive activities like rallies, use of loudspeakers, PVC flex banners, hoardings, and disposable items, contributing to environmental degradation.
India’s massive elections involving crores of voters and large political rallies exacerbate the environmental impact.
Paper-based materials and energy-intensive campaign practices further escalate the environmental footprint.
Challenges in India for green elections:
Technological Challenges: Implementing electronic and digital voting systems requires robust infrastructure, especially in rural areas, to ensure reliable access to technology. Measures to prevent hacking and fraud must be put in place to maintain the integrity of the electoral process.
Access and Training: Ensuring fair access to new voting technologies for all voters, including marginalized communities, poses a significant challenge. Training election officials and voters alike on the use of new technologies is essential to facilitate smooth adoption.
Financial Constraints: Governments may face substantial upfront costs for acquiring eco-friendly materials and implementing new technology, which could deter financially constrained administrations from pursuing such initiatives.
Cultural and Behavioural Hurdles: Overcoming cultural inertia and the perception of physical presence at polling booths as sacrosanct poses a behavioural challenge. Public scepticism towards new approaches and concerns about compromises to vote security must be addressed to gain widespread acceptance.
Transparency and Auditing: Ensuring transparency in the adoption of new technologies and implementing effective auditing mechanisms are crucial to building trust in environmentally-friendly election practices.
Research Findings for mains answer value addition:
Research by Willemson and Krips from Estonia (2023) identified transportation of voters and logistics to and from polling booths as the primary source of carbon emissions during elections.
The running of polling booths constitutes the secondary source of emissions.
Transitioning to digital voting systems could potentially reduce the carbon footprint by up to 40%.
Successful examples of green elections
Kerala:
Campaigning Restrictions: During the 2019 general election, the Kerala State Election Commission urged political parties to avoid single-use plastic materials.
Ban on Non-Biodegradable Materials: The Kerala High Court imposed a ban on flex and non-biodegradable materials in electioneering, promoting the use of alternatives like wall graffiti and paper posters.
Collaboration for Green Elections: Government bodies collaborated with the district administration in Thiruvananthapuram to ensure eco-friendly elections, including conducting training sessions for election workers in villages.
Goa:
Eco-Friendly Election Booths: In 2022, the Goa State Biodiversity Board introduced eco-friendly election booths for the Assembly elections, utilizing biodegradable materials crafted by local traditional artisans.
Sri Lanka:
Carbon-Sensitive Campaign: The Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna (SLPP) party launched the world’s first carbon-sensitive environmentally friendly election campaign in 2019.
Carbon Emission Measurement: SLPP measured carbon emissions from vehicles and electricity used during political campaigns and compensated for them by planting trees in each district through public participation.
Estonia:
Digital Voting Initiative: Estonia pioneered digital voting as an online alternative, promoting voter participation while reducing the environmental footprint of traditional paper-based elections.
Robust Security Measures: The success of Estonia’s digital voting system demonstrates that accompanying robust security measures can ensure both eco- and electorate-friendly elections.
Suggested blueprint and Way-forward for Green elections
Involving All Stakeholders: The green transition must involve all stakeholders, including political parties, Election Commissions, governments, voters, the media, and civil society.
Integration of Directives: Success lies in integrating top-level directives with grassroots initiatives to foster a green transition effectively.
Leadership Role: Political parties should take the lead in enacting legislation mandating eco-friendly electoral practices.
Legislative Initiatives: This involves campaigning through digital platforms or door-to-door campaigning, reducing energy-intensive public rallies, and encouraging the use of public transportation for election work.
Supporting Local Alternatives: Incentivizing the replacement of plastic and paper-based materials with sustainable local alternatives for polling booths, such as natural fabrics, recycled paper, and compostable plastics, aids waste management and supports local artisans.
Advocacy for Digital Voting: The ECI can push for digital voting, despite the need for training and capacity building of officials.
Ensuring Equal Participation: To ensure equal participation of all voters in the digital electoral process, the government must educate and support voters and ensure equitable access to digital technology.
Catalyst Role: Civil society should act as a catalyst in promoting eco-conscious electoral practices.
Media’s Crucial Role: The media can emphasize the environmental impact of conventional election methods and shed light on innovative eco-friendly alternatives.
Setting an Example: Embracing eco-conscious electoral practices can help India set an example for other democracies around the world.
1. “There arose a serious challenge to the Democratic State System between the two World Wars.” Evaluate the statement. (2021)
2. The World Bank and the IMF, collectively known as the Bretton Woods Institutions, are the two inter-governmental pillars supporting the structure of the world’s economic and financial order. Superficially, the World Bank and the IMF exhibit many common characteristics, yet their role, functions and mandate are distinctly different. Elucidate. (2015)
Prelims PYQs
‘Global Financial Stability Report’ is released by which organization? (2016)
a) Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
b) World Economic Forum
c) World Bank
d) World Trade Organization (WTO)
Note4Students:
Relevance: GS II(International Relation)
Prelims: United Nations and Security Council;
Mains: Global Order and Challenges; Major International Organizations; United Nations;
Mentor Comments:UPSC has been known to ask questions about ‘how things are at present vs. how things should be ideally’ across subjects like IR, Science and Technology, governance, or Economy. This op-ed is useful for analyzing the recent ongoing dynamics at the geopolitical level which is affecting the power play among the significant multilateral organizations.
So, Let’s Learn.
Why in the News?
Recently, at the 55th regular session of the Human Rights Council, Antonio Guterres (UN Secretary-General), has expressed growing pessimism about the organization’s future due to the “lack of unity” among members of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC).
Context:
During the 2020s, the United Nations-led system, although traditionally the default option, is presently facing significant challenges.
There is an urgent need for reform within the UN due to existing divisions, as superficial changes may not be sufficient to address the underlying issues to revitalize its effectiveness.
Is this the end of the road for the current global order?
1) The Evolution and the shift in Global world order w.r.t United Nations System:
The UN’s foundation dates back to January 1942 when 26 Allied nations signed the Declaration of the United Nations, endorsing the Atlantic Charter of 1941 that outlined the war aims of the US and UK.
Evolution of the UN and Power Dynamics:
The UN was created to uphold sovereignty and equalityamong nations through collective security principles but faced challenges within the Security Council due to the dominance of its five Permanent Members.
Post-1942 negotiations led to a structure where major Allied powers were granted permanent veto power, resembling early 19th-century European power dynamics.
The Bretton Woods Conference in July 1944 established key financial institutions like the IMF, World Bank, and GATT (later WTO) to create an international economic order focused on post-war reconstruction and global trade liberalization.
Shifts in Power and Economic Order:
The creation of the IMF marked a shift in power dynamics as imperial Britain’s debt burden led to the US emerging as a dominant force in global finance.
Britain had to relinquish its imperial trade preferences, symbolizing a transition from sterling to dollar dominance in international financial systems
2) Controlling Power Structures:
Influence of old power structures: The governance of the World Bank and IMF reflects old power structures, with an American heading the World Bank and Europe nominating the IMF head.
Voting rights: Voting rights in the IMF remain stagnant, favoring major economies like the US, UK, and G-7 nations, giving them significant influence.
For Example, currently the percentage voting rights for, say, the original BRICS members (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) are 2.22, 2.59, 2.63, 6.08, and 0.63. The U.S. alone commands 16.5; add to it the votes of the U.K.
Special Drawing Rights (SDR): Special Drawing Rights allocation and major reforms require an 85% majority vote, effectively granting the US a powerful veto within the IMF.
The IMF maintains global stability by promoting financial stability, offering advice, and providing funds to countries in financial difficulty, as long as they accept conditions set by the leadership of the Fund.
What are the significant challenges in maintaining UN’s role in global governance and international peace and security?
Global Events and Geopolitical Constraints: The geopolitical constraints on the UN are intensifying, with deep rifts among major powers affecting the organization’s effectiveness in addressing global crises.
The 2020s have exposed vulnerabilities within the global system, with events like COVID-19 border closures disrupting cooperation and shared prosperity ideals. Secondly, Russia’s invasion of Ukraine highlighted the disregard for rules by powerful nations, undermining the system’s integrity.
New Fault Lines and Declining Political Influence: The UN’s political influence is decreasing due to political divisions and resource gaps, requiring new strategies to mobilize its strengths for peace.
For Example, presently, the conflict in Gaza revealed divisions between developed and developing nations, questioning support for the UN and exposing underlying tensions over human rights and historical injustices. Further, the crisis in West Asia is pushing the UN to the sidelines as key players challenge its authority, testing their commitment to fundamental UN principles.
Major-Power Divisions: Divisions among major powers are shrinking the space for multilateral cooperation, impacting the UN’s ability to manage international peace and security.
For Example, the China-led Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) aimed to challenge the World Bank but faces resistance, highlighting ongoing power struggles in global governance.
Security Council Paralysis: The Security Council has been slow and indecisive in reacting to crises, with the Russian invasion of Ukraine posing a serious challenge to international security and highlighting the need for more effective collective solutions.
Moreover, developing countries struggled to overcome Security Council vetoes and Bretton Woods Institutions’ voting structures.
Silver Lining:
Existing organizations outside the UN, like ASEAN, EU, G-7, G-20, and NATO, serve specific interests rather than universal values, lacking the binding legal framework of the UN. These organizations operate as clubs or regional security alliances, and can be more effective considering global governance structure.
Way Forward:
Need for an Inclusive Global Cooperation: There is a growing need for more effective and inclusive global cooperation, emphasizing the importance of reforming international financial institutions and strengthening the role of the General Assembly within the UN system.
Need for Pragmatic Approach: In light of these challenges, there is a consensus on the necessity for flexibility, and adaptability within the UN to navigate complex geopolitical dynamics and effectively address global issues while restoring trust and reigniting global solidarity.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Criminality of Politicians, Vote Bank Dynamics
In the news
The Association for Democratic Reforms (ADR) and the National Election Watch has found that 36% of the newly elected Rajya Sabha candidates have declared criminal cases against themselves.
Context:
Increase in Serious Crimes: 17% of total candidates face serious criminal charges, including with cases related to attempted murder, underscoring the gravity of the situation.
Biased Representation: Approximately 21% of the candidates are billionaires, with assets exceeding Rs 100 crore, reflecting the significant wealth amassed by certain individuals in the political arena.
Prevailing disparities: The majority (76%) of candidates belong to the 51-70 age group, with only 19% being women, reflecting gender disparities in political representation.
Why does Criminality persist in Indian politics?
Political Patronage: Criminals seek political backing to sustain their illicit activities, while politicians rely on criminals for funding, muscle power, and electoral support.
Protracted Legal Processes: Lengthy court proceedings, averaging around 15 years, coupled with declining conviction rates, allow criminals to evade justice and continue their political careers.
Legal Ambiguity: Pending cases become a shield for tainted candidates, who exploit the “law will take its own course” narrative to deflect scrutiny.
Electoral Advantage: Candidates with criminal records may have higher chances of winning elections, incentivizing parties to field them despite ethical concerns.
Limited Scrutiny: Despite legal mandates for candidates to disclose criminal cases, voters often lack the awareness or resources to scrutinize this information effectively.
Vote Bank Dynamics: Parties exploit caste, religious, or regional loyalties, prioritizing short-term gains over candidate integrity.
Impacts of Criminality in Indian politics:
Corrosive Effects: The fusion of crime and politics has corrosive effects on the governance. The nexus between crime and politics can exacerbate corruption and weaken governance structures. When politicians with criminal backgrounds hold office, there is a higher likelihood of corruption, misuse of power, and a lack of transparency in decision-making processes, all of which can have detrimental effects on the economy.
Undermining Democracy: Allowing criminals in politics undermines the development of a healthy democracy that India’s freedom fighters fought for. The impact extends to the provision of public goods. Research findings suggest that the effects are concentrated in less developed and more corrupt Indian states, indicating that the presence of criminal politicians hinders the effective delivery of public goods and services to constituents.
Economic Growth: While criminal candidates may win elections in the short term, their presence can hinder the long-term development of a robust democracy. The election of criminally accused politicians leads to lower economic growth in their constituencies. Studies show a 22% point lower yearly growth in the intensity of night-time lights, which serves as a proxy for economic activity, following the election of such politicians.
Measures Taken to Address Criminalization in Politics
[A] Legislative Interventions
Representation of the People Act, 1951: Sections 8(1), 8(2), and 8(3) establish grounds for disqualification of individuals convicted of certain offenses, barring them from contesting elections.
Conduct of Election Rules, 1961: Mandates candidates to file affidavits disclosing pending criminal cases and convictions, enhancing transparency in electoral processes.
Chapter IX A of Indian Penal Code: Defines and penalizes electoral offenses such as bribery and undue influence, deterring criminal activities in elections.
[B] Establishment of Special Courts
Judicial Mechanisms: Special courts dedicated to expediting criminal cases against legislators and parliamentarians help ensure timely justice and accountability.
Tackling Impunity: Targeted prosecution of political figures accused of criminal activities reduces impunity and strengthens the rule of law.
[C] Vohra Committee Report (1993)
Comprehensive Analysis: The Vohra Committee investigated the political-criminal nexus, highlighting its extent and proposing strategies to combat this menace.
Policy Recommendations: Recommendations from the report informed policy decisions aimed at disrupting criminal networks operating within political structures.
[D] Election Commission Initiatives
Affidavit Reforms: Election Commission directives mandate candidates to declare criminal records, financial assets, and educational qualifications, empowering voters with crucial information.
Moral Code of Conduct: Effective enforcement of ethical standards during elections minimizes the influence of criminal elements and promotes fair electoral practices.
Major Judicial Interventions
Background
Key Outcome
Significance
Union of India vs. Association for Democratic Reforms (2002)
Challenged lack of transparency in electoral processes regarding candidates’ records.
Supreme Court mandated Election Commission to compel candidates to disclose criminal, financial, and educational details.
Empowered voters with vital information for informed choices, fostering accountability in elections.
Ramesh Dalal vs. Union of India (2005)
Imposed disqualification criteria for convicted candidates.
Supreme Court ruled sitting MPs/MLAs would be disqualified if convicted and sentenced to imprisonment for two years or more.
Established stringent disqualification criteria to deter candidates with criminal backgrounds, enhancing integrity of elected representatives.
Lily Thomas vs. Union of India (2013)
Addressed interpretation of Section 8(4) of the Representation of the People Act, 1951.
Supreme Court declared Section 8(4) unconstitutional, disqualifying legislators convicted and sentenced to two years or more.
Closed loopholes allowing convicted legislators to retain seats, reinforcing accountability and integrity in the political system.
People’s Union for Civil Liberties vs. Union of India (2013)
Addressed voters’ rights to reject candidates with criminal backgrounds through NOTA.
Supreme Court ruled voters could reject all candidates using NOTA in electronic voting machines (EVMs).
Introduced NOTA as a voting option, empowering voters to express dissatisfaction with criminalized politics, and promoting cleaner elections.
Way Forward
Decriminalization Legislation: Enact laws to prevent individuals facing serious criminal charges from contesting elections, ensuring that those with criminal backgrounds are barred from political office.
State Funding of Elections: Introduce state funding of elections to reduce the influence of money and muscle power, thereby minimizing the role of criminals in financing political campaigns.
Enhanced Voter Awareness: Educate voters about the detrimental effects of criminalization in politics and provide easily accessible information about candidates’ backgrounds to enable informed decision-making.
Empowering Election Commission: Grant Election Commission broader regulatory powers to enforce inner-party democracy, regulate party finances, and curb the influence of criminals in political parties.
Continued Judicial Oversight: Uphold the judiciary’s role in safeguarding electoral integrity by delivering landmark judgments that reinforce accountability, transparency, and ethical conduct among elected representatives.
Strict Enforcement of Disqualification Criteria: Ensure strict implementation of disqualification criteria for convicted politicians, irrespective of their appeals or legal maneuvers.
Try this question from CS Mains 2017:
Q. Young people with ethical conduct are not willing to come forward to join active politics. Suggest steps to motivate them to come forward. (150 Words, 10)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National Science Day
Mains level: RD ecosystem in India
In the news
National Science Day is commemorated on Feb 28 every year to commemorate the birth anniversary of Sir CV Raman.
AboutNational Science Day 2024
Theme: “Science for Sustainable Development” underscores India’s commitment to leveraging science and technology for long-term socio-economic progress.
Key Driver: Science and technology play pivotal roles in India’s journey toward achieving developed nation status by 2047, aligning with global sustainability goals.
The Current Scenario: R&D Spending in India
Low Expenditure: India’s expenditure on research and development (R&D) stands at a mere 0.64% of GDP, a concerning figure for a nation aspiring for technological advancement.
Stagnant Growth: Despite calls to double R&D spending, India’s allocation for fundamental research has seen a decline in recent years, highlighting the need for enhanced investment in scientific endeavours.
Comparative Analysis with Developed Nations
Global Benchmarks: Developed nations typically allocate 2-4% of their GDPs to R&D, showcasing a stark contrast to India’s minimal spending. Moreover, even Nations like South Korea have shown significant growth in R&D expenditures, averaging 10.9% annually over 2000–10 and 7.8% for 2010–19.
Private Sector Contribution: In economically advanced countries, the private sector contributes significantly to R&D investment, unlike India, where public funding dominates. In leading economies, the corporate sector accounts for about two-thirds of gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD), while in India, its share is only 37%. This disparity highlights the need for increased private sector investment in R&D in India.
What is the significance of Sustainable Funding for India’s ‘Science Power’ Ambition?
Low Corporate Sector Investment: The primary reason for India’s low R&D expenditure is the inadequate investment by the corporate sector. While leading economies see two-thirds of R&D funding coming from corporations, in India, this share is only 37%. Increasing corporate investment in R&D is essential to boost innovation and technological progress.
Underestimation of GERD Data: There is evidence suggesting that India’s Gross Expenditure on R&D (GERD) data may be underestimated. The current method of data collection relies on surveys and secondary sources like annual reports and databases like Prowess. However, this method may not capture all R&D-performing enterprises, leading to incomplete statistics
Foreign Investment Discrepancy: Foreignmultinational corporations (MNCs) play a significant role in R&D spending in India. However, the latest statistics indicate that foreign MNCs’ R&D spending in India is only about 10% of what U.S. firms report spending in the country. Encouraging higher foreign investment in R&D can contribute to India’s scientific growth.
Challenges in Data Collection: Collecting accurate data from the private corporate sector poses a challenge due to factors like firms’ reluctance to disclose information and the limitations of existing databases like DSIR and Prowess. Enhancing data collection methods is crucial to obtaining a comprehensive picture of R&D activities in the country.
Challenges Faced by India in Achieving ‘Science Power’ Ambition:
Limited Research Workforce: India faces a shortage of high-quality universities and appropriate job opportunities for graduates, which impedes the expansion of its research workforce. To enhance scientific capabilities, there is a critical need to establish more top-tier educational institutions and create avenues for skilled professionals in the field.
Bureaucratic Hurdles: The bureaucratic red tape in India poses a significant challenge to research and innovation. Delays in fund disbursement, lengthy recruitment processes, and administrative inefficiencies hamper the pace of scientific advancements. Streamlining administrative procedures and enhancing efficiency are essential to foster a conducive environment for research.
Lack of International Collaboration: India has relatively low levels of international collaboration compared to other developing nations, limiting its exposure to global scientific advancements and partnerships. Strengthening ties with international counterparts can facilitate knowledge exchange, technology transfer, and collaborative research initiatives.
Inadequate Funding: India’s R&D expenditure as a percentage of GDP is significantly lower than other emerging nations like China and Brazil, as well as established economies like the United States and Europe. Insufficient funding limits the capacity for research and innovation, hindering India’s progress in the scientific domain.
Infrastructure and Technological Challenges: The development of cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence and semiconductor manufacturing requires robust infrastructure and technological capabilities. India’s limited investment in science and technology, coupled with bureaucratic hurdles and outdated procurement systems, hinders the adoption of global best practices and impedes research progress.
Way forward
Sustainable funding: India is committed in making progress towards becoming a developed country by 2047 through sustainable means, including R&D funding.
Streamline bureaucracy: India needs to streamline its bureaucratic processes to enhance efficiency and reduce delays in funding and project approvals.
Increase R&D spending: India aims to increase its Gross Expenditure on R&D (GERD) to 2% of GDP, which is a national goal for some time.
Improve infrastructure and technology: India needs to improve its infrastructure and technological capabilities to drive innovation and research progress.
Increase in International collaboration: India aims to increase its international collaboration to facilitate knowledge exchange, technology transfer, and collaborative research initiatives.
Conclusion
As India commemorates National Science Day under the theme of sustainable development, addressing the imperative of sustainable funding for science emerges as a critical priority.
By fostering a conducive ecosystem for R&D investment and optimizing budget utilization, India can pave the way for transformative scientific advancements and sustainable socio-economic progress.
Back2Basics: CV Raman and Raman’s Effect
Details
Birth
Chandrasekhar Venkata Raman born in Tiruchirappalli, Madras Presidency on 7 November 1888.
Appointment in IISc
Appointed as Director of Indian Institute of Science (IISc) in Bangalore in 1933, served until retirement in 1948.
Initial Research
Published first research paper, “Unsymmetrical diffraction bands due to a rectangular aperture”, in 1906 while still a graduate student.
Raman Effect
Discovered phenomenon where light changes wavelength and frequency upon traversing transparent material, known as Raman Effect.
Acoustics
Worked on theory of transverse vibration of bowed string instruments, studied acoustics of various musical instruments including Indian ones.
Colour of Sea Water
Conducted observations on sea water using spectroscope,
Concluded blue color not due to Rayleigh scattering, studied water color attribution.
Spectroscopic Behaviour
Investigated behavior of crystals spectroscopically, studied composition and characteristics of diamonds and colorful materials.
Angular Momentum
Discovered light photons have angular momentum, shifted to atoms that absorb them.
Scientific Institutions
Established Raman Research Institute in Bengaluru in 1949, became its first director.
Awards and Recognition
Awarded Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930 for work on scattering of light and discovery of Raman Effect, first Indian and Asian to win Nobel in sciences.
Elected member of Royal Society of London in 1924.
Honored with India’s highest civilian award, Bharat Ratna, in 1954.
Received Lenin Peace Prize, Franklin Medal, and Hughes Medal in 1930.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Similipal Tiger Reserve (STR), Melanism in Tigers
Mains level: NA
In the news
The Odisha government’s estimation of the tiger population in its forests has been reported to be 30 Royal Bengal Tigers, while the All India Tiger Estimation-2022 report has found only 20 tigers present.
About All Odisha Tiger Estimation:
The State tiger census was conducted by the State Forest Department.
According to the census, the State has 30 Tigers out of which Similipal Tiger Reserve recorded 27 tigers in the wild.
The remaining three belong to Hirakud wildlife division (Debrigarh wildlife sanctuary), Paralakhemundi territorial division and Keonjhar territorial and wildlife division.
Methodology: The census was conducted using camera-trapping exercises.
About Similipal Tiger Reserve (STR)
Concerned over the sizeable number of pseudo-melanistic tigers in its Similipal Tiger Reserve (STR), largely due to inbreeding, the Odisha government has written to the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) to consider introducing female tigers from other landscapes to the reserve.
Details
Location and Size
Located in Odisha’s Mayurbhanj District, spanning 2750 sq km.
Surrounded by high plateaus and hills;
Khairiburu and Meghashini peaks reach 1515 m.
History
Initially a hunting ground, designated as a tiger reserve under Project Tiger in 1973,
Later declared a wildlife sanctuary and biosphere reserve.
Flora and Fauna
Rich biodiversity includes tigers, leopards, elephants, gaur, diverse bird species, King cobras, orchids, and medicinal plants.
Tribes
Inhabited by tribes like Kolha, with traditional conservation practices.
UNESCO Recognition
UNESCO listed it as a Biosphere Reserve in May 2009 due to its ecological significance.
Recent Events
A significant fire in 2021 posed a threat to the reserve’s biodiversity, highlighting ongoing conservation challenges.
Global Recognition
Recognized as a Global Network of Biospheres site since 2009.
Melanism in Similipal Tiger Reserve (STR)
Genetic Anomaly: Melanism, a genetic condition, results in increased melanin production, leading to black or nearly black skin, feathers, or hair in animals.
Pseudo-Melanism: The royal Bengal tigers of Similipal boast a unique lineage with elevated melanin levels, resulting in black and yellow interspersed stripes on their coats, making them pseudo-melanistic rather than entirely black.
Genetic Mutation: Research indicates that a single mutation in the Transmembrane Aminopeptidase Q (Taqpep) gene causes Similipal’s black tigers to develop distinctive striped patterns.
Inbreeding and Isolation: Genetic analyses suggest that Similipal’s black tigers may have originated from a small founding population, leading to inbreeding due to isolation from other tiger populations.
What are the Population Dynamics and Conservation Efforts made by Odisha Govt?
High Frequency: Approximately 37% of tigers in Similipal Tiger Reserve exhibit pseudo-melanistic traits, highlighting the prevalence of this unique phenotype.
Conservation Measures: Odisha plans to establish a melanistic tiger safari near Similipal, aiming to raise awareness about tiger conservation and provide visitors with an opportunity to observe these rare big cats up close.
Try this PYQ from CSP 2020:
Q. Among the following Tiger Reserves, which one has the largest area under “Critical Tiger Habitat”?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Gaganyaan Mission
Mains level: Significance of manned space mission for India
In the news
Prime Minister announced the astronaut designates for India’s inaugural crewed spaceflight, Gaganyaan, slated for a 2025 launch.
About Gaganyaan Mission
The Gaganyaan Mission is India’s initiative to demonstrate human spaceflight capabilities by sending a crew of 4 members into a 400 km Low Earth Orbit.
It aims to demonstrate India’s indigenous capability in undertaking human space flights, with an immediate goal of executing a manned mission.
GSLV Mk III, also known as LVM-3, will be used as a launch vehicle in Gaganyaan mission.
Technological Requirements
Human-Rated LVM3: A modified version of ISRO’s LVM3 serves as the launch vehicle, equipped with Crew Escape System (CES) and an Orbital Module to ensure crew safety.
Orbital Module (OM):
Crew Module (CM): Provides a habitable space for crew members, featuring a double-walled rigid construction and essential life support systems.
Service Module (SM): Supports the Crew Module in orbit, housing propulsion, thermal, and power systems.
Crew Escape System (CES): Facilitates emergency escape mechanisms for astronauts during critical phases of the mission, ensuring their safety.
Life Support System: Ensures a conducive environment for crew members in space, addressing physiological needs and emergency provisions.
Phases of Gaganyaan Mission
Testing Phase: Included Integrated Air Drop Test (IADT) and Pad Abort Test (PAT), crucial for validating safety mechanisms and system performance.
Unmanned Missions: Technology demonstration and safety verification precede the manned mission, involving advanced tests and flight trials. Vyommitra AI humanoid underwent tests for this mission.
Manned Mission: Culminates in executing the human spaceflight module of Gaganyaan, following successful unmanned missions.
Significance of the Mission
Technological Advancement: Propels India towards future technological capabilities, fostering affordable space programs and scientific exploration.
Youth Inspiration: Inspires youth towards careers in science and technology, igniting innovation and creativity in space science.
Diplomatic Collaboration: Opens avenues for international cooperation in space exploration, enhancing diplomatic ties and knowledge exchange.
Scientific Breakthrough: Enables groundbreaking discoveries in medicine, material science, and biology through microgravity experiments.
Economic Growth: Stimulates economic development, technology spin-offs, and job creation, contributing to India’s overall progress.
Challenges Associated
Indigenous Technology: Reliance on indigenous technology necessitates complex research and development efforts, ensuring program safety.
Space Transportation Vehicle: Development of customized launch vehicles poses challenges due to payload constraints and weight limitations.
Training and Simulation: Lack of critical space training facilities necessitates dependence on other space agencies, augmenting challenges.
Regenerative Environment: Creation of self-sustaining life support systems in space remains a daunting task, requiring innovative solutions.
Crew Safety: Mitigating risks associated with crew safety, including psychological and physiological effects of space travel, is imperative.
Conclusion
The Gaganyaan Mission epitomizes India’s leap towards space exploration, encapsulating aspirations of scientific discovery, technological innovation, and international collaboration.
Amidst challenges and complexities, India stands poised to script a new chapter in its space odyssey, inspiring generations and propelling towards the frontiers of the cosmos.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Genome India Project
Mains level: NA
In the news
The completion of the ‘10,000 genome’ mapping under the Genome India Project marks a significant milestone in India’s quest to establish a comprehensive reference database of whole-genome sequences, representing the diverse genetic makeup of its population.
About the Genome India Project
Details
Initiative
Launched in 2020 by Department of Biotechnology (DBT) and ISRO
Aim
To sequence 10,000 Indian genomes for a reference genome.
Objective
Understand Indian genetic variations for predictive diagnostics.
Scope
Involves 20+ institutions to collect samples and create a reference grid.
Significance
Addresses India’s genetic diversity for personalized healthcare.
Applications
Advances biotech, agriculture, and healthcare for diseases like diabetes and cancer.
What is Genome Sequencing?
Genome sequencing involves deciphering the complete set of genetic instructions contained within an organism’s DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid).
It entails determining the sequence of the four nucleotide bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T).
The human genome comprises over 3 billion of these genetic letters, but current DNA sequencing methods can only handle short stretches at a time.
While human genomes consist of DNA, viruses can have genomes composed of either DNA or RNA (Ribonucleic acid).
Notably, viruses like the coronavirus possess RNA genomes.
Each organism possesses a unique genome sequence, making genome sequencing a vital technique for understanding genetic information encoded in DNA or RNA.
Outcomes of the Genome India Project
Population Complexity: India’s vast population, comprising over 4,600 distinct groups, exhibits significant genetic diversity, owing to factors such as endogamy.
Unique Variations: Various disease-causing mutations are amplified within specific population groups, highlighting the importance of understanding India’s genetic landscape.
Future Implications
Insight into Population Diversity: The project aims to provide deeper insights into India’s genetic diversity, facilitating improved diagnostic methods and medical counselling.
Personalized Medicine: Identifying genetic predispositions to diseases and developing personalized drugs are envisioned outcomes, enhancing healthcare interventions.
Biobank Establishment: A biobank housing 20,000 blood samples, located at the Centre for Brain Research, IISc, supports genome sequencing efforts.
Data Archiving: Data archiving at the Indian Biological Data Centre (IBDC), set up by the DBT at the Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), Faridabad, underscores the project’s commitment to transparency and collaboration.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Obelisks, Viroids
Mains level: NA
In the news
Recently identified by scientists at Stanford University, obelisks represent a distinct class of virus-like entities residing within the human body.
What are Obelisks?
Novel Discoveries: Recently identified, obelisks represent a distinct class of virus-like entities residing within the human body.
Genetic Diversity: Comprising diverse RNA molecules, obelisks have pervaded both human and global microbiomes, yet remained unnoticed until now.
Distinctive Characteristics:
Structural Symmetry: Named after the rod-like, highly symmetrical structures formed by their twisted RNA strands.
Genetic Makeup: Obelisks boast compact genetic sequences of approximately 1,000 nucleotides, devoid of known similarities to other biological agents.
Size Disparity: Significantly larger than conventional genetic molecules like plasmids, which are primarily composed of DNA.
Taxonomic Position: Positioned between viruses and viroids, obelisks constitute a unique class of organisms with intriguing properties.
Host Interaction: While the hosts of certain obelisks remain unidentified, bacterial associations are speculated, hinting at a broader ecological significance.
Spatial Distribution: Various types of obelisks inhabit diverse regions within the human body, highlighting their pervasive presence and potential physiological roles.
Understanding Viroids: Nature’s Tiny RNA Loops
Genetic Cousins: Viroids are compact loops of RNA, closely related to DNA, primarily infecting plant organisms.
Discovery: In 1971, Theodor Diener identified viroids during research on potato spindle tuber disease, revealing naked RNA entities devoid of protein coats or lipid layers.
Unique Features:
Lack of Encapsulation: Unlike larger RNA viruses, viroids lack protective shells, relying solely on their RNA structure for stability.
Genetic Composition: Viroid RNA does not encode protein-building instructions, contrasting with viruses that carry genetic blueprints for their replication machinery.
Host Interactions: Viroids exploit host enzymes for replication, highlighting their parasitic nature within plant cells.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Permament Commission vs Short Service Commission, Indian Coast Guard
Mains level: Women in Armed Forces
In the news:
The Supreme Court emphasized the need for the Indian Coast Guard to grant Permanent Commission to women officers. Further, CJI too directed the Indian Coast Guard to consider it, indicating the court’s willingness to intervene if necessary.
Context:
Attorney-General highlighted operational difficulties in implementing permanent commissions for Short Service Commission Officers.
AG suggested to limit permanent commission for women to 10%, stressing that women should not be considered inferior.
About the Indian Coast Guard
The Indian Coast Guard was established on August 1, 1978, as an armed force of the Union.
Its mission is to protect India’s maritime and national interests within its maritime zones. It enforces laws related to customs, immigration, poaching, and pollution at sea.
It conducts round-the-year real-life operations at sea, despite being relatively small in size.
The Indian Navy operates globally, while the ICG is restricted to territorial waters extending out to 30 nautical miles from the coast.
The Indian Navy protects Indian ships and ports from external threats, while the ICG enforces maritime laws, ensures safety, and preserves the marine environment within territorial waters.
Significance of the Permanent Commission for Women:
Gender Equality: Permanent Commission for Women in the Armed Forces removes gender discrimination.
Secure Employment: It provides increased job security and extended tenure for women officers. It can also grant equal entitlements as men, including pension benefits after 20 years of service.
Fostering Opportunities: Ensures economic opportunities, and improves social conditions, and dignity for women.
Behavioral change in the Society: It can encourage more women to join the Armed Forces, expanding the talent pool and addressing officer shortages.
What are the challenges faced by Women Officers in the Indian Armed Forces?
Gender Bias and Discrimination: Women face biases from male officers who question their commitment due to marriage or family responsibilities. Biases exist among both genders, affecting the perception of women officers’ capabilities.
Limited Career Opportunities: Women officers have historically faced restrictions in combat roles, limiting their career advancement. Challenges in obtaining commanding positions due to gender norms and lack of representation in leadership roles.
Work Environment Issues: Lack of gender-sensitive facilities like separate toilets for women officers at certain postings. Unequal treatment and expectations, such as proving themselves more than male counterparts for recognition is a major challenge.
Societal and Cultural Barriers: Traditional societal norms hinder the acceptance of women in combat roles and leadership positions. The need for a shift in societal attitudes towards viewing women as equals in the armed forces.
Recruitment and Retention Challenges: Recruitment and retention rates in the armed forces are affected by the lack of a strong mixed-gender force. The Indian Army’s decision not to allow women in commanding roles impacts recruitment and retention efforts.
What can be the Balanced Approach for Women in the Armed Forces (Way Forward)?
Acceptance of Gender-specific Rights: Acknowledge and incorporate gender-specific rights like maternity and child care leave into the policies of the armed forces.
Equality in Physical Fitness Standards: Physical fitness standards should be role-based, not gender-based, to ensure equal rights and opportunities for all officers.
Need to go with Merit-based Promotion: Women officers should compete on merit without any preferential treatment or discrimination, following a merit-driven approach for promotions.
Developing of Pragmatic Policies: The armed forces need to adopt a pragmatic policy for the gradual inclusion of women in all ranks and disciplines, shedding patriarchal attitudes and creating necessary infrastructure.
Need for the Codification of Rules and Regulations: Codify terms of service for women officers considering organizational interests, establish military laws to address gender crimes, and ensure that only volunteer women meeting psychological and physical fitness standards join combat roles.
Try this PYQ from CS Mains 2021:
Q. “Though women in post-Independent India have excelled in various fields, the social attitude towards women and the feminist movement has been patriarchal.” Apart from women education and women empowerment schemes, what interventions can help change this milieu?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Dual-Use Items
Mains level: NA
In the news
The EU has sanctioned Si2 Microsystems, an Indian tech company for its connections with Russia.
It has faced previous sanctions, including being banned by the US from transferring “dual-use” technology.
What are Dual-Use Items?
Definition: Dual-use items refer to commodities that possess the potential for application in both civilian and military contexts.
Regulatory Scrutiny: These items are subject to stringent regulation due to their capability to be initially designed for civilian purposes but later repurposed for military or even terrorist activities.
Examples: Examples of dual-use items include global positioning satellites, missiles, nuclear technology, chemical and biological weapons, night vision technology, drones, precision-engineered aluminium pipes, and specific types of ball bearings.
Global Control Mechanisms for Dual-Use Items
(1)Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR):
Established: In 1987 by G-7 countries.
Purpose: To limit the proliferation of missiles capable of delivering weapons of mass destruction.
Membership: Consists of 35 member countries.
Guidelines: Members coordinate national export controls to prevent missile proliferation.
India’s Membership: India became the 35th member in 2016.
(2) Wassenaar Arrangement (WA):
Established: In 1996 with 42 participating states.
Purpose: Prevent destabilizing accumulations of conventional arms and dual-use goods and technologies.
Export Controls: Member countries apply controls on listed items to avoid enhancing military capabilities.
India is not a member: It it has expressed interest in joining to strengthen its export controls and enhance its non-proliferation efforts.
(3) Australia Group (AG):
Formation: Prompted by Iraq’s use of chemical weapons in 1985.
Focus: Initially on chemical weapons precursor chemicals, expanded to include biological weapons prevention.
Membership: Composed of 42 member countries. India is NOT a member.
Objective: Harmonization of international export controls on chemical and biological technologies.
(4) Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG):
Established: In 1974 in response to India’s nuclear tests.
Purpose: Control nuclear and nuclear-related technology to prevent proliferation.
Membership: Consists of 48 participating governments.
Guidelines: Aim to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons through control measures.
[Note: India is also party to key conventions such as the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) and Biological and Toxic Weapons Convention (BWC).]
India’s in-house mechanisms against Dual-Use Items
Role of DGFT: The Director General of Foreign Trade (DGFT) in India oversees the regulation of dual-use items through the SCOMET list (Specialty Chemicals, Organisms, Materials, Equipment, and Technologies).
SCOMET List: SCOMET items encompass special chemicals, organisms, materials, equipment, and technologies with dual-use potential.
Regulatory Framework: Exporting SCOMET items is subject to strict regulations, either requiring a license or being prohibited altogether.
Alignment with International Controls: The SCOMET control list aligns with the control lists of various multilateral export control regimes and conventions.
Try this PYQ from CSP 2015:
Q.Consider the following countries
China
France
India
Israel
Pakistan
Which among the countries given above are Nuclear Weapons States as recognized by the Treaty on the Non-proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, commonly known as Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT)?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Enforcement Directorate (ED)
Mains level: Controversies associated with the Jurisdiction of CBI, ED
In the News:
The Supreme Court witnessed a clash between the Tamil Nadu government and the Directorate of Enforcement (ED) concerning the jurisdiction of the ED to probe “illegal” sand mining activities in the state.
TN contested the ED’s authority to investigate sand mining under the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), asserting that sand mining offenses were not scheduled under the PMLA.
Why did the ED step in?
Whenever any offence is registered by a local police station, which has generated proceeds of crime over and above ₹1 crore, the investigating police officer forwards the details to the ED.
Alternately, if the offence comes under the knowledge of the Central agency, they can then call for the First Information Report (FIR) or the chargesheet if it has been filed directly by police officials.
This will be done to find out if any laundering has taken place.
About Enforcement Directorate (ED)
Details
Establishment
May 1, 1956
Initially set up as an ‘Enforcement Unit’
Nodal Agency
Department of Revenue, Ministry of Finance
Jurisdiction
Nationwide
Functional Focus
Economic and financial offenses including money laundering, foreign exchange irregularities
Investigative Powers
Attachment, confiscation, and arrest
Conduct raids and searches
Summon and question individuals
Collaboration
Coordinates with various agencies (CBI, local police) and banks
Reporting Authority
Department of Revenue, Ministry of Finance
Corruption Investigations
Has a separate Economic Offenses Division
Notable Cases
Vijay Mallya extradition
PNB fraud case
Augusta Westland VVIP chopper scam
International Cooperation
Works with international law enforcement for cross-border investigations (Interpol, FATF)
Public Interface
Accepts complaints and information regarding economic offenses
Transparency and Accountability
Regular reports to the Ministry of Finance; subject to oversight by judiciary and government bodies
Legal Authority of the ED
Description
Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act (COFEPOSA), 1974
To sponsor cases of preventive detention related to contraventions of FEMA.
Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA), 1999
ED to investigate suspected contraventions of foreign exchange laws and regulations, adjudicate and impose penalties, and
Trace assets derived from proceeds of crime.
Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), 2002
ED to investigate, trace assets derived from proceeds of crime, provisionally attach property, and
Ensure prosecution and confiscation by Special Court (PMLA Court under Section 4 of PMLA).
Fugitive Economic Offenders Act (FEOA), 2018
ED to enforce provisions related to attachment and confiscation of properties belonging to FEOs who have fled India to evade the legal process.
This newscard is an excerpt from an original article published in the TIE.
What are Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs)?
The Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) were rolled out as part of the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) of the IPCCin 2014.
These are basically emission scenarios that depict pathways of greenhouse gas and aerosol emissions resulting from human activities over time, crucial for climate modelling and forecasting.
These pathways were introduced to provide a consistent set of GHGs concentration trajectories for climate modelling and research purposes.
The RCPs were officially selected and defined based on their total radiative forcing levels in the year2100.
These pathways describe various climate change scenarios based on the amount of greenhouse gases emitted.
RCP 2.6: Limits global warming to less than 2°C above pre-industrial levels while also attempting to keep ocean acidification under control. Greenhouse gas emissions must be reduced significantly compared to current levels.
RCP 4.5: Reflects an intermediate scenario where emissions peak around 2040 and then gradually decrease. Global mean temperature rise is projected to reach approximately 2°C above pre-industrial levels by 2100.
RCP 6: Stabilizes radiative forcing at 6 watts per square meter (W/m²) after 2100 following peaking around mid-century. It aims to achieve a lower level of global warming but does not exclude temporary overshoots beyond 2°C.
RCP 8.5: Presents a high-emission scenario characterized by increasing radiative forcing throughout the century. By 2100, it results in a global mean temperature increase of over 4°C above pre-industrial levels.
Back2Basics:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Description
Establishment
Established in 1988 by WMO and UNEP
Membership
195 member countries.
Objective
Assess scientific info on human-induced climate change, impacts, and mitigation/adaptation options.
Main Activity
Prepares assessment, special, and methodology reports, crucial for international climate negotiations.
Scientific Research
Relies on global scientific community for literature review and conclusions.
Working Groups
Comprises three groups:
I (climate physics),
II (impacts/adaptation), and
III (mitigation)
Reports
Each group issues reports, compiled into a synthesis report.
Try this PYQ from CSP 2018:
“Momentum for Change: Climate Neutral Now” is an initiative launched by:
