Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Plant Eavesdropping
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- The scent of freshly cut grass, more than just a pleasant aroma, is a part of a complex plant communication system involving Green Leaf Volatiles (GLVs).
- For plants, these GLVs are not just fragrances but crucial signals that alert them to imminent threats, such as herbivore attacks.
Concept of Plant Eavesdropping
- Inter-Plant Communication: Plants have the remarkable ability to ‘eavesdrop’ on the distress signals of their neighbors, preparing themselves for similar threats.
- Agricultural Implications: Understanding this natural warning system could revolutionize pest control in agriculture, potentially reducing the need for harmful pesticides.
Understanding Plant Defense Mechanisms
- Research involving mustard plants (Arabidopsis thaliana) has shown that calcium plays a crucial role in plant defense, with calcium levels spiking in response to damage.
- Using genetically modified plants that fluoresce in response to calcium surges, researchers have been able to visually track plant reactions to physical damage and GLV exposure.
- Experiments have demonstrated that plants can detect and respond to GLVs emitted by neighboring plants, as evidenced by fluorescence in modified mustard plants.
- Among the GLVs, specific compounds like E-2-HAL and Z-3-HAL were found to trigger significant responses in plants.
Gene-Level Defense Response
- Activation of Defense Genes: Exposure to GLVs leads to the activation of certain defence-related genes in plants, suggesting that they perceive these volatiles as danger signals.
- Implications for Plant Protection: This gene activation could be a crucial step in natural plant defense mechanisms against herbivores.
Implications and Future Directions
- Natural Pest Control: The study opens up possibilities for using GLVs in agricultural pest control, potentially reducing reliance on chemical pesticides.
- Alternative Strategies: While promising, researchers also consider other substances like jasmonic acid, balancing pest control with the plant’s growth and fruit production.
- Expanding Plant Sensory Research: The findings encourage further exploration into plant perception and response to external stimuli, particularly in natural environments where signaling dynamics are more complex.
- Challenges in Field Studies: One of the main challenges in studying plant volatile signaling in natural settings is the dilution of these compounds in the open air.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Amplifi 2.0 Portal
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- The Union Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs in India has taken a significant step towards fostering data-driven policymaking by launching the Amplifi 2.0 portal.
Amplifi 2.0 Portal
- Amplifi 2.0 stands for Assessment and Monitoring Platform for Liveable, Inclusive, and Future-Ready Urban India portal.
- It was introduced by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs.
- This platform aims to provide easy access to raw data from Indian cities, facilitating researchers, academics, and stakeholders in their efforts to formulate informed urban policies.
- Currently, 258 urban local bodies have been onboarded, and data for 150 cities is accessible on the platform.
- Objectives:
- To make data from all 3,739 municipal corporations accessible through the portal.
- Offer a wide range of data, including total consumption, water quality testing, healthcare expenditure, slum population statistics, and road accident fatalities.
Significance
- Previously, the Ministry used data provided by civic bodies to rank cities based on four indices.
- These indices encompassed ease-of-living, municipal performance, climate smart cities assessment, and data maturity assessment.
- The government plans to release various reports based on subsets of these four indices, shifting towards a more data-centric approach.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Forward Bloc, Netaji's split from INC
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- A veteran leader’s centenary who was associated with Netaji Bose’s All Indian Forward Bloc (AIFB), was celebrated.
All Indian Forward Bloc (AIFB)
|
Details |
| Foundation |
May 3, 1939 by Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose at Makur near Unnao (Uttar Pradesh) |
| Original Purpose |
To consolidate left-wing elements within the Indian National Congress and develop an alternative leadership |
| Key Early Members |
S.S. Kavishar (Vice-President), Lal Shankarlal (General Secretary), Vishwambhar Dayalu Tripathi, Khurshed Nariman, Annapurniah, Senapati Bapat, Hari Vishnu Kamath, Pasumpon U. Muthuramalingam Thevar, Sheel Bhadra Yagee, Satya Ranjan Bakshi |
| First All India Conference |
June 20-22, 1940, in Nagpur; declared as a socialist political party |
| Publication |
“Forward Bloc” newspaper started by Netaji in August 1939 |
| Bose’s Arrest and Exile |
Arrested in July 1940, escaped in January 1941, sought support in the Soviet Union and Germany |
| World War II Activities |
Continued anti-British activities in India, notably in Bihar, without direct coordination with Bose or INA |
| Post-War Reorganization |
Reorganized in February 1946 in Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh; declared as a socialist party |
| 1946 Elections |
Contested elections to the Constituent Assembly and provincial legislatures; won several seats |
| Arrah Conference |
2nd All India Conference in January 1947 in Arrah, Bihar |
| Post-Independence Status |
Re-established as an independent political party after India’s independence |
Try this PYQ:
Who among the following were the founders of the “Hind Mazdoor Sabha” established in 1948?
(a) B. Krishna Pillai, E.M.S. Namboodiripad and K.C. George
(b) Jayaprakash Narayan, Deen Dayal Upadhyay and M.N. Roy
(c) C.P. Ramaswamy Iyer, K. Kamaraj and Veeresalingam Pantulu
(d) Ashok Mehata, T.S. Ramanujan and G.G. Mehata
Post your answers here.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Biogas , Natural Gas, LPG
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The Centre plans to enhance its domestic energy sustainability by introducing mandatory blending of compressed biogas (CBG) with Natural Gas.
Mandatory Biogas Blending
This initiative aims to reduce the country’s reliance on natural gas imports and lower emissions.
- Initial Phase (April 2025): The mandatory blending of CBG with natural gas will begin at 1%. This blend will be suitable for use in automobiles and households.
- Progressive Increase (By 2028): The government plans to gradually increase the mandatory blending percentage to around 5% by 2028. This step will further reduce the dependence on pure natural gas.
Why such move?
- India is among the world’s largest importers of oil and gas, with nearly half of its gas consumption relying on imports.
- The blending initiative is designed to curb import costs and enhance energy security.
- These measures align with India’s broader objective of achieving net-zero emissions by 2070.
Comparative Analysis of Biogas, Natural Gas, and LPG
|
Biogas |
Natural Gas |
LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) |
| Composition |
Organic matter decomposition (mainly methane and CO2). |
Fossil fuel (primarily methane). |
Byproduct of natural gas processing (propane, butane). |
| Production |
Anaerobic digestion of organic waste. |
Extracted from underground, requires refining. |
Obtained during natural gas processing and refining. |
| Energy Content |
Lower due to high CO2 content. |
High, efficient for heating and power. |
High per volume, efficient in liquefied state. |
| Environmental Impact |
Renewable, carbon-neutral. |
Cleaner than coal/oil, but emits greenhouse gases. |
Fewer pollutants than gasoline/diesel, emits greenhouse gases. |
| Uses |
Heating, electricity, vehicle fuel, cooking in rural areas. |
Heating, electricity, industrial processes, vehicle fuel. |
Heating, cooking, vehicles, industrial applications. |
| Storage/Transport |
Stored as gas or liquid; requires tanks. |
Pipelines for gas; LNG for long-distance. |
Pressurized tanks as liquid. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Special Category Status
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Recently, Bihar govt passed a resolution seeking Special Category Status (SCS) for the state.
- This demand comes in light of the revelations from the “Bihar Caste-based Survey, 2022,” which unveiled that nearly one-third of Bihar’s population continues to grapple with poverty.
Special Category Status (SCS): An Overview
- Definition: SCS is a classification conferred by the Central government to support the development of states facing geographical or socio-economic disadvantages.
- Origins: SCS was instituted in 1969, based on the recommendations of the 5th Finance Commission (FC).
- Criteria: Five criteria are assessed before granting SCS, including factors like hilly terrain, low population density, and economic backwardness.
- Historical Allocation: Initially, three states—Jammu & Kashmir, Assam, and Nagaland—were granted SCS. Subsequently, eight more states, including Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand, received this status.
Benefits of having SCS
- Financial Assistance: SCS states used to receive grants based on the Gadgil-Mukherjee formula, accounting for approximately 30% of total central assistance.
- Devolution of Funds: Post the abolition of the Planning Commission and the recommendations of the 14th and 15th FCs, SCS assistance has been subsumed into increased devolution of funds for all states (now 41% in the 15th FC).
- Funding Ratio: SCS states enjoy a favourable 90:10 Centre-State funding split for centrally sponsored schemes, compared to 60:40 or 80:20 for general category states.
- Additional Incentives: SCS states receive concessions in customs and excise duties, income tax rates, and corporate tax rates to attract investments.
Why Bihar’s Demand for SCS?
- Resource Challenges: Bihar attributes its poverty and underdevelopment to limited natural resources, irregular water supply for irrigation, recurring floods in the north, and severe droughts in the south.
- Industrial Shift: The state’s bifurcation led to the relocation of industries to Jharkhand, creating unemployment and investment voids.
- Per-Capita GDP: Bihar’s per-capita GDP, at around ₹54,000, consistently ranks among the lowest in India.
- Welfare Funding: Chief Minister Nitish Kumar asserts that Bihar houses approximately 94 lakh poor families and that SCS recognition would generate about ₹2.5 lakh crore, crucial for funding welfare initiatives over the next five years.
SCS Demands from Other States
- Andhra Pradesh: Since its bifurcation in 2014, Andhra Pradesh has sought SCS due to revenue loss post-Hyderabad’s transfer to Telangana.
- Odisha: Odisha’s appeal for SCS underscores its vulnerability to natural disasters, such as cyclones, and a significant tribal population (around 22%).
- Central Government’s Response: Despite these demands, the Central government, citing the 14th Finance Commission’s report, which recommended against granting SCS to any state, has consistently rejected them.
Is Bihar’s Demand Justified?
- Criteria Fulfillment: Bihar meets most SCS criteria but lacks hilly terrain and geographically difficult areas, crucial for infrastructural development.
- Alternative Solutions: In 2013, the Raghuram Rajan Committee proposed a ‘multi-dimensional index’ methodology instead of SCS, which could be revisited to address Bihar’s socio-economic challenges effectively.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Kambala, Jallikattu
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- Kambala races were held on this weekend in Bengaluru and many parts of Karnataka.
- This event has faced legal scrutiny in the past, with the Supreme Court temporarily outlawing Kambala, along with Jallikattu and bullock-cart racing, in 2014.
What is Kambala?
- Kambala is a folk sport predominantly practised in the coastal districts of Karnataka, especially where Tulu-speaking communities are prevalent.
- Traditionally, races were organized in slushy paddy fields post-harvest.
- The Kambala Samithi now hosts weekly events from late November to mid-April at various venues across Dakshina Kannada and Udupi districts.
- For many, especially the Bunt community, Kambala is a prestigious event.
- Buffalo pairs are meticulously groomed throughout the year in the hopes of winning major races.
Different Kambala Categories
- Negilu (Plough): Entry-level buffalo pairs participate in their first Kambala race using lighter ploughs.
- Hagga (Rope): Jockeys race buffaloes with just a rope tied to both.
- Adda Halage: Participants stand on a horizontal plank dragged by buffaloes, unlike Hagga and Negilu where jockeys run behind.
- Kane Halage: A wooden plank tied to buffaloes, with water gushing out through holes as it’s dragged. The height of splashing water determines the winner.
Kambala’s Popularity across Karnataka
- While Kambala’s popularity is concentrated in coastal Karnataka, movies like ‘Kantara’ in 2022 have widened its appeal across the state.
- The film’s success is credited with generating interest in the sport, making it more popular even beyond its traditional strongholds.
- Historically, the Koraga community faced discrimination during Kambala events. They were considered “untouchable” and ill-treated.
- Critics argue that the sport is still dominated by higher caste groups, while lower caste individuals often perform menial tasks during the event.
Why was Kambala banned by the Supreme Court?
- Several organizations, including People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), alleged animal abuse during traditional sporting events.
- Concerns included the tying of buffalo noses with ropes and continuous whipping during races, seen as cruelty.
- The Supreme Court, hearing these petitions, banned Kambala, Jallikattu, and bullock-cart racing in 2014.
How was the ban lifted?
- In January 2016, the Environment Ministry issued a notification allowing the continuation of bull training for such traditional events, recognizing their cultural significance.
- Specific conditions were set to minimize bull suffering.
- State governments also amended the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, providing exemptions for these events.
- A five-judge constitutional bench upheld these amendments made by Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Maharashtra governments in May.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ozone Layer and Ozone Hole
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- Recent research published in the journal Nature Communications has revealed a concerning trend in the Antarctic ozone layer during mid-spring (October).
- Contrary to previously reported recovery trends in total ozone, the core of the Antarctic ozone in mid-spring has experienced a significant 26% reduction since 2004.
Ozone Layer and Ozone Hole
| Location |
Stratosphere, approximately 10-30 km above Earth’s surface. |
| Composition |
Composed of ozone (O3) molecules.
Unit of measurement: Dobsob Unit (DU) |
| Function |
Acts as a protective shield, absorbing and blocking a significant portion of harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun. |
| Importance |
Essential for protecting life on Earth by preventing excessive UV radiation, which can harm living organisms and the environment. |
| Ozone-depleting Substances |
Threatened by ODS like chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halons, and other synthetic compounds commonly used in refrigeration, air conditioning, and aerosol propellants. |
| Montreal Protocol |
An international treaty adopted in 1987 to phase out the production and consumption of ODS, resulting in significant recovery of the ozone layer. |
| Current Status |
The ozone layer is in the process of recovery due to the success of the Montreal Protocol. |
| Environmental Impact |
Protects ecosystems, prevents skin cancer, cataracts, and other health issues in humans. |
| Additional Facts |
• The size of the ozone hole over Antarctica varies annually, opening in August and closing in November or December.
• Special winds caused by the Earth’s rotation create a unique climate over Antarctica, preventing mixing with surrounding air.
• When these winds subside, the hole closes. |
Shift in Ozone Trends
- Mid-Spring Ozone Depletion: The study’s findings reveal a notable decline in mid-spring (October) ozone levels within the middle stratospheric layer, contrary to previous expectations of recovery.
- Early Spring Recovery: Surprisingly, early spring (September) still shows slight ozone increases or a modest recovery of the ozone hole.
Implications of Ozone Variability
- Antarctic Stratospheric Ozone: Antarctic stratospheric ozone plays a critical role in influencing climate patterns across the Southern Hemisphere.
- Understanding Ozone Variability: Ongoing research aims to understand the reasons behind the observed ozone variability, particularly in the context of the Southern Hemisphere’s atmospheric changes.
Key Findings
- Recovery Trends Re-evaluated: When considering satellite data from 2022, previously reported recovery trends in Antarctic spring total ozone, observed since 2001, no longer hold.
- Middle Stratosphere Impact: The middle stratosphere has witnessed continued, significant ozone reduction since 2004, culminating in a 26% loss within the core of the ozone hole.
- Potential Causes: The study suggests that changes in the mesosphere, the atmospheric layer above the stratosphere and the ozone layer, may be driving this reduction.
- Major triggers: Scientists speculate that the extensive ozone hole this year may be linked to volcanic eruptions in Hunga Tonga, Tonga, between December 2022 and January 2023.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Justice Fathima Beevi
Mains level: Women in Judiciary
Central Idea
- India’s judiciary has long grappled with gender disparity, and the recent passing of Justice Fathima Beevi, the country’s first female Supreme Court judge, has brought attention to this issue.
- Despite incremental progress, women continue to be underrepresented in both the Supreme Court and High Courts, highlighting the need for comprehensive reform.
About Justice Fathima Beevi
- Justice Fathima Beevi, India’s first woman Supreme Court judge, passed away at the age of 96 in Kollam, Kerala.
- She made history as the first Muslim woman judge of the Supreme Court, as well as the first woman Supreme Court Justice in Asia.
Gender Disparity in Indian Judiciary
[A] Supreme Court
- Current Scenario: Of the 34 incumbent Supreme Court justices, only three are women: Justices Hima Kohli, Bela Trivedi, and BV Nagarathna.
- Historical Perspective: India has had a total of 11 women judges in the Supreme Court’s history, since Justice Beevi’s appointment in 1989.
- Low Representation: This translates to approximately 4% representation of women judges out of a total of 268 judges in the apex court’s history.
- Recent Appointments: The current collegium, led by Chief Justice DY Chandrachud, has made 14 appointments but is yet to appoint a woman judge to the Supreme Court.
[B] High Court
- High Court Scenario: As of March 2022, India has 25 high courts with 1,114 sanctioned judge positions.
- Working Judges: However, only 785 judges are currently working, with 329 positions remaining vacant.
- Female Judges: Out of the working judges, only 107 are women, constituting 13% of the total.
- Women Chief Justices: Only one of the country’s 25 high courts currently has a woman chief justice.
Efforts to Address Gender Disparity
- Legal Perspective: The Union Law Minister stated that the Constitution’s Articles 124, 217, and 224 do not provide for caste or class-based reservations in higher judiciary appointments.
- Recommendation for Diversity: Nevertheless, the Centre encouraged high court chief justices to consider suitable candidates who are women, minorities, scheduled castes, or tribes to ensure social diversity in the appointment process.
Challenges in Lower Judiciary and District Courts
- Higher Representation: Women constitute approximately 27% of judges in the lower judiciary, but gender disparities persist in higher appointments such as district judges and high courts.
- Regional Disparities: A study revealed that only a few smaller states like Goa, Meghalaya, and Sikkim had over 60% women judges, while others remained below 40%.
- Reservation: Some states have introduced quotas for women in the lower judiciary, providing between 30% and 35% reservation for direct appointments.
Way forward
- In April 2021, Chief Justice SA Bobde emphasized that capable candidates were required for greater women representation, rather than an attitudinal change.
- His statement sparked controversy as female advocates challenged the assumption that women refused judgeships solely due to domestic responsibilities.
- Advocates argued that men also decline judgeships for various reasons without hindering their appointment.
Conclusion
- The gender disparity in India’s judiciary remains a persistent challenge, with slow progress towards equal representation.
- It is imperative to address this issue comprehensively, from the highest courts to the lower judiciary, by promoting diversity and equal opportunities, ultimately strengthening the justice system and upholding gender equality.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Casgevy, Crispr-Cas9 technology
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The recent approval of Casgevy, a groundbreaking gene therapy utilizing Crispr-Cas9 technology, by the UK health authorities represents a monumental achievement in medicine.
- This therapy holds the potential to provide a lifelong cure for individuals grappling with sickle cell disease and thalassaemia, offering newfound hope and possibilities in the field of genetic medicine.
Casgevy: A Gene-Editing Marvel
- World’s First Licensed Gene Therapy: Casgevy stands as the world’s inaugural licensed gene therapy employing Crispr-Cas9 technology, an innovation that garnered the Nobel Prize in 2020.
- Targeting Faulty Genes: This revolutionary therapy specifically targets the flawed genes responsible for sickle cell disease and thalassaemia, offering the tantalizing prospect of a lifelong cure.
- A Paradigm Shift: In the past, the only permanent treatment option was a bone marrow transplant, contingent on discovering a closely matched donor.
Mechanism of Action
- Genetic Errors: Sickle cell disease and thalassaemia both stem from genetic abnormalities within the haemoglobin gene, impairing the structure and functionality of red blood cells.
- Precision Gene Editing: Casgevy harnesses the patient’s blood stem cells, meticulously edited using Crispr-Cas9, with a specific focus on the BCL11A gene.
- Boosting Foetal Haemoglobin: By stimulating the production of foetal haemoglobin, which lacks the irregularities found in adult haemoglobin, the therapy mitigates the symptoms of these debilitating conditions.
Understanding Sickle Cell Disease and Thalassaemia
Sickle Cell Disease: Characterized by crescent-shaped red blood cells, this condition disrupts smooth blood flow, resulting in excruciating pain, infections, anaemia, and even strokes. India bears witness to an annual influx of 30,000-40,000 children born with sickle cell disease.
Thalassaemia: This disorder leads to diminished haemoglobin levels, causing fatigue, breathlessness, and irregular heartbeats, necessitating lifelong blood transfusions and chelation therapy. India is home to the world’s largest population of children with thalassaemia major, numbering approximately 1-1.5 lakh. |
Clinical Trial Results
- Clinical trials of Casgevy showcased remarkable results, with participants afflicted by sickle cell disease reporting a substantial reduction in severe pain crises.
- Those with thalassaemia witnessed a remarkable 70% reduction in the need for blood transfusions.
Administration and Challenges
- One-Time Treatment: Casgevy involves a one-time treatment process, encompassing the collection of bone marrow blood stem cells through apheresis, followed by editing and testing over a span of approximately six months.
- Conditioning Medicine: Prior to the transplant with edited cells, conditioning medicine is administered to clear the bone marrow of existing cells.
- Challenges: Challenges include the expected high cost of the therapy, potentially around $2 million per patient, and the absence of local manufacturing facilities, necessitating the international transport of blood stem cells.
Future Prospects
- Price Reduction: Despite pricing challenges, experts hold the belief that ongoing research will lead to price reductions, making the therapy more accessible. Local manufacturing facilities are also anticipated to emerge.
- Indian Research: Researchers in India are actively pursuing gene therapies for sickle cell disease, with clinical trials on the horizon in the coming years.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: All India Judicial Service (AIJS)
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- On Constitution Day, President emphasized the need for an All-India Judicial Service (AIJS) to reflect India’s diverse fabric in the judiciary.
- Designed to streamline the recruitment process for judges, particularly at the levels of additional district judges and district judges across all states, the AIJS concept has been the subject of longstanding debate and contention within legal circles.
All India Judicial Service (AIJS): Overview
- Objective: To select and nurture talented individuals nationwide, ensuring representation from underrepresented social groups.
- Current Recruitment: Under Articles 233 and 234 of the Constitution, states manage district judge appointments. State Public Service Commissions conduct recruitment, supervised by High Courts.
- Rationale: AIJS aims to enhance judicial efficiency, standardize compensation, expedite recruitment, and ensure uniform training.
Historical Context
- 1958: The Law Commission first proposed a centralized judicial service.
- 1978: The Law Commission revisited the idea amid concerns about delays and case backlogs.
- 2006: A Parliamentary Committee supported a pan-Indian judicial service, drafting a bill.
Judiciary’s Stance
- 1992: The Supreme Court directed the Centre to establish AIJS (All India Judges’ Assam vs. Union of India case).
- 1993: The Court permitted the Centre to initiate AIJS independently.
- 2017: The Supreme Court suggested a “Central Selection Mechanism” for district judge appointments.
Necessity of AIJS
- Challenges: The lower judiciary faces about 5400 vacancies and a backlog of 2.78 crore cases.
- Quality Concerns: The declining quality of judicial officers necessitates high-caliber recruitment.
- Financial Incentives: State services often fail to attract top talent due to lower salaries.
- Training and Subjectivity: State-run institutions lack adequate training resources; current appointments are marred by subjectivity and nepotism.
Criticism and Concerns
- Federalism: AIJS is seen as infringing on states’ powers.
- Language and Representation: Centralized recruitment might impact the use of regional languages.
- Equality and Education: A national exam could disadvantage less privileged candidates; law education standards are inconsistent.
- Structural Issues: AIJS may not address systemic problems like low pay and inadequate infrastructure.
- Bureaucratization: Centralizing recruitment doesn’t inherently guarantee efficiency.
Government’s Motivation
- Business Environment: Reforming the lower judiciary is aligned with improving India’s Ease of Doing Business ranking.
- Dispute Resolution: Efficient dispute resolution is crucial for business rankings.
- IAS Inspiration: The government views the IAS system as a model for enhancing judicial services.
Way Forward
Niti Aayog’s ‘Strategy for New India @75’ report recommends:
- Examination: An all-India judicial services exam to maintain high standards.
- Technology: Implementing video-conferencing to expedite justice and reduce logistical issues.
- Independence: AIJS cadre should report to the Chief Justice in each High Court to preserve judicial independence.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: na
Mains level: Caste as a nation within the nation
Central idea
Vontibettu Thimmappa Rajshekar Shetty (VTR) authored 30 books centering on caste, nation and religion
Key Highlights:
- Vontibettu Thimmappa Rajshekar Shetty (VTR) is a renowned figure in the Ambedkarite, anti-caste movement, known for his fearless journalism.
- Born in 1932, VTR played a significant role in shaping the intellectual discourse of the anti-caste sphere since the 1970s.
- Founder of the world-famous periodical Dalit Voice in 1981, VTR advocated for Dalit rights and challenged the Brahminical state order.
Challenges:
- Faced opposition and legal challenges, including being booked under India’s Terrorism and Anti-Disruptive Activities Act.
- Dalit Voice was forced to shut down due to assault by the BJP, rechristened as Brahmana Jaati Party.
Key Phrases:
- “Triumph of Ambedkarism”: VTR envisioned the 21st century as a period of triumph for Ambedkarism.
- “Caste as a nation within the nation”: VTR viewed caste as a separate entity rather than a subsidiary of the nation-state.
Critical Analysis:
- VTR’s journalism focused on exposing Brahminical hypocrisies and advocating for the rights of the oppressed.
- Fearless critiques of the caste system and Brahminical state order marked his intellectual contributions.
- VTR’s alignment with international radical movements showcased a commitment to broader social justice issues.
- Alliances with African-American movements and international solidarity reflected a global perspective on caste-based discrimination.
- Booking under India’s Terrorism and Anti-Disruptive Activities Act highlighted the resistance faced by VTR for his outspoken journalism.
- Dalit Voice’s closure due to opposition from the BJP underscores the challenges anti-caste voices encounter in political landscapes.
- Despite significant contributions, VTR and many anti-caste legends are often inadequately honored and celebrated.
- The proposed establishment of a national award for fearless journalists in V T Rajshekar’s name aims to recognize and honor his impactful work.
Key Examples and References:
- Founded Dalit Voice in 1981 and authored 30 books, including “Dalit: The Black Untouchables of India.”
- Inspired solidarity between Dalits and contemporary African-American activists.
Key Data:
- Born on July 17, 1932.
- Founded Dalit Voice in 1981.
Key Facts:
- VTR faced legal challenges, including being booked under India’s Terrorism and Anti-Disruptive Activities Act.
- Dalit Voice shut down due to opposition from the BJP.
Key Terms:
- Ambedkarism,
- Brahminical state order,
- Dalit Voice,
- Caste-based violence,
- Internationalism,
- Brahmana Jaati Party.
Way Forward:
- Recognition and celebration of VTR’s contributions to anti-caste journalism and social justice.
- Proposed establishment of a national award for fearless journalists in the name of V T Rajshekar to honor his legacy.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Char Dham Project
Mains level: Environment Impact Assessment (EIA)
Central idea
The Uttarkashi tunnel collapse has thrown light on the major flaws in the infrastructure development in the Indian Himalayan Region
Key Highlights:
- The Char Dham Project in the Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) has raised concerns about the sustainability of the current development model.
- The focus is on the carrying capacity of the IHR, questioning the extensive road widening, hydropower projects, and tourism promotion.
- The geological sensitivity of the Himalayas, marked by earthquakes and frictional shear rocks, makes such infrastructure projects dangerous.
Challenges:
- Lack of adherence to mountain construction codes and basic safety protocols in the rush for construction projects.
- The fragmentation of the Char Dham Project into smaller sections for Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) raises questions about its comprehensive evaluation.
- The need to address the broader issue of carrying capacity in the IHR, encompassing hydropower projects, tourism, and road development.
Key Phrases:
- “Construction in this zone is dangerous” due to the sensitive geological nature of the Himalayas.
- The Supreme Court should address the issue of carrying capacity in the Himalayas, considering the impact of infrastructure on the ecosystem.
- The transformative phase in the IHR requires a reevaluation of the integration approach with new geographies.
Critical Analysis:
- The article criticizes the lack of seriousness in implementing safety measures, citing the Silkyara tunnel incident in Uttarakhand.
- Emphasis on learning from failures, international protocols, and the inclusion of local communities in monitoring structures are suggested for safer infrastructure development.
Key Examples and References:
- The Atal tunnel in Himachal Pradesh is cited as an exception with a rigorous safety protocol, contrasting it with the safety lapses in the Char Dham Project.
- The flash floods of 2013 in Uttarakhand are mentioned as the basis for initiating the Char Dham Yatra and subsequent infrastructure projects.
Key Data:
- The Char Dham Project is approximately 900 km long, broken into 53 sections for separate EIAs.
- Geological and geotechnical studies highlight the dangerous nature of construction in the Himalayas.
Key Facts:
- The carrying capacity discussion extends beyond the number of people to include infrastructure aspects like hydropower projects and roads.
- The importance of a legislative architecture that involves local communities and adheres to international protocols for safer infrastructure development.
Key Terms for value addition in your answer:
- Carrying capacity
- Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
- Geological sensitivity
- Transformative phase
- Safety protocols
Way Forward:
- Urgent dialogue on carrying capacity in the Himalayas, considering the total impact of infrastructure development.
- Adoption of international protocols and legislative architecture for safer construction, involving local communities and civil society.
- Reevaluation of the integration approach in the transformative phase of the IHR, ensuring stability and safety standards in infrastructure projects.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: PM2.5 and PM10
Mains level: critical role of transitioning to electric trucks to mitigate PM2.5 pollution
Central idea
The central idea revolves around the urgent need to address worsening air quality in Indian cities, focusing on the critical role of transitioning to electric trucks to mitigate PM2.5 pollution. Despite challenges like upfront costs, the article emphasizes the imperative of swift action, proposes green freight corridors as a demonstration, and calls for a concerted effort involving public and private sectors to accelerate the transition and ensure a healthier urban environment.
Key Highlights:
- Air Quality Crisis: Rising air pollution in Indian cities necessitates prioritizing mitigation strategies, focusing on PM2.5 and PM10 pollution from the transport and construction sector.
- Truck Fleet Expansion: The significant increase in the truck fleet poses a threat to air quality, and the transition to electric trucks is crucial for sustainability and energy security.
Challenges:
- Air Pollution Impact: The annual addition of 9 lakh new trucks to Indian roads contributes to air pollution, consuming a substantial portion of oil imports and contributing to over 90% of road transport CO2 emissions.
- Obstacles to Electric Adoption: Upfront costs and charging infrastructure constraints pose challenges to the adoption of electric trucks, despite the success in electrifying rail freight and buses.
Key Phrases:
- Urgent Deployment: Urgent deployment of solutions is paramount in addressing the air quality crisis.
- Targeted Mitigation: Diesel trucks and dust mitigation are identified as significant PM sources requiring immediate attention.
- Corridor Demonstration: Green freight corridors are proposed as a demonstration effect to accelerate the transition to electric trucks.
Critical Analysis:
- Swift Action Call: The need for swift action is emphasized, with a call to accelerate the pace of transition to electric trucks.
- Financial Implications: Public funding alone is insufficient, and the importance of attracting private and institutional capital is highlighted.
- Decarbonization Priority: Despite the success in electrifying three-wheelers, truck electrification is recognized as a pivotal step in transport sector decarbonization.
Key Examples and References:
- E-truck Demand: The demand for 7,750 e-trucks in India by 2030 is cited as a potential measure to save over 800 billion liters of diesel till 2050.
- Cost Disparity: The upfront cost disparity between mid-range electric trucks and diesel trucks is identified as a major hurdle.
Key Data:
- Electric Penetration Rate: India’s electric vehicle penetration rate has crossed 6%, but electric trucks remain a challenge.
- Fleet Projection: The Indian truck fleet is projected to reach 1.7 crore in 2050, emphasizing the urgency of transitioning to electric trucks.
Key Facts:
- Corridor Proposal: Electrifying expressways and national highways as green freight corridors is proposed for demonstration and impact.
- Financial Innovation: Innovative financial instruments and a conducive regulatory environment are deemed essential for the breakthrough in truck electrification.
Way Forward:
- Concerted Efforts: Urges the need for concerted efforts, including feasibility studies, demand aggregation, and a conducive regulatory environment, to create green freight corridors.
- Recognition of Urgency: Stresses the importance of recognizing the urgency in addressing air quality issues and transitioning to electric trucks for a healthier urban environment.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ayurveda Gyan Naipunya Initiative (AGNI)
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- The Central Council for Research in Ayurveda Sciences (CCRAS), under the Ministry of Ayush, has introduced the “Ayurveda Gyan Naipunya Initiative” (AGNI) to promote research and innovation among Ayurveda practitioners.
Ayurveda Gyan Naipunya Initiative
- AGNI aims to document and validate Ayurvedic medical practices, enhance evidence-based practice culture, and facilitate scientific research in the field.
- It provides a platform for Ayurveda practitioners to share their innovative practices, fostering an evidence-based culture.
- It also supports research to validate pragmatic Ayurvedic practices through scientific methods.
Key functions
- CCRAS will document and publish reported medical practices and therapeutic regimens for educational and academic purposes in consultation with the National Commission for Indian System of Medicine (NCISM).
- AGNI provides a platform for Ayurveda practitioners to report their innovative practices and experiences across various disease conditions.
- The initiative encourages the culture of evidence-based practice among Ayurveda practitioners, ensuring that their methods are grounded in scientific research.
- AGNI seeks to identify interested Ayurveda practitioners willing to collaborate in creating a comprehensive database through applications.
- Capacity building through research methods and good clinical practice training will also be offered.
- AGNI will undertake research to mainstream pragmatic Ayurvedic practices through scientific validation and evidence-based appraisal.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Deep Space Optical Communications (DSOC)
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- NASA’s DSOC experiment onboarded to Psyche spacecraft, recently demonstrated successful transmission of data over near-infrared laser signals to Earth.
- This technology addresses the challenge of transmitting vast amounts of data over long distances from spacecraft, moving at high speeds in deep space.
Deep Space Optical Communications (DSOC)
- NASA’s DSOC experiment introduces near-infrared laser signals for spacecraft communication.
- DSOC promises data rates at least 10 times faster than conventional radio communication systems, leading to enhanced data transfer rates, higher-resolution images, increased scientific data volume, and even real-time video streaming.
- DSOC’s laser communication technology is comparable to how fiber optics revolutionized Earth-based telecommunications.
Psyche Spacecraft and DSOC
- The Psyche spacecraft is the first to carry a DSOC transceiver, which will test high-bandwidth optical communication with Earth during its initial two years of travel to the asteroid belt.
- DSOC’s successful “first light” milestone was reached when the transceiver locked onto a powerful laser beacon transmitted from NASA’s Table Mountain Facility in California.
- Achieving high data rates relies on extremely precise pointing, which is akin to hitting a small target from a great distance while both are in motion.
- This precision is necessary for the laser transceiver to track its target despite vibrations on the spacecraft.
Key Components for Success
- The spacecraft must isolate the transceiver from vibrations to maintain precision.
- As Earth and the spacecraft change positions during data transmission, DSOC systems adjust to ensure accurate pointing.
- New signal-processing techniques are essential to extract information from weak laser signals transmitted across vast distances in space.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: CREAMS Lab
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Farm fires, particularly paddy crop residue fires, contribute to air pollution in northern India. To monitor and address this issue, satellite data is utilized.
CREAMS Laboratory: Monitoring farm fires
- Agency: The Indian Agricultural Research Institute’s (IARI) Consortium for Research on Agro-ecosystem Monitoring and Modeling from Space (CREAMS) Laboratory is responsible for collecting and disseminating daily bulletins on paddy residue fires.
- Coverage: Data covers Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and Delhi.
- Information Provided: The bulletin includes district-wise fire incident numbers, comparative data from previous years, location, satellite details, time, and fire intensity.
Satellite Data Collection
- Satellites: Three NASA satellites (VIIRS on Suomi NPP, MODIS on Terra and Aqua) capture data by recording land surface temperatures.
- Coverage: These satellites pass over the Indian subcontinent twice daily, with varying times.
- Resolution: VIIRS offers higher resolution, while MODIS has coarser resolution.
- Data Use: Satellite data is used to differentiate farm fires from other types, such as forest fires or industrial fires.
Monitoring Protocols
- Standardization: In 2021, a standard protocol for monitoring farm fires using satellite data was established.
- Data Comparison: Comparative data is available from 2020 onwards.
- Punjab’s Data: The Punjab Remote Sensing Centre provides similar data specific to Punjab.
Identifying Paddy Fires
- Reflectance Signature: Paddy crop residue fires are distinguished based on the unique reflectance signature of paddy fields.
- Land Surface Temperature: Active fires are identified based on land surface temperature deviations from surrounding areas.
- Fire Intensity: Intensity, expressed as energy emitted per unit area per unit time, indicates the amount of residue burned.
Bulletin Dissemination
- Recipient Agencies: Bulletins are sent to central and state-level agencies, including the Commission for Air Quality Management, the Ministry of Agriculture, and state agriculture departments.
- Action Measures: Authorities use the data to identify hotspots and plan measures, such as machinery availability, to address farm fires.
- Targets: Some states, like Punjab and Haryana, set targets for reducing farm fire incidents based on satellite data.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: CERT-In, RTI
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- The Centre has included the Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In) in the list of organizations exempted from the Right to Information Act (RTI), 2005.
-
There are 26 other intelligence and security organisations established by the Central government such as the Intelligence Bureau, Research and Analysis Wing, Directorate of Enforcement, and National Technical Research Organisation that are exempt under RTI.
About Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In)
|
Details |
| Nodal Agency |
Part of India’s Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology |
| Establishment |
Formed in 2004 under the Information Technology Act, 2000 Section (70B) |
| Inter-agency Coordination |
Works with NCIIPC (under NTRO and PMO) and NDMA (under Ministry of Home Affairs) |
| Functions |
Monitors cyber-attacks, issues security guidelines, liaises with national cybersecurity bodies |
| Recent Activities |
Hosted ‘Synergy’ exercise in 2022 with international participation |
| International Agreements |
MoUs with UK, Korea, Canada, Australia, Malaysia, Singapore, Japan, Uzbekistan; cooperation with Shanghai Cooperation Organisation |
| Notable Incidents |
Reported Android Jelly Bean flaw (2014), Chrome vulnerabilities (2020), WhatsApp vulnerability (2021); investigated AIIMS cyber-attack (2022) |
| Cyberattack Statistics (2021) |
Faced 11.5 million cyberattack incidents including attacks on infrastructure and government |
Back2Basics: Right to Information (RTI) Act
| Enactment |
June 15, 2005 |
| Objective |
Promote transparency and accountability |
| Applicability |
All public authorities at central, state, local levels |
| Scope |
Access to information on matters of public interest, government policies, budgets, etc. |
| RTI Application |
Filed in writing with the concerned public authority |
| Response Time |
Within 30 days (48 hours for life or liberty issues) |
| Exemptions |
Some information exempted to protect national security, privacy, etc.
Judiciary |
| Fees |
Nominal fee varies based on state and information requested |
| First Appellate Authority |
Filed if dissatisfied with the response |
| Second Appeal |
Filed with the relevant Information Commission |
| Whistleblower Protection |
Safeguards against victimization for exposing corruption |
| Impact |
Promotes transparency, accountability, and good governance |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Global Biodiversity Framework Fund (GBFF)
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Since the 1992 Rio Earth Summit, the global community has struggled to secure adequate funding for biodiversity conservation.
- However, on August 27, 2023, a significant step was taken as countries established the Global Biodiversity Framework Fund (GBFF).
GBFF: A New Hope for Biodiversity Funding
- Inception: The GBFF was officially established on August 27, 2023, at the 7th Assembly of the Global Environment Facility (GEF) in Vancouver, Canada.
- KMGBF Integration: The GBFF’s primary objective is to support countries in achieving the 23 targets outlined in the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF), which was adopted at the 15th Conference of the Parties (COP15) to the UN Convention on Biological Diversity.
- Funding Needs: COP15 determined that at least $200 billion per year until 2030 is required to fund biodiversity protection programs worldwide.
| 1990: GEF launched with ~US$1 billion; 46% funds for biodiversity.
1996: GEF becomes financial mechanism for the Convention at COP3, Argentina.
2002: GEF’s 3rd replenishment: $3 billion, 30% for biodiversity (2002-06).
2010: COP10 in Japan sets Aichi targets; 5th GEF replenishment: $4.34 billion, $1.15 billion for biodiversity.
2014: GEF’s 6th cycle: $4.43 billion, 6.3% for biodiversity.
2019: IPBES report shows 1 million species at extinction risk.
2023: 7th GEF Assembly ratifies GBFF with $200 million seed capital; $1.92 billion for biodiversity in 8th cycle.
1992: CBD signed at Earth Summit, effective 1993; COP1 in Bahamas.
1998: First GEF Assembly in New Delhi; $418 million allocated for biodiversity.
2006: 4th GEF replenishment: $3.13 billion, 26% for biodiversity.
2012: COP11 in India; IPBES to assess biodiversity status.
2018: COP14 in Egypt assesses Aichi targets; GEF’s 7th cycle: $4.1 billion, 21.8% for biodiversity.
2022: COP15 in Montreal adopts Kunming-Montreal Framework; $200 billion/year needed, Global Biodiversity Framework Fund proposed. |
What makes GBFF unique?
- Diverse Funding Sources: Unlike the GEF, which relied on a limited number of donors, the GBFF will source funds from private, philanthropic, and government investments.
- GEF’s Role: The GEF will manage the GBFF, making it a more robust and versatile funding mechanism.
- Budget Allocation: The GBFF has a cumulative budget of $5.25 billion for 2022-26, with 36% allocated for biodiversity. The remaining funds are dedicated to projects addressing climate change, pollution, land, and ocean health.
- Enhanced Impact: Carlos Manuel Rodríguez, Chairperson of GEF, emphasizes the need not only for increased funds but also for strategic utilization to maximize impact.
- Multilateral Fund Potential: GBFF might receive contributions from a proposed multilateral fund generated from fees related to digital genetic sequence information, potentially generating over $15 billion annually.
Challenges Ahead
- Funding Gap Persists: Despite GBFF’s establishment, the financial gap for biodiversity conservation remains significant. In 2019, global spending on biodiversity conservation was far below the estimated need.
- Domestic Financing Struggles: Relying on domestic funds has been challenging, especially for developing countries.
- Long-Term Funding Concerns: The world faces a projected financing gap of $4.1 trillion for biodiversity by 2050, underscoring the need for sustainable funding mechanisms.
Importance of Domestic Funding
- Diverse Solutions: KMGBF’s Target 19 suggests various nature-based solutions such as payment for ecosystem services, green bonds, and benefit-sharing mechanisms to mobilize domestic funding.
- Challenges of Blended Finance: Blended financing, where public resources catalyze private investment, may not be an ideal solution and takes time to implement.
- Biodiversity Credits: Similar to carbon credits, biodiversity credits (biocredits) have gained popularity. They have the potential to generate the funds needed to meet KMGBF targets.
- Biocredits Challenges: Biocredits are in their infancy, and their implementation, including regulation, certification schemes, and policy systems, is still being discussed.
Challenges in Achieving KMGBF Targets
- Protecting 30% of Land and Waters: Achieving the 30×30 target faces challenges, considering existing protected areas’ effectiveness and the inclusion of OECMs (other effective area-based conservation measures).
- Data Gap: The effectiveness of existing protected areas is unclear due to limited available data.
- Debate over OECMs: OECMs are not fully understood, and there are concerns that they might be designated without proper evaluation.
Way forward
- Inclusion in KMGBF Targets: Indigenous peoples and local communities play a crucial role in conservation. KMGBF explicitly emphasizes the need to respect their rights in achieving targets.
- Funding Allocation: The GEF Assembly has allocated up to 20% of donor funds to support indigenous communities in conservation efforts.
- Capacity Building: To avoid human rights violations, there is a need for substantial investment in building the capacity of indigenous communities.
- Strict Norms: Stricter norms should ensure that biodiversity-rich areas are not diverted for other purposes, such as plantations, which cannot replace old-growth forests.
Conclusion
- The establishment of the GBFF represents a significant step towards addressing the long-standing financial challenges in biodiversity conservation.
- However, challenges, such as securing adequate funds and ensuring equitable conservation practices, persist.
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Central idea
On Constitution Day, voices are emerging to replace India’s Constitution, a unique document created through extensive discussion and amendments.
Comparative Constitutionalism:
- The comparison with other countries like France, Nepal, Chile, and Uzbekistan highlights India’s distinct process of constitution-making.
- Critics label the present Constitution as “colonial,” citing similarities with the Government of India Act 1935, but the historical context and unique influences are acknowledged.
Historical Influences and Unique Drafting Process:
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad asserted that India wasn’t bound to adhere strictly to global constitutional categories, emphasizing the influence of India’s historical realities.
- The Nehru Report’s significance in shaping constitutional ideals, serving as a foundation for future constitutional struggles.
Challenges and Criticisms:
- The challenge lies in addressing criticisms of the Constitution being “colonial” and responding to calls for a rewrite, balancing historical influences with contemporary needs.
- Achieving political consensus, as witnessed in the unique drafting process, is a monumental task, especially considering the diverse opinions and interests.
Back2Basics: The Government of India Act (1935)
- Under Lord Linlithgow’s leadership, a committee drafted the Government of India Act 1935, which was passed by the British Parliament and implemented.
- The Act drew from the Simon Commission Report, Round Table Conferences, White Paper of 1933, and Joint Select Committees’ reports to formulate its provisions.
Provisions of the GoI Act, 1935:
- All India Federation: Established an All-India Federation comprising British Indian Provinces and Indian States, although its implementation was hindered by lack of princely state participation.
- Provincial Autonomy: Introduced provincial autonomy where provinces functioned as autonomous units with responsible governments, though governors retained significant powers.
- Division of Subjects: Introduced three lists—Federal, Provincial, and Concurrent—to delineate legislative authority between the Centre and provinces, aiming to clarify jurisdictional matters:
|
Description |
Example Subjects |
| Federal List |
Subjects of all-India interest requiring uniform treatment across British India. Only the Federal Legislature had the authority to legislate. |
Defence, Foreign Affairs, Currency, Railways, Taxes on Income |
| Provincial List |
Subjects of local interest where Provincial Legislatures had exclusive jurisdiction. |
Public Health, Police, Local Government, Agriculture, Education |
| Concurrent List |
Subjects of both Provincial and Federal interest, requiring uniformity across the country. Both levels of government could legislate. |
Criminal Law, Marriage and Divorce, Bankruptcy, Trusts, Trade Unions |
|
Key Terms and Phrases:
- Nehru Report: Draft constitution prepared in 1928 as a response to the challenge posed by Lord Birkenhead, emphasizing fundamental rights and democratic principles.
- Government of India Act 1935: Considered by some as a “colonial” precursor to the Indian Constitution, but viewed differently by considering historical context.
Critical Analysis:
- The article navigates the complexities of assessing India’s Constitution, acknowledging historical influences while defending its efficiency in serving the nation.
- The challenges of potential rewriting are highlighted, emphasizing the need for political consensus and the unique historical context.
Way Forward:
- The way forward involves careful consideration of the Constitution’s strengths, historical foundations, and the feasibility of rewriting in the context of contemporary needs.
- Any potential rewriting should uphold the principles of a “fair measure of general agreement” among India’s diverse population, echoing the spirit of the Nehru Report.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: COP 28
Mains level: climate change action is essential for economic sustainability
Central idea
The article emphasizes that climate change action is essential for economic sustainability and counters the notion that it is unaffordable. It highlights the impact of fossil fuels on the cost-of-living crisis and advocates for redirecting funds from fossil fuel subsidies to renewable energy. The author calls for international cooperation at COP28 to triple renewable energy capacity, double energy efficiency, and address climate justice concerns.
Key Highlights:
- Global Cost-of-Living Crisis: Inflation’s widespread impact on billions globally, prompting a false narrative of green initiatives against the interests of the poor.
- Fossil Fuels and Economic Strain: Fossil fuels, a major driver of the cost-of-living crisis, contribute to economic strain, affecting household budgets and impeding growth.
- Worsening Climate Disasters: Amid rising costs, climate disasters intensify, causing economic damage and affecting millions globally.
Key Challenges:
- Fossil Fuel Dependency: Persistent reliance on fossil fuels remains a significant hurdle to addressing the cost-of-living crisis and mitigating climate change.
- Government Spending on Subsidies: Trillions spent on fossil fuel subsidies divert funds from essential services and hinder investments in renewable energy.
Key Terms:
- Cost-of-Living Crisis: Global economic strain exacerbated by inflation.
- Fossil Fuel Subsidies: Government financial support to the fossil fuel industry.
- Renewable Energy: Sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels.
- Climate Disasters: Increasingly severe climate-related events.
- Energy Access: Ensuring access to reliable and affordable energy.
Key Phrases for value addition:
- “Green versus poor” Narrative: Misleading rhetoric obscuring the need for a sustainable future.
- “Fossil fuel taps can’t be turned off overnight”: Recognizing the gradual nature of transitioning from fossil fuels.
- “Global Stocktake on climate action”: Assessment of progress and tools to speed up climate action.
- “Tripling the world’s renewable energy capacity”: Ambitious goals for renewable energy expansion.
- “Fear Mongering”: Misleading tactics to discourage climate action.
Key Examples and References:
- Impact of Fossil Fuel Prices: Household bills rising up to $1,000 in 2022.
- Government Spending: Trillions spent globally on fossil fuel subsidies in 2022.
Key Facts:
- Climate Predictions: This year projected to be the hottest in 125,000 years.
- Inflation Impact: Disproportionately affecting the poorest households.
- Fossil Fuel Subsidies: Diverting funds from essential services and renewable energy projects.
Key Data:
- Global Spending on Subsidies: Trillions allocated to fossil fuel subsidies.
- Climate Impact: Economic damage and lives affected by escalating climate disasters.
Critical Analysis:
- The article underscores the interconnected challenges of inflation, fossil fuel dependency, and climate change.
- Governments’ hesitation to phase out subsidies is identified as a critical obstacle.
- Emphasis on the imperative shift to renewable energy for economic growth and effective climate action.
Way Forward:
- Advocacy: Push for responsible phasing out of fossil fuel subsidies.
- Encouragement: Support governments in investing in renewable energy and energy-efficient solutions.
- Climate Justice: Back initiatives addressing climate justice and adaptation to climate impacts.
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