Why in the News?
The Government of India has mandated the use of Indian Standard Time (IST) across all legal, commercial, digital, and administrative sectors.
About Indian Standard Time (IST):
- It is the official time zone of India, set at Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) +5:30 and based on the 82.5° E longitude passing through Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh.
- Neighbouring countries such as Sri Lanka also use the same UTC+5:30 offset.
- IST meridian passes through 5 Indian states: Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, and Andhra Pradesh.
- It was established in 1906, replacing older regional time zones like Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras Time.
- It is maintained by the National Physical Laboratory (CSIR-NPL) using ultra-precise atomic clocks, which lose only one second in millions of years.
- India does NOT observe daylight saving time; IST remains constant throughout the year.
Back2Basics:
Greenwich Mean Time (GMT):
- GMT is the mean solar time at the Prime Meridian (0° longitude) located at the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, London.
- It was established in 1884 during the International Meridian Conference as the world’s time standard.
- It is based on astronomical observations, specifically the mean position of the Sun over time.
- It does not change with the seasons and does not observe Daylight Saving Time (DST).
- Although now largely replaced by UTC in scientific and civil contexts, GMT is still used in some regions (e.g., the UK during winter months).
Coordinated Universal Time (UTC):
- UTC is the primary time standard by which the world regulates clocks and time.
- It was established in 1960 and is maintained by a network of high-precision atomic clocks worldwide.
- UTC is adjusted periodically by leap seconds to compensate for the Earth’s irregular rotation speed.
- It is used in aviation, computing, space science, and by international organisations like the UN and ITU.
- Unlike GMT, which is purely solar-based, UTC combines atomic time (TAI) with occasional corrections for Earth’s rotation.
IST in Context:
- IST = GMT + 5:30
- IST = UTC + 5:30
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Steps to Implement One Nation, One Time:
[1] Time Dissemination Project:
- It is a government initiative to ensure accurate, synchronised, and secure timekeeping across India.
- It is led by the Department of Consumer Affairs, in collaboration with CSIR-NPL and ISRO.
- Five Regional Reference Standard Laboratories (RRSLs) are being established in Ahmedabad, Bengaluru, Bhubaneswar, Faridabad, and Guwahati.
- These labs use atomic clocks and protocols like Network Time Protocol (NTP) and Precision Time Protocol (PTP) to maintain accuracy within microseconds.
[2] Legal Metrology (IST) Rules, 2025: Key Provisions
- Mandatory Use of IST: IST, as maintained by CSIR-NPL, becomes the sole legally recognized time standard in India.
- Prohibition of Foreign Time Sources: Use of foreign systems like GPS time will be banned unless specifically approved by the government.
- Sync Requirements: All government bodies, financial institutions, power grids, and telecom operators must synchronize their systems with IST.
- Audit and Compliance: The system will be monitored through periodic audits and penalties will be imposed for violations.
- Special Exemptions: Activities such as scientific research, astronomy, and national security operations may use alternative time sources after government approval.
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| [UPSC 2025] Consider the following countries:
I. United Kingdom II. Denmark III. New Zealand IV. Australia V. Brazil How many of the above countries have more than four time zones?
(a) All the five (b) Only four * (c) Only three (d) Only two |
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Why in the News?
The TRAI ordered that public Wi-Fi hotspot operators under PM-WANI programme should not be charged more than twice what a residential broadband user paid for setting up a hotspot.
What is the PM WANI Scheme?
- Overview: PM Modi launched the Prime Minister Wi-Fi Access Network Interface (PM WANI) in December 2020.
- Nodal agency: It is an initiative under the Department of Telecommunications (DoT).
- Objective: To democratize internet access, particularly in remote and underserved areas.
- Goals: It takes forward the goal of the National Digital Communications Policy, 2018 (NDCP) of creating a robust digital communications infrastructure.
- Implementation: Leverages Public Data Offices (PDOs) established in public spaces like railway stations, banks, post offices, and more. Users can access the internet via Wi-Fi at these locations without requiring a SIM card.
- PM-WANI ecosystem consists of four parts:
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- Public Data Office (PDO): It establishes the Wi-Fi Hotspots and provides internet access to users
- Public Data Office Aggregator (PDOA): It provides authorisation and accounting services to PDOs.
- App Provider: It displays the available hotspots in the phone’s proximity.
- Central Registry: This overseen by the Centre for Development of Telematics maintains details of App Providers, PDOs, and PDOAs.
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- To access PM WANI services, users must install the Data PM WANI app on their smartphones.
- Through the app, users can connect to nearby public Wi-Fi PDOs.
- This application facilitates seamless connectivity to PM-WANI-compliant Wi-Fi hotspots, empowering users to access broadband services conveniently.
Role of Public Data Offices (PDOs):
- The PM-WANI scheme includes a provision for establishing Public Data Offices (PDOs) by rural entrepreneurs in remote regions.
- These PDOs procure internet bandwidth from telecom service providers or ISPs to offer Wi-Fi services at minimal charges.
- This model enables individuals to access the internet even in areas with limited or no data connectivity.
[2018] Which of the following is/are the aim/aims of “Digital India” Plan of the Government of India?
- Formation of India’s own Internet companies like China did.
- Establish a policy framework to encourage overseas multinational corporations that collect Big Data to build their large data centres within our national geographical boundaries.
- Connect many of our villages to the Internet and bring Wi-Fi to many of our school, public places and major tourists.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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PYQ Relevance:
[UPSC 2018] In what ways would the ongoing US-Iran Nuclear Pact Controversy affect the national interest of India? How should India respond to this situation?
Linkage: To answer this question effectively, one would need to understand the strategic objectives (Netanyahu’s “endgame”) of the key players involved, particularly Israel and the U.S., concerning Iran’s nuclear capabilities and regional influence because this question is highly relevant as it directly references the “US-Iran Nuclear Pact Controversy,” which is a central theme of article. |
Mentor’s Comment: Israel’s massive air attack on Iran, launched on June 13, has become a major turning point in West Asia’s politics and nuclear tensions. Israel targeted important nuclear sites, military bases, and top Iranian leaders — including the head of Iran’s armed forces — in what is now the most serious direct clash between the two countries. Although Israel says it wants to stop Iran’s nuclear program, much of the damage is limited, and Iran has hit back by firing hundreds of missiles, showing that Israel’s air advantage has its limits. This rising conflict is pushing the region closer to a wider war, with uncertain choices ahead — whether through diplomacy, trying to remove Iran’s government, or involving the U.S. — all of which carry serious global risks.
Today’s editorial analyse the Israel’s massive air attack on Iran. This content would help in GS Paper II (International Relations) in the mains Paper.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
Israel controls the skies and keeps bombing Iran to stop its nuclear program. But without powerful bombers to destroy protected sites, the attacks are unlikely to end soon.
Why did Israel launch a pre-emptive air war against Iran?
- To cripple Iran’s nuclear programme: Israel aimed to destroy key facilities involved in uranium enrichment and nuclear fuel processing. Eg: The air strikes on Natanz and Isfahan Nuclear Technology Centre targeted centrifuge halls, uranium conversion labs, and fuel manufacturing plants.
- To eliminate Iran’s military leadership and infrastructure: Israel sought to weaken Iran’s retaliatory capabilities by decapitating its chain of command and targeting missile sites. Eg: The first wave of attacks killed Iran’s top generals, including the chief of the armed forces, and destroyed ballistic missile sites.
- To pre-empt diplomacy and assert regional dominance: The strike came just before scheduled U.S.-Iran nuclear talks, indicating Israel’s intent to disrupt any deal that could legitimize Iran’s nuclear capabilities. Eg: The air war began three days before the sixth round of U.S.-Iran nuclear talks, showing that diplomacy was not Israel’s immediate priority.
What impact has Israel’s offensive had on Iran’s nuclear infrastructure and retaliatory capabilities?
- Partial damage to nuclear infrastructure: Israel’s strikes caused significant but incomplete destruction of Iran’s nuclear facilities. Eg: The Natanz facility’s above-ground buildings were “completely destroyed”, but the underground centrifuge hall remained mostly intact, as per the IAEA.
- Severe but not total disruption of key nuclear functions: Several critical facilities were hit, reducing Iran’s short-term nuclear processing ability. Eg: At Isfahan, Israel destroyed a chemical lab, uranium conversion plant, fuel manufacturing plant, and a uranium metal conversion unit—all essential to nuclear development.
- Limited impact on Iran’s missile retaliation capacity: Despite leadership losses and infrastructure damage, Iran responded with strong missile and drone attacks. Eg: Iran launched ~400 missiles, striking targets in Israel like the Haifa oil refinery and a research institute near Tel Aviv, showing its retaliatory capabilities remain intact.
How does the ongoing conflict affect regional security?
- Risk of a full-scale regional war: The conflict may escalate beyond Israel and Iran, drawing in regional actors and proxy militias. Eg: Iran’s allies like Hezbollah in Lebanon or Shia militias in Iraq and Syria could retaliate, opening multiple war fronts across West Asia.
- Destabilization of already fragile states: Ongoing hostilities may worsen instability in politically volatile countries. Eg: Countries like Iraq, Syria, and Yemen, already dealing with internal conflicts, could become battlefields for Israeli-Iranian proxy warfare.
- Undermining regional diplomacy and peace efforts: The conflict derails ongoing peace talks and normalisation efforts between Israel and Arab nations. Eg: Arab countries part of the Abraham Accords, like UAE and Bahrain, are now under pressure to respond, potentially freezing further diplomatic engagement with Israel.
- Threat to global energy supplies: The war risks disrupting oil production and shipping through key routes like the Strait of Hormuz. Eg: Iran may target Gulf oil infrastructure or tankers, affecting exports from Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and UAE, leading to global oil price hikes.
- Increased civilian casualties and humanitarian crises: Strikes on civilian infrastructure increase displacement and humanitarian distress. Eg: Bombing of civilian locations in Iran and missile hits on Israeli cities have killed dozens and forced airport shutdowns like at Ben Gurion Airport in Tel Aviv.
What is the role of global powers like the U.S.?
- Indirect support and strategic green light to Israel: While officially denying involvement, the U.S. has tacitly approved Israel’s actions. Eg: President Donald Trump publicly claimed neutrality but reportedly gave a “clear green light” to Israel before the June 13 strikes, according to Israeli officials.
- Using Israeli strikes as diplomatic leverage: The U.S. is leveraging the conflict to pressure Iran into nuclear negotiations on stricter terms. Eg: Trump indicated openness to a new nuclear deal with Iran, using Israeli aggression as a tool to push Iran back to talks.
- Avoiding direct military involvement while containing escalation: The U.S. is trying to prevent the conflict from expanding to American assets or allies. Eg: Trump warned Iran not to target U.S. troops or bases, and Iran has been cautious to avoid direct conflict with U.S. forces despite intense fighting with Israel.
What are the diplomatic and military options available to Israel in its conflict with Iran?
- Military escalation for regime change: Israel may continue bombing key infrastructure to weaken or collapse the Iranian regime. Eg: Prime Minister Netanyahu hinted at targeting Iran’s Supreme Leader, Ayatollah Khamenei, and stated that the offensive could lead to regime change in Tehran.
- Pause strikes to enable diplomacy: Israel could halt its attacks temporarily to allow diplomatic negotiations between the U.S. and Iran. Eg: Iran reportedly sent feelers through Gulf countries expressing willingness to talk if Israel stops bombing, indicating an opening for peace talks.
- Push for direct U.S. military involvement: Israel could seek to draw the U.S. into the conflict to achieve its strategic goals, especially the destruction of fortified nuclear sites. Eg: Israeli officials are pressing Washington to join the war, as U.S. bunker-buster bombs and bombers are necessary to destroy Iran’s Fordow facility.
Way forward:
- Pursue an internationally mediated ceasefire and nuclear dialogue: Global powers, especially the U.S., EU, and UN, should mediate a ceasefire to de-escalate hostilities and revive nuclear diplomacy with robust verification mechanisms. Eg: Leveraging backchannel talks through Gulf countries and involving the IAEA can help restore trust and prevent further militarisation.
- Prevent regional spillover through coordinated crisis management: Establish a joint crisis response framework involving regional actors (like Saudi Arabia, UAE, and Turkey) to contain proxy escalations and protect civilian infrastructure. Eg: A regional security dialogue could be initiated under the UN or Arab League to address missile threats, avoid airspace violations, and prevent humanitarian crises.
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Why in the News?
India’s pension landscape is facing a critical juncture, as highlighted in the Economic Survey 2025-26.
What is the current state of India’s pension ecosystem?
- Low Pension Assets: Pension assets in India are just 17% of GDP, significantly lower than in developed countries, which range around 80%.
- Uneven Coverage: Only 12% of the workforce is covered by formal schemes, mainly in the public and organised private sectors.
- Informal Sector Gap: Informal workers, including gig workers, are largely left out—only 5.3% of the total population participates in Atal Pension Yojana and NPS (FY24).
- Fragmentation of Schemes: India’s pension system is disjointed, unlike the multi-tiered models in countries like Japan and New Zealand.
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Why is pension coverage for the informal sector vital for India’s development goals?
- Large Workforce Contribution: Over 85% of India’s workforce is in the informal sector, contributing more than half of the GDP. Ensuring their old-age security is crucial for inclusive economic growth. Eg: Street vendors, gig workers, and farm labourers often lack any retirement support despite their significant economic role.
- Rising Old-Age Dependency: By 2050, India’s old-age dependency ratio is expected to reach 30%, increasing the burden on working-age populations. Expanding pension coverage now helps prevent future elderly poverty and reduces pressure on public welfare systems. Eg: Without pension security, aging informal workers may become financially dependent on their families or state welfare.
- Achieving Viksit Bharat by 2047: A universal and inclusive pension system is essential to meet the goal of becoming a developed economy by 2047, ensuring that development is sustainable and equitable. Eg: Countries like New Zealand and Japan offer universal pension models that India can adapt to promote long-term social security.
What are the key challenges in India’s current pension system?
- Fragmented and Unequal Coverage: India’s pension landscape is divided across multiple parallel schemes, mainly benefitting public and organised private sector workers, while the informal sector remains largely excluded. Eg: Schemes like EPFO or NPS cover only ~12% of the workforce; gig workers must voluntarily opt into the Atal Pension Yojana, limiting reach.
- Low Financial Literacy and Awareness: A large section of informal workers lack awareness of available pension options due to limited financial literacyand inadequate grassroots outreach. Eg: Unlike Australia, where superannuation education is part of the school curriculum, India lacks structured sensitisation efforts.
- Lack of Sustainability and Liquidity in Funds: Many Indian pension funds face low adequacy and poor returns, threatening long-term sustainability. Eg: According to the Mercer CFA Global Pension Index 2024, India scored just 44%, with a sharp fall in adequacy compared to global benchmarks like Denmark or Netherlands.
How do global pension models ensure inclusivity and sustainability?
- Universal or Mandatory Coverage: Many countries adopt universal or compulsory schemes to ensure no worker is left out, regardless of employment type. Eg: Japan has a mandatory flat-rate contributory scheme for all residents aged 20–59, including self-employed, farmers, and employees. New Zealand provides a universal pension to all citizens aged 65+, with a 10-year residency condition.
- Automatic Enrolment and Employer Participation: Models promoting auto-enrolment and mandatory employer contributions increase participation, especially among informal or gig workers. Eg: The UK operates an opt-out pension scheme, automatically enrolling workers unless they choose otherwise.
- Transparent Communication and Digital Access: Regular disclosures and easy digital access help build trust and improve awareness of pension entitlements. Eg: Netherlands provides annual pension statements to all contributors. Nigeria has invested in digital pension infrastructure to expand access, especially in rural or informal settings.
What are the steps taken by the government?
- Launch of Atal Pension Yojana (APY): Introduced in 2015, APY is a voluntary pension scheme aimed at workers in the unorganised sector, offering a guaranteed monthly pension between ₹1,000 and ₹5,000 after age 60. Eg: As of FY24, APY covered over 5.3% of India’s population, helping bring informal workers under a pension net.
- Expansion of the National Pension System (NPS): NPS was extended to all citizens on a voluntary basis, including gig workers, self-employed individuals, and informal sector workers, with flexible contributions. Eg: The eNPS portal allows for easy digital enrolment and management, making it accessible to informal workers.
- Social Security Code and Aggregator Contribution: Under the Code on Social Security, 2020, the government mandated platform aggregators (like ride-sharing or delivery apps) to contribute towards the social security of gig and platform workers.
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Which reforms can integrate informal workers into India’s pension framework? (Way forward)
- Harmonise fragmented schemes into a three-tier framework: Tier 1: Mandatory basic pension for all, irrespective of employment type. Tier 2: Employer-linked schemes with auto-enrolment. Tier 3: Voluntary savings with tax benefits and flexible options. Eg: Japan’s mandatory flat-rate pension includes self-employed, farmers, and private/public workers.
- Enhance Financial Literacy and Awareness: Launch targeted awareness campaigns on pension benefits, especially in rural and informal sectors, starting at school and college levels.
Eg: Australia includes superannuation education in school curricula; UK promotes pensions through opt-out schemes to increase enrolment by default.
- Strengthen Digital Pension Infrastructure: Develop user-friendly digital platforms for easy enrolment, contribution tracking, and annual disclosures for informal workers. Eg: Nigeria has invested heavily in digital systems to expand pension access across informal sectors.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC IAS 2023] Development and welfare schemes for the vulnerable, by its nature, are discriminatory in approach.” Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer.
Linkage: This article explicitly states that “the only protection for the informal sector is voluntary adoption under the National Pension System and Atal Pension Yojana” and that “this only addresses a fraction of the informal sector and adds another parallel scheme to an already complex web”.
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Why in the News?
In a major study, scientists proved that cold exposure in rice plants can cause changes that improve stress tolerance and are inherited by the next five generations, supporting Lamarck’s old theory.
What was Lamarck’s theory of acquired characteristics?
This idea was formally presented by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck in 1809, and it was one of the earliest theories of evolution. When the traits developed during an organism’s lifetime due to use, disuse, or environmental influence could be inherited by its offspring. Eg: A giraffe stretching its neck to reach higher leaves would result in its offspring having longer necks. |
How did later scientific discoveries challenge it?
- Weismann’s Tail-Cutting Experiment: August Weismann demonstrated that acquired traits are not inherited by cutting the tails of mice for five generations, yet their offspring were still born with tails.
- Mendel’s Laws of Heredity: Gregor Mendel showed that traits are inherited through stable units (genes) passed unchanged from parents to offspring, rather than traits acquired during life. Eg: In pea plants, traits like flower colour were inherited predictably, regardless of environmental changes.
- Discovery of DNA and Mutations: The discovery of DNA as the genetic material and that mutations cause heritable changes explained inheritance scientifically, without relying on acquired characteristics. Eg: Genetic disorders like sickle cell anemia are caused by specific DNA mutations, not by environmental use or disuse.
How did Mendel’s work and DNA discovery change heredity understanding?
- Introduction of Stable Hereditary Units: Mendel’s experiments introduced the concept of “genes” as stable, particulate units of inheritance passed from parents to offspring. Eg: Mendel’s pea plant experiments showed traits like seed shape and flower color followed predictable patterns.
- Law of Segregation and Independent Assortment: Mendel proposed that alleles segregate independently, ensuring genetic variation without influence from acquired traits. Eg: A plant with one tall and one short gene could pass either to its offspring, not a mix of the two.
- DNA Identified as Genetic Material: Later discoveries identified DNA as the carrier of genetic information, solidifying the molecular basis of heredity. Eg: Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty’s experiments in 1944 showed that DNA—not proteins—was responsible for heredity.
- Mutation Explained Heritable Variation: The understanding that mutations in DNA cause changes in traits clarified how new heritable variations arise. Eg: Mutations in the hemoglobin gene lead to sickle cell anemia, a heritable disorder.
- Disproved Lamarckian Inheritance: These findings rejected the idea that characteristics acquired during life could be inherited, as proposed by Lamarck. Eg: A bodybuilder’s muscular physique isn’t passed to their children genetically.
Why is the Cell study on cold-tolerant rice significant?
- Proof of Heritable Epigenetic Change Induced by Environment: The study demonstrated that cold exposure triggered an epigenetic modification (methylation) in rice plants, which was inherited for five generations. Eg: Rice plants exposed to cold passed on improved cold tolerance without any DNA sequence change.
- Reinforced the Role of Epigenetics in Evolution: It showed that gene expression can be regulated by epigenetic marks rather than genetic mutations, suggesting Lamarck’s idea of environmental inheritance has merit. Eg: The ACT1 gene stayed active in cold-tolerant rice due to the absence of a methylation tag, helping them survive cold stress.
- New Direction for Crop Improvement and Climate Resilience: The findings open doors for non-genetic crop adaptation methods to deal with climate change. Eg: Epigenetically trained rice varieties could be developed to withstand colder environments, improving food security.
What are the steps taken by the Indian Government?
- Multigenerational Cold-Stress Breeding: Researchers implemented a directional selection process over multiple generations by exposing rice to cold during the vulnerable meiotic stage, breeding for improved cold resistance. Eg: After three generations, they developed rice lines with stable cold tolerance that persisted for at least five generations.
- Epigenetic Mapping and Editing of the ACT1 Promoter: Through multi-omics analysis, scientists identified hypomethylation at the ACT1 promoter as the molecular basis for cold adaptation. They then used precision DNA methylation editing to confirm that removing methyl tags restored cold tolerance.
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Way forward:
- Incorporate Epigenetic Breeding in National Crop Improvement Programs: Government research bodies and agricultural universities should integrate epigenetic trait selection and editing into mainstream breeding to develop climate-resilient varieties, especially for stress-prone regions.
- Strengthen Investment in Multi-Generational Stress Trials: Increase funding for long-term, controlled environment trials to identify and stabilize heritable epigenetic traitsacross major crops, ensuring sustainable food security under climate change.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2019] How can biotechnology improve the living standards of farmers?
Linkage: The core of the article reveals a novel mechanism for plant adaptation—epigenetic inheritance of cold tolerance in rice plants. This scientific breakthrough, falling under the broad umbrella of biotechnology, demonstrates a potential pathway to develop crops that can adapt to challenging environmental conditions (like cold stress) more rapidly than through traditional breeding or genetic modification.
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Why in the News?
On June 15, 1215, King John of England agreed to a seminal document called the Magna Carta, laying down principles that would help establish the foundations of modern democracies.
About Magna Carta:
- Overview: The Magna Carta, meaning “Great Charter” in Latin, was signed on June 15, 1215, at Runnymede near London by King John of England under pressure from rebel barons.
- Content: The charter originally had 63 clauses, with two of the most important being:
- Clause 39: Protection against arbitrary arrest and imprisonment.
- Clause 40: Guarantee of justice without delay or denial.
- Context: It was created in response to military defeats and excessive taxation, particularly following England’s loss at the Battle of Bouvines (1214).
- Initial Setback: Though annulled by Pope Innocent III, it was reissued multiple times, especially under King Henry III, and became part of English statutory law.
- How it dealt with the masses: Magna Carta was initially meant to protect free men—mainly land-owning nobles and barons, excluding women, serfs, and commoners.
- Radical Impact: Despite its narrow scope, historians regard it as Europe’s most radical early check on monarchical authority.
- Legal Influence: The charter influenced future legal systems, including the U.S. Constitution, Bill of Rights, and principles like habeas corpus.
- Modern Relevance: Clauses 39 and 40 remain part of UK law today.
- Significance: It is considered one of the earliest documents to limit royal power and lay the foundation for the rule of law and constitutional governance.
Magna Carta of the Indian Constitution: Part III (Fundamental Rights)
- Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Indian Constitution is often called the “Magna Carta of India”.
- It guarantees justiciable Fundamental Rights, protecting citizens against arbitrary state action and forming the core of Indian democracy.
- Why it’s called India’s Magna Carta?
- Historical Parallel: Like the 1215 charter, Part III limits government power and guarantees individual freedoms.
- Inspired by the U.S. Bill of Rights, it offers one of the most comprehensive rights charters in the world.
- Legal enforceability empowers courts to uphold citizens’ rights and strike down unconstitutional laws.
- Six Categories of Fundamental Rights:
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- Right to Equality (Articles 14–18): Equality before law and prohibition of discrimination.
- Right to Freedom (Articles 19–22): Freedom of speech, movement, assembly, etc.
- Right against Exploitation (Articles 23–24): Ban on forced labour and child labour.
- Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25–28): Freedom to practice and propagate religion.
- Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29–30): Rights of minorities to preserve culture and run institutions.
- Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32): Right to move the Supreme Court for enforcement of rights.
| [UPSC 2010] The ‘Instrument of Instructions’ contained in the Government of India Act 1935 have been incorporated in the Constitution of India in the year 1950 as:
Options: (a) Fundamental rights (b) Directive Principles of State Policy* (c) Extent of executive power of State (d) Conduct of business of the Government of India |
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Why in the News?
In Assam’s Makum Coalfield, BSIP scientists found 24–23 million-year-old fossil leaves resembling today’s Nothopegia, now limited to the Western Ghats.
![[pib] Ancient Assam Fossils Link to Western Ghats Biodiversity](https://d18x2uyjeekruj.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/assam-fossil.jpg)
About the Nothopegia Fossil Discovery
- Overview: Palaeo-scientists from Lucknow discovered fossil leaves in the Makum Coalfield of Assam. It dates back 24–23 million years to the late Oligocene epoch.
- Oldest Known Record: These are the oldest known fossils of the Nothopegia genus, a tropical plant now endemic to the Western Ghats, not found in Northeast India today.
- Identification Methods: Researchers used morphological analysis, herbarium comparisons, and cluster analysis to identify the fossil leaves.
- Tropical Legacy: Nothopegia belongs to the Anacardiaceae family and reflects ancient tropical ecosystems that once existed in Northeast India.
- Climate Reconstruction: Using the Climate Leaf Analysis Multivariate Program (CLAMP), scientists confirmed that the region once had a warm and humid climate, similar to the present-day Western Ghats.
Why did Nothopegia disappear from the Northeast?
- Tectonic Disruption: The collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates led to the rise of the Himalayas, drastically altering climate, rainfall, and wind patterns in Northeast India.
- Habitat Loss: These shifts caused the region to cool and dry, rendering it unsuitable for tropical flora like Nothopegia.
- Southward Migration: Over time, the plant spread to the Western Ghats, which offered a climatically stable refuge and allowed its survival.
Significance of the Study:
- Climate Lessons: The extinction and migration pattern of Nothopegia illustrates a deep-time example of species response to long-term climate change.
- Scientific Value: Understanding ancient plant resilience aids in predicting survival pathways under current global warming scenarios.
- Refuge Significance: The study highlights how climate refuges like the Western Ghats help preserve ancient lineages during major environmental changes.
| [UPSC 2025] Which of the following are the evidence of the phenomenon of continental drift?
I. The belt of ancient rocks from the Brazil coast matches with those from Western Africa. II. The gold deposits of Ghana are derived from the Brazil plateau when the two continents lay side by side. III. The Gondwana system of sediments from India is known to have its counterparts in six different landmasses of the Southern Hemisphere.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
Options: (a) I and III only (b) I and II only (c) I, II and III *(d) II and III only |
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Why in the News?
India is set to test the Extended Trajectory-Long Duration Hypersonic Cruise Missile (ET-LDHCM), an advanced hypersonic missile developed by DRDO under the secretive Project Vishnu.
What is Project Vishnu?
- Overview: Project Vishnu is a top-secret initiative by India’s Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) to develop hypersonic missile technologies.
- Strategic Purpose: The project aims to enhance India’s strategic deterrence by delivering high-speed missiles capable of both conventional and nuclear roles.
- Focus: It is specifically designed to counter threats from China and Pakistan, reinforcing regional strike capability.
- Platform Flexibility: A core feature is multi-platform deployment, allowing the missile to be launched from land, air, and naval systems.
- Integrated Technologies: It brings together scramjet propulsion, materials science, and precision guidance into a single hypersonic weapons system.
- Doctrinal Alignment: It reflects India’s shift toward technology-driven warfare and supports its credible minimum deterrence doctrine.
About the ET-LDHC Hypersonic Missile:
- Overview: It is the flagship missile system under Project Vishnu.
- Speed and Range: It reaches Mach 8 (~11,000 km/h) and has a strike range of 1,500 km, making it nearly impossible to intercept with current defence systems.
- Payload Versatility: It can carry 1,000–2,000 kg of conventional or nuclear warheads, allowing mission-specific configurations.
- Propulsion: Powered by an indigenously developed scramjet engine, it uses atmospheric oxygen for combustion, improving fuel efficiency and endurance.
- Strike Capabilities: With evasive manoeuvrability and a flat trajectory, the missile is ideal for deep-penetration and precision attacks.
- Next-Gen Materials: It is built from materials that withstand 2,000°C+ temperatures, ensuring oxidation resistance and structural integrity.
- Launch Platforms: The missile is compatible with land systems, fighter jets, and naval vessels, offering operational flexibility.
| [UPSC 2024] Consider the following statements:
1. Ballistic missiles are jet-propelled at subsonic speeds throughout their flights, while cruise missiles are rocket-powered only in the initial phase of flight.
2. Agni-V is a medium-range supersonic cruise missile, while BrahMos is a solid-fuelled intercontinental ballistic missile.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 * |
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Why in the News?
The first Assembly of the International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA) was held on June 16, 2025, in New Delhi, with the Union Environment Minister presiding over the session.
About the International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA)
- Overview: It is a multi-country, multi-agency alliance of 95 countries, both range and non-range, dedicated to the conservation of big cats and their habitats.
- Launch: Proposed by PM Modi in 2019, the alliance was officially launched in April 2023 to mark Project Tiger’s 50th anniversary.
- Conservation Focus: IBCA seeks to protect and restore populations of 7 big cats: tiger, lion, leopard, snow leopard, cheetah, jaguar, and puma.
- Core Functions: The alliance works through advocacy, knowledge exchange, promotion of eco-tourism, and resource mobilisation.
- Conflict Resolution: It aims to reduce human-wildlife conflict and restore degraded habitats critical to big cat survival.
- Global Participation: IBCA brings together 95 range countries from:
- Asia: India, China, Nepal, Pakistan, Iran
- Africa: Kenya, Congo, Ghana
- Americas: Brazil, Ecuador, United States
- Europe/Central Asia: Russia, Kazakhstan
- Members: Bhutan, Eswatini, Cambodia, Guinea, India, Liberia, Nicaragua, Somalia and Suriname have deposited an instrument of ratification.
- Institutional Structure: It is governed by a General Assembly, an elected Council, and a secretariat led by a Secretary-General.
- Permanent Base: The ratification of the headquarters agreement has enabled IBCA to set up its permanent headquarters in India.
India’s Role:
- Species Richness: India is home to 5 of the 7 big cats—the tiger, lion, leopard, snow leopard, and cheetah—and holds 70% of the world’s tiger population.
- Funding Commitment: The Indian government has committed ₹150 crore (2023–2028) and is attracting additional global contributions to support the alliance’s goals.
- Conservation Leadership: India plays a leading global role in big cat protection, setting benchmarks in wildlife conservation and ecological stewardship.
| [UPSC 2024] Consider the following statements:
1. Lions do not have a particular breeding season.
2. Unlike most other big cats, cheetahs do not roar.
3. Unlike male lions, male leopards do not proclaim their territory by scent marking.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only * (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 2 |
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Why in the News?
The Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) has released its Global Liveability Index 2025, evaluating 173 cities worldwide on their quality of life.
About the Global Liveability Index:
- Publisher: It is released annually by the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU).
- Purpose: It measures the quality of life in 173 cities worldwide, assessing how challenging or comfortable it is to live in each location.
- Usage: The index informs decisions by corporations, governments, and development agencies, particularly for policy planning and expatriate relocation.
- Five Assessment Categories:
-
- Stability (25%): Considers levels of crime, civil unrest, and terrorism threats.
- Healthcare (20%): Evaluates the quality, accessibility, and availability of medical services.
- Culture & Environment (25%): Includes climate, cultural offerings, and environmental conditions.
- Education (10%): Measures access to public and private education and overall quality.
- Infrastructure (20%): Covers transport, roads, housing, and utility services.
- Scoring: Cities are rated from 1 (intolerable) to 100 (ideal) using 30+ qualitative and quantitative indicators.
Key Global Rankings (2025):
- Top Cities:
- Copenhagen (Denmark) ranked 1st, scoring 98/100 with perfect marks in stability, education, and infrastructure.
- Vienna and Zurich tied for 2nd, followed by Melbourne (4th) and Geneva (5th).
- Regional Trends: Western European cities dominated the top 10, thanks to strong healthcare, education, and public transport systems.
- Asia-Pacific Performers: Melbourne, Sydney, Osaka, Auckland, and Adelaide made the top 10, showing continued high liveability.
- Improvements: Al Khobar (Saudi Arabia) jumped 13 spots due to gains in education and healthcare.
- Lowest Ranked: Damascus (Syria) remains the least liveable, followed by Tripoli (Libya) and Dhaka (Bangladesh).
- India’s Position: Both Delhi and Mumbai ranked 141st out of 173 cities, reflecting persistent issues in healthcare, infrastructure, air quality, and public safety.
| [UPSC 2017] With reference to the role of UN-Habitat in the United Nations programme working towards a better urban future, consider the following statements:
1. UN-Habitat has been mandated by the United Nations General Assembly to promote socially and environmentally sustainable towns and cities to provide adequate shelter for all.
2. Its partners are either governments or local urban authorities only.
3. UN-Habitat contributes to the overall objective of the United Nations system to reduce poverty and to promote access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Options: (a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 1 and 3 only* (c) 2 and 3 only (d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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PYQ Relevance:
[UPSC 2022] Do you think that BIMSTEC is a parallel organisation like the SAARC? What are the similarities and dissimilarities between the two? How are Indian foreign policy objectives realized by forming this new organisation?
Linkage: This article highlights India’s efforts to “reinvigorate BIMSTEC” and the significance of the BIMSTEC Maritime Transport Cooperation Agreement in reducing trade friction and fostering multimodal linkages within the Bay of Bengal, with a broader goal of positioning India as a “regional integrator”. This question directly examines India’s foreign policy objectives through such regional organizations, which are central to its balancing act in the Bay of Bengal. |
Mentor’s Comment: India’s decision to cancel Bangladesh’s transshipment facility — once seen as a step towards closer regional trade — has created tension in the Bay of Bengal region. This move came at a time when Bangladesh was seen to be strengthening ties with China, leading many to believe that India’s trade decisions are now being influenced by its strategic concerns. What was once neutral and shared trade infrastructure is now becoming politically sensitive. This is important because India is also trying to promote regional trade through BIMSTEC and position itself as a leader of fair, rules-based trade. But this action goes against those goals, making it a turning point for India’s regional diplomacy.
Today’s editorial discusses the implications of India’s recent decision to cancel Bangladesh’s transhipment facility. This content would help in GS Paper II (International Relations) in the mains Paper.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
India recently withdrew Bangladesh’s access to its ports for sending goods to other countries. This move has now created tension in the Bay of Bengal.
Why did India revoke Bangladesh’s transhipment facility?
- Official Justification: Port Congestion: India cited logistical constraints and congestion at its ports, which were causing delays for Indian exporters, as the main reason for revoking the facility. Eg: Indian terminals at ports like Haldia and Kolkata were reportedly overloaded, affecting trade efficiency.
- Perceived Political Message to Bangladesh: The move was seen in Dhaka as a political signal, possibly linked to Bangladesh’s growing ties with China and a speech by its interim Chief Adviser referring to India’s Northeast as “landlocked”. Eg: The announcement followed Bangladesh’s assertion that it was a maritime lifeline for India’s Northeast, which New Delhi viewed unfavourably.
- Geopolitical Sensitivities and Strategic Hedging: India may have aimed to discourage strategic balancing by Bangladesh, especially as Dhaka has been reopening maritime trade with Pakistan and expanding engagement with Beijing. Eg: The timing suggested India was responding to Bangladesh’s diplomatic moves rather than acting purely on trade logistics.
What impact has this decision had on BIMSTEC trade and regional cooperation?
- Undermines the Spirit of Cooperative Regionalism: The withdrawal of the transshipment facility has reintroduced political conditionality into what was seen as neutral trade infrastructure, weakening trust in regional integration efforts. Eg: BIMSTEC’s Maritime Transport Cooperation Agreement, aimed at easing trade, now appears less credible if access depends on bilateral politics.
- Disrupts Bangladesh’s Export Logistics: Bangladeshi exporters, especially in ready-made garments (over 85% of its foreign earnings), now face higher costs and delays in routing shipments through alternatives like Sri Lanka or Southeast Asia. Eg: Exporters relying on Indian ports for faster global access must now divert shipments to costlier and less efficient routes.
- Creates Regional Uncertainty and Strategic Caution: Other BIMSTEC members (like Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar) may now view Indian trade infrastructure as subject to political shifts, potentially leading them to hedge against overdependence on India. Eg: If India’s trade facilitation appears transactional, smaller economies may seek Chinese or Southeast Asian alternatives, weakening BIMSTEC cohesion.
How does politicising trade affect India’s regional credibility?
- Erodes Trust in India’s Leadership Role: When India uses trade access as a tool of political signalling, it undermines its image as a stable and reliable regional partner. Eg: Revoking the transshipment facility with Bangladesh due to geopolitical tensions contradicts India’s projected role as a neutral integrator under initiatives like BIMSTEC and Sagarmala.
- Encourages Smaller Neighbours to Hedge Strategically: Politicised trade may push neighbouring countries to diversify economic dependencies and explore ties with rival powers such as China. Eg: Bangladesh’s increasing engagement with China, including maritime and economic cooperation, reflects a strategic shift partly influenced by India’s conditional economic approach.
- Weakens India’s Push for Rules-Based Regional Order: If trade rules are seen as subject to India’s unilateral political decisions, it undermines the credibility of multilateral frameworks India champions. Eg: The credibility of a future BIMSTEC Free Trade Agreement could suffer if member states believe India might alter terms based on bilateral tensions.
Why is Bangladesh’s growing engagement with China a concern for India?
- Strategic Encirclement through China’s Influence: Bangladesh’s closer ties with China raise fears of India being strategically encircled under China’s “String of Pearls” strategy, which aims to increase Chinese presence around India’s maritime periphery. Eg: China’s involvement in Bangladesh’s port infrastructure, like the Payra and Chattogram ports, gives Beijing a potential foothold in the Bay of Bengal, affecting India’s maritime security.
- Dilution of India’s Role as a Regional Connector: If Bangladesh aligns more with China, it could sideline India’s efforts to be the primary economic and connectivity hub in South Asia. Eg: Bangladesh’s Chief Adviser referring to the country as the “maritime lifeline” for India’s Northeast indirectly challenges India’s Act East and Sagarmala initiatives.
- Undermines BIMSTEC-Led Regional Integration: China is not a BIMSTEC member, and deeper Bangladesh-China economic ties may fragment the regional architecture that India is promoting through BIMSTEC. Eg: Bangladesh’s reopening of maritime trade with Pakistan and increased Chinese engagement may discourage rules-based, India-led cooperation in the Bay of Bengal.
What measures can India take to keep trade infrastructure geopolitically neutral? (Way forward)
- Institutionalise Rules-Based Trade Frameworks: India should establish transparent, rules-based mechanisms for port access and transshipment to avoid ad-hoc or politically motivated decisions. Eg: Reinstating Bangladesh’s transshipment facility under a BIMSTEC Maritime Trade Protocol would ensure decisions are not influenced by political tensions.
- Promote Multilateral Ownership of Regional Corridors: Trade corridors should be developed through collective BIMSTEC initiatives instead of bilateral control, reducing suspicion of Indian dominance. Eg: Projects like the India-Myanmar-Thailand Trilateral Highway can be expanded under a BIMSTEC umbrella for shared responsibility and access.
- Separate Strategic Concerns from Economic Policy: India must draw a firm line between diplomatic disputes and regional trade policies to preserve trust and reliability. Eg: Avoiding retaliatory restrictions (such as land port bans on Bangladeshi goods) helps maintain India’s image as a credible regional partner, even during diplomatic disagreements.
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Why in the News?
The National Sample Survey Office’s Comprehensive Annual Modular Survey (CAMS) 2022-23 is a landmark initiative that provides the first large-scale assessment of India’s digital landscape at the household and individual level.
What does the CAMS 2022–23 reveal about digital access and skills in India?
- Broadband Access is Widespread but Unequal: 76.3% of Indian households have broadband internet, indicating strong national reach. Eg: In urban areas like Delhi, over 90% of households are connected, while in states like Arunachal Pradesh, only 60.2% have access.
- Social and Economic Inequalities Persist: Broadband access is higher among General category households (84.1%), but much lower among SCs (69.1%)and STs (64.8%). Eg: In the lowest income decile, 71.6% of households lack broadband, compared to just 1.9% in the top decile.
- High Mobile Ownership But Gender and Caste Gaps Remain: Over 94% of rural households own mobile phones, but usage is skewed. Eg: Only 25.3% of rural women in the General category use mobile phones independently, and the percentage is even lower among SC/ST women.
- Basic Digital Skills are Still Limited: While many can use mobile phones, skills like emailing and online banking are still underdeveloped. Eg: Only 20% of rural and 40% of urban people can send or receive emails; only 37.8% of all people aged 15+ can perform online banking transactions.
Why does the digital divide still exist despite high internet penetration?
- Economic Inequality Limits Access: While internet availability is high, affordability remains a barrier for poorer households. Eg: In the lowest income decile, 71.6% of households lack broadband, compared to only 1.9% in the top income group.
- Social Disparities Affect Usage: Caste and gender-based inequalities reduce meaningful digital access and use. Eg: Among rural women from the General category, only 25.3% use mobile phones independently, with even lower figures among SC/ST women.
- Low Functional Digital Literacy: Having internet access does not mean people have the skills to use it effectively for education or services. Eg: Only 20% of rural and 40% of urban populations can send or receive emails, showing a gap in practical digital usage.
What digital skills are lacking among rural and urban populations?
- Email Communication Skills Are Low: A large section of the population cannot use basic email services. Eg: Only 20% in rural areas and 40% in urban areas can send or receive emails.
- Spreadsheet and Arithmetic Skills Are Poor: Most people lack the ability to perform basic digital tasks like calculations in spreadsheets. Eg: Less than 40% of Indians aged 15+ can perform arithmetic operations in spreadsheets.
- Online Banking Proficiency Is Limited: There is limited ability to use secure digital financial services. Eg: Only 37.8% of people aged 15+ in India can perform online banking transactions, indicating low digital financial literacy.
How can the government bridge the digital divide to meet the SDG 4 goals? (Way forward)
- Subsidise Internet Access for Poor Households: Make broadband a basic utility, like water or electricity, to ensure universal access. Eg: Provide low-cost broadband plans or free connections for families in the bottom income deciles, where 71.6% lack connectivity.
- Invest in Digital Skill Training: Launch nationwide programs to train youth and adults in essential digital skills. Eg: Government-backed digital literacy missions in rural areas can teach email use, spreadsheet functions, and online banking.
- Promote Inclusive Technology Access for Women and Marginalised Groups: Ensure equal digital access for SCs, STs, OBCs, and women through targeted schemes. Eg: Initiate women-focused mobile usage schemes in rural areas, where only 25.3% of general category women use mobile phones exclusively.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2021] Has digital illiteracy, particularly in rural areas, coupled with lack of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) accessibility hindered socio-economic development? Examine with justification.
Linkage: The article explicitly details the disparities in “broadband Internet facilities” and “mobile or telephone connections” between rural and urban areas, and across different states, caste groups (OBCs, SCs, STs, and General), and income deciles, directly addressing “ICT accessibility. This question directly aligns with the core themes presented in the article.
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Why in the News?
The 2025 G7 Summit in Alberta, Canada, is getting worldwide attention because Donald Trump has returned to the scene.
It’s happening at a time when global tensions are high, especially due to the rising conflict between Israel and Iran and the ongoing war in Ukraine.
What are the main issues discussed at the 2025 G7 Summit in Canada?
- Escalating Iran–Israel Conflict and Nuclear Talks: Negotiations to curb Iran’s nuclear programme and manage fallout from Israel’s June 13 strikes dominated early sessions. Eg: G7 leaders debated sanctions and diplomatic channels to prevent wider Middle-East war.
- Ongoing Russia–Ukraine War: Securing long-term military and financial aid for Ukraine remained central, with President Zelenskyy briefing leaders. Eg: Canada and Europe proposed a fresh aid package, while the U.S. stance under Trump stayed cautious.
- Global Trade Frictions and Tariff Disputes: Rising U.S. tariffs on steel, aluminium and fentanyl-linked goods—and partners’ countermeasures—featured prominently. Eg: Canada pushed for a zero-tariff pact on steel and autos in bilateral talks with the U.S.
- Climate Action, Wildfire Response and Critical Minerals: Leaders issued short joint statements on wildfires, decarbonisation and securing critical mineral supply chains for clean tech. Eg: Australia and Canada showcased joint plans to boost lithium and nickel output for EV batteries.
Why is Trump’s presence seen as influential at the summit?
- Disruptive Diplomatic Style and Past Precedents: Trump’s unpredictable behaviour, seen at the 2018 Quebec G7, influences how leaders prepare for negotiations and outcomes. Eg: In 2018, he left early, refused to sign the joint communique, and insulted then-PM Justin Trudeau.
- Tariff Impositions and Nationalist Policies: His administration’s new tariffs on G7 allies and aggressive trade policies create friction within the bloc. Eg: He imposed fentanyl-related tariffs on Canada and Mexico, accusing them of failing on illegal immigration control.
- Polarising Political Rhetoric: His controversial remarks, such as suggesting Canada become the 51st U.S. state, fuel tensions and affect domestic politics in host nations. Eg: These comments weakened Conservative candidate Pierre Poilievre’s campaign and contributed to Mark Carney’s election win.
What is the impact of the Middle East and Russia-Ukraine conflicts on the G7 agenda?
- Shift in Strategic Focus and Urgency: The escalating Iran-Israel tensions redirected attention from economic to security and defense cooperation among G7 nations. Eg: After Israel’s strike on Iran’s nuclear facilities, leaders emphasized the need to restrict Iran’s nuclear ambitionsand prevent wider conflict.
- Unity and Division within the G7: The Russia-Ukraine war exposed divergent views, especially with Trump’s reluctance to support Ukraine, contrasting with NATO allies’ continued backing. Eg: Trump labelled Zelenskyy “ungrateful”, while Canada and Europe reaffirmed their military and diplomatic support to Ukraine.
- Broader Global Message of Deterrence: The inclusion of both conflicts on the agenda highlighted the G7’s role as a global security actor committed to international law and sovereignty. Eg: Ukrainian President Zelenskyy’s invitation was intended to signal G7’s continued resolve against Russian aggression.
Why is India’s invitation to the G7 significant despite strained Canada-India ties?
- Rebuilding Diplomatic Channels: The invitation marked a thaw in strained relations following the diplomatic row over the Hardeep Singh Nijjar killing allegations. Eg: Canadian PM Mark Carney personally invited PM Narendra Modi, indicating a willingness to resume dialoguedespite unresolved tensions.
- Acknowledgment of India’s Global Role: India’s presence reflected its growing influence in global governance, especially on issues like climate change, trade, and geopolitics. Eg: Including India alongside other key non-member nations like Brazil and South Africa affirmed its importance to G7 strategic objectives.
Way forward:
- Institutionalise High-Level Dialogue: Establish regular diplomatic and law enforcement exchanges between India and Canada to address mutual concerns and rebuild trust while keeping sensitive issues separate from broader strategic cooperation.
- Strengthen Multilateral Collaboration: Leverage platforms like the G7, G20, and UN to deepen cooperation on global challenges such as climate change, critical minerals, and digital governance, showcasing shared interests beyond bilateral disputes.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2023] What are the ways in which oil pollution affects the marine ecosystem? In what way is oil pollution particularly harmful for a country like India?
Linkage: Maritime Accident Response” explicitly talks about the “oil spills” as one of the three major peacetime maritime accidents that the Indian coast needs protection against. It also states that oil is a “more severe fire hazard” than hazardous cargo, especially in the context of gas-carrying merchant ships. This question directly addresses the environmental and national impact of oil pollution, which is a significant aspect of maritime accidents and firefighting efforts.
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Why in the News?
Pune’s Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics (GIPE) has recently called for a neutral takeover of its parent body, the Servants of India Society (SIS), following allegations of financial irregularities.
About Servants of India Society:
- Founding: It was founded on June 12, 1905, in Pune by Gopal Krishna Gokhale, along with N.A. Dravid, G.K. Devadhar, and A.V. Patwardhan.
- Mission: The Society aimed to train Indians for selfless national service, promote education, and work for social and political reform through constitutional means.
- Core Values: Members took vows of simple living, secularism, and equality across caste and religion.
- Non-political Nature: Though non-political and non-sectarian, many SIS members contributed significantly to the freedom movement.
- Prominent Members: Influential members included V.S. Srinivasa Sastri, Hriday Nath Kunzru, and A.V. Thakkar.
- Major Activities: SIS established schools, ran night classes, supported healthcare, and published The Hitavada since 1911.
- Welfare Work: It actively engaged in disaster relief, women’s and child welfare, and rural development.
- Secular Legacy: It was India’s first secular social reform organisation, focusing on nation-building through service.
- Current Status: Headquartered in Pune, it continues to operate today, though with limited membership, preserving its foundational values.
Gopal Krishna Gokhale (1866-1915):
- Early Life: He was a liberal nationalist, senior Indian National Congress leader, and social reformer.
- Political Journey: He joined the Indian National Congress in 1889 under Justice M.G. Ranade and became Congress President in 1905.
- Institution Building: In 1905, Gokhale founded the Servants of India Society to train dedicated public servants.
- Legislative Work: He served in the Bombay Legislative Council (1899) and the Imperial Legislative Council as a non-official member.
- Reform Advocacy: Gokhale played a major role in securing the Morley-Minto Reforms (1909) and presented India’s economic conditions to the Welby Commission.
- Mentor to Gandhi: Gokhale was a political mentor to Mahatma Gandhi and supported his early work, including funding the Sabarmati Ashram.
- Education and Journalism: He established the Ranade Institute of Economics and launched The Hitavada newspaper (published from Nagpur).
- Philosophy: Gokhale believed in constitutional reform, education, and social justice as the path to Indian self-rule, bridging social reform and political activism.
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| [UPSC 2009] Who among the following rejected the title of knighthood and refused to accept a position in the Council of the Secretary of State for India?
Options: (a) Motilal Nehru (b) M.G. Ranade* (c) G.K. Gokhale (d) B.G. Tilak |
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Why in the News?
A one-day Samyoga event was organised today at the National Institute of Sowa-Rigpa (NISR), Leh, with the participation of experts from 10 states of India.
About Sowa-Rigpa:
- Overview: Sowa-Rigpa, also known as Traditional Tibetan Medicine or the Amchi system, is among the oldest continuously practised medical systems in the world.
- Origin: The term comes from the Bhoti language, meaning “knowledge of healing”, and dates back over 2,000 years.
- Historical Development: It was codified in the 8th century CE during King Trisong Detsen’s reign and further developed in the 12th century.
- Foundational Text: The Gyud-Zi (4 Tantras) integrates ideas from Ayurveda, Chinese medicine, Greek traditions, and Bon and Buddhist philosophy.
- Global Presence: Sowa-Rigpa is practiced in Tibet, Mongolia, Bhutan, Nepal, and parts of Russia and China.
- Indian Regions: In India, it is common in Ladakh, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh (Lahaul & Spiti), Jammu & Kashmir, and Darjeeling.
- Core Beliefs: The system promotes disease prevention, longevity, and holistic mind-body well-being, viewing the body as a microcosm of nature in harmony with the environment.
Diagnosis and Treatment:
- Diagnostic Methods: Practitioners use pulse analysis, urine analysis, and detailed observation including case history.
- Therapies Used: Treatments include diet and lifestyle adjustments, herbal medicines, Kunyé massage, moxibustion, acupuncture, and spiritual healing.
- Ayurvedic Influence: About 75% of its theoretical base is derived from Ayurveda, especially the Ashtanga Hridaya.
- Common Herbs: Shared medicinal herbs include Ashwagandha, Triphala, and Guggulu.
Education and Recognition:
- Traditional Training: Knowledge was historically passed through oral traditions, via guru-shishya parampara or family lineages.
- Modern Institutions: The Central Council for Tibetan Medicine oversees education and practice standards.
- National Institute: The National Institute of Sowa-Rigpa (NISR) in Leh leads in education, research, and policy implementation.
- Government Recognition: Sowa-Rigpa has been officially recognised under AYUSH systems in India since 2010 and is promoted in multiple Himalayan states.
| [UPSC 2019] Recently, there was a growing awareness in our country about the importance of Himalayan nettle (Girardinia diversifolia) because it is found to be a sustainable source of:
Options: (a) anti-malarial drug* (b) biodiesel (c) pulp for paper industry (d) textile fibre |
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Why in the News?
The long-awaited Chamundi Hills development project in Karnataka is finally gaining momentum under the Pilgrimage Rejuvenation and Spiritual Heritage Augmentation Drive (PRASHAD) scheme.
About the PRASHAD Scheme:
- Launch: It was launched in 2014–15 by the Ministry of Tourism.
- Core Objective: It aims to revitalize pilgrimage sites and develop spiritual tourism infrastructure across India.
- Scope and Mission: In 2017, PRASHAD was upgraded to a National Mission, integrating features of the HRIDAY scheme to create a unified heritage and spiritual site development model.
- Cultural Focus: The scheme emphasises cultural preservation, community involvement, and promoting both domestic and international spiritual tourism.
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- Executing Agencies: Projects are executed by state-level agencies appointed by the respective state or union territory governments.
- Funding Model: The scheme offers 100% central financial assistance for eligible infrastructure and development components.
- Public-Private Support: It encourages Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) contributions and Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) to expand sustainability and local ownership.
- Centre-State Collaboration: Implementation is designed to ensure close cooperation between central and state governments while respecting local cultural and religious traditions.
Key Features:
- Infrastructure Development: Roads, drinking water, sanitation, solid waste management, lighting, and public conveniences at pilgrimage sites.
- Connectivity Enhancement: Improved rail, road, and air links to facilitate easier access for pilgrims.
- Pilgrim Facilities: Creation of accommodation, food courts, wayfinding systems, and security measures for safe and hygienic pilgrimages.
- Cultural Conservation: Restoration of temples, monuments, ghats, and sacred lakes; integration of cultural traditions in tourism.
- Community Empowerment: Skill training for locals, development of tourism-linked jobs, and stakeholder participation in project design and operation.
- Sustainability Focus: Use of eco-friendly technologies, green energy, and promotion of responsible tourism to reduce environmental impact.
| [UPSC 2022] The Prime Minister recently inaugurated the new Circuit House near Somnath Temple at Veraval. Which of the following statements are correct regarding Somnath Temple?
1. Somnath Temple is one of the Jyotirlinga shrines.
2. A description of Somnath Temple was given by Al-Biruni.
3. Pran Pratishtha of Somnath Temple (installation of the present day temple) was done by President S. Radhakrishnan.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
Options: (a) 1 and 2 only * (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Why in the News?
A new study from the University of Plymouth has revealed that over 21% of the global ocean has significantly darkened in the last two decades.
What is Ocean Darkening?
- Ocean darkening refers to the reduction in sunlight penetration into the ocean’s upper layers, known as the photic zone (up to 200 meters deep), where sunlight drives photosynthesis and supports marine biodiversity.
- This process is measured using the diffuse attenuation coefficient (Kd 490), which tracks how quickly light diminishes as it passes through seawater.
- The photic zone is essential for phytoplankton productivity, oxygen generation, marine food chains, and the regulation of global climate.
Recent Report Citing Ocean Darkening:
- A new study by researchers from the University of Plymouth, published in 2024, titled “Darkening of the Global Ocean”, revealed that 21% of the global ocean has significantly darkened from 2003 to 2022.
- Key findings:
- 9% of the ocean saw a drop of more than 50 meters in light penetration—equal to the area of Africa.
- 2.6% experienced a loss exceeding 100 meters in photic depth.
- Affected Region: The study found the Arctic, Antarctic, Gulf Stream, and North Sea among the worst affected regions.
- Causes:
- Algal blooms from nutrient runoff in coastal areas.
- Warming seas, altered plankton dynamics, and changing ocean currents in open ocean zones.
Implications of Ocean Darkening:
- Ecosystem Disruption: Light-dependent species, such as Calanus copepods, are being pushed into shallower zones, increasing predation and competition.
- Loss of Habitat: The shrinkage of the photic zone could be one of the largest marine habitat losses ever, affecting fish stocks and biodiversity.
- Climate Feedback Loop: Reduced photosynthesis in oceans could weaken the ocean’s role in carbon sequestration and oxygen production, worsening climate change.
- Threat to Global Fisheries: The contraction of productive zones affects fish populations, jeopardising fisheries and food security.
- Scientific Concern: Researchers warn that this hidden crisis could fundamentally alter marine ecosystems if not urgently addressed.
| [UPSC 2025] With reference to the planet Earth, consider the following statements:
I. Rain forests produce more oxygen than that produced by oceans. II. Marine phytoplankton and photosynthetic bacteria produce about 50% of the world’s oxygen. III. Well-oxygenated surface water contains several folds higher oxygen than that in atmospheric air.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Options: (a) I and II (b) II only * (c) I and III (d) None of the above statements is correct |
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Why in the News?
India advanced its indigenous defence tech with SDAL’s successful trial of the Hybrid VTOL UAV Rudrastra at Pokhran.
About Rudrastra:
- Rudrastra is an indigenously developed Hybrid Vertical Take-Off and Landing (VTOL) UAV built by Solar Defence and Aerospace Limited (SDAL).
- The UAV is engineered for deep-strike capabilities, capable of carrying out precision missions without endangering human soldiers.
- It is tailored for anti-personnel roles, with airburst munitions designed to strike targets across hostile borders.
- Rudrastra blends rotor-based vertical lift with fixed-wing cruise capability, enhancing deployment across diverse terrains.
- It is considered a “stand-off” weapon, enabling missions deep into enemy territory with autonomous return capability.
Key Features:
- Hybrid VTOL Design: Can vertically take off and land like a helicopter and cruise like a fixed-wing aircraft, enhancing flexibility.
- Extended Range: Demonstrated a total mission range of over 170 km, including loiter time over the target.
- Real-Time Surveillance: Maintained a stable video link while covering a 50+ km mission radius.
- Precision Strike Capability: Successfully deployed airburst munitions, effective for area damage and anti-personnel use.
- Endurance: Achieved a flight endurance of 1.5 hours, ideal for extended ISR or strike operations.
- Autonomous Navigation: Returned independently to the launch site after completing the mission.
- Made in India: Fully developed by an Indian defence company, supporting indigenous innovation in combat drones.
| [UPSC 2025] With reference to Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), consider the following statements:
I. All types of UAVs can do vertical landing. II. All types of UAVs can do automated hovering. III. All types of UAVs can use battery only as a source of power supply.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
Options: (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All the three (d) None* |
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Why in the News?
A recent study confirms that Arabia wasn’t always a desert wall but occasionally a green bridge between continents.
About the Green Arabia Hypothesis:
- Core Idea: It suggests that the Arabian Peninsula, now one of the driest places on Earth, experienced multiple humid phases over the past 8 million years, turning it into a green corridor for early migrations.
- Challenge to Old Views: This theory challenges traditional models that excluded Arabia from early human dispersal routes in the ‘Out of Africa’ narrative.
- Fossil Evidence: The discovery of fossils of crocodiles, hippos, and horses, dating up to 74,000 years ago, supports the claim that Arabia was once lush and habitable.
Key Discoveries and Methods:
- Archaeological Sites: Over 10,000 ancient lakebeds and sites over 500,000 years old were found, confirming Arabia’s role as a migration bridge between Africa and Eurasia.
- Speleothem Analysis: 22 speleothem samples (mineral deposits formed within caves) from seven Saudi caves indicated humid phases between 7.44 million and 60,000 years ago.
- Dating Techniques: Scientists used uranium-thorium dating to accurately time wet periods, revealing patterns linked to monsoon shifts and glacial cycles.
- Environmental Impact: These wet intervals, though brief, supported vegetation, biodiversity, and water bodies, enabling human and animal settlements.
Significance of the Study:
- Biogeographic Role: Arabia is now viewed as a climate-sensitive migratory bridge, not a barrier, in human evolution and dispersal.
- Climate Dependency: Human movement was influenced not just by geography, but by shifts in rainfall patterns and monsoonal activity.
- Key Locations: Sites like Jubbah Oasis provided stone tools and lakebed evidence, validating early human habitation in the region.
- Conclusion: Arabia’s periodic greening played a decisive role in early human migration, revising our understanding of ancient dispersal pathways out of Africa.
| [UPSC 2014] Which of the following phenomena might have influenced the evolution of organisms?
1. Continental drift
2. Glacial cycles Select the correct answer using the code given below.
Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2* (d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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PYQ Relevance:
[UPSC 2022] Discuss global warming and mention its effects on the global climate. Explain the control measures to bring down the level of greenhouse gases which cause global warming, in the light of the Kyoto Protocol, 1997.
Linkage: SO2 as “one of the major greenhouse gases that cause global warming”. Flue Gas Desulphurisation (FGD) units are designed specifically to remove SO2 emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels. Therefore, FGD units serve as a direct “control measure to bring down the level of greenhouse gases” as addressed by the question. |
Mentor’s Comment: India’s top science advisory group has suggested ending the 2015 rule that made it compulsory for all coal-based power plants to install Flue Gas Desulphurisation (FGD) units. This has raised serious concerns because FGDs are key to reducing sulphur dioxide (SO₂) pollution, which causes 15% of India’s PM2.5 levels and leads to breathing problems, environmental damage, and climate change. Although installing FGDs is expensive (₹1.2 crore per MW), experts warn that dropping the plan could harm public health and clean air efforts. Worryingly, only 39 of 537 plants have installed FGDs, and deadlines keep getting pushed back.
Today’s editorial focuses on the analysis of the installation of the Flue Gas Desulphurisation (FGD) units in a thermal power plant. This content is very relevant to GS Paper III (Environment, Science and Technology) Mains.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
A group of experts, led by Principal Scientific Advisor Ajay Sood, has recently suggested that India should cancel the 10-year-old rule that requires all coal-based thermal power plants to install Flue Gas Desulphurisation (FGD) units.
Why India should cancel the 10-Year-Old Rule (2015 FGD Mandate)?
- High Installation Cost Burden: Installing FGD units costs around ₹1.2 crore per MW, which can significantly raise power generation costs and electricity tariffs. Eg: For 97,000 MW of new capacity, the cost would be about ₹97,000 crore, making power less affordable.
- Delayed and Poor Implementation: Despite the 2015 rule, compliance has been dismal—only 39 out of 537 plants had FGDs installed by 2025. Eg: Repeated deadline extensions (up to 2029) show lack of feasibility and institutional capacity.
- Limited Local Air Quality Impact in Some Areas: In certain regions, the contribution of SO₂ emissions from TPPs to PM2.5 levels is relatively small. Eg: In Delhi, most air pollution comes from other sources like vehicles and construction, so FGDs at distant plants may offer minimal benefit.
What is a Flue Gas Desulphurisation (FGD) unit?
- FGD units are devices used in coal-fired thermal power plants (TPPs) to remove sulphur dioxide (SO₂) from flue gas. Flue gas is a byproduct of burning fossil fuels and contains pollutants like SO₂, CO₂, NOx, and particulate matter.
- Three common FGD technologies:
- Dry sorbent injection (adds powdered limestone to flue gas).
- Wet limestone treatment (reacts SO₂ with limestone slurry to form gypsum).
- Sea water scrubbing (used near coastal areas).
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How does it reduce SO₂ emissions from thermal power plants?
- Chemical Neutralisation Reaction: FGD units use alkaline substances like limestone or lime to react with acidic SO₂ in flue gas, converting it into stable, non-toxic compounds. Eg: In wet limestone FGD, SO₂ reacts with limestone slurry to form gypsum (CaSO₄·2H₂O), a harmless industrial byproduct.
- Efficient Scrubbing Techniques: Technologies like wet scrubbers or dry sorbent injection physically remove SO₂ from exhaust gases before release into the atmosphere. Eg: Dry sorbent injection sprays powdered lime into the flue gas stream, which binds with SO₂ and is later captured by filters.
- Controlled Emission Discharge: FGD ensures that the treated flue gas released into the environment has significantly lower SO₂ levels, complying with environmental norms. Eg: Power plants near coasts use sea water FGD, where sea water absorbs SO₂ and is then treated before being discharged safely.
Why are SO₂ emissions harmful?
- Respiratory and Health Issues: Sulphur dioxide (SO₂) irritates the respiratory system, causing problems like asthma, bronchitis, and lung damage, especially in children and the elderly. Eg: Studies in urban industrial areas show a direct link between SO₂ exposure and increased hospital admissions for respiratory illnesses.
- Formation of Secondary Particulate Matter (PM2.5): SO₂ reacts in the atmosphere to form fine particulate matter (PM2.5), which can penetrate deep into lungs and enter the bloodstream, posing serious health risks. Eg: According to studies, 80% of PM2.5 from coal combustion is due to secondary particles formed from SO₂.
- Contribution to Acid Rain: SO₂ combines with water vapor in the atmosphere to form sulphuric acid, leading to acid rain that damages soil, crops, forests, and aquatic ecosystems. Eg: Regions near coal-fired plants have reported acidic lakes and damaged crops due to acid rain deposition.
- Environmental Degradation: High SO₂ levels can corrode buildings, especially monuments made of limestone or marble, and degrade overall air and water quality. Eg: The Taj Mahal has shown signs of yellowing, partly attributed to SO₂-related pollution.
- Climate and Visibility Impact: Though SO₂ itself is not a greenhouse gas, it leads to formation of aerosols, affecting cloud formation, reducing visibility, and causing climate imbalance. Eg: In industrial belts, hazy skies and temperature variations are linked to SO₂-derived aerosols.
What is the status of FGD installation in India (2025)?
- Low Overall Commissioning: Only about 39 out of 537 thermal power plant units (≈ 19,430 MW capacity) have commissioned FGD systems, representing ~11% of the total required capacity. Eg: Just 13 out of 35 units within 300 km of Delhi have installed FGDs, showing slow progress in high-pollution zones.
- Stalled Projects and Delays: Contracts have been awarded for about 238 units (~105,200 MW), and 139 units (~42,847 MW) are still in the tendering stage, but many projects remain stalled. Eg: Some plants, especially near Delhi, may take up to 36 months to complete FGD installation due to regulatory and logistical hurdles.
- Repeated Deadline Extensions: Compliance deadlines have been extended multiple times: from 2017 → 2024 → 2026–2029, depending on the location and plant category. Eg: The Ministry of Environment has pushed back deadlines for thermal plants in Delhi NCR without strict justification, raising concerns about enforcement.
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Way forward:
- Prioritised FGD Installation: Expedite FGD implementation in high-emission and densely populated zones to balance cost and health impact.
- Policy and Financial Support: Provide targeted subsidies or incentives to TPPs and integrate FGD costs into long-term tariff planning for smoother adoption.
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