From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ratapani Wildlife Sanctuary; Madhav National Park
Why in the News?
Ratapani Wildlife Sanctuary in Madhya Pradesh has become India’s 57th tiger reserve after receiving approval from the Union Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change.
Madhav National Park also received approval to be declared a tiger reserve, which will make it India’s 58th tiger reserve after the official notification.
About Ratapani Tiger Reserve and Madhav Tiger Reserve:
Ratapani TR
Madhav TR
Location
Raisen district, Madhya Pradesh, Vindhya Range, 50 km from Bhopal;
824 sq km (318 sq mi) total area.
Shivpuri district, Madhya Pradesh, near the Madhav National Park;
354.85 sq km (137.3 sq mi) total area.
History
Established as Wildlife Sanctuary in 1976.
Designated as Tiger Reserve on 2 Dec 2024
It was initially a national park.
Designated as Shivpuri National Park in 1956.
Renamed as Madhav National Park in 1959 after Madho Raj Scindia, Maharaja of Gwalior.
Flora and Fauna
Biome: Dry and moist deciduous forests, 55% covered with teak.
Water Bodies: Sindh River, Pitakhal Lake, and seasonal streams.
Why and when did the first Tiger Reserve come up in India?
A tiger reserve is a protected area created under the Project Tiger initiative launched in 1973 by the Indian government to protect tigers and their natural habitats.
A TR is administered by the National Tiger Conservation Authority.
These reserves are a part of the conservation efforts to ensure the survival of tigers, preserve biodiversity, and maintain ecological balance.
The first TR in India was the Corbett Tiger Reserve in Uttarakhand, established in 1973. It was also the first national park to be part of the Project Tiger initiative.
Key Features of a Tiger Reserve:
Core Area: A core area is designated as a national park or sanctuary, where human activity is restricted to protect the wildlife.
Buffer Area: Surrounding the core area, the buffer zone consists of a mix of forest and non-forest land, used for controlled human activity while ensuring wildlife conservation. These buffer zones serve as transitional areas for wildlife, providing essential corridors for movement.
PYQ:
[2020] Among the following Tiger Reserves, which one has the largest area under “Critical Tiger Habitat”?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: India’s interest in West Africa;
Why in the News?
Despite China’s increasing involvement in financing and infrastructure development, India continues to hold a significant position as one of Nigeria’s key partners in West Africa.
What are the strategic objectives of India in West Africa?
Strengthening Bilateral Relations: India aims to enhance its strategic partnership with Nigeria, which is pivotal as Nigeria is both the largest economy and democracy in Africa. This partnership is expected to extend beyond Nigeria, influencing broader regional dynamics in West Africa.
Focus on Security Cooperation: Given the challenges of terrorism, piracy, and drug trafficking in Nigeria, India seeks to bolster security cooperation. This includes defence collaboration and joint efforts in counterterrorism operations against groups like Boko Haram.
Development Partnerships: India positions itself as a development partner by providing concessional loans and capacity-building programs, demonstrating a commitment to supporting Nigeria’s socio-economic growth.
Promotion of Global South Aspirations: Both India and Nigeria share common goals as leaders of the Global South, aiming to amplify their voices in international forums like the UN Security Council.
How does India plan to enhance its economic ties with West African countries?
Diversifying Trade Relations: India plans to revitalize trade with Nigeria, which has seen a decline recently. Efforts include negotiating trade agreements such as the Economic Cooperation Agreement (ECA) and the Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) to facilitate investment and trade.
Sectoral Collaboration: The focus areas for economic collaboration include defence, energy, technology, health, and education. India’s PM discussions with the President of Nigeria emphasized leveraging India’s expertise in these sectors to foster mutual growth.
Infrastructure Development: India aims to support infrastructure development through concessional loans and technical assistance, building on existing projects that have benefited from Indian investment.
Cultural and People-to-People Exchanges: Enhancing cultural ties and promoting exchanges between citizens are also part of India’s strategy to strengthen bilateral relations, fostering goodwill and mutual understanding.
What challenges does India face in its engagement with West Africa?
Geopolitical Competition: India’s engagement is challenged by China’s significant presence in Nigeria, where Chinese companies dominate various sectors including infrastructure and telecommunications. This competition complicates India’s efforts to establish itself as a key partner.
Economic Fluctuations: The decline in trade between India and Nigeria from $14.95 billion in 2021-22 to $7.89 billion in 2023-24 highlights vulnerabilities due to shifting global oil markets and increasing imports from other countries like Russia.
Political Instability: The political landscape in Nigeria can be unpredictable, posing risks for long-term investments and cooperation initiatives that require stability for successful implementation.
Capacity Constraints: While India offers developmental assistance, the effectiveness of these initiatives can be hindered by local capacity constraints in Nigeria, necessitating a tailored approach that considers local needs and capabilities.
Way forward:
Deepen Strategic Collaboration: Strengthen defence and security partnerships, diversify trade, and enhance collaboration in sectors like energy, technology, and health to counter China’s growing influence and foster mutual growth.
Focus on Regional Capacity Building: Expand developmental assistance with tailored initiatives addressing local needs, while supporting Nigeria’s stability through diplomatic engagement and joint Global South aspirations in international forums.
Mains PYQ:
Q Increasing interest of India in Africa has its pros and cons. Critically Examine. (UPSC IAS/2015)
Explained | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Effects Of Liberalization On The Economy, Changes In Industrial Policy and their effects on Industrial Growth
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Impact of PLI Scheme;
Why in the News?
Six out of the 14 Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) schemes, including textiles, solar modules, IT hardware, automobiles, advanced chemical cells (ACC), and speciality steel, are progressing at a relatively slower pace.
What are the primary reasons for the slow implementation of PLI schemes?
Stringent Eligibility Norms: Many industries have reported that the eligibility criteria for participation in PLI schemes are too stringent, which limits the number of companies that can benefit from the incentives.
Initial Setup Challenges: Establishing a domestic manufacturing base from scratch is a monumental task. Industries such as solar modules and advanced chemistry cells (ACC) require substantial time—ranging from one-and-a-half to three years—to set up manufacturing operations, delaying employment generation.
Access to Resources: Companies face difficulties in accessing critical resources, including Chinese machinery and skilled technicians, which can hinder their ability to ramp up production quickly.
Market Dependency: Some sectors remain heavily reliant on imports and have not yet transitioned to a self-sufficient manufacturing model, impacting their growth under the PLI framework.
Slow Disbursement of Funds: The initial years of the scheme saw minimal disbursement of funds, with only a small percentage of the total incentive outlay being paid out in the first two years.
Which sectors are experiencing the most significant slowdowns, and why?
Textiles: This sector is struggling due to high competition and stringent norms that have slowed down participation and growth.
Solar Modules: Despite being a strategic sector for renewable energy, delays in establishing manufacturing capabilities have led to slow progress.
As of June 2024, India’s solar module manufacturing capacity reached 77.2 GW, but the solar cell capacity was only 7.6 GW, leading to supply shortages that delayed projects.
Automobiles: While some companies are making progress, the automobile sector overall is hindered by initial setup challenges and fluctuating market conditions.
Factors such as rising raw material costs and shifts in consumer preferences towards electric vehicles are creating a complex environment for traditional automakers.
Advanced Chemical Cells (ACC): Similar to solar modules, this sector faces long commissioning periods that delay employment outcomes. Because of the lengthy development timelines for manufacturing facilities and the need for substantial investment in technology are contributing to slower growth in this strategic area.
IT Hardware: Although recently upgraded with increased funding, it still lags behind in implementation compared to more successful sectors like mobile manufacturing.
What measures can be taken to enhance the effectiveness of PLI schemes? (Way forward)
Revising Eligibility Criteria: Simplifying the eligibility requirements could encourage more companies, especially smaller firms, to participate in the schemes and benefit from incentives.
Increasing Support for Supply Chains: Establishing robust supply chains is crucial. The government could provide additional support to smaller suppliers who are essential for scaling up production across sectors.
Streamlining Resource Access: Facilitating easier access to necessary machinery and skilled labor can help companies ramp up production more effectively and reduce dependency on imports.
Regular Reviews and Adjustments: Continuous monitoring and adjustments based on sector performance can help identify bottlenecks early and allow for timely interventions.
Encouraging Ancillary Industries: Promoting the establishment of ancillary industries around larger beneficiaries could create additional jobs and enhance local manufacturing capabilities.
Mains PYQ:
Q Can the strategy of regional-resource-based manufacturing help in promoting employment in India? (UPSC IAS/2019)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National Cooperative Policy
Why in the News?
The Union Minister of Cooperation has provided crucial information regarding India’s National Cooperative Policy to the Lok Sabha.
The new National Cooperative Policy is almost ready and will be announced in 2-3 months.
Update regarding the New National Cooperative Policy:
Details
National Level Committee Formation
• A 48-member National Level Committee was formed under the chairmanship of Shri Suresh Prabhakar Prabhu.
• The committee includes experts from the cooperative sector, representatives from National, State, District, and Primary level cooperative societies, and officers from Central Ministries/Departments.
• The task of the committee was to formulate the New National Cooperation Policy for the development of the cooperative sector in India.
• 17 meetings and 4 regional workshops were conducted across the country to finalize the draft report of the policy.
Aims and Objectives
• Revitalize the cooperative sector and enhance its efficiency at national, state, district, and primary levels.
• Strengthen the cooperative movement in India by creating a structured policy that fosters growth and sustainability.
• Establish financial viability and governance mechanisms for cooperatives.
• Ensure cooperative federalism by allowing state cooperatives to function autonomously, avoiding undue centralization.
Features of the Policy
• The policy adopts an inclusive approach, including all levels of cooperatives from district to primary.
• Close collaboration with State Governments to promote the cooperative sector and implement cooperative federalism.
• The draft policy was developed after extensive consultations, ensuring broad public and expert participation.
Provisions under the Policy
• Strengthening Cooperative Structure: Set up District Central Cooperative Banks (DCCBs) and district milk producers’ unions in all uncovered districts. NABARD will prepare an action plan for this.
• Expansion of Multipurpose PACS: New multipurpose PACS, primary dairy/fishery cooperative societies will be established in uncovered Panchayats/villages across India within the next five years.
PYQ:
[2011] In India, which of the following have the highest share in the disbursement of credit to agriculture and allied activities?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Kumbh Mela
Why in the News?
The 2025 Maha Kumbh Mela will take place in Prayagraj from January 13 to February 26.
AboutKumbh Mela
Details
A major pilgrimage and festival in Hinduism, occurring four times in twelve years at different locations in India. It attracts millions of pilgrims for spiritual purification.
Types of Kumbh Mela:
Kumbh Mela: Regular festival, celebrated every 12 years at one of the four locations.
Maha Kumbh Mela: The largest, celebrated once every 12 years at Prayagraj (confluence of Ganges, Yamuna, and Sarasvati).
Ardh Kumbh Mela: Held every 6 years in Prayagraj (half of the full Kumbh Mela).
Purna Kumbh Mela: Held when a complete 12-year cycle is completed.
Locations: Kumbh Mela rotates between four cities:
Haridwar (on the banks of the Ganges),
Prayagraj (confluence of the Ganges, Yamuna, and the mythical Sarasvati river),
Ujjain (on the banks of the Shipra River),
Nashik (on the banks of the Godavari River).
Key Rituals:
Shahi Snan (Royal Bath) – A ritual where pilgrims in Akharas (processions) bathe in the holy river.
Worship and Prayers – Pilgrims offer prayers along riverbanks, attend spiritual discourses, and perform fire rituals.
Religious Processions – Several religious processions involving saints, gurus, and devotees take place.
Community Prayers and Spiritual Discourses – Saints and religious leaders conduct spiritual teachings for the devotees.
Significance and Features
Spiritual Significance: Considered a sacred event for Hindus, aimed at spiritual cleansing, salvation, and liberation from the cycle of rebirth (Moksha).
Cultural Unity: It is a remarkable event showcasing India’s unity and diversity, where millions of people from across the world come together.
Mass Gathering: It holds the Guinness World Record for the largest peaceful gathering, with millions of pilgrims attending the event. In 2019, Kumbh Mela witnessed the largest peaceful public gathering ever recorded, with around 120 million people.
Pilgrimage Tourism – The Kumbh Mela also significantly boosts local tourism, with a major influx of national and international pilgrims, contributing to local and national economies.
UNESCO Recognition – Kumbh Mela was recognized as an Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO in 2017.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR)
Why in the News?
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) began its three-day monetary policy review.
There is increasing speculation that the RBI may announce a cut in the Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) to ease liquidity pressures.
What is Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR)?
CRR is the percentage of a bank’s total deposits that it must maintain as liquid cash with the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) as a reserve.
It is a tool used by the RBI to manage inflation and check excessive lending by banks.
It serves as a safety net during times of banking stress, ensuring banks have enough liquidity for day-to-day operations.
As of now, the CRR is set at 4.5% of a bank’s Net Demand and Time Liabilities (NDTL).
Banks do not earn interest on the amount they maintain as CRR with the RBI.
CRR Requirements for Different Types of Banks:
Scheduled Commercial Banks (SCBs): Includes Public Sector Banks (PSBs), Private Sector Banks (PVBs), Regional Rural Banks (RRBs), Small Finance Banks (SFBs), Payments Banks, Primary (Urban) Co-operative Banks (UCBs), State Co-operative Banks (StCBs), and District Central Co-operative Banks (DCCBs).
Non-Scheduled Co-operative Banks & Local Area Banks: They must maintain CRR with themselves or with the RBI.
Restrictions on CRR Funds
Banks cannot lend the funds held as CRR to corporates or individual borrowers.
The money held under CRR cannot be used for investment purposes by the bank.
No Interest is earned on the funds maintained as CRR by banks with the RBI.
What isIncremental CRR (I-CRR)?
Introduced temporarily on August 10, 2023, to absorb surplus liquidity in the banking system.
Banks were required to maintain 10% I-CRR on the increase in their NDTL between May 19, 2023, and July 28, 2023.
The I-CRR was implemented from August 12, 2023, and applied during periods of excess liquidity in the financial system.
Impacts of Declining CRR on the Economy
Positive Impacts:
Increased Bank Liquidity: A reduction in CRR frees up more funds for banks, improving credit availability and promoting investment and consumption.
Stimulus for Economic Growth: With more funds to lend, businesses can secure loans more easily, boosting economic activity and encouraging growth across sectors.
Lower Interest Rates: As banks have more liquidity, they may lower interest rates on loans, making credit cheaper and encouraging investment and consumer spending.
Negative Impacts:
Potential Inflationary Risks: Increased lending and spending can raise demand, which, if not matched by supply, can lead to inflationary pressures in the economy.
Asset Bubbles: Excess liquidity may result in overvalued assets like stocks or real estate, creating the risk of unsustainable price increases and potential market instability.
PYQ:
[2010] When the Reserve Bank of India announces an increase of the Cash Reserve Ratio, what does it mean?
(a) The commercial banks will have less money to lend
(b) The Reserve Bank of India will have less money to lend
(c) The Union Government will have less money to lend
(d) The commercial banks will have more money to lend
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Microhyla nilphamariensis frog
Why in the News?
A study highlights that endemic frog species, like the Nilphamari narrow-mouthed frog (Microhyla nilphamariensis), face challenges due to habitat loss and land use changes in agroforestry habitats like orchards and paddy fields.
About theNilphamari narrow-mouthed frog:
Details
About
A species of narrow-mouthed frog, characterized by a small size, narrow triangular mouth, and reduced webbing between toes.
It has light brown dorsal coloration with a dark brown diamond-shaped marking.
(Not listed by either IUCN or CITES.)
Geographical Location
Found in Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and northern Pakistan.
Habitat and Challenges
Prefers moist environments like grassy fields near ephemeral pools.
Faces challenges due to habitat loss and land use changes, particularly in agroforestry areas like orchards and paddy fields.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Challenges related to land degradation;
Why in the News?
The UNCCD, a treaty addressing desertification and drought, partnered with Germany’s Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research to release an analysis ahead of COP16’s launch in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
What is Land Degradation?
Land degradation is defined by the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) as the “reduction or loss of the biological or economic productivity and complexity of rainfed cropland, irrigated cropland, or range, pasture, forest and woodlands” due to various pressures, including land use and management practices. This phenomenon results in diminished soil quality and productivity, affecting both ecosystems and human livelihoods.
Why is it a Matter of Concern?
Land degradation poses significant risks to both humans and ecosystems:
Water Insecurity: Land degradation exacerbates water scarcity and reduces access to safe water, leading to a higher incidence of water- and food-borne diseases.
The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that unsafe drinking water and inadequate sanitation lead to approximately 829,000 deaths per year from diarrheal diseases alone.
Food Security: It reduces the quality and quantity of food production, increasing malnutrition risks.
Health Risks: Degraded lands contribute to the spread of water- and food-borne diseases due to poor hygiene and lack of clean water. Respiratory issues can arise from soil erosion and dust.
Environmental Impact: Eroded soil carries fertilizers and pesticides into water bodies, harming aquatic life and communities dependent on these resources.
Climate Change: Healthy soils act as carbon sinks. Degradation leads to the release of stored carbon and nitrous oxide, exacerbating global warming. The report indicates that land ecosystems’ capacity to absorb human-caused carbon dioxide has decreased by 20% over the last decade.
What is Causing Land Degradation?
Chemical Overuse: Excessive fertilisers and pesticides degrade soil; 50% of agricultural land suffers from nutrient depletion, salinisation, and waterlogging affecting 30% of irrigated lands globally.
Soil Erosion: Unsustainable farming practices lead to the loss of 24 billion tons of fertile soil annually, reducing crop yields by up to 50% in some regions.
Climate Change: Extreme weather events reduce global crop yields by 10%-50% by 2050; 12.6% of drylands were degraded between 1982-2015, affecting 213 million people.
Urbanization: Rapid urban growth of 1 million hectares per year destroys habitats, reduces farmland, and increases runoff, exacerbating soil erosion and biodiversity loss.
Deforestation and Overgrazing: 420 million hectares of forest lost since 1990; overgrazing degrades 34% of the global degraded area, weakening soil health and ecosystems.
Which Areas are the Worst Affected?
Dry Regions: Areas such as South Asia, northern China, California (USA), and the Mediterranean are particularly vulnerable.
Global Context: Approximately 15 million square kilometers of land are already degraded an area larger than Antarctica with an additional million square kilometers degrading each year. A third of humanity lives in drylands, which encompass three-quarters of Africa.
Way forward:
Sustainable Land Management Practices: Promote eco-friendly agricultural methods, reforestation, and efficient irrigation to restore soil health, combat erosion, and improve water retention in degraded lands.
Global Collaboration and Policy Implementation: Strengthen international frameworks like the UNCCD, allocate resources for affected regions, and adopt policies that integrate land restoration with climate resilience and biodiversity conservation.
Mains PYQ:
Q The process of desertification does not have climate boundaries. Justify with examples. (UPSC IAS/2020)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Banking Sector Reforms;
Why in the News?
The Lok Sabha passed the Banking Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2024, marking the first piece of legislation to be approved during the Winter Session after the resolution of a week-long impasse.
What are the key features of the Banking Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2024?
Nomination Provisions: The Bill allows bank account holders to nominate up to four individuals for their accounts, with options for either successive or simultaneous nominations. However, locker holders will only have the option for successive nominations.
Redefinition of “Substantial Interest”: The threshold for defining “substantial interest” for directorships is proposed to increase from ₹5 lakh to ₹2 crore, reflecting current economic conditions.
Tenure of Directors: The tenure of directors (excluding chairpersons and whole-time directors) in cooperative banks will be extended from eight years to ten years, aligning with provisions in the Constitution (Ninety-Seventh Amendment) Act, 2011.
Common Directorships: The Bill permits directors of Central Cooperative Banks to serve on the boards of State Cooperative Banks under certain conditions.
Auditor Remuneration: It grants banks greater flexibility in determining the remuneration for statutory auditors, which was previously regulated by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and the central government.
Reporting Dates: The reporting dates for regulatory compliance will shift from the second and fourth Fridays to the 15th and last day of every month, streamlining oversight processes.
What are the reasons for this amendment?
Enhancing Governance: The amendments aim to strengthen governance standards within banks, ensuring better protection for depositors and investors while improving audit quality in public sector banks.
Customer Convenience: By allowing multiple nominations, the Bill intends to simplify inheritance processes related to bank deposits and reduce instances of unclaimed deposits after an account holder’s demise.
Alignment with Constitutional Provisions: Increasing director tenures in cooperative banks aligns banking regulations with constitutional amendments that govern cooperative societies.
What would be the significant impact of this amendment?
Improved Customer Experience: The ability to nominate multiple individuals enhances customer convenience and ensures smoother transitions in account management after an account holder’s death.
Strengthened Governance Framework: By redefining substantial interest and increasing director tenures, the Bill aims to foster a more robust governance framework within cooperative banks, potentially leading to better decision-making and accountability.
Regulatory Compliance Efficiency: Changing reporting dates is expected to improve compliance efficiency, allowing banks to better align their reporting practices with regulatory requirements.
What is the criticism faced by the Banking Laws (Amendment) Bill, 2024?
Concerns Over Financial Practices: Opposition leaders raised concerns regarding rising imports from China amid strained relations and questioned broader financial practices like demonetization and electoral bonds.
Banking Fees and Cybersecurity Risks: Critics highlighted issues related to fees for basic banking services such as ATM withdrawals and SMS alerts, particularly emphasizing vulnerabilities faced by senior citizens concerning cyber fraud.
Economic Context: Some opposition members criticized the timing of the Bill against a backdrop of economic challenges such as inflation exceeding growth rates, potentially leading to stagflation. They expressed skepticism about whether these amendments would effectively address underlying economic issues.
Way forward:
Addressing Broader Economic Concerns: The government should focus on macroeconomic reforms to manage inflation and foster sustainable growth. The Banking Laws Amendment should be complemented by policies that address the root causes of economic challenges, ensuring the banking sector thrives amidst broader financial stability.
Strengthening Cybersecurity and Customer Protection: Banks should enhance security measures, especially for senior citizens, to safeguard against rising cyber fraud.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Indian and USA Constitution; President;
Why in the News?
U.S. President Joe Biden has issued an unconditional pardon to his son, Hunter Biden, who was facing sentencing for federal tax and gun-related convictions.
What is the history of the pardoning power in the U.S.?
Constitutional Basis: The U.S. Constitution grants the President the power to grant pardons for federal offenses under Article II, Section 2, which states that the President can “grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offenses against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment”.
Historical Use: This power has been exercised by every president since George Washington. Notable historical examples include George Washington’s pardon of participants in the Whiskey Rebellion and Bill Clinton’s pardon of his half-brother Roger on his last day in office.
Controversial Pardons: The pardoning power has often been mired in controversy, with instances such as Donald Trump pardoning his son-in-law’s father and Joe Biden now pardoning his son Hunter. These actions have raised questions about nepotism and pthe olitical motivations behind such decisions.
What is the current controversy?
Hunter Biden’s Pardon: President Joe Biden granted an unconditional pardon to his son Hunter for federal tax and gun convictions.
This decision has sparked significant backlash from both Republicans and some Democrats, who view it as an abuse of power and a contradiction to Biden’s earlier statements that he would not intervene in his son’s legal matters.
Political Motivations: Biden defended his decision by claiming Hunter was unfairly prosecuted due to political motives. Critics argue that this reflects a broader pattern of using presidential pardons for personal or political gain, undermining public trust in the justice system 37.
What is the Indian system?
Constitutional Provisions: In India, Articles 72 and 161 empower the President and Governors to grant pardons, commutations, remissions, or reprieves. Unlike in the U.S., these powers are exercised on the advice of the council of ministers.
Nature of Pardon: A pardon in India absolves an offender from conviction and all associated disqualifications. The Supreme Court has held that this power is subject to judicial review to prevent arbitrary or biased decisions.
Political Controversies: Similar to the U.S., pardoning decisions in India have been embroiled in political controversies, often reflecting governmental biases or public sentiment at the time.
Way Forward
Need for Reform: Critics argue that modern uses of pardoning powers often serve political interests rather than justice. There is a call for reform to ensure that these powers are exercised transparently and judiciously.
Establishing Review Mechanisms: Learning from practices in other democracies, such as the UK’s Criminal Cases Review Commission, which investigates alleged miscarriages of justice, could help establish a more systematic approach to reviewing pardons and clemency applications 6.
Maintaining Public Trust: It is crucial for any future exercise of pardoning power to be conducted without perceptions of nepotism or bias.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: World Wildlife Conservation Day
Why in the News?
World Wildlife Conservation Day (December 4) reminds us to focus on preserving and protecting the critically endangered species in India and globally.
The theme for this year is “Connecting People and Planet: Exploring Digital Innovation in Wildlife Conservation”.
World Wildlife Conservation Day: Key Facts
Observed annually on December 4th.
Purpose: Raise awareness about the importance of wildlife conservation and the protection of endangered species and their habitats.
It was established in 2012 by the UN, coinciding with the anniversary of the 1948 signing of CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species).
It supports global efforts for wildlife conservation, aligns with SDG 15 (life on land) and SDG 14 (life below water).
Aims for India’s Critically Endangered Species
As of 2022, 73 species in India are classified as critically endangered, meaning they are at highest risk of extinction in the wild.
The number of critically endangered species has risen from 47 in 2011, partly due to better data availability and monitoring.
India has 9 critically endangered mammal species, out of which 8 are endemic (found only in specific regions within India).
These include: Kashmir Stag (Hangul), Malabar Large-spotted Civet, Andaman Shrew, Jenkin’s Shrew, Nicobar Shrew, Namdapha Flying Squirrel, Large Rock Rat, and Leafletted Leaf-nosed Bat.
Though these animals receive significant attention for tourism purposes, they are only three of the critically endangered species in India.
Lions: Asiatic lions in the Gir Forest are critically endangered.
Tigers: Bengal tigers are also listed as critically endangered.
Cheetahs: They are also part of India’s endangered wildlife.
Great Indian Bustard is a bird facing significant threats due to power lines in Rajasthan.
PYQ:
[2014] The most important strategy for the conservation of biodiversity together with traditional human life is the establishment of:
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Marburg Virus
Why in the News?
An outbreak of Marburg Virus (Bleeding Eyes) disease (MVD) has killed and infected many in Rwanda.
Location of Rwanda
AboutMarburg Virus:
Overview
• Causes Marburg Virus Disease (MVD), also known as Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever.
• Belongs to the filovirus family (same as Ebola).
• Discovered during outbreaks in 1967 in Marburg and Frankfurt, Germany.
• Case Fatality Rate ranges from 24% to 88%, depending on the strain and treatment effectiveness.How does it spread?• Animal to Human Transmission: Spread primarily from Rousettus bats, especially Egyptian fruit bats found in caves or mines.
• Human to Human Transmission: Spread through direct contact with blood and bodily fluids (saliva, vomit, feces, semen, and breast milk). Also transmitted indirectly through contaminated surfaces or clothing.
Symptoms and Treatment
• Early signs include fever, headache, muscle aches, chills, nausea, vomiting, and severe diarrhoea.
• Progresses to bleeding from various body parts, and death typically occurs 8-9 days after symptoms due to blood loss and organ failure.
• No approved vaccine or antiviral treatment. Supportive care includes hydration, symptom management, and blood transfusions. Experimental vaccines are being studied.
Why is it a Global Concern?
• High Fatality Rate: MVD’s case fatality rate (24%-88%) makes it one of the deadliest diseases.
• Spread: Ongoing outbreaks, primarily in Africa, but now affecting Rwanda and Tanzania.
• Public Health Threat: Human-to-human transmission and rapid spread pose significant challenges.
• Economic Impact: Outbreaks disrupt local economies, healthcare systems, and global trade due to travel restrictions and quarantine measures.
PYQ:
[2015] Among the following, which were frequently mentioned in the news for the outbreak of Ebola virus recently?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Windfall Gains Tax
Why in the News?
With global oil prices stabilizing and domestic fuel supply improving, the government has decided to scrap the windfall gains tax, ensuring more predictable taxation for the oil industry.
What isWindfall Tax?
A windfall tax is a levy imposed on companies experiencing unexpected profits due to external factors like market shifts or crises.
In India, it was introduced on July 1, 2022, targeting domestic crude oil production and exports of diesel, petrol, and ATF.
The tax aimed to capture windfall profits and ensure adequate domestic fuel supply amid rising global prices after Russia’s invasion of Ukraine.
The tax was imposed as Special Additional Excise Duty (SAED) on crude oil, and Additional Excise Duty (AED) or Road and Infrastructure Cess (RIC) on fuel exports.
Initially, the tax was Rs 23,250 per tonne on crude oil, Rs 13 per litre on diesel exports, and Rs 6 per litre on petrol and ATF exports.
The tax was regularly reviewed based on global oil price fluctuations.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA)
Why in the News?
A recent study published in the ‘Nature’ has shown that Extrachromosomal DNA(ecDNA)ispresent in approximately 50% of cancer types, playing a significant role in tumor evolution and genetic heterogeneity.
What is ecDNA?
Details
• ecDNA stands for extrachromosomal DNA, which is small, circular DNA found in the nucleus of cells, separate from regular chromosomes.
• Forms when DNA breaks off from chromosomes, often due to damage or errors in cell division.
• Can carry extra copies of oncogenes, which promote cancer growth.
• Initially thought to be unimportant, recent studies show it plays a major role in cancer.
How ecDNA Contributes to Cancer and Drug Resistance
• Helps Tumors Grow: ecDNA contains extra copies of oncogenes that help cancer cells grow faster and become more aggressive.
• Drug Resistance: The extra oncogenes make the cancer harder to treat with standard drugs by producing more harmful proteins.
• Faster Tumor Evolution: ecDNA allows cancer cells to evolve rapidly, making them more resistant to treatments like chemotherapy and enabling the tumor to grow even when drugs are used.
How ecDNA Challenges Genetics Laws?
Mendel’s Law says that genes on different chromosomes are inherited independently, meaning they are passed on randomly to the next generation.
ecDNA breaks this rule by grouping genes together and passing them on as a cluster during cell division.
This allows cancer cells to inherit beneficial genes more easily and helps the tumor grow faster.
Unlike regular chromosomes, which are distributed randomly during cell division, ecDNA is passed on together as a package.
This process gives cancer cells an advantage by making sure they inherit helpful genetic combinations that support cancer growth and resistance to drugs.
During the ongoing Winter Session of Parliament, the Union Environment Ministry presented data shedding light on the critical issue of coastal erosion in India.
What are the key findings of the report?
Extent of Coastal Erosion Nationwide:
33.6% of India’s coastline has been affected by erosion over the past three decades.
26.9% of the coastline has shown growth (accretion), while 39.6% remains stable.
Regional Variations in Karnataka:
Dakshina Kannada: The most severely affected district in Karnataka, with 48.4% of its 36.66 km coastline eroded (17.74 km).
Udupi: Reported 34.7% erosion of its 100.71 km coastline (34.96 km).
Uttara Kannada: Reported the lowest erosion, at 12.3% of its 175.65 km coastline (21.64 km).
Data and Methodology: The study, conducted by the National Centre for Coastal Research (NCCR), utilized satellite imagery and field surveys to monitor shoreline changes from 1990 to 2018.
Risk Identification and Mapping: The Indian National Centre for Ocean Information and Services (INCOIS) has prepared Multi-Hazard Vulnerability Maps (MHVM), incorporating data on extreme water levels, sea level rise, and shoreline changes to highlight areas prone to disasters like tsunamis and storm surges.
What are the causes of coastal erosion in India?
Rising Sea Levels: Climate change has led to increased sea levels, which amplify storm surges and coastal flooding, significantly contributing to erosion.
Sand Mining and Infrastructure Projects: Unregulated sand extraction and construction activities, such as ports and seawalls, disrupt natural sediment flow, exacerbating erosion in vulnerable areas.
For example, illegal sand mining along the Bhagirathi-Hooghly River has reduced river channel width by up to 55%, significantly increasing erosion risks along the banks.
Mangrove Depletion: The loss of mangroves, which act as natural barriers against wave action, leaves coastlines more exposed to erosion. For instance, after Cyclone Gaja in 2019, Muthupet mangroves in Tamil Nadu lost nearly three square kilometres of coverage due to uprooted trees.
Cyclonic Activity: An increase in cyclonic events has destabilised coastal systems, further intensifying erosion. As per the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) reported that 75% of the Indian coastline is susceptible to cyclones and related hazards.
CASE STUDY: Mitigation Efforts in Karnataka
Shoreline Management Plan: The Karnataka government has developed this plan under the Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notification of 2019 to address coastal erosion effectively.
Karnataka Strengthening Coastal Resilience and Economy (K-SHORE) Project: Funded by the World Bank, this initiative aims to enhance coastal protection, improve community livelihoods, and tackle marine plastic pollution along Karnataka’s coast.
Multi-Hazard Vulnerability Maps (MHVM): Created by the Indian National Centre for Ocean Information and Services (INCOIS), these maps identify areas at risk from disasters like tsunamis and storm surges using data on shoreline changes and sea level rise.
Community-Driven Conservation Programs: Experts advocate for community involvement in conservation efforts, along with real-time monitoring of erosion using artificial intelligence for sustainable solutions.
Why there is a need for a paradigm shift?
Ineffectiveness of Traditional Methods: Long-standing strategies like constructing concrete sea walls have proven ineffective over the past 30 years in preventing coastal erosion.
Recommendations Against Human Habitation: Engineers recommend restricting habitation in vulnerable areas to mitigate risks associated with coastal erosion; however, political interests often overshadow these warnings.
Investment in Sustainable Solutions: Environmental activists argue that funds currently allocated for traditional coastal structures would be better spent on creating safe townships away from vulnerable coastlines, ensuring community safety during extreme weather events.
Holistic Approaches Needed: A multi-faceted strategy involving ecosystem restoration (e.g., mangrove replantation), stricter regulation of sand mining, and innovative solutions like artificial reefs is essential for effective long-term management of coastal erosion issues.
Way forward:
Adopt Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM): Implement holistic strategies combining ecosystem restoration, stricter regulations on sand mining, and innovative measures like artificial reefs and eco-friendly breakwaters to ensure long-term coastal resilience.
Promote Managed Retreat and Community Awareness: Relocate vulnerable communities to safer areas away from high-risk zones while fostering community-driven conservation efforts and leveraging real-time monitoring technologies like AI to mitigate erosion impacts effectively.
Mains PYQ:
Q Explain the causes and effects of coastal erosion in India. What are the available coastal management techniques for combating the hazard? (UPSC IAS/2022)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Challenges related to GDP;
Why in the News?
India has been growing well even with global challenges. After growing by 8.2% in 2023-24 and 6.7% in the first quarter of 2024-25, growth slowed down to 5.4% in the second quarter.
Is the Slowdown in GDP Growth a Temporary Setback or a Sign of a Longer-Term Trend?
Current Growth Trends: India’s GDP growth decelerated to 5.4% in the second quarter of FY 2024-25, down from 6.7% in the previous quarter and 8.1% in the same quarter last year. This sharp decline has raised concerns about the sustainability of growth, particularly given that industrial performance has been poor, especially in the mining, manufacturing, and electricity sectors.
Sectoral Performance: The industrial sector’s growth slowed to 3.6% from 8.3%, indicating significant challenges in manufacturing and mining.
While agriculture has shown recovery due to good Kharif harvests, and the services sector remains robust, the overall industrial slowdown suggests vulnerabilities that could impact future growth.
Expectations for Recovery: Despite the current slowdown, there are expectations for GDP growth to rebound in the latter half of the fiscal year due to improved government expenditure and rural consumption. However, this recovery is contingent upon various factors, including global economic conditions and domestic consumption patterns.
Long-Term Concerns: Analysts caution that while some recovery is anticipated, the overall GDP growth for FY 2024-25 is projected to be lower at around 6.5%, which is a decrease from the 7-8% range seen in previous years.
Measures to Stimulate Consumer Sentiment and Boost Household Spending
Tax Benefits for Households: The government could consider implementing tax incentives aimed at increasing disposable income for households, thereby encouraging spending. This could involve direct tax cuts or enhanced deductions for certain expenditures.
Job Creation Initiatives: A strong focus on job creation, especially in sectors vulnerable to automation, could bolster household incomes and consumer confidence. Initiatives could include skill development programs and incentives for businesses that hire more workers.
Support for Agriculture: Given the positive impact of agricultural performance on rural consumption, enhancing support for farmers through subsidies or better access to markets could further stimulate spending in rural areas.
Addressing Inflation Concerns: Moderating food inflation through effective supply chain management and price controls could help ease consumer spending pressures. Ensuring stable prices for essential commodities would improve overall consumer sentiment.
Incentives for Private Investment: Encouraging private sector investment through favorable policies and easing regulatory burdens can lead to increased economic activity and job creation.
How Should Policymakers Respond to Current Economic Challenges? (Way forward)
Enhance Public Investment: Policymakers should prioritize increasing government capital expenditure (capex), which has been weak due to election-related restrictions. A robust public investment strategy can stimulate economic activity and create jobs.
Focus on Deregulation: Continued efforts to deregulate sectors can improve business confidence and attract private investments, fostering a more conducive environment for growth.
Monitor Global Developments: Policymakers need to remain vigilant regarding global economic trends that could impact India’s economy, including potential trade wars or geopolitical tensions. Preparing contingency plans will be crucial in mitigating risks associated with global volatility.
Strengthen Domestic Demand: Given the uncertain global environment, strengthening domestic demand through targeted fiscal policies will be essential for sustainable growth. This includes measures that directly enhance consumer spending power.
Long-Term Growth Strategy: A comprehensive strategy focusing on enhancing productivity across sectors, investing in infrastructure, and fostering innovation will be critical for raising India’s potential GDP growth over the long term.
Mains PYQ:
Q Despite India being one of the countries of Gondwanaland, its mining industry contributes much less to its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in percentage. Discuss. (UPSC IAS/2021)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Issues related to disabled people;
Why in the News?
December 3, International Day of Persons with Disabilities, promotes awareness of their rights, inclusion, and needs, emphasizing support for one of the world’s most marginalized and underrepresented communities.
What are the barriers faced by individuals with disabilities in accessing nutrition services?
Physical Accessibility: Many individuals with disabilities face challenges in accessing physical locations where nutrition services are provided, such as grocery stores or health clinics. This includes barriers like lack of ramps, inaccessible transportation, and inadequate facilities.
Lack of Knowledge and Skills: Individuals with disabilities may have limited knowledge about nutrition and cooking skills, which can hinder their ability to prepare healthy meals. This is often compounded by the need for assistance from caregivers who may not be well-informed about nutritional needs.
Financial Constraints: Economic factors play a significant role; many individuals with disabilities experience financial instability, limiting their ability to purchase nutritious food. This is particularly true in low-income households where resources are scarce.
Social Isolation and Stigma: People with disabilities often face social isolation and stigma, which can affect their access to community resources and support networks that provide nutritional assistance or education.
Complex Health Needs: Many individuals with disabilities have specific dietary requirements or face challenges related to feeding, swallowing, or digestion, making it difficult to meet their nutritional needs without tailored support.
Inadequate Public Health Support: In many regions, public health systems fail to provide adequate nutritional support for individuals with disabilities, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) where resources may be limited.
How can nutrition programs be adapted to ensure they are inclusive of individuals with disabilities?
Tailored Nutritional Education: Nutrition programs should include educational components that cater specifically to the needs of individuals with disabilities, focusing on accessible cooking methods and meal planning that accommodate various dietary restrictions.
Accessible Service Delivery: Programs should ensure that nutrition services are delivered in accessible locations and formats, including home visits for those unable to travel or online platforms for remote consultations.
Community Engagement: Involving individuals with disabilities in the design and implementation of nutrition programs can help ensure that their unique needs are met. This could include feedback mechanisms to adapt services based on community input.
Training for Caregivers: Providing training for caregivers on the specific nutritional needs of individuals with disabilities can enhance meal preparation and dietary management at home.
Financial Assistance Programs: Implementing subsidies or financial assistance programs can help alleviate the economic burden on families caring for individuals with disabilities, enabling them to purchase healthier food options.
Integration with Health Services: Nutrition programs should be integrated with broader health services to provide comprehensive support that addresses both nutritional needs and overall health outcomes.
What role do Anganwadi workers play in promoting disability inclusion in their communities?
Early Identification and Referral: Anganwadi workers play a crucial role in the early identification of disabilities among children through monitoring developmental milestones and referring families to appropriate health services.
Community Education: They engage communities through initiatives like podcasts (e.g., “Nanhe Farishtey”) to raise awareness about disabilities and promote inclusive practices within local settings.
Nutrition Service Delivery: As frontline community nutrition providers, Anganwadi workers deliver vital nutrition services tailored to the needs of children with disabilities, ensuring they receive adequate dietary support.
Collaboration with Other Health Workers: Anganwadi workers collaborate with Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA) workers to create a network of support for families dealing with disabilities, facilitating access to medical care and government benefits.
Capacity Building: Ongoing training on disability inclusion through protocols like the ‘Anganwadi Protocol for Divyang Children’ equips workers with the knowledge necessary to support children with disabilities effectively.
Advocacy for Rights and Resources: They advocate for the rights of persons with disabilities within their communities, helping families navigate available resources such as disability certificates and pensions.
Way forward:
Strengthen Inclusive Infrastructure and Services: Develop accessible infrastructure, including Anganwadi centres and transportation, while integrating nutrition programs with health services to provide tailored support for individuals with disabilities.
Empower Community and Frontline Workers: Enhance training for Anganwadi workers and caregivers, promote community engagement to address stigma, and ensure financial support for families to improve access to nutritious food and essential services.
Mains PYQ:
Q The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 remains only a legal document without intense sensitisation of government functionaries and citizens regarding disability. Comment. (UPSC IAS/2022)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD)
Why in the News?
The ICIMOD has launched Air Quality Dashboard for Indo-Gangetic Plain.
ICIMOD Air Quality Dashboard: Important Features
The dashboard provides real-time and forecasted air quality data for the region.
It uses a combination of ground sensor data and satellite imagery to give a comprehensive view of air pollution across local, sub-regional, and regional scales.
A dynamic timelapse powered by the Weather Research and Forecasting model with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) tracks the spread of PM2.5 across the region.
This model highlights the spread of pollution from hotspots like Lahore, New Delhi, and Kolkata.
It provides two-day forecasts, allowing communities, policymakers, and researchers to anticipate air quality conditions and take proactive measures.
Aboutthe International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD):
Details
A regional intergovernmental learning and knowledge-sharing centre founded in 1981.
Idea of creating ICIMOD was first discussed at the International Workshop in December 1974.
8 regional member countries of the Hindu Kush Himalaya (HKH) region: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal, and Pakistan.
HKH region encompasses mountain ranges, including the Hindu Kush, Himalayas, and Tibetan Plateau, extending from northern Afghanistan to Myanmar.
Structural Mandate
Headquartered in Khumaltar, Lalitpur, and Kathmandu Valley, Nepal.
ICIMOD also has a Knowledge Park in Godavari, Lalitpur exhibiting ICIMOD’s research and field applications.
Country offices in Afghanistan and Pakistan.
Functions and Powers
Collaborates with national and international scientific institutions, government agencies, donor agencies, and the private sector, both within the region and globally.
Key Role: Promotes partnerships among regional member countries to secure a better future for the people and environment of the HKH region.
PYQ:
[2012] When you travel in Himalayas, you will see the following:
Deep gorges
U-turn river courses
Parallel mountain ranges
Steep gradients causing land sliding
Which of the above can be said to be the evidence for Himalayas being young fold mountains?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 1, 2 and 4 only
(c) 3 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Gandhamardan Hills
Why in the News?
The Odisha government has clarified that it will not allow bauxite mining in the Gandhamardan hills after concerns arose when the Adani Group’s subsidiary acquired 112 acres of land near the hills.
AboutGandhamardan Hills:
Geographical Features
Situated in the western part of Odisha, spread across the Bargarh and Bolangir districts.
Covers an area of 190 square kilometers.
Dense forests and hill slopes.
Plays a crucial role in sustaining the livelihoods of local communities.
Mines and Minerals Found
Bauxite: Primary ore of aluminum.
Graphite: Used in industrial applications.
Manganese: Important for steel manufacturing.
Significance
Cultural Sites:
1. Nrusinghanath Temple: A major pilgrimage site dedicated to Lord Nrusingha, a half-lion, half-human incarnation of Lord Vishnu.
2. Harishankar Temple: Dedicated to Lord Shiva and Vishnu, set amidst picturesque surroundings.
Hiuen Tsang described the hill shrine as a Buddhist heritage site named Parimalagiri in his chronicles.
– Flora: Rich in medicinal plants.
– Fauna: Rich biodiversity, including diverse wildlife species.
Dasycarpa and spiderpeucetia harishankarensis are endemic to this hill.
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