Why in the News?
The Election Commission of India (ECI) is currently carrying out a Special Intensive Revision (SIR) of the voter list in Bihar. This has caused political and social concerns because the ECI is focusing only on verifying “ordinary residents” and has given a very short deadline ending on July 31 for this process.
Why is the ECI’s voter roll revision in Bihar being criticised?
- Short timeframe: The ECI allocated just one month, till July 31, for the entire revision process, which is inadequate for comprehensive voter verification in a state like Bihar.
- Strict criteria: The emphasis on “ordinary residents” could ignore the legal protection for temporary absentees as outlined in the Representation of the People Act, 1950.
- Risk of wrongful deletions: Migrant workers might not be present for verification, leading to lakhs of wrongful deletions from electoral rolls.
What hurdles do migrant voters face in verification?
- Inaccessibility During Verification Window: Many migrant voters are unable to be physically present at their home constituencies during the short verification period, making it difficult to confirm their status. Eg: An estimated 20% of Bihar’s electorate is migrant; many may miss the July 31 deadline, risking exclusion.
- Lack of Clarity for Long-Term Migrants: There is ambiguity in addressing voters who have moved long-term but haven’t updated their registration to their new place of work.
How does the law define ‘ordinary residence’ for voters?
The Representation of the People Act, 1950 defines ‘ordinary residence’ as the place where a person normally lives and has the intention to return, even if they are temporarily absent.
Key Legal Provisions:
- Section 19 of the Act: A person shall be registered in the electoral roll of the constituency of their ordinary residence. Temporary absence does not disqualify a person from being considered ordinarily resident.
- Electoral Roll Manual Guidelines: Migrants temporarily away (for work, studies, etc.) are still eligible if they have the ability and intention to return. Removal from the roll requires proof of permanent relocation.
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What does Bihar’s gender turnout reveal about migration?
- Higher Female Voter Turnout: In the 2024 general election, more women voted than men in absolute numbers in Bihar. This indicates a gender skew in voter participation likely linked to male absenteeism due to migration.
- Male Migrant Absenteeism: Despite having more registered male voters, the male turnout was lower, suggesting many men were away for work and could not vote. It reflects the scale of male labour migration out of Bihar.
Do the same issues occur in other states?
- Jharkhand – Migration-linked Voter Drop: Like Bihar, Jharkhand has seen low male voter turnout due to seasonal and long-term migration for labour work.
- Uttar Pradesh – Exclusion Risk in Urban Centres: In urban areas of Uttar Pradesh, slum and migrant populations often lack proper identity or address documents, making voter verification difficult during intensive revision drives. This causes large-scale exclusions, especially among economically vulnerable groups.
What are the issues related to NRIs at the all-India level?
- Lack of Remote Voting Mechanism: Non-Resident Indians (NRIs) often face difficulty in exercising their voting rights due to the requirement of physical presence at their home constituency in India. Eg: An NRI working in the UAE must travel to India to vote, leading to low voter turnout among overseas citizens.
- Legal and Procedural Constraints: Though the Representation of the People (Amendment) Act, 2010 allowed NRIs to register, postal or online voting is still not widely available.
Eg: The Electronically Transmitted Postal Ballot System (ETPBS) has not yet been fully extended to overseas voters, limiting participation.
What are the case studies in the world?
- Mexico – Voting Rights for Migrants Abroad: Mexico allows its citizens living abroad to vote in national elections via postal ballots and electronic voting. This ensures inclusivity for a large number of migrant workers living in the United States and other countries.
- Philippines – Overseas Absentee Voting Act (2003): The Philippines enacted a law enabling overseas Filipinos to vote in presidential, senatorial, and party-list elections. It recognizes the political rights of migrant workers, encouraging participation despite physical absence.
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How can migrants get better electoral representation? (Way forward)
- Enable Registration at Place of Work: Long-term migrants should be allowed and encouraged to register as voters at their current place of residence. This ensures their political voice aligns with the region where they live and work, making representation more meaningful.
- Extend Verification and Enrollment Timelines: The Election Commission should provide a longer and flexible verification window, especially in high-migration states. This prevents wrongful exclusion and ensures migrants’ voting rights are protected even during temporary absence.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2024] Examine the need for electoral reforms as suggested by various committees with particular reference to “one nation-one election” principle.
Linkage: The article focuses on the “Special Intensive Revision (SIR) of electoral rolls” conducted by the Election Commission of India (ECI) in Bihar, highlighting criticisms due to the enormity of the task, short duration, and strict verification criteria that could result in the “wrongful exclusion of lakhs of voters”
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Why in the News?
The U.S. recently carried out unprovoked attacks on three Iranian nuclear sites during a 12-day war with Iran. These actions, especially under a renewed Trump administration, have restarted discussions about U.S. imperialism and how it affects the global balance of power.
| Note: Imperialism is a policy or ideology by which a powerful country extends its control over weaker territories politically, economically, or militarily, often for strategic or resource-driven gains. |
Is U.S. imperialism a threat to the world?
U.S. imperialism is often viewed as a threat to global stability for the following reasons:
- Violation of International Law: The U.S. has engaged in unilateral military interventions without UN approval, undermining global legal norms. Eg: The 2003 invasion of Iraq was based on unverified claims of weapons of mass destruction and violated the UN Charter.
- Destabilization of Regions: U.S. actions often leave countries in prolonged conflict, weakening state institutions and increasing terrorism or refugee crises. Eg: U.S. interventions in Afghanistan and Libya led to power vacuums and regional instability.
- Erosion of Multilateralism: By acting outside global institutions, the U.S. encourages disregard for international cooperation, weakening collective decision-making. Eg: Withdrawal from the Paris Agreement (2017) under the Trump administration weakened global climate unity.
Why does the U.S. view China’s rise as a threat?
- Economic Rivalry: China’s rapid growth and its emergence as the world’s second-largest economy ($20 trillion GDP) challenge U.S. dominance in trade, infrastructure (e.g. Belt and Road Initiative), and manufacturing.
- Technological Competition: China’s progress in semiconductors, AI, and green technologies (e.g. leading in renewables and EVs) threatens U.S. supremacy in global innovation and strategic industries.
- Geopolitical Influence: China’s expanding presence in global institutions and alliances like BRICS and SCO counters U.S.-led systems. Its assertiveness in the South China Sea and strategic investments in Africa and Latin America reflect an alternative world order.
What challenges does bipolarity pose for rising powers like India?
- Reduced Strategic Autonomy: In a U.S.-China bipolar world, India may face pressure to align with one power bloc, limiting its independent foreign policy. Eg: India’s participation in Quad may strain ties with China-dominated SCO and BRICS.
- Limited Global Influence: Bipolarity can marginalize middle powers in global decision-making, making consensus harder. Eg: India’s efforts in climate negotiations may be overshadowed by U.S.-China disagreements.
- Geopolitical Vulnerability: Tensions between major powers can destabilize regional security, impacting India directly. Eg: Escalation in the Indo-Pacific due to U.S.-China rivalry increases India’s strategic risks.
Why is the Global South crucial amid failing multilateralism?
- Collective Voice Against Hegemony: As traditional multilateral institutions like the UN or WTO lose credibility, the Global South offers a platform for developing nations to assert their interests. Eg: BRICS expansion allows emerging economies to challenge Western dominance in global financial systems.
- Alternative Frameworks for Cooperation: The Global South promotes minilateralism and regional alliances to address shared challenges like debt, climate change, and trade inequities. Eg: India’s role in the International Solar Alliance (ISA) reflects South-South cooperation in climate governance.
- Safeguarding Sovereignty and Development Needs: It helps countries resist coercive trade or security alignments and focus on inclusive development models. Eg: G77 bloc resists WTO reforms that could harm public procurement protections vital to developing economies.
How can India balance strategic ties and Global South leadership? (Way forward)
- Pursue Strategic Autonomy: India must maintain an independent foreign policy despite partnerships like Quad. Eg: It joined the BRICS Bank while deepening ties with the U.S., showcasing multi-alignment.
- Take Principled Stands in Global Forums: India should speak out against violations of international law even by allies. Eg: India’s silence on U.S. strikes in Iran undermines its credibility as a Global South leader.
- Champion Collective South-South Agendas: India can lead in climate justice, debt relief, and trade equity for developing countries. Eg: Through initiatives like the International Solar Alliance and Voice of Global South Summit.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2023] The expansion and strengthening of NATO and a stronger US-Europe strategic partnership works well in India.’ What is your opinion about this statement? Give reasons and examples to support your answer.
Linkage: The expansion of NATO and strengthening of the US-Europe strategic partnership represent key elements of U.S.-led alliances and its approach to global security. This directly relates to the U.S. acting as the “world’s sole superpower” engaged in “aggressive military behaviour” and violating the international order.
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Why in the News?
Jharkhand on observed ‘Hul’ Diwas to commemorate the rebellion’s 170th anniversary of Santhal Revolt which was held on June 30, 1855.
About the Santhal Revolt:
- Overview: The Santhal Hul (Revolt) began on June 30, 1855, in present-day Jharkhand, and is observed annually as Hul Diwas.
- The ‘Hul’: It means revolution, symbolising one of India’s earliest organized uprisings against British colonialism, even before the 1857 Revolt.
- Leaders Associated: It was led by Sidho, Kanho, Chand, Bhairav Murmu, and sisters Phulo and Jhano, and gathered support from 32 different tribal and non-tribal communities.
- Nature of the Revolt: The Santhal Hul was marked by tribal unity, guerrilla warfare, and was primarily an agrarian uprising, not driven by religion or elite politics.
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- Exploitation by Landlords: It opposed the British East India Company, the Zamindari system, and moneylenders who exploited tribal communities.
- Damin-i-Koh Policy: In 1832, the British created Damin-i-Koh in the Rajmahal Hills to resettle Santhals from Bengal and Jharkhand to clear forests and take up agriculture.
- Alienation: Santhals were subjected to land alienation, forced labor (like kamioti and harwahi), usurious debt traps, and Zamindari-court-police nexus oppression.
- Suppression measures: The British imposed Martial Law on November 10, 1855, and crushed the uprising by January 3, 1856, using modern firearms and war elephants; Sidho and Kanho were killed in action.
- Continued resistance: Even after its suppression, tribal uprisings continued during the 1857 Sepoy Mutiny in areas like Hazaribagh and Manbhum (now Dhanbad and Purulia).
Key Outcomes of the Revolt:
- Santhal Pargana Tenancy Act (1876): This law banned land transfers to non-Adivasis, allowed inheritance under tribal customs, and protected Santhal self-governance.
- Chhotanagpur Tenancy Act (1908): Inspired by later tribal movements, it restricted sale of tribal and Dalit land, and required Collector’s approval for land transfer within caste and locality.
- Impact on Tribal Identity: The revolt helped shape tribal consciousness, legal land safeguards, and anti-colonial resistance legacies.
- Modern Legacy: The Santhals are now India’s third-largest tribal group, living in Jharkhand, Bihar, Odisha, and West Bengal, and they use the ‘Ol Chiki’ script to preserve the Santhali language.
[UPSC 2018] After the Santhal Uprising subsided, what was/were the measure/measures taken by the colonial government?
- The territories called `Santhal Parganas’ were created.
- It became illegal for a Santhal to transfer land to a non-Santhal.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Why in the News?
In a major step toward digital adoption reform, Central Adoption Resource Authority (CARA) has confirmed that digitally certified adoption orders sent by e-mail are now legally valid under current rules.
Child Adoption in India: Legal Framework and Process
- Adoption in India is governed by multiple laws, depending on the religion and category of the child:
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- Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act (HAMA), 1956: Applies to Hindus, Jains, Sikhs, and Buddhists.
- Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015: Applies to all religions and governs adoption of orphans, abandoned, and surrendered children.
- Guardians and Wards Act, 1890: Applies to Muslims, Christians, Jews, Parsis (allows guardianship, not full adoption).
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- Children declared legally free by a Child Welfare Committee (CWC).
- Children of relatives (uncle, aunt, or grandparent).
- Stepchildren surrendered by biological parents.
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- Indian citizens, NRIs, OCIs, and certain foreign nationals (under strict guidelines).
- Must be mentally, physically, and financially stable with no life-threatening conditions.
- Married couples: Stable relationship of at least two years; combined age ≤ 110 years.
- Single women can adopt any child; single men cannot adopt girls.
- Minimum age gap of 25 years between the adoptive parent and the child.
- Couples with three or more children are generally not eligible unless adopting children with special needs.
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- Online registration on CARA’s CARINGS portal; Submission of documents and Home Study Report.
- Counseling sessions by licensed agencies.
- Matching of child and parents; Acceptance and foster care phase.
- Legal adoption order issued by the District Magistrate (post-2021 amendment).
- Two-year follow-up by the adoption agency.
Role of Central Adoption Resource Authority (CARA):
- CARA is India’s statutory body under the Ministry of Women and Child Development, and functions as the central regulatory authority for all adoptions:
- Established in 1990, CARA became a statutory body in 2015 under Section 68 of the JJ Act.
- It is the only legally empowered authority for in-country and inter-country adoption of Indian children.
- India’s Hague Convention central authority, responsible for overseeing foreign adoptions (India ratified the convention in 2003).
Key Functions of CARA:
CARA plays a pivotal role in the adoption ecosystem through the following functions:
- Regulation and Oversight
- Monitors all adoptions—domestic and inter-country—through licensed agencies.
- Ensures adoptions are in compliance with laws and child rights standards.
- Platform and Technology: It operates the CARINGS portal (Child Adoption Resource Information and Guidance System) for:
- Registration of prospective adoptive parents.
- Tracking adoption progress.
- Referrals and matching children with parents.
- Inter-Agency Coordination: It coordinates with:
- State Adoption Resource Agencies (SARAs)
- District Child Protection Units (DCPUs)
- Specialised Adoption Agencies (SAAs)
- Authorized Foreign Adoption Agencies (AFAAs)
- Legal and Policy Role
- Issues No Objection Certificates (NOC) and Conformity Certificates for inter-country adoptions.
- Drafts and revises Adoption Regulations (latest version: 2022).
- Issues clarifications and advisories, e.g., recognition of digitally certified adoption orders.
- Promotion of In-country Adoptions
- Encourages domestic adoption over inter-country adoption, especially for orphans and abandoned children.
- Launches awareness campaigns to reduce illegal adoptions and child trafficking.
- Post-Adoption Monitoring
- Ensures the well-being of adopted children through follow-up reports for two years.
- Promotes integration of children into adoptive families through counseling and support.
- Policy Innovation and Reforms
- Oversees foster-to-adoption transitions (notably in Jammu & Kashmir).
- Expanding agency networks—245 new agencies added (2024–25).
- New modules for step-parent and relative adoptions.
| [UPSC 2016] Examine the main provisions of the National Child Policy and throw light on the status of its implementation. |
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Why in the News?
Researchers in Assam have discovered a new tree species, Garcinia kusumae, locally called thoikora, adding to the Garcinia genus in a notable botanical find.
About Garcinia kusumae:
- Species Identity: Garcinia kusumae is a newly discovered evergreen tree species that is endemic to Assam, India.
- Genus and Local Name: It belongs to the Garcinia genus, locally called thoikora in Assamese.
- Discovery: It was discovered in 2024 by Jatindra Sarma, during a field survey in Bamunbari, Baksa district.
- Botanical Traits: It is dioecious, grows up to 18 metres, flowers between February and April, and fruits between May and June.
- Distinct Features: It differs from similar species by having up to 15 staminate flowers per fascicle, fewer stamens, and blackish resinous berries.
- Ethnobotanical Uses: Its fruit is used in sherbet, fish curries, and for diabetes and dysentery remedies; the seed aril is eaten raw with condiments.
What is the Garcinia Genus?
- Taxonomy: Garcinia is the largest genus in the Clusiaceae family, comprising trees and shrubs.
- Geographical Spread: It is found in tropical regions of Africa, Southeast Asia, and Australasia, especially in rainforests.
- Notable Characteristics: The genus is known for floral diversity, medicinal value, and culinary applications.
- Presence in India: India hosts 33 species and 7 varieties of Garcinia, with Assam having 12 species and 3 varieties.
- Famous Species: Commonly known species include Garcinia indica (kokum), Garcinia cowa, and Garcinia mangostana (mangosteen).
- Utility and Significance: It is important for ethnobotanical uses, rural livelihoods, and climate-resilient forestry.
- Traditional Practices: Several species are used in traditional food, medicine, and rituals.
| [UPSC 2016] Recently, our scientists have discovered a new and distinct species of banana plant which attains a height of about 11 metres and has orange-coloured fruit pulp.
In which part of India has it been discovered?
Options: (a) Andaman Islands* (b) Anaimalai Forests (c) Maikala Hills (d) Tropical rain forests of northeast |
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Why in the News?
IISc Bengaluru has launched BHARAT (Biomarkers of Healthy Aging, Resilience, Adversity, and Transitions), a pioneering study exploring the biology, lifestyle, and environment behind Aging.
About the BHARAT Project:
- Scientific Launch: It is a nationwide research initiative by the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bengaluru.
- Primary Goal: It aims to build India’s first scientific baseline on how Indians age—biologically, environmentally, and socially.
- Project Leadership: The project is led by Professor DK Saini from IISc’s Department of Development Biology and Genetics.
- Addressing Global Gaps: It fills a major research void by offering Indian-specific data, unlike most global ageing studies based on Western populations.
- Redefining Normal: It will challenge international health standards (e.g., for cholesterol, vitamin D) that may misclassify Indian health parameters.
- Biological Age Focus: Instead of using chronological age, the project will study biomarkers of biological ageing for early disease risk detection.
Key Features of the Project:
- India-Centric Baseline: The database will offer reference biomarker cut-offs tailored to Indian genetics, diet, and lifestyle.
- Wide Biomarker Range: It will include genomic, metabolic, and environmental indicators to detect organ ageing and resilience early.
- AI-Driven Analysis: Machine learning tools will be used to find ageing patterns, simulate health interventions, and forecast risks.
- Holistic Ageing Model: The study will include nutrition, pollution, infections, and social factors that influence how Indians age.
- Equity for Global South: It corrects global biases that misdiagnose Indians as deficient by using locally validated health data.
- Healthspan Focus: The emphasis is on quality of life—living healthier for longer—rather than just extending life years.
| [UPSC 2024] Consider the following countries: 1. Italy 2. Japan 3. Nigeria 4. South Korea 5. South Africa
Which of the above countries are frequently mentioned in the media for their low birth rates, or ageing population or declining population?
Options: (a) 1,2 and 4 * (b) 1,3 and 5 (c) 2 and 4 only (d) 3 and 5 only |
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Why in the News?
Microplastics and endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are infiltrating the human body, affecting everything from reproduction to cancer risk, metabolism, and child development.
About Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals:
- What They Are: Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals interfere with the body’s hormone system, affecting growth, reproduction, mood, and metabolism.
- How They Work: They mimic or block natural hormones like estrogen, testosterone, thyroid hormones, and cortisol, leading to disrupted hormonal signals.
- Why They’re Dangerous: Even low-level exposure during pregnancy or puberty can cause lasting harm.
- How We’re Exposed: Through eating contaminated food, inhaling polluted air, or skin contact with certain plastics or cosmetics.
- Where They’re Found: In plastic bottles (Bisphenol A), toys and cosmetics (phthalates like Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate), food wrappers (Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances), and pesticides (dioxins, Polychlorinated Biphenyls).
- Hidden Harm: They act silently, with long-term effects such as fertility loss, hormonal disruption, or cancer.
Impact on Human Health:
- Reproductive Harm: Reduced sperm quality disrupted menstrual cycles, and increased miscarriage risk. Found in semen, placenta, and breast milk.
- Hormonal Disruption: Chemicals like Bisphenol A trigger early puberty, thyroid issues, and hormonal imbalances.
- Cancer Risk: Linked to cancers of the breast, uterus, testicles, and prostate. Several are labeled probable carcinogens by global health agencies.
- Metabolic Effects: Interfere with insulin, promote obesity and type 2 diabetes. PFAS chemicals are linked to liver and heart disease.
- Brain and Behavior: Associated with ADHD, learning issues, and lower IQ in children, especially when exposure happens early in life.
- Across Generations: May cause gene expression changes that affect health in future generations—even without direct exposure.
| [UPSC 2020] Why is there a great concern about the ‘microbeads’ that are released into environment?
Options: (a) They are considered harmful to marine ecosystems * (b) They are considered to cause skin cancer in children (c) They are small enough to be absorbed by crop plants in irrigated fields. (d) They are often found to be used as food adulterants. |
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PYQ Relevance:
[UPSC 2014] Some of the International funding agencies have special terms for economic participation stipulating a substantial component of the aid to be used for sourcing equipment from the leading countries. Discuss on merits of such terms and if, there exists a strong case not to accept such conditions in the Indian context.
Linkage: This question directly addresses the modalities and conditionalities of “international funding agencies” which are a core aspect of global development finance. This article highlights that the “rephasing global development finance” is necessary due to several factors, including the “shrinking ODA and debt crisis”, the profound decline in the “flow of global development finance”. |
Mentor’s Comment: India’s development cooperation with the Global South is undergoing a significant reorientation. After years of steadily expanding economic assistance, rising from $3 billion in 2010–11 to $7 billion in 2023–24, the government is signaling a major policy shift. The Finance Ministry has red-flagged the continued use of Lines of Credit (LoCs), which have historically been a key engagement tool under the Indian Development and Economic Assistance Scheme (IDEAS). With the global liquidity crisis, rising debt distress in developing nations, and a sharp decline in traditional Official Development Assistance (ODA) from major donors like the U.S. and U.K., India is now pushing for a more diversified model.
Today’s editorial analyses India’s development cooperation with the Global South. This topic is important for GS Paper II (International Relations) in the UPSC mains exam.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
India’s development cooperation with the Global South has been steadily increasing over the years.
What are India’s modes of cooperation with the Global South?
- Capacity Building: Focuses on training, education, and skill development of human resources in partner countries. Eg: The Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC) programme provides training to officials from over 160 countries in various sectors like IT, agriculture, and governance.
- Technology Transfer: Sharing India’s innovations, expertise, and cost-effective solutions with Global South nations. Eg: India has shared digital public infrastructure models like Aadhaar and UPI with countries in Africa and Southeast Asia.
- Market Access: Providing duty-free and preferential access to Indian markets for exports from developing nations. Eg: Under the Duty-Free Tariff Preference (DFTP) scheme, least developed countries (LDCs) benefit from reduced tariffs when exporting to India.
- Grants: Non-repayable financial assistance offered for key infrastructure or social sector projects. Eg: India provided grants for building parliament buildings in countries like Afghanistan and Mali.
- Concessional Finance (Lines of Credit – LoCs): India extends low-interest loans to partner countries for development projects under the IDEAS (Indian Development and Economic Assistance Scheme). Eg: India extended LoCs for railway projects in Africa (like in Mozambique and Senegal) and for solar energy projects under the International Solar Alliance (ISA).
| Note: IDEAS is a flagship initiative of the Government of India designed to promote development cooperation with partner countries, especially in the Global South, by extending Lines of Credit (LoCs) on concessional terms. |
Why is the relevance of Lines of Credit (LoCs) under IDEAS being reconsidered?
- Rising Sovereign Debt and Repayment Challenges: Many partner countries in the Global South are facing sovereign debt crises, reducing their capacity to repay concessional loans. Eg: During the G-20 summit, India raised concerns over the unsustainable debt levels in Africa and small island nations, signalling caution in issuing new LoCs.
- Strain on Indian Public Finances: India borrows from global capital markets and extends credit at concessional rates under IDEAS, absorbing the interest differential. With global liquidity tightening, this model has become fiscally burdensome. Eg: The Finance Ministry flagged the increasing fiscal burden of absorbing interest costs in the 2025–26 budget, suggesting a shift away from LoCs.
- Unpredictability in Global Capital Markets: Fluctuations in global interest rates and capital availability have made it difficult to maintain concessional lending under predictable terms. Eg: Due to the rising cost of borrowing post-COVID, India finds it less viable to sustain concessional credit lines compared to more flexible grant-based or Triangular Cooperation (TrC) models.
How has the decline in Official Development Assistance (ODA) impacted global development finance?
- Reduction in Available Funding for Development Projects: ODA has dropped significantly from $214 billion in 2023 to an expected $97 billion, a ~45% decline, leading to fewer resources for critical development programmes, especially in least developed countries (LDCs).
- Setback to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): The financing gap for SDGs has widened, rising from $2.5 trillion in 2015 to over $4 trillion in 2024. With limited ODA, progress toward achieving the 2030 Agenda remains off track, especially after COVID-19 and global shocks.
- Increased Vulnerability of Debt-Stressed Nations: The shrinking flow of concessional finance has made it harder for debt-ridden nations to access affordable funding, jeopardizing development progress and worsening existing economic vulnerabilities.
What is Triangular Cooperation (TrC)?
Triangular Cooperation (TrC) is a development model that brings together three key actors:
- A traditional donor from the Global North (e.g., Germany, Japan, USA)
- A pivotal country from the Global South with development experience (e.g., India, Brazil, Indonesia)
- A partner country, usually another developing or least developed country, which receives the support
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What is the role of Triangular Cooperation (TrC)?
- Bridges Global North and South: Triangular Cooperation brings together a traditional donor from the Global North, a pivotal country from the Global South (like India), and a partner country (often another developing nation). It creates inclusive platforms for shared learning, mutual respect, and context-specific solutions.
- Promotes Cost-Effective and Impactful Development: TrC enables the co-creation of development solutions that are tailored to local needs while combining technical expertise, financial resources, and implementation experience from all three partners. This leads to cost-effective and sustainable outcomes. Eg: India and Germany have implemented TrC projects in countries like Cameroon, Ghana, Malawi, and Peru.
- Expands India’s Development Diplomacy: TrC allows India to leverage partnerships with countries such as Germany, UK, EU, and Japan to implement projects in third countries, enhancing India’s role as a global development partner. It aligns with India’s vision of a Global Development Compact and was promoted during its G-20 presidency.
How can India leverage partnerships through TrC to enhance its development diplomacy? (Way forward)
- Strengthening Strategic Alliances and Global Presence: India can collaborate with traditional donors like Germany, Japan, the UK, and the EU to implement development projects in third countries, enhancing its image as a reliable global development partner and expanding its geopolitical influence.
- Promoting Scalable, Cost-Effective Solutions in the Global South: By combining India’s technical expertise with Northern financial resources, TrC enables context-specific, demand-driven projects in areas like energy, health, and education, aligning with India’s vision of a Global Development Compact.
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Why in the News?
A tragic pattern keeps repeating in Tamil Nadu’s firecracker industry, especially in Virudhunagar district, where frequent explosions continue to injure and kill workers. In the first half of 2025 alone, eight accidents have taken 26 lives—adding to a steady trend of 52 deaths in 2024 and 79 in 2023.
What causes repeated accidents in Tamil Nadu’s fireworks industry?
- Unsafe Handling of Chemicals: Accidents often result from friction during the mixing or filling of explosive chemicals, which easily ignite. Eg: In the 2025 Sattur explosion, preliminary reports blamed friction during chemical filling for the blast.
- Improper Storage of Inflammable Materials: Fireworks units store chemicals in unsafe conditions, often exposed to direct sunlight and heat, violating safety norms. Eg: Explosives Rules, 2008 prohibit storage under excessive heat, but violations continue in units across Virudhunagar.
- High Ambient Temperatures: The hot and dry climate of Virudhunagar, especially during summer, increases the likelihood of spontaneous ignition.
- Negligence by Manufacturers: Many factory owners ignore safety protocols to save time and cost, compromising worker safety.
- Inadequate Regulatory Oversight: Despite being licensed by PESO, regulatory inspections are infrequent or ineffective, allowing unsafe practices to persist.
What are the safety regulations in India?
- Explosives Rules, 2008 (under Explosives Act, 1884): Regulates licensing, safe storage, handling, and transport of explosives.
- Factories Act, 1948: Ensures worker safety through ventilation, PPE (Personal Protective Equipment), safety training, and health monitoring.
- Environment (Protection) Act, 1986: Mandates pollution control, hazardous waste management, and environmental safeguards.
- Disaster Management Act, 2005: Requires emergency response plans, mock drills, and local authority coordination.
- PESO Guidelines: Enforces safety standards in explosives units and conducts inspections for compliance.
- National Building Code (NBC), 2016: Prescribes fire safety, exits, alarms, and structural norms for industrial buildings.
- Indian Boilers Act, 1923: Ensures safe operation and periodic inspection of industrial boilers.
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Why is safety regulation ineffective despite existing laws?
- Weak Enforcement of Existing Laws: The Explosives Rules, 2008 mandate strict precautions, such as protecting explosives from sunlight and heat, but enforcement is lax. Eg: Despite clear rules, multiple units in Virudhunagar continue to store chemicals in open areas, leading to repeat accidents.
- Lack of Regular and Stringent Inspections: Regulatory bodies like PESO (Petroleum and Explosives Safety Organization) often fail to conduct timely and thorough inspections, enabling rule violations.
- Absence of Accountability and Deterrence: Post-accident investigations rarely result in penal action, and most factories resume operations without meaningful changes. Eg: After the Sattur explosion in 2025, investigations began, but no immediate enforcement action was reported to prevent recurrence.
How does worker vulnerability worsen firecracker factory risks?
- Social and Economic Marginalisation: Workers are often from poor, rural, and socially disadvantaged backgrounds, making them desperate for employment, even in unsafe conditions. Eg: In Virudhunagar, many labourers accept jobs in hazardous fireworks units despite known safety risks due to lack of alternative livelihood options.
- Lack of Awareness and Training: Vulnerable workers often have low literacy levels and receive little or no safety training, increasing the chance of mishandling chemicals or violating protocols. Eg: Many accidents occur during the manual mixing or filling of chemicals, which is often done by untrained workers.
- Weak Bargaining Power and Job Insecurity: These workers usually work in informal or unregistered setups, where they cannot demand better safety gear, facilities, or rights.
What role should the state play in enforcing safety norms? (Way forward)
- Strict Enforcement of Regulations: Ensure regular inspections and penalties for violations under laws like the Explosives Rules, 2008 and Factories Act, 1948.
- Collaboration with Industry for Safer Practices: Work with manufacturers to develop a culture of safety, just as cooperation helped eliminate child labourin the past.
- Support for Worker Protection and Welfare: Ensure social security, compensation, and rehabilitation for injured workers. Promote formal employment practices.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2015] For achieving the desired objectives, it is necessary to ensure that the regulatory institutions remain independent and autonomous. Discuss in the light of the experiences in recent past.
Linkage: This question directly addresses the effectiveness of “regulatory institutions” and their ability to achieve their “desired objectives”. The article explicitly state that the fireworks industry in Tamil Nadu, particularly in Virudhunagar, experiences numerous fatal accidents annually, despite being governed by the Explosives Rules, 2008, and requiring licenses from the Petroleum and Explosives Safety Organization.
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Why in the News?
The custodial death of Ajith Kumar in Sivaganga district, Tamil Nadu, has once again sparked widespread anger across the country over police brutality and the lack of accountability in such cases.
| Note: Custodial death refers to the death of a person while in police or judicial custody, due to torture, negligence, or maltreatment by authorities.
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What are the key reasons behind recurring custodial deaths in India?
- Use of Excessive Force and Torture: Police personnel often resort to physical abuse during interrogations, leading to serious injuries or death. Eg: In 2023, Tamil Nadu reported multiple cases of custodial torture, including the Ambasamudram case, which involved the brutal beating of detainees with iron rods.
- Weak Legal Enforcement and Delayed Justice: Despite numerous inquiries, very few convictions are secured against police officers involved in custodial violence. Eg: Between 2017 and 2022, 123 police personnel were arrested and 79 were chargesheeted, yet zero convictions were recorded across India.
- Lack of Independent Oversight: Most investigations into custodial deaths are conducted internally with minimal external checks or judicial scrutiny. Eg: Only 345 magisterial/judicial inquiries were initiated between 2017 and 2022, despite over 11,000 custodial deaths reported during this period.
- Culture of Impunity within the Police Force: A persistent lack of accountability creates an environment where violations are repeated without fear of consequences. Eg: Out of 74 human rights violation cases filed against police between 2017 and 2022, only 3 convictions were secured.
How are Scheduled Castes disproportionately affected in detentions?
- Overrepresentation in Preventive Detentions: Scheduled Castes (SCs) are detained at a much higher rate than their population share, reflecting systemic bias. Eg: In Tamil Nadu (2022), SCs accounted for 38.5% of detainees under preventive laws, despite forming only 20% of the State’s population.
- Targeted Policing and Social Vulnerability: SC communities often face discriminatory policing, leading to higher instances of illegal detention and custodial violence, especially under vague or discretionary laws. Eg: Tamil Nadu had 2,129 detenues as of December 31, 2022 — nearly half of India’s total — with a large share from SC backgrounds.
What are the steps taken by the Indian Government?
- Judicial: Enforcement of Article 21 and DK Basu guidelines by the Supreme Court to prevent custodial torture.
- Legal Safeguards: According to CrPC Section 176(1A), judicial inquiry is mandated in custodial death cases.
- Institutional Oversight Mechanisms: Establishment of the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) and State Human Rights Commissions (SHRCs) to monitor, investigate, and recommend action on custodial violence.
- Police Reforms: Training under Modernisation of Police Forces (MPF) to promote human rights-oriented policing.
- Technological Measures: Implementation of CCTV in police stations, body cameras, and e-Sakshya app for real-time evidence collection.
What are the case studies?
- United Kingdom – Independent Oversight through IPCC: The UK established the Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC) (now IOPC) to investigate deaths and serious incidents involving the police. It ensures transparent investigations and addresses complaints against police misconduct.
- South Africa – Legal Accountability via Constitutional Court: In Bhe and Others v. Magistrate, Khayelitsha (2005), the South African Constitutional Court held the state responsible for custodial deaths. The judgment pushed for reforms in police behaviour and emphasized constitutional safeguards.
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How can reforms curb impunity in custodial violence cases? (Way forward)
- Establish Independent Investigation Mechanisms: Create autonomous bodies or empower judicial magistrates to investigate custodial deaths and torture cases, ensuring unbiased inquiry and reducing conflict of interest.
- Enact a Robust Anti-Torture Law: Pass a dedicated legislation aligned with the UN Convention Against Torture, clearly defining custodial violence, laying out punishments, and providing legal remedies to victims.
- Ensure Accountability and Transparency: Mandate the use of CCTV and body cameras in all custody areas; implement real-time digital monitoring like e-Sakshya. Need Fast-track trials and ensure strict action against guilty officers to create a strong deterrent.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2021] Though the Human Rights Commissions have con tributed immensely to the protection of human rights in India, yet they have failed to assert themselves against the mighty and powerful. Analyzing their structural and practical limitations, sug gest remedial measures.
Linkage: The article talks about the clear pattern where “a significant number of custodial deaths take place, of which a considerable number of them are reported, a few of the policemen are arrested, and none of them are convicted. This question is highly pertinent to the issue of custodial deaths and the lack of police convictions.
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Why in the News?
Turning 90 on July 6, 2025, the 14th Dalai Lama gave his clearest message yet that the Dalai Lama lineage will continue, challenging China’s stance.
Who is the Dalai Lama?
- Spiritual Head: The Dalai Lama leads the Gelug (Yellow Hat) school, the most influential tradition in Tibetan Buddhism.
- Meaning: The title “Dalai Lama” means “Ocean of Wisdom”, first conferred in the 16th century by Mongol ruler Altan Khan.Role: He is considered the reincarnation of Avalokiteshvara, the Bodhisattva of Compassion, in human form.
Tenzin Gyatso: the 14th Dalai Lama:
- Early Life: The 14th Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso, was born in 1935 in Taktser, Tibet, and enthroned in 1940 after recognition in 1939.
- Exile to India: Following China’s occupation of Tibet, he took asylum in India in 1959 and established the Tibetan Government-in-Exile in Dharamsala.
- Political Transition: In 2011, he relinquished political authority, handing it over to an elected leader of the Tibetan Parliament-in-Exile (TPiE) but retained his spiritual role.
- Global Peace Advocate: He received the 1989 Nobel Peace Prize for non-violent advocacy and is a prominent promoter of interfaith harmony and secular ethics.
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Key Notes on Tibetan Buddhism:
- Theology: Tibetan Buddhism blends Mahayana philosophy, Tantric (Vajrayana) rituals, and Bon traditions.
- Major Schools: It includes four schools—Nyingma, Kagyu, Sakya, and Gelug—with the Gelug school founded by Je Tsongkhapa in the 14th century.
- Reincarnation System: Leaders like the Panchen Lama and Karmapa are part of the Tulku system, believed to be reincarnated teachers.
- Textual Foundation: Core texts include the Kangyur (Buddha’s teachings) and Tengyur (commentaries by scholars).
- Meditation Traditions: Practices like Dzogchen and Mahamudra focus on realizing the true nature of mind.
- Institutional Legacy: Monasteries such as Drepung, Ganden, and Tashi Lhunpo are vital centers for learning and ritual.
- Global Influence: Tibetan Buddhism thrives across the Himalayas and is expanding globally, especially in Western countries.
| [UPSC 2018] With reference to Indian history, who among the following is a future Buddha, yet to come to save the world?
Options: (a) Avalokiteshvara (b) Lokesvara (c) Maitreya* (d) Padmapani |
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Why in the News?
With focus shifting to COP30, climate finance is in the spotlight as the Fourth International Financing for Development Conference (FfD4) works to finalise the New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG) — a more ambitious target to replace the unmet $100 billion annual pledge.
About New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG):
- Overview: It is a new global climate finance target under negotiation to replace the unmet $100 billion pledge made by developed countries in 2009.
- Basis: It is being framed through the Meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (CMA).
- Minimum Starting Point: The goal will begin at a minimum of $100 billion per year, with future revisions based on real needs of developing nations.
- Areas to be Covered: NCQG supports mitigation, adaptation, and resilience, with an explicit focus on the needs of developing countries.
How it differs from earlier Pledge?
- From Political to Need-Based: The earlier $100 billion was a political promise, while NCQG is a data-driven, needs-based goal.
- Backed by National Priorities: Funding estimates will use developing countries’ own assessments and climate plans.
- Greater Transparency and Trust: NCQG seeks to rebuild trust by addressing the trust deficit from past failures and improving accountability.
True Scale of Climate Finance Needs:
- Requirement: As per UNFCCC (2021), developing countries may need $6 trillion/year by 2030 to meet their climate goals.
- Global Energy Transition Costs: A low-carbon global transition could need $4–6 trillion annually until 2050.
- Renewable Energy Goals: Tripling renewables by 2030, agreed at COP28, may cost $30 trillion (IRENA).
- India’s Stand: India has proposed an NCQG of $1 trillion/year, with a focus on grants and concessional finance, avoiding debt-heavy solutions.
| [UPSC 2024] Which one of the following launched the ‘Nature Solutions Finance Hub for Asia and the Pacific’?
Options: (a) The Asian Development Bank (ADB) (b) The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) (c) The New Development Bank (NDB) (d) The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) |
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Why in the News?
The Tamil Nadu government, with World Bank support, has launched a ₹50 crore restoration project for the sinking Kariyachalli Island.
About Kariyachalli Island:
- Overview: Kariyachalli Island is one of the 21 uninhabited islands in the Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park.
- Geographic Location: It lies 4 km south of Sippikulam and 20 km northeast of Thoothukudi, between Rameswaram and Thoothukudi.
- Made of Reef Sediments: The island is a low-lying landform made of reef debris, sand dunes, spits, and sandy plains.
- Biodiversity Hotspot: Located in India’s coral reef zone, it supports 4,300+ marine species, including 132 coral types and the endangered dugong.
- Ecological Importance: It has seagrass beds and coral reefs that provide food and shelter for marine life.
- Natural Coastal Shield: Kariyachalli acts as a barrier against cyclones and tsunamis, helping protect the Tamil Nadu coast.
- Historical Significance: It played a role in mitigating the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami impact.
Why is it sinking?
- Rapid Land Loss: The island has shrunk by over 70%, from 20.85 ha in 1969 to under 6 ha in 2024.
- High Tide Erosion: At high tide, only 3.14 ha remains, per an IIT Madras (2025) study.
- Wave and Sediment Pressure: Wave action, sediment loss, and lack of natural shoreline defense are accelerating erosion.
- Climate Change Impact: Rising sea levels and coral bleaching have weakened the island’s natural protection.
- Seagrass Depletion: Loss of seagrass beds has reduced the island’s ability to hold sediments and resist erosion.
- Extreme Weather Events: Frequent cyclones and storms are making the island more vulnerable.
- Future Risk: If the current trend continues, Kariyachalli may vanish by 2036.
| [UPSC 2023] Which one of the following is the best example of repeated falls in sea level, giving rise to present-day extensive marshland?
Options: (a) Bhitarkanika Mangroves (b) Marakkanam Salt Pans (c) Naupada Swamp (d) Rann of Kutch* |
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Why in the News?
India’s tiger population is undergoing a major eastward expansion, as young male tigers from central India’s source reserves (like Kanha and Bandhavgarh) disperse into eastern forests (Jharkhand, Odisha, and West Bengal) in search of territory and mates.
Recent Incidents of Tiger Migration:
- Bandhavgarh (MP) → Palamu (Jharkhand) → Purulia (WB) → Rescued and sent back to Palamu
- Simlipal (Odisha) → Jharkhand → Lalgarh (WB) → Tiger killed by villagers
- Tadoba (Maharashtra) → Simlipal (Odisha) → West Bengal → Zeenat the tigress translocated and dispersed
Back2Basics: Royal Bengal Tiger
- Declared National Animal of India in 1972 by the Indian Board for Wildlife (IBWL).
- Largest population in India; also found in Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, China, and Myanmar. India harbours 75% of the world’s wild tigers.
- Occupies habitats such as high mountains, mangrove swamps, grasslands, deciduous forests, evergreen, and shola forests.
- Ecological Significance:
- Flagship species: Essential for conservation efforts since it’s the topmost predator in food chain.
- Umbrella species: Protecting tigers helps conserve other species (through food chain regulation).
- Protection Status:
- Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972: Schedule I.
- IUCN Red List: Endangered.
- CITES: Listed in Appendix I.
- Project Tiger is a wildlife conservation initiative in India that was launched in 1973.
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Behavioural Traits of Tigers Influencing Dispersal:
- Territorial Independence: Upon maturity, male tigers must leave their natal territory to find exclusive prey-rich zones and mates, triggering long-distance dispersal.
- Gendered Dispersal:
- Males are wanderers – they cover vast areas and often cross multiple states.
- Females are philopatric – they stay close to their birthplace and are usually accepted by nearby relatives.
- Source-Sink Dynamics:
- Source forests (e.g. Kanha, Bandhavgarh) produce surplus tigers due to good prey and protection.
- Sink forests (e.g. Palamu, Dalma) cannot sustain tiger populations without new immigrants.
- Adaptive but Risk-Prone: Tigers are biologically wired to explore new habitats, even degraded ones, but often face food scarcity, isolation, and human conflict.
- Prey Dependence and Conflict: In prey-deficient forests, floater tigers’ resort to livestock hunting, increasing the risk of human-tiger conflict.
- Resilience and Colonisation Instinct: Despite setbacks, tigers attempt to colonise new areas, offering hope for species expansion if supported by proper conservation.
| [UPSC 2024] Consider the following statements:
1. Lions do not have a particular breeding season.
2. Unlike most other big cats, cheetahs do not roar.
3. Unlike male lions, male leopards do not proclaim their territory by scent marking.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only* (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Why in the News?
Scientists from Bengaluru, in collaboration with Aligarh Muslim University, have developed an advanced material that significantly improves supercapacitor performance.
What are Supercapacitors?
- Fast-Charging Energy Devices: Supercapacitors are special tools that store and release energy very quickly, much faster than regular batteries.
- Used in Modern Technology: They are found in phones, electric vehicles, and solar systems where fast energy delivery is needed.
- Trade-Off in Storage: While they charge faster, they generally hold less energy than traditional batteries.
- Ongoing Scientific Efforts: Researchers are trying to increase energy capacity without sacrificing their quick-charging abilities.
About Lanthanum-Doped Silver Niobate:
- New Material from Indian Scientists: A research team from Bengaluru and Aligarh Muslim University created a better material for supercapacitors.
- Silver Niobate as Base: They used silver niobate, which is non-toxic and eco-friendly, as the base material.
- Improved by Lanthanum Doping: They added lanthanum, a rare metal, to help enhance electrical performance — a method called doping.
- Smaller Particles, Bigger Surface: The particles became smaller, increasing the surface area for energy storage.
What makes this material special?
- Better with Use: The material retained 118% of its capacity after repeated use, showing it improved over time.
- 100% Energy Efficiency: It wasted no energy during charge or discharge, making it highly efficient.
- Quick and Smooth Performance: It delivered energy faster and more steadily than previous materials.
- Proven in Real-World Test: A test device using this material could power an LCD screen, proving practical use.
- Eco-Friendly Choice: It is lead-free and safe for the environment.
- Future Potential: Scientists hope to apply this method to other materials and scale up for commercial use in electronics, EVs, and solar tech.
| [UPSC 2022] With reference to India, consider the following statements:
1. Monazite is a source of rare
earths. 2. Monazite contains thorium. 3. Monazite occurs naturally in the entire Indian coastal sands in India. 4. In India, Government bodies only can process or export monazite.
Which of the statements given above are correct ?
Options: (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 1, 2 and 4 only* (c) 3 and 4 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 |
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PYQ Relevance:
[UPSC 2015] Terrorist activities and mutual distrust have clouded India-Pakistan relations. To what extent the use of soft power like sports and cultural exchanges could help generate goodwill between the two countries? Discuss with suitable examples.
Linkage: This question directly linked with the central issue of “mutual distrust” and “terrorist activities” between India and Pakistan, which are explicit drivers of the complex “triangular relationship”. The article mentions India’s diplomatic campaign to isolate Pakistan globally and impose accountability on the state apparatus enabling terrorist groups. |
Mentor’s Comment: The renewed ties between the Trump-led U.S. government and Pakistan’s military, seen in events like the high-profile lunch with Field Marshal Asim Munir and the return of military aid, show a clear shift in America’s approach to South Asia. This change, similar to the Cold War era, could weaken the strong U.S.-India partnership built on shared concerns over terrorism and China. At the same time, India has moved away from its earlier cautious approach, as shown by Operation Sindoor, raising the risk of conflict on two fronts against both Pakistan and China. As the U.S. balances between long-term strategy and short-term deals, the power dynamics in South Asia are being reshaped.
Today’s editorial analyse the renewed ties between the Trump-led U.S. government and Pakistan’s military. This topic is important for GS Paper II (International Relations) in the UPSC mains exam.
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Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
In the complicated power politics of South Asia, the relationship between the United States, India, and Pakistan tells an important story.
What drives the recent shift in U.S.-Pakistan relations?
- Transactional Diplomacy Over Strategic Values: The U.S., particularly under the Trump administration, has adopted a deal-based approach rather than value-based alliances. Eg: Authorisation of $397 million for Pakistan’s F-16 fleet for “counter-terrorism” signals a shift towards immediate tactical gains rather than long-term strategic alignment with India.
- Pakistan’s Geostrategic Leverage: Pakistan’s location at the crossroads of Afghanistan, Iran, and China enhances its strategic utility for U.S. regional interests, especially amid tensions in West Asia. Eg: Trump’s praise of Pakistan’s role in understanding Iran and his meeting with “Field Marshal” Asim Munir show a willingness to engage Pakistan despite its terror-linked image.
How is it affecting U.S.-India strategic relations?
- Erosion of Strategic Trust: India-U.S. partnership, built over counterterrorism cooperation and convergence on China, is being undermined by the U.S.’s renewed engagement with Pakistan. Eg: Trump’s claim of mediating a ceasefire between India and Pakistan contradicted India’s “no third-party” policy, leading to diplomatic discomfort.
- Increased Strategic Caution in India: India’s concern over U.S.-Pakistan proximity may lead it to recalibrate its own foreign policy posture, especially in South Asia and the Indo-Pacific. It may reduce India’s reliance on U.S. support in regional disputes, focusing instead on self-reliant deterrence and regional alliances.
- Undermining of U.S.-India Indo-Pacific Vision: The Quad framework and Indo-Pacific cooperation, key pillars of U.S.-India ties, risk losing momentum due to America’s distracted diplomacy in South Asia.
What is the significance of India’s “new normal” doctrine in South Asia?
- Departure from Strategic Restraint: India’s “new normal” reflects a proactive military and diplomatic posture against cross-border terrorism, moving away from its earlier defensive doctrine. Eg: In response to the Pahalgam terror attack, India launched Operation Sindoor, signaling its intent to punish provocations decisively.
- Global Isolation of State-Sponsored Terrorism: The doctrine aims to internationally isolate Pakistan by linking terror acts to state support, thereby shifting global opinion and increasing diplomatic pressure.
Eg: India’s efforts in UN forums to designate Pakistan-based terror groups under sanctions align with this approach.
- Regional Deterrence and Strategic Signaling: It serves as a deterrent by altering Pakistan’s cost-benefit calculation of supporting non-state actors, while also sending a message to China amid a two-front threat perception. Eg: Statements by PM of India calling the ceasefire a “pause, not peace” indicate sustained pressure on both Pakistan and its backer, China.
Who gains or loses from the U.S.’s ambivalent role in India-Pakistan dynamics?
- Pakistan Gains Strategic Leverage: The U.S.’s ambiguity allows Pakistan to portray itself as a valuable security partner, especially in the context of Afghanistan, Iran, and regional logistics.
- India Faces Diplomatic Setbacks: U.S. engagement with Pakistan undermines India’s strategic trust in the U.S., weakening its position on issues like cross-border terrorism and Kashmir.
- The U.S. Risks Losing Credibility: By oscillating between idealism and transactionalism, the U.S. dilutes its reliability as a consistent global partner, particularly in the Indo-Pacific strategy. Eg: India’s growing ties with Russia and Iran, and its push for strategic autonomy, partly stem from concerns over U.S. inconsistency.
Way forward:
- Strengthen India-U.S. Strategic Dialogue: India should deepen institutional-level engagement with the U.S. to reaffirm mutual interests in the Indo-Pacific, counterterrorism, and technology partnerships, reducing the influence of personality-driven shifts.
- Pursue Regional Strategic Autonomy: India must continue to build bilateral and multilateral ties with like-minded countries (e.g., France, Japan, UAE) to diversify strategic options and reduce overdependence on U.S. foreign policy swings.
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Why in the News?
The low number of faculty members from Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), Other Backward Classes (OBCs), and Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) in central universities and top institutions like IITs, IIMs, and AIIMS goes against India’s constitutional promise of ensuring social justice.
How significant is the problem of unfilled reserved posts in academia?
- Large number of vacancies: As of 2021, over 2,389 SC, 1,199 ST, and 4,251 OBC faculty posts were vacant in 45 central universities.
- High vacancy rates: A 2023 UGC report shows 30% of reserved posts are still unfilled, particularly at senior academic levels like associate professor and professor.
- Public sector contrast: Group C and D jobs in railways and banks are more representative compared to A and B, indicating disparity at leadership levels in academia.
What is the constitutional and policy framework for reservations in higher education?
- Constitutional Provisions: Article 15(4) allows the State to make special provisions for socially and educationally backward classes(SEBCs), SCs, and STs. Article 15(5) extends this to admissions in educational institutions, including private unaided ones (except minority institutions). Article 16(4) allows reservation in public employment for backward classes. Eg: The 93rd Constitutional Amendment enabled the government to reserve seats for OBCs in centrally funded higher education institutions like IITs and IIMs.
- Statutory Framework and UGC Regulations: The University Grants Commission (UGC) enforces reservation policies for faculty recruitment and student admissions in central universities. Mandated quotas: SC – 15%, ST – 7.5%, OBC – 27%, EWS – 10%.
- Judicial and Policy Milestones: In Indra Sawhney v. Union of India (1992), the Supreme Court upheld reservations for OBCs and imposed a 50% cap. Later adjusted with the 10% EWS quota under 103rd Constitutional Amendment (2019) allowed reservation for EWS without touching existing SC/ST/OBC quotas.
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What are the main barriers to filling reserved faculty posts in central universities?
- Institutional Autonomy and Weak Oversight: Central universities operate with high autonomy, often leading to non-compliance with UGC reservation norms due to lack of accountability.
- Discriminatory Recruitment Practices: Selection committees, often lacking social diversity, may reject qualified SC/ST/OBC candidates citing subjective reasons like “not found suitable.” Eg: A 2022 study by Ambedkar University Faculty Association found 60% of reserved post vacancies resulted from discretionary rejections.
- Flawed 13-point Roster System: The shift to a 13-point roster treats individual departments as the unit of recruitment, drastically reducing reserved seats, especially for STs. Eg: In departments with fewer than 14 posts, no seat is allotted to STs, leading to underrepresentation.
- Underrepresentation at Senior Faculty Levels: Reserved category candidates are mainly recruited for junior roles, while senior positions (Professors, Directors, VCs) are dominated by unreserved groups. Eg: UGC data (2023) showed 30% of reserved teaching posts remain vacant, mostly at senior levels.
- Political and Ideological Biases: Appointments are sometimes influenced by political affiliations or ideological alignment, marginalising qualified candidates from deprived backgrounds.
What is the 13-point roster system?
The 13-point roster system is a method introduced in 2018 by the University Grants Commission (UGC) for implementing reservation in faculty recruitment in higher educational institutions. |
Why is the 13-point roster system seen as a setback to social justice?
- Fragmentation of Reservation Quotas: The 13-point roster treats individual departments as the unit of recruitment rather than the whole institution, limiting the total number of posts available for reservation. Eg: In a department with only 6 posts, there may be only one OBC post, and none for SCs or STs, delaying fair representation for years.
- Exclusion of Marginalised Groups in Small Departments: Due to small faculty sizes, SC/ST reservations are often skipped altogether under this system, severely impacting their inclusion in higher education. Eg: ST candidates often get no opportunity unless 14 or more posts are available in the department, which is rare in most disciplines.
- Violation of the Spirit of Social Justice Mandate: This system undermines constitutional goals of equitable representation by focusing on arithmetic rather than affirmative action principles. Eg: The 13-point roster was challenged in courts and led to protests by academic and Dalit organisations, citing erosion of diversity in faculty appointments.
How does faculty underrepresentation impact inclusive education?
- Lack of Representation and Role Models: Underrepresentation of faculty from SC/ST/OBC/EWS backgrounds deprives students of relatable mentors and role models, affecting confidence and belonging. Eg: A first-generation Dalit student may feel alienated in a classroom where no faculty share similar social experiences, discouraging them from pursuing higher studies or research.
- Exclusion of Diverse Knowledge Systems: Faculty diversity enriches curricula by introducing marginalised perspectives, histories, and lived realities. Its absence leads to a narrow academic discourse.
- Weakening of Constitutional Mandates and NEP Goals: Faculty imbalance undermines the Constitutional vision of social justice and the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020’s focus on inclusive, multidisciplinary education.
What steps should be taken by the Indian Government? (Way forward)
- Strengthen Enforcement and Accountability Mechanisms: Ensure strict implementation of reservation policies through regular audits, public compliance reports, and penalties for non-compliance by central institutions. Eg: The Ministry of Education can mandate annual reporting of filled vs. vacant reserved posts and link funding to adherence.
- Revise the 13-Point Roster System: Replace or reform the 13-point roster to treat the entire institution as the unit of reservation (like the older 200-point roster), ensuring better representation across departments. Eg: This would allow Scheduled Tribes or SCs to get opportunities in smaller departments that currently evade reservation quotas.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2024] Despite comprehensive policies for equity and social justice, underprivileged sections are not yet getting the full benefits of affirmative action envisaged by the Constitution. Comment.
Linkage: The article explicitly states that India’s constitutional commitment to social justice mandates equitable representation, including specific quotas for Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), and Other Backward Classes (OBCs). However, central universities and premier institutions consistently fail to fill these reserved faculty positions, with significant vacancies reported.
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Why in the News?
In a recent study, researchers from WELL Labs in Chennai studied Aralumallige and Doddathumakuru gram panchayats in the Upper Arkavathy watershed near Bengaluru, and found a sharp drop in groundwater levels caused by intensive farming practices.
What drives groundwater depletion in the Deccan Plateau?
- Hard Rock Aquifers with Low Storage Capacity: The Deccan Plateau is underlain by basalt and granite (hard rock aquifers) that have limited porosity. These rely on fractures and weathered zones to store water, making them less efficient in holding groundwater. Eg: In Karnataka, 99% of the area depends on such aquifers, making sustainable storage difficult.
- Deep Borewell Drilling Alters Natural Recharge: Borewells drilled into granite cause microfractures, allowing rainwater to bypass shallow aquifers and flow deep underground. This disrupts the natural recharge cycle and reduces groundwater retention.
- Water-Intensive Agriculture: Cultivation of vegetables, flowers, and exotic crops for urban markets like Bengaluru demands large volumes of groundwater. These crops are not suited to the dry, hard-rock geology of the region.
- Encroachment of Traditional Recharge Systems: Lakes and tanks, once used for groundwater recharge, are being encroached upon or neglected. Their discharge channels are blocked, eliminating natural recharge opportunities. Eg: The lake in Aralumallige (Karnataka), once a major recharge source, remained dry in 2022 despite heavy rainfall.
Why is reliance on borewells unsustainable in rural Karnataka?
- Rapid Groundwater Depletion and Borewell Failures: Continuous extraction through deep borewells causes the water table to drop, making it harder to access groundwater over time. Eg: In the Upper Arkavathy watershed, the average borewell depth increased from 183m to 321m in just two decades. Over 70% of drinking water wells failed within 10 years of construction.
- High Financial Burden on Farmers and Panchayats: Drilling deeper borewells costs ₹4–5 lakh, often unaffordable for small farmers, with no guarantee of success. Free electricity for pumping increases electricity consumption and debt for gram panchayats. Eg: Panchayats face mounting electricity bills, diverting funds away from development works to cover power costs.
- Disruption of Natural Recharge and Local Hydrology: Borewells alter subsurface geology, causing rainwater to bypass shallow aquifers, reducing natural recharge. Eg: In Aralumallige and Doddathumakuru, borewell drilling weakened long-term water retention, contributing to chronic scarcity despite seasonal rains.
What is the socio-economic impact on local communities and governance?
- Rising electricity debt: Free power for farmers fuels overuse, pushing gram panchayats into unsustainable debts as they divert development funds to pay power bills.
- Borewell burden on small farmers: Drilling costs ₹4-5 lakh with no assurance of success, leading many farmers to lease land and migrate to cities.
What are the issues related to groundwater in Indian?
- Overexploitation and Depletion: Unregulated extraction of groundwater for agriculture and urban use has led to rapid depletion of water tables. Eg: In parts of Punjab, Haryana, and Karnataka (like Aralumallige), water tables have fallen by over 100 meters in two decades due to borewell dependence.
- Poor Groundwater Quality: Contamination by nitrates, fluoride, and arsenic poses serious health risks, especially in rural areas. Eg: In Bihar and West Bengal, arsenic contamination affects drinking water; in Karnataka, nitrate levels often exceed safe limits (50 mg/l).
- Inadequate Data and Poor Management: Lack of real-time monitoring, insufficient local-level data, and fragmented water governance hinder sustainable planning. Eg: Despite groundwater overuse, local panchayats often lack predictive tools to estimate borewell failure or manage recharge zones effectively.
What are the steps taken by the Indian Government?
- Jal Shakti Abhiyan (JSA): A nationwide water conservation campaign launched in 2019 to promote rainwater harvesting, recharge structures, and sustainable water use. Eg: In water-stressed blocks of states like Maharashtra and Rajasthan, the JSA promoted check dams and contour trenches to boost groundwater recharge.
- Atal Bhujal Yojana (Atal Jal): A World Bank-assisted scheme launched in 2019 for sustainable groundwater management in 7 states. It focuses on community participation, water budgeting, and crop water use efficiency. Eg: In Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh, water user associations have helped monitor and reduce groundwater extraction.
- Groundwater Regulation by Central Groundwater Authority (CGWA): The CGWA regulates groundwater usage in over-exploited areas by mandating No Objection Certificates (NOCs) for industries and commercial users.
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Way forward:
- Promote Sustainable Farming Practices: Shift from water-intensive crops (like paddy, sugarcane) to less water-demanding crops suited to agro-climatic conditions.
- Strengthen Local Water Governance: Empower Gram Panchayats to manage groundwater through community water budgeting, real-time monitoring, and local recharge efforts.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2019] Enumerate the indirect taxes which have been subsumed in the goods and services tax (GST) in India. Also, comment on the revenue implications of the GST introduced in India since July 2017.
Linkage: The article talks about the GST replaced many older taxes like VAT and excise duty, helping create a single national market. Although GST collections have steadily grown—reaching ₹22.08 lakh crore in 2024–25—the revenue from tobacco (about ₹551 billion a year) is much less than the huge cost of tobacco-related health problems, which is ₹2,340 billion every year.
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Why in the News?
India has advanced its indigenous naval capabilities with the induction of INS Udaygiri, the second stealth frigate built under Project 17A.
About INS Udaygiri:
- Overview: It is the second stealth frigate delivered under Project 17A, marking a major milestone in India’s indigenous naval capabilities.
- Legacy Name: Named after the decommissioned INS Udaygiri (F35), a Leander-class frigate that served from 1976 to 2007.
- Construction: Delivered on July 1, 2025, by Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Ltd (MDL) just 37 months after its launch, making it one of the fastest deliveries in the project.
- Indigenous Technology: Contains homegrown sensors and combat systems, showcasing domestic defence manufacturing.
- MSME Contribution: Over 200 Indian MSMEs participated in construction, aligning with the Aatmanirbhar Bharat mission.
- Combat Features:
- Blue-Water Capable: Designed for long-range operations, it can counter conventional and asymmetric threats, projecting Indian power in distant seas.
- Stealth Features: Incorporates radar-absorbent materials and a low-infrared signature, making it hard to detect.
- Arsenal: Equipped with supersonic surface-to-surface missiles, medium-range SAMs, a 76 mm main gun, and CIWS (30 mm and 12.7 mm).
- Efficient Propulsion: Uses a combined diesel and gas (CODAG) propulsion system for both speed and efficiency.
What is Project 17A?
- Overview: It is the Indian Navy’s initiative to build seven stealth guided-missile frigates, launched in 2019 as a successor to Project 17 (Shivalik-class).
- Shipbuilders Involved: Construction is shared between MDL (Mumbai) and GRSE (Kolkata) under Navy’s Warship Design Bureau (WDB).
- Modern Design Features: Ships feature stealth hulls, reduced infrared signatures, and modular weapon systems.
- Timeline and Launches: The first frigate, INS Nilgiri, was launched in 2019, with all ships targeted for delivery by 2026.
- Technology Upgrades: Includes advanced radar, electronic warfare systems, and higher automation and survivability.
- Indigenous Content: Project 17A emphasizes domestic components, supporting the Make in India defence policy.
- Multi-Role Capabilities: Designed for anti-air, anti-surface, and anti-submarine warfare, suitable for high-threat scenarios.
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| [UPSC 2016] Which one of the following is the best description of ‘INS Astradharini’, that was in the news recently?
Options: (a) Amphibious warfare ship (b) Nuclear-powered submarine (c) Torpedo launch and recovery vessel* (d) Nuclear-powered aircraft carrier |
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Why in the News?
The Coast Guards of India, Japan, the United States, and Australia have initiated the first-ever ‘QUAD At Sea Ship Observer Mission’.
About “At Sea Ship Observer Mission”:
- Overview: The ‘At Sea Ship Observer Mission’ is the first cross-embarkation initiative by the Coast Guards of India, Japan, the U.S., and Australia.
- Origin and Vision: It was conceptualised under the Wilmington Declaration (2024) to boost interoperability and maritime domain awareness in the Indo-Pacific.
- Participation: Officers from all QUAD countries, including women officers.
- Joint Training Operations: The mission enables joint SOP drills, search and rescue (SAR), patrolling, and promotes gender inclusion in maritime diplomacy.
- India’s Alignment: India’s role complements initiatives like SAGAR, the MAHASAGAR Doctrine, and the Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative (IPOI).
- QUAD Summit Linkage: It operationalises decisions from the 6th QUAD Leaders’ Summit held in Wilmington, USA.
- Future Vision: Sets groundwork for a ‘QUAD Coast Guard Handshake’, enhancing trust, resilience, and standardised operations in the Indo-Pacific.
- Regional Impact: Aims to improve emergency response, coordination, and domain awareness among QUAD Coast Guards.
What is QUAD (Quadrilateral Security Dialogue)?
- Members: QUAD is a strategic dialogue between India, Australia, Japan, and the United States, focused on Indo-Pacific peace and stability.
- Nature of Alliance: Though not a formal alliance, it reflects a strong consensus on open sea lanes, supply chains, and tech partnerships.
- Objectives: It promotes a Free and Rules-Based Order, countering coercive actions in the region.
- Formation History: Originated post-2004 tsunami, formally proposed in 2007 by Japan’s PM Shinzo Abe.
- Dormancy and Revival: Went dormant after Australia’s 2008 withdrawal but was revived in 2017 amid concerns over China’s assertiveness.
- Expanded Focus Areas: Beyond security, QUAD now includes cooperation in health, infrastructure, cybersecurity, emerging tech, and climate change.
- Joint Activities: The group holds military drills, high-level dialogues, and supports regional capacity-building.
- QUAD-Plus Engagements: Also engages countries like South Korea, Vietnam, and New Zealand, signalling future expansion.
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| [UPSC 2016] With reference to the ‘Trans-Pacific Partnership’, consider the following statements: (2016) 1. It is an agreement among all the Pacific Rim countries except China and Russia. 2.It is a strategic alliance for the purpose of maritime security only.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2* |
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