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  • Climate Change Impact on India and World – International Reports, Key Observations, etc.

    Why the Thar Desert on the borders of India and Pakistan is getting greener?

    India MappingPrelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 1: Geographical Features & Their Location

    Why in the News?

    Rajasthan’s barren Thar Desert may turn green, says a recent study in the journal Earth’s Future.

    Thar Desert

    • The Thar Desert is the 18th largest subtropical desert globally and is one of the most densely populated deserts.
    • Approximately 40% of the human population in Rajasthan resides in the Thar Desert.
    • It extends from the Sutlej River and is bounded by the Rann of Kutch, the Aravalli Mountains, and the Indus River.
    • About 85% of the Thar Desert is located in India, with the remainder in Pakistan.
    • In India, it spans across Rajasthan, Gujarat, Haryana, and Punjab as well.
    • Civilizations are believed to have thrived in the Thar region around 50,000 years ago across the extinct Saraswati River.
    • The Desert National Park (home to the endangered Great Indian Bustard, desert fox, desert cat, blackbuck, and Indian gazelle) is situated in the Thar Desert in the northwest Indian state of Rajasthan.

    Why is the Thar desert getting greener?

    • Climate Change Effects:
        • Alteration of Weather Patterns: Climate change is causing shifts in rainfall distribution in the thar desert area.
        • Potential for Vegetation Growth: The increased precipitation could provide favorable conditions for vegetation growth, contributing to the greening of the desert.
    • Indian Monsoon Dynamics:
        • Westward Extension of Indian Monsoon: The Indian monsoon, known for bringing heavy rainfall to eastern India, is now extending further westward into regions like the Thar Desert.
        • Impact on Moisture and Rainfall: This change in monsoon dynamics could lead to increased moisture and rainfall in the desert region, facilitating the growth of vegetation.
    • Expansion of Indian Ocean Warm Pool (IOWP):
        • Influence on Monsoon Patterns: The Indian Ocean Warm Pool (IOWP) influences monsoon patterns and rainfall distribution over the Indian subcontinent.
        • Westward Expansion due to Climate Change: Climate change is causing the IOWP to expand westward, potentially resulting in increased rainfall over semi-arid regions like the Thar Desert and promoting greening.
    • Water Management Practices:
        • Contribution to Greening: Effective water management practices, such as rainwater harvesting and irrigation techniques like johad, kuis, and kunds, may be playing a role in the greening of the Thar Desert.
        • Utilization of Water Resources: By harnessing and efficiently utilizing available water resources, local communities and authorities can support vegetation growth and ecosystem restoration efforts in the desert.
    • Introduction of Irrigation  
      • Commercial Cropping: Irrigation was introduced during British colonial rule in the 19th and 20th centuries to convert arid and semi-arid ecosystems into cropland.
      • Restrictions on Grazing: The right to graze animals was restricted to landowners who cultivated crops, leading to the transformation of nomadic pastoralists into sedentary agro-pastoralists.

    PYQ:

    [2018] Which of the following leaf modifications occur(s) in the desert areas to inhibit water loss?

    1. Hard and waxy leaves
    2. Tiny leaves
    3. Thorns instead of leaves

    Select the correct answer using the code given below:

    (a) 2 and 3 only

    (b) 2 only

    (c) 3 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3

    [2020] The process of desertification does not have climate boundaries. Justify with examples.

    [2013] Major hot deserts in northern hemisphere are located between 20-30 degree north and on the western side of the continents. Why?

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  • Indian Navy Updates

    [pib] Launching of LSAM 20 (Yard 130)  

    PIBPrelims Only | Security Issues | Mains Paper 3: Various Security Forces, Agencies & Their Mandates

    Why in the News?

    The Indian Navy has inducted the ‘Ammunition Cum Torpedo Cum Missile Barge, LSAM 20 (Yard 130) into its fleet.

    What is LSAM 20?

    • LSAM 20 (Yard 130) is the Ammunition Cum Torpedo Cum Missile Barge (Storage) inducted by the Indian Navy.  (built by MSME Shipyard, M/s Suryadipta Projects Pvt Ltd, Thane).
    • LSAM 20 facilitates transportation, embarkation, and disembarkation of articles/ammunition to IN Ships.
    • These Barges are indigenously designed and built under relevant Naval Rules and Regulations of the Indian Register of Shipping.

    Objective 

    • A Torpedo Cum Missile Barge is a specialized vessel used by the Indian Navy to transport various types of ammunition, torpedoes, and missiles to operational areas.
    • These barges play a crucial role in providing logistical support to naval vessels by ensuring the uninterrupted transportation of essential military supplies. 

    PYQ:

    [2016] Which one of the following is the best description of ‘INS Astradharini’, that was in the news recently?

    (a) Amphibious warfare ship

    (b) Nuclear-powered submarine

    (c) Torpedo launch and recovery vessel

    (d) Nuclear-powered aircraft carrier

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  • RBI Notifications

    Towards a Green Growth: On the RBI and a Green Taxonomy

    DOMRExplained | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Indian Economy

    Why in the news?

    Extreme weather conditions may pose a risk to inflation, along with prolonged geopolitical tensions that could keep crude oil prices volatile, the Reserve Bank’s April Bulletin said on April 23.

    RBI’s Monetary Policy Report on the impact of climate shock and extreme weather events on food inflation:

    • Effects of Food Inflation: The report highlights the significance of extreme weather events and climate shocks in affecting not only food inflation but also the broader impact on the natural Rate of Interest and Financial Stability.
    • Broader Economic Impact: Climate shocks and extreme weather events are mentioned to have a broader impact on the economy’s financial stability, indicating that disruptions in food production and supply chains due to these events can lead to inflationary pressures beyond just the food sector.
    • Use of Economic Modeling: The report mentions the utilization of a New-Keynesian model incorporating a physical climate risk damage function to estimate the macroeconomic impact of climate change. This likely includes projections on how climate shocks affect food production and subsequently food inflation.
    • Warning on Long-Term Output Reduction: The report warns that without climate mitigation policies, the long-term economic output could be lower by around 9% by 2050. This suggests that climate shocks and extreme weather events could have lasting effects on food production and inflation.
    • Potential for Inflation Hysteresis: There’s a warning about the potential for inflation hysteresis to become entrenched, which could lead to a de-anchoring of inflation expectations. This implies that persistent disruptions caused by climate shocks could lead to sustained increases in food inflation.

    Way Forward:

    • Need Investment in Climate Resilience: Governments and businesses can invest in climate-resilient agriculture practices and infrastructure to mitigate the adverse effects of extreme weather events on food production.
    • Need Diversification of Food Sources: Diversifying food sources can help reduce reliance on regions prone to climate-related disruptions. This could involve promoting local food production, supporting small-scale farmers, and investing in alternative food production methods such as vertical farming or hydroponics.

    Mains PYQ 

    Q What policy instruments were deployed to contain the great economic depression?

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  • Global Geological And Climatic Events

    Anticyclones, hanging even now over India, link warming to heat | Explained

    Explained | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 1: Geographical Features & Their Location

    Why in the news?

    The record warming of 2023 has so far not been fully explained since it was much warmer than expected just from the superposition of El Nino on global warming.

    About Anticyclone:

    • An anticyclone is a weather phenomenon defined as a large-scale circulation of winds around a central region of high atmospheric pressure, clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and counterclockwise in the Southern Hemisphere.

    The link between ElNino and Anticyclone: 

    • El Nino events can lead to the formation of anticyclone events. During El Niño, the weakening or reversal of the Walker circulation and strengthening of the Hadley circulation caused warm ocean water to develop in the central and east-central equatorial Pacific.

    The link between anticyclone and heat 

    • Stability and Weather Patterns: Anticyclones are areas of high pressure in the atmosphere characterized by descending air, which stop the cloud formation and precipitation. This stable air mass tends to promote clear skies and can lead to prolonged periods of hot and dry weather.
    • Amplification by Global Warming: Studies suggest that global warming can intensify anticyclones, making them stronger and more persistent. Warmer temperatures due to climate change can enhance the evaporation of moisture from land and water surfaces, further reinforcing the stability of anticyclonic conditions.
    • Feedback Loop: Anticyclones can create a feedback loop with global warming. As anticyclones persist, they can exacerbate heatwaves by trapping heat near the surface, preventing it from escaping into the upper atmosphere. This trapped heat can then further strengthen the anticyclone, leading to a self-reinforcing cycle of heat and stability.

    What are the stages of early warnings?

    The stages of early warnings on the ‘ready-set-go’ system for disaster management

    • Ready: This stage involves providing a seasonal outlook based on background states and external factors like global warming and El Niño. The aim is to maximize the accuracy of longer-lead forecasts, enabling organizations like the National Disaster Management Agency (NDMA) and local governments to prepare their disaster response systems accordingly.
    • Set: In this stage, subseasonal predictions for weeks two to four are utilized. Resource allocations are made, and potential hotspots are identified to ensure that disaster preparedness is in place. This step involves moving resources, including personnel, to areas that are identified as at risk based on the extended range forecasts.
    • Go: The final stage, based on short- and medium-range forecasts (days 1-10), involves the activation of disaster response efforts. This includes implementing rescue operations, setting up hydration centers, heat shelters, and other necessary measures to manage the disaster effectively.

    Conclusion: All evidence suggests India’s prediction system and early warning systems continue to improve and the NDMA has worked these details well into its ‘ready-set-go’ system.The remaining challenges are to build resilience for the future by better predicting the trajectory of the weather at every location over India.

    Mains PYQ 

    Q Drought has been recognized as a disaster in view of its spatial expanse, temporal duration, slow onset and lasting effects on vulnerable sections. With a focus on the September 2010 guidelines from the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), discuss the mechanisms for preparedness to deal with likely El Nino and La Nina fallouts in India.

    https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/anticyclones-hanging-even-now-over-india-link-warming-to-heat/article68117359.ece

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  • Economic Indicators and Various Reports On It- GDP, FD, EODB, WIR etc

    Inequality can no longer be ignored

    Explained | Indian Society | Mains Paper 2: Laws, Institutions & Bodies Constituted For The Vulnerable Sections

    Why in the news?

    The Congress’s party’s election manifesto, the Nyay Patra, has triggered a debate on inequality, concentration of wealth and the measures to address these.

    The reason behind the inequality in India:

      • Taxation Disparities: India’s tax-GDP ratio is comparatively low, standing at 17% as opposed to 25% in Brazil, indicating room for improvement in revenue generation. The taxation structure in India leans towards indirect taxes, which contribute significantly (about two-thirds) to overall tax revenue collection.
      • Regressive Taxation Structure: India’s tax system is described as regressive, indicating that it disproportionately impacts low-income individuals compared to high-income individuals. Indirect taxes, which are a significant component of overall tax revenue, tend to burden lower-income groups more than higher-income groups.
      • Lack in Tax Progressivity: There are concerns about the lack of progressivity in India’s direct tax regime, where higher-profit companies enjoy relatively lower effective tax rates compared to lower-profit companies.

    Welfare spending is low

      • Low Spending on Welfare and Social Sector: India’s expenditure on welfare and the social sector is significantly lower compared to other countries. Public spending on health remains low, approximately 1.3% of GDP, falling short of the National Health Policy (NHP) target of 2.5% of GDP by 2025.
      • Eventual decline Budget Allocations: Major budgetary allocations for programs like the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), education, and budgets for children have either declined as a proportion of total expenditure or GDP.

    Way forward

    • Revenue Mobilization and Spending Priorities: There’s a pressing need to improve revenue mobilization progressively, ensuring that the burden of taxation is distributed fairly and equitably.
      • Simultaneously, increasing spending on areas that directly affect the lives of the poor is crucial. This includes healthcare, education, social protection programs, and employment generation schemes like MGNREGA.
    • Achieving Policy Targets: Meeting targets set by policies like the NHP requires a concerted effort to ramp up healthcare spending in line with national goals.

    Mains PYQ 

    Q) Despite the consistent experience of high growth, India still goes with the lowest indicators of human development. Examine the issues that make balanced and inclusive development elusive.  (UPSC IAS/2019)

    Q) Critically discuss the objectives of Bhoodan and Gramdan movements initiated by Acharya Vinoba Bhave and their success.  (UPSC IAS/2013)

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  • Digital India Initiatives

    [PREMIUM] An Overview of the Digitalization in Indian Economy

    Explained | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Effects Of Liberalization On The Economy, Changes In Industrial Policy and their effects on Industrial Growth

    Why in the news?

    As per RBI findings, India’s core digital economy saw a rise from constituting 8.5% of GVA in 2019 to 12.5% in 2023, marking a growth rate of 15.6% over the span of 2019-2023.

    What is digitisation?

    • Digitization refers to the process of converting information, data, or physical objects into digital format. Digitization enables information to be stored, accessed, and manipulated electronically, often leading to increased efficiency, accessibility, and flexibility compared to traditional analog methods.

    Origin in World 

    • The origin of digitalization can be traced back to the late 19th century when Herman Hollerith developed a punch card system for tabulating data.
    • Alan Turing’s theoretical work on computation in the early 20th century laid the foundation for the development of the first electronic computers in the 1940s, which were pivotal in digitizing various forms of information.

    Origin in India 

    • Late 20th century: The origins of digitalization in India can be traced back to the late 20th century, with the advent of personal computers and the internet.
    • Early 2000s:The government’s concerted efforts to drive digital transformation in the country began in the early 2000s with the launch of the National e-Governance Plan (NeGP) in 2006
    • 2015: The NeGP aimed to make government services available to citizens electronically by improving online infrastructure and connectivity. This laid the foundation for the more comprehensive “Digital India” initiative, which was launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in 2015

    Status of Digitalization in the Indian Economy

    • Enhancement of E-Governance: The Digital India initiative has brought about substantial enhancements in e-governance services. Programs such as e-visas and the Digital Locker system have effectively modernized government services, leading to a reduction in paperwork and greater accessibility for citizens.
    • E-Commerce market: India’s e-commerce market is expected to reach $200 billion by 2026. Major players like Flipkart and Amazon have expanded their reach, with the COVID-19 pandemic accelerating online shopping adoption.
    • Digital transaction: The BHIM (Bharat Interface for Money) app, utilizing the Unified Payments Interface (UPI), has garnered immense popularity, enabling secure peer-to-peer transactions. By August 2023, UPI had processed more than 10 billion monthly transactions, amounting to INR 18 trillion ($204.77 billion).
    • Startup Ecosystem in India: India’s rapidly growing startup ecosystem currently encompasses 110 unicorns valued at $347 billion, featuring prominent companies such as Paytm, Ola, and Zomato. These unicorns exemplify India’s prowess as a technology-driven entrepreneurial center.
    • Digital Financial Inclusion: Digital financial services, propelled by programs such as Jan Dhan Yojana, have advanced financial inclusion by facilitating the opening of millions of bank accounts for those previously excluded from or underrepresented in the banking system.
    • Surge in Broadband and Internet Usage: India has experienced a notable surge in broadband adoption, boasting 825 million mobile broadband subscribers as of July 2023. This uptick has resulted in heightened data consumption and escalated online engagement, especially among Generation Z.

    Key challenges related to digitalisation in India:

    • Lack of skills: Rapid technological change increase the demand of skilled workforce. Only 42% of India’s workforce possesses digital skills, highlighting the need for digital literacy and upskilling.
    • Regulatory challenges: For businesses, especially startups, grappling with intricate digital regulations, e-commerce taxation, and intellectual property matters continues to present significant challenges.
    • Privacy issues:The surge in digital transactions and data exchange has sparked notable concerns regarding privacy and data security. These concerns are being tackled by the Personal Data Protection Bill, which introduces regulatory intricacies.
    • Cybersecurity: As digitization increases, the risk of cyber threats and attacks grows. India faced 91 lakh cybersecurity incidents in 2022, ranking third globally in the average cost of data breaches.
    • Digital Divide: Despite advancements, there remains a digital gap, with rural areas experiencing restricted internet and technology accessibility, resulting in approximately 50% of the population being offline.

    Measures to address these challenges:

    • Digital Skills Development: Implement comprehensive digital literacy programs to enhance the skills of the workforce.
    • Regulatory Simplification:Streamline digital regulations, especially for startups, to reduce complexities and facilitate smoother operations.Provide guidance and support to businesses on e-commerce taxation and intellectual property matters.
    • Privacy and Data Security: Enforce the Personal Data Protection Bill to address privacy concerns and ensure data security.Enhance awareness campaigns to educate the public about data privacy and protection measures.
    • Cybersecurity Measures: Strengthen cybersecurity infrastructure to combat the increasing cyber threats and attacks.Invest in advanced cybersecurity technologies and training programs to build a resilient defense system.
    • Closing the Digital Divide:Expand digital infrastructure in rural areas to improve internet and technology accessibility.

     Steps taken by government:

    • Cybersecurity Framework: Enhance cybersecurity infrastructure and awareness, emphasizing collaboration between government agencies and the private sector under National Cyber Security Policy of 2021.
    • Data Protection Laws: Enacted data protection laws and regulations, like the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, of 2023, to ensure privacy and responsible data handling.
    • Expansion of Broadband : Accelerate efforts to expand broadband connectivity in rural and remote areas, leveraging public-private partnerships like the BharatNet project.
    • Digital initiative: Comprehensive digital literacy initiatives targeting both urban and rural communities, exemplified by programs like the Pradhan Mantri Gramin Digital Saksharta Abhiyan (PMGDISHA).

    Conclusion: 

    Need to Implement widespread digital literacy programs to equip individuals with the necessary skills to navigate the digital landscape and emphasize upskilling and reskilling initiatives to meet the demands of rapid technological advancements.Encourage collaboration between the government and the private sector to drive digitization initiatives.

     

    Mains PYQ

    Q Implementation of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) based projects/programmes usually suffers in terms of certain vital factors. Identify these factors and suggest measures for their effective implementation. (UPSC IAS/2019)

    Q Has digital illiteracy, particularly in rural areas, coupled with lack of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) accessibility hindered socio-economic development? Examine with justification.(UPSC IAS/2021)

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  • Human Rights Issues

    In news: National Human Rights Commission’s (NHRC) Accreditation 

    Prelims Only | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Statutory, Regulatory & Various Quasi-Judicial Bodies

    Why in the news?

    • The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) is gearing up to defend India’s human rights processes at a critical meeting of Global Alliance of National Human Rights Institutions (GANHRI) in Geneva.
    • A decision on retaining India’s NHRC’s “A status” accreditation is imminent at this summit.

    About National Human Rights Commission (NHRC)

    Details
    Establishment
    • A Statutory Body;
    • Established under the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993.
    Functions
    • Inquire into any violation of human rights
    • Recommend immediate interim relief to victims or their families
    • Intervene in court proceedings involving human rights violations
    • Review constitutional and legal safeguards for human rights
    • Study international instruments on human rights
    • Promote human rights literacy
    • Support the efforts of NGOs working in the field of human rights
    Powers
    • Regulate its own procedure
    • Possess all the powers of a civil court
    • Proceedings have a judicial character
    Chairperson
    • Must be a former Justice of the Supreme Court or Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
    • Appointed by the President of India
    Members
    • Four full-time members;
    • Chairperson: former Supreme Court Justice or Chief Justice;
    • Other Member: former Judge of the Supreme Court;
    • Other Member: former Chief Justice of a High Court;
    • Three Members: with knowledge or experience in human rights, including at least one woman –
    • Seven ex-officio members:  Chairpersons of National Commissions viz., National Commission for Scheduled Castes, National Commission for Scheduled Tribes, National Commission for Women , National Commission for Minorities, National Commission for Backward Classes, National Commission for Protection of Child Rights; and the Chief Commissioner for Persons with Disabilities.
    Appointment
    • Appointed by the President, based on a committee recommendation including the Prime Minister, Speaker of Lok Sabha, Home Minister, Leaders of the Opposition in Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha, and others
    • Consultation with the Chief Justice of India for judicial appointments
    Removal
    • Removal by order of the President of India
    • Consultation with the Supreme Court before removal
    Terms of Office
    • Hold office for a term of three years or until the age of 70
    • Ineligibility for further government employment after office
    • Eligible for reappointment
    Salaries Determined by the Central government
    Reporting
    • Submits annual or special reports to the Central government and the concerned State government
    • Reports laid before the respective legislatures, along with a memorandum of action taken on the recommendations and reasons for non-acceptance of any recommendations
    Limitations
    • The commission is not empowered to inquire into any matter after the expiry of one year from the date on which the act constituting the violation of human rights is alleged to have been committed
    • Functions are recommendatory in nature, with no power to punish or award relief to violators
    • Limited role concerning armed forces violations

     

    GANHRI Concerns about India’s NHRC

    India’s NHRC faced a potential downgrade in its accreditation status in 2023 due to concerns raised by the SCA regarding its operational independence and composition.

    • Political Interference: The NHRC-India faced objections related to political interference in appointments, compromising its independence.
    • Police Involvement: Involving the police in probes into human rights violations raised concerns about impartiality and fair investigations.
    • Lack of Cooperation: The NHRC’s poor cooperation with civil society was criticized, hindering its effectiveness in protecting human rights.
    • Lack of Diversity: The GANHRI highlighted the lack of diversity in staff and leadership positions within the NHRC. There is also lack of gender and minority representation.
    • Insufficient Protection of Marginalized Groups: The NHRC was found to have taken insufficient action to protect marginalized groups, contrary to the U.N.’s principles on national institutions (the ‘Paris Principles).

    Back2Basics: GANHRI (Global Alliance of National Human Rights Institutions)
    Purpose Promote and protect human rights globally
    Year Established 1993
    Headquarters Geneva, Switzerland
    Members National Human Rights Institutions (NHRIs) from 114 member institutions
    Key Functions
    • Promoting and strengthening NHRIs worldwide
    • Advocating for human rights at national, regional, and global levels
    • Facilitating cooperation and sharing of best practices among NHRIs
    • Providing capacity-building support to NHRIs etc.
    Organizational Structure
    • President: Elected from GANHRI members for a specified term
    • Bureau: Assists the President in overseeing GANHRI’s work
    • Sub-Committees: Focused on specific thematic or regional issues
    Key Documents
    • Paris Principles: Provide guidance for the establishment and operation of NHRIs
    • GANHRI Strategy: Outlines the organization’s strategic objectives and actions
    Sub-Committee on Accreditation (SCA)
    • Part of a five-year peer evaluation cycle for all 114 member institutions of GANHRI.
    • Accreditation status holds significance as it determines its voting rights at international human rights forums.

     

    PYQ:

    [2011] Consider the following:

    1. Right to education.
    2. Right to equal access to public service.
    3. Right to food.

    Which of the above is/are Human Right/Rights under “Universal Declaration of Human Rights”?

    (a) 1 only

    (b) 1 and 2 only

    (c) 3 only

    (d) 1, 2 and 3

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  • International Space Agencies – Missions and Discoveries

    Advanced Composite Solar Sail System (ACS3) Project

    Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

    Why in the news?

    NASA has launched its Advanced Composite Solar Sail System (ACS3) spacecraft that uses sunlight for propulsion from New Zealand into space.

    About Advanced Composite Solar Sail System (ACS3) Project

    • The spacecraft is slated to orbit 1,000 kilometers above Earth, deploying an 80-square-meter solar sail approximately 25 minutes after liftoff.
    • It harnesses sunlight as a renewable propulsion source, marking a novel advancement in space exploration.
    • It uses a compact CubeSat, similar in size to an oven, which facilitates propulsion by capturing solar particle energy.
    • Operational Phases:
    • The initial flight phase spans two months and involves subsystems checkout and solar sail deployment.
    • A series of pointing maneuvers will showcase orbit raising and lowering, validating the effectiveness of sunlight pressure on the sail.

    The Technology Behind: Solar Sailing

    • Solar sails typically consist of lightweight, reflective materials such as Mylar or aluminized Kapton, which are deployed in space to capture sunlight.
    • The sail is often configured as a large, thin membrane with a large surface area to maximize the amount of sunlight it can intercept.
    • When sunlight reflects off a shiny solar sail, some of its momentum is transferred, giving the sail a small push.

    Solar sailing offers several advantages over traditional propulsion methods, including:

    1. Efficiency: Solar sailing does not require onboard fuel, making it a highly efficient and sustainable propulsion method for long-duration missions.
    2. Continuous thrust: Unlike chemical rockets, which provide brief bursts of acceleration, solar sails can provide continuous thrust as long as they are exposed to sunlight.
    3. Maneuverability: Solar sails can change their trajectory by adjusting the orientation of the sail relative to the direction of incoming sunlight. This allows for precise navigation and maneuvering in space.
    4. Interstellar travel: Solar sailing has the potential to enable interstellar missions by gradually accelerating spacecraft to very high velocities over time, allowing them to explore distant star systems.

     

    PYQ:

    [2016] What is ‘Greased Lightning-10 (GL-10)’, recently in the news?

    (a) Electric plane tested by NASA

    (b) Solar-powered two-seater aircraft designed by Japan

    (c) Space observatory launched by China

    (d) Reusable rocket designed by ISRO

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  • Trade Sector Updates – Falling Exports, TIES, MEIS, Foreign Trade Policy, etc.

    India’s growing dependence on Chinese Imports

    Prelims Only | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Effects Of Liberalization On The Economy, Changes In Industrial Policy and their effects on Industrial Growth

    Why in the news?

    • India’s imports from China surged to over $101 billion in the fiscal year 2023-24, marking a significant increase from approximately $70 billion recorded in 2018-19.
    • The proportion of China’s industrial goods imports to India has risen from 21% to 30% over a span of 15 years, as highlighted in a report by the Global Trade Research Initiative (GTRI).

    India’s Import: GTRI study

    • The GTRI study revealed that imports from China have grown at a pace 2.3 times faster than India’s overall imports during the 15-year period.
    • Contrary to common belief, China has emerged as the top supplier in eight core industrial sectors, encompassing machinery, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and textiles, among others.
    • India is experiencing stagnant exports valued at around $16 billion annually.
    • Over a six-year period spanning from 2018-2019 to 2023-24, India’s cumulative trade deficit with China surpassed $387 billion, prompting apprehension among policymakers.

    China’s Share of India’s Imports:

    • China accounted for 15% of India’s overall imports in 2023-24, with $101.8 billion out of a total of $677.2 billion.
    • Sector-wise Contributions:
    1. Electronics, Telecom, and Electrical Products: China’s contribution was 38.4% in April-January 2023-24.
    2. Clothing: Nearly 42% of India’s textile and clothing imports accounted from China.
    3. Machinery Sector: China accounted for 39.6% of India’s overall imports.
    4. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sector: China’s share was 29.2%.
    5. Plastics and Related Articles: China provided articles worth $4.8 billion, accounting for 25.8% of total imports in this sector.

    Back2Basics: Top Importers of India

    S. No Importer Share of India’s Imports
    1. China (Biggest Importer in India) 15.43%
    2. United Arab Emirates 7.31%
    3. United States 7.07%
    4. Switzerland 3.82%
    5. Hong Kong 3.12%
    6. Singapore 3.09%
    7. Indonesia 2.89%
    8. South Korea 2.85%

     

    PYQ:

    [2017] ‘China is using its economic relations and positive trade surplus as tools to develop potential military power status in Asia’, In the light of this statement, discuss its impact on India as her neighbor.

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  • Disasters and Disaster Management – Sendai Framework, Floods, Cyclones, etc.

    In news: Pripyat River

    Prelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 1: Salient Features Of World’S Physical Geography

    Why in the news?

    • The WWF has issued a stark warning regarding the dredging of the Pripyat River, adjacent to the Chernobyl nuclear disaster site.
    • Concerns mount as the Pripyat River could transform into a permanent repository of radioactive substances, contaminating the water and food sources.

    About Pripyat River

    • Pripyat River is a significant waterway in Eastern Europe. It flows through Ukraine, Belarus, and a small portion of Russia.
    • It is primarily situated within the Polesian Lowland, a region characterized by marshes, wetlands, and forests.
    • The Pripyat River is approximately 761 km (473 miles) long.
    • Physical Features:
    • Tributaries: It has numerous tributaries, including the Stokhid River, Styr River, and Horyn River. The largest tributary of the Pripyat is the Teterev River, which joins it from the right bank.
    • Drainage Basin: Its basin covers an area of around 121,000 square kilometers (46,700 square miles). It is one of the major tributaries of the Dnieper River, which eventually flows into the Black Sea.

    Notable event: The Pripyat River gained international attention due to its proximity to the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, where the catastrophic nuclear accident occurred in 1986.

    About Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster

    • The Chernobyl Disaster occurred on April 26, 1986.
    • It took place at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, near the town of Pripyat in northern Ukraine, then part of the Soviet Union.
    • The explosion and subsequent fire released a large amount of radioactive material such as cesium-137 and strontium-90 into the atmosphere, resulting in widespread contamination.

     

    PYQ:

    [2020] Consider the following pairs?

    River — Flows into

    1. Mekong — Andaman sea
    2. Thames — Irish Sea
    3. Volga — Caspian Sea
    4. Zambezi — Indian Ocean

    Which of the pairs above is/are correctly matched?

    (a) Only 1

    (b) Only 2

    (c) Only 3

    (d) None of the above/More than one of the above

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  • Foreign Policy Watch- India-Central Asia

    [PREMIUM] Travelling Central Asia

    World Mapping | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: India & Its Neighborhood – Relations

    Why in the news?

    The Central Asia region is in the spotlight since it is facing challenges with political instability, ethnic tensions, and the threat of extremism, especially after the withdrawal of US troops from Afghanistan.

    About Central Asia

    • Central Asia, often referred to as the heart of Asia, is a vast and diverse region located at the crossroads of Europe and Asia.
    • It encompasses the area between the Caspian Sea in the west and China in the east, and from Russia in the north to Afghanistan and Iran in the south.
    • Central Asia is comprised of five main countries: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan.
    • This region has a rich history, serving as the historical crossroads of the Silk Road, which facilitated trade and cultural exchange between Europe and Asia for centuries.

    Geographical Details:

    • Mountains:
    • Tian Shan: This mountain range stretches across Central Asia, forming a natural border between Kyrgyzstan and China. It is renowned for its majestic peaks, including Pobeda Peak, the highest point in Kyrgyzstan.
    • Pamir Mountains: Known as the “Roof of the World,” the Pamir Mountains are located in Tajikistan and extend into neighboring countries. They contain some of the world’s highest peaks, including Ismoil Somoni Peak (formerly known as Peak Communism) and Kongur Tagh.
    • Alay Mountains: Situated in southern Kyrgyzstan, the Alay Mountains are a subrange of the Tian Shan. They are characterized by rugged terrain and deep valleys.
    • Turkestan Range: This mountain range runs through southern Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, forming part of the border between the two countries.
    • Water Bodies:
    • Amu Darya: Also known as the Oxus River, the Amu Darya is one of the major rivers in Central Asia. It originates in the Pamir Mountains and flows through Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan before emptying into the Aral Sea (though much of its water is diverted for irrigation).
    • Syr Darya: Another important river in Central Asia, the Syr Darya, originates in the Tian Shan Mountains. It flows through Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Kazakhstan, eventually joining the Amu Darya in the Aral Sea basin.
    • Aral Sea: Once the fourth-largest lake in the world, the Aral Sea has shrunk dramatically due to diversion of its tributary rivers for irrigation purposes. Its decline has had severe ecological and economic consequences for the region.
    • Issyk-Kul: Located in eastern Kyrgyzstan, Issyk-Kul is one of the largest alpine lakes in the world. It is surrounded by snow-capped mountains and is a popular tourist destination.
    • Deserts:
    • Karakum Desert: Covering much of Turkmenistan, the Karakum Desert is characterized by vast expanses of sand dunes and sparse vegetation. It is home to the Darvaza Gas Crater, also known as the “Door to Hell.”
    • Kyzylkum Desert: Situated primarily in Uzbekistan, with parts extending into Kazakhstan, the Kyzylkum Desert is known for its red sands and arid climate. It is sparsely populated, with nomadic herders and wildlife such as gazelles and wild boars.
    • Mineral Resources:
    • Oil and Gas: The Caspian Sea region, in particular, is known for its oil and gas deposits, with countries like Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan actively involved in their exploration and extraction. The discovery of large oil fields, such as the Tengiz Field in Kazakhstan and the Galkynysh Field in Turkmenistan, has attracted international investment and contributed to economic growth in the region.
    • Uranium: Kazakhstan is one of the world’s leading producers of uranium, with significant deposits located in the south of the country. Other Central Asian countries, such as Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, also have uranium reserves, although they are less developed than those in Kazakhstan.
    • Precious Metals: Kyrgyzstan has a long history of gold mining, with several large-scale mines operating in the country. Uzbekistan is also a significant producer of gold, with the Muruntau Gold Mine being one of the largest in the world.
    • Copper, Aluminum, and Iron: These resources are primarily found in mountainous regions, such as the Tian Shan and Pamir Mountains. Countries like Uzbekistan and Tajikistan have large deposits of copper ore, which are mined for domestic use and export. Additionally, Kazakhstan is a major producer of aluminum, with significant reserves of bauxite, the primary source of aluminum.
    • Climate
    • Central Asia experiences a continental climate, with hot summers and cold winters.
    • However, the climate varies significantly depending on altitude and proximity to mountain ranges.
    • In general, the region is characterized by low precipitation and high evaporation rates, leading to arid and semi-arid conditions in many areas.
    • The mountains influence local climates, with cooler temperatures and higher precipitation levels in upland areas.

    Major Disputed Areas:

    Countries Involved Description
    Bagys and Turkestanetz Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan
    • Disputed settlements involved in border negotiations between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan.
    • Turkestanetz ultimately attributed to Uzbekistan, while Kazakhstan retained control over significant water reservoirs.
    • Negotiations primarily occurred in the early 2000s.
    • The area is characterized by flat plains and arid landscapes, typical of Central Asian geography.
    Arnasy Dam Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan
    • Part of the land negotiations between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, particularly significant during the dissolution of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s.
    • The area surrounding the dam is marked by river valleys and semi-arid terrain, with the Arnasy River being a prominent feature.
    Sokh and Shakhi-Mardan Enclaves Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan
    • Uzbek enclaves located in Kyrgyzstan, particularly contentious and mined by Uzbekistan as part of their border security measures.
    • Tensions in this area have been ongoing since the collapse of the Soviet Union, with occasional flare-ups in violence.
    • The region is characterized by mountainous terrain, including the Pamir-Alay and Turkestan mountain ranges.
    Ferghana Valley Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan
    • A fertile region shared by Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan, known for its complex network of enclaves and high degree of inter-ethnic tensions.
    • Disputes often arise over control of strategic points such as border crossings and access to water resources, leading to occasional clashes and violence.
    • Tensions in the Ferghana Valley have persisted since the early 1990s.
    • The valley is surrounded by the Tian Shan and Alay mountain ranges, with the Syr Darya river flowing through it.
    Vorukh Enclave Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan
    • A Tajik enclave within Kyrgyzstan, part of the complex border issues in the Ferghana Valley.
    • Tensions in this enclave date back to the Soviet era but have intensified since the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
    • The enclave is nestled in the mountainous terrain of the Ferghana Valley, near the Zeravshan Range.
    Chardara Reservoir and Lake Arnasai Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan
    • Areas discussed in border negotiations between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan.
    • The negotiations occurred primarily in the late 1990s, with Kazakhstan securing a neck of land that provided a direct transport connection to the rest of the country.
    • The region is characterized by flat plains and agricultural land surrounding the reservoir and lake.
    • The Chardara Reservoir is fed by the Syr Darya river.
    Osh City and Osh Volost Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan
    • Areas that were contentious during the national delimitation in the Soviet period, particularly in the 1920s.
    • They were included in the Kirghiz Autonomous Oblast despite a high percentage of Uzbek residents who opposed this inclusion.
    • The area is characterized by mountainous terrain, including the Fergana Range.
    Isfara Valley Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan
    • A narrow, densely populated valley straddling the border between Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, disputes in this region often stem from territorial claims, resource allocation, and control of strategic points such as border crossings and water sources.
    • Tensions have been ongoing since the early 1990s.
    • The valley is surrounded by mountain ranges, including the Pamir-Alay and Turkestan ranges, and is known for its agricultural productivity.
    Batken Region Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan
    • Located in southern Kyrgyzstan, bordered by Tajikistan to the south and Uzbekistan to the west, disputes in this region are primarily related to territorial claims, control of strategic areas, and occasional clashes between border communities.
    • Tensions have been particularly notable since the mid-1990s.
    • The region is characterized by rugged mountain terrain, including the Pamir-Alay and Turkestan ranges.
    Karakalpakstan Uzbekistan
    • An autonomous republic within Uzbekistan, disputes in this region are mainly related to water scarcity, ecological degradation, and the socio-economic impact of the shrinking Aral Sea.
    • Tensions over these issues have escalated since the mid-20th century.
    • Karakalpakstan is characterized by flat, arid plains and is situated adjacent to the shrinking Aral Sea.
    Caspian Sea Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan
    • The world’s largest inland body of water bordered by Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan, disputes often revolve around issues such as maritime boundaries, resource exploration rights, and environmental conservation.
    • Negotiations over the status of the Caspian Sea and its resources have been ongoing since the early 1990s.
    • The Caspian Sea is characterized by its vast expanse of water and surrounding coastal regions.

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  • Festivals, Dances, Theatre, Literature, Art in News

    In news: Yangli Festival

    Prelims Only | History | Mains Paper 1: Arts & Culture

    Why in the news?

    Tiwa tribals dance recently celebrated the Yangli festival at Bormarjong village, in Karbi Anglong district, Assam.

    About Tiwa Tribals

    • Tiwa tribes, also known as Lalungs, inhabit both the hills and plains of Assam and Meghalaya states.
    • They hold the status of a Scheduled Tribe in Assam.
    • The hill-dwelling Tiwa villagers engage in traditional practices such as Jhum cultivation, horticulture, and the cultivation of local crops and vegetables.
    • Their language belongs to the Tibeto-Burman linguistic group.

     About Yangli Festival

    • The Yangli festival is celebrated before starting the paddy sowing
    • It is also known as the Lakshmi Puja of the Tiwa people.
    • It is celebrated with traditional rituals, emphasizing the community’s strong ties to agriculture, their primary livelihood.
    • It serves as an occasion for prayers seeking a bountiful harvest and divine protection for crops against pests and natural calamities.
    • It is held once in 5 years.
    • In April, Khelchawa festival is celebrated by Tiwa tribes marking close of the harvest season.

    Celebratory Activities:

    • Festivities commenced with traditional rituals and vibrant dances.
    • It continues with a joyous gathering along the riverbanks.
    • It draws participation from over five hundred individuals representing various groups like Amchi, Rangkhai, and Magrat.
    • Ceremonial animal sacrifices, including poultry and goats, are performed to honour the goddess and ensure her benevolence upon the Tiwa people’s granary, known as “NoBaro.”

    PYQ:

    [2014] Every year, a month long ecologically important campaign/festival is held during which certain communities/ tribes plant saplings of fruit-bearing trees. Which of the following are such communities/tribes?

    (a) Bhutia and Lepcha

    (b) Gond and Korku

    (c) lrula and Toda

    (d) Sahariya and Agariya

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  • Digital India Initiatives

    State-level DPI Adoption Index

    Prelims Only | Governance | Mains Paper 2: E-Governance

    Why in the news?

    The World Bank, in collaboration with the Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology (MEITY), is spearheading the development of a state-level Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) adoption index.

    About State-Level DPI Adoption Index

    • World Bank confirmed that the project was in its preparatory stages.
    • The envisioned state-level DPI index aims to identify gaps and opportunities for strengthening the DPI for the digital economy, promoting financial inclusion, and fostering public-private innovation.
    • The index will assess different states based on their adoption levels of DPIs, intending to incentivize increased utilization of these digital systems.

    What is Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI)?

    • DPI refers to the foundational digital infrastructure that enables the delivery of digital services and facilitates digital interactions between citizens, businesses, and governments.
    • It encompasses various technological components, policies, and frameworks aimed at enhancing digital connectivity, accessibility, and efficiency in public service delivery.
    DPI, as defined by the G20 New Delhi Leaders’ Declaration (September 2023) “is a set of shared digital systems that are secure and interoperable, built on open technologies, to deliver equitable access to public and/or private services at a societal scale”.

    Three Pillars of DPI:

    • DPI primarily focuses on three key pillars: identity, payments, and data management.
    • India has pioneered the development of all three DPI pillars through its India Stack Platform, setting a global benchmark.
      1. Identity: Aadhar serves as India’s digital ID system.
      2. Payment: The Unified Payments Interface (UPI) facilitates real-time fast payments.
      3. Data Management: The Data Empowerment and Protection Architecture (DEPA) ensures consent-based data sharing.

    India’s Initiatives Leveraging DPI

    • Digital India: Initiatives like Digital Locker, e-sign framework, and the National Scholarship Portal are integral parts of the Digital India campaign.
    • BharatNet: This project aims to provide affordable internet connectivity to rural India, leveraging high-speed broadband networks.
    • National Health Stack: Designed to revolutionize healthcare, this infrastructure facilitates health data exchange and interoperability.
    • National Knowledge Network (NKN): Facilitating collaborative research and innovation, NKN promotes knowledge sharing.
    • UMANG: The Unified Mobile Application for New-age Governance offers access to various government services and schemes.
    • Government e-Marketplace (GeM): An online platform streamlining procurement processes for government agencies.

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  • Global Geological And Climatic Events

    Sympathetic Solar Flares

    Prelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 1: Geographical Features & Their Location

    Why in the news?

    A rare celestial event unfolded as four solar flares called as Sympathetic Solar Flares simultaneously, signaling the onset of the Sun’s dynamic 11-year solar cycle.

    What is a Solar Cycle?

    • Given the Sun’s dynamic nature, electrically charged gases on its surface generate powerful magnetic fields, known as magnetic fields.
    • These magnetic fields undergo stretching, twisting, and tangling due to the constant movement of gases on the Sun’s surface, resulting in solar activity.
    • Scientists monitor solar cycles using sunspots. Solar activity fluctuates throughout the solar cycle, which typically spans about 11 years. 
    • The onset of a solar cycle typically features minimal sunspot activity, termed as a solar minimum.
    • For instance, the last Solar Cycle 25 commenced in December 2019, characterized by a low number of sunspots.

    What are Sympathetic Solar Flares?

    • Sympathetic solar flares are solar eruptions that occur in close temporal and spatial proximity to another solar flare or eruption.
    • These events are believed to be interconnected through magnetic fields or other physical processes occurring on the Sun.
    • When a solar flare or eruption happens on the Sun, it releases a burst of electromagnetic radiation and charged particles into space.
    • In some cases, the energy released during these events can cause disturbances in the Sun’s magnetic field.
    • These disturbances can trigger the occurrence of additional flares loop or eruptions in nearby regions of the Sun’s surface.
    • This event follows coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and intense plasma bursts.

    Implications for Earth

    • Potential impacts include disruptions to power grids, interference with communication networks, and increased radiation exposure for astronauts and aircraft passengers.
    • Solar storms can lead to spectacular natural light shows known as auroras, which are typically visible near the Earth’s magnetic poles.

    PYQ:

    [2012] The increasing amount of carbon dioxide in the air is slowly raising the temperature of the atmosphere, because it absorbs:

    (a) the water vapour of the air and retains its heat

    (b) the ultraviolet part of the solar radiation

    (c) all the solar radiations

    (d) the infrared part of the solar radiation

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  • Innovations in Biotechnology and Medical Sciences

    Unveiling the Link between Fairness Creams and Nephrotic Syndrome

    Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

    Why in the news?

    • Researchers from Kerala reported 15 cases of Membranous Nephropathy (MN) linked to the regular application of fairness creams.
    • These creams contained high levels of mercury, sometimes exceeding the safe limit by 10,000 times.

    Mercury Contamination in Hair Cream

    • Blood and urine screenings of affected individuals unveiled alarmingly high levels of mercury, a well-known toxic element.
    • The fairness creams contained mercury levels up to 10,000 times above the permissible limit of 1 ppm under Minamata Convention (2013).
    • Most cases were PLA2R (phospholipase A2 receptor) negative, indicating a different cause.
    • Cases of MN linked to Neural epidermal growth factor-like protein 1 (NELL-1) have been identified.
    • NELL-1 has been associated with MN caused by traditional medicines containing high mercury levels.

    Understanding Membranous Nephropathy

    • Membranous Nephropathy (MN) is a nephrotic syndrome, characterized by excessive protein leakage into urine, eventually leading to kidney failure. Symptoms such as fatigue, edema, and proteinuria were found to have a history of regular fairness cream usage.

    Impact of Mercury:

    • Mercury in fairness creams inhibits melanin formation, resulting in lighter skin. Consumers perceive higher mercury levels as more effective for skin whitening.
    • Mercury, a potent heavy metal found in these creams, penetrates the body through various channels, including sweat glands and hair follicles, causing systemic toxicity.
    • Chronic exposure to mercury can result in kidney damage, neurological disorders, and a myriad of other health complications.

    Back2Basics: Minamata Convention on Mercury

    • The Minamata Convention on Mercury is devised to safeguard human health and the environment from the detrimental impacts of mercury and its derivatives.
    • Its name derives from the Japanese bay where, during the mid-20th century, industrial wastewater tainted with mercury inflicted severe health damage upon thousands of individuals, leading to what is now recognized as “Minamata disease.”
    • Signed in 2013 and enforced in 2017, it operates as a United Nations treaty under the purview of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
    • Countries ratifying the Convention are legally obliged under international law to implement these regulations.
    • 128 countries are signatories, with 119 of them having ratified it; India became a party by ratifying it in 2018.

    Activities covered by the Convention:

    • The Convention encompasses all phases of the mercury life cycle, aiming to regulate and diminish mercury usage across various products, processes, and industries.
    • This encompasses regulations about:
      • Mercury mining involves bans on new mines and the gradual phase-out of existing ones.
      • Gradual reduction and elimination of mercury utilization in numerous products and procedures.
      • Control measures address emissions into the atmosphere and release into soil and water bodies.
      • Oversight of the informal artisanal and small-scale gold mining sector.
      • Management of interim mercury storage and its disposal once classified as waste, as well as remediation of mercury-contaminated sites and associated health issues.

     

    PYQ:

    [2010] Indiscriminate disposal of used fluorescent electric lamps causes mercury pollution in the environment. Why is mercury used in the manufacture of these lamps?

    (a) A mercury coating on the inside of the lamp makes the light bright white

    (b) When the lamp is switched on, the mercury in the lamp causes the emission of ultra-violet radiations

    (c) When the lamp is switched on, it is the mercury which converts the ultra-violet energy into visible light

    (d) None of the statement given above is correct about the use of mercury in the manufacture of fluorescent lamps

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  • Corruption Challenges – Lokpal, POCA, etc

    Why Centre filed an application to modify 2G spectrum scam judgement

    Explained | Governance | Mains Paper 2: Governance, Transparency & Accountability, Citizens Charters

    Why in the news? 

    Attorney General R Venkataramani, on April 22, mentioned an application filed by the Centre to modify the Supreme Court’s 2012 judgement in the 2G spectrum scam case.

    What is the 2G scam case?

    • In 2008, under then Telecom Minister A Raja, the Department of Telecommunications (DoT) issued 2G spectrum licenses to specific telecom operators on a first-cum-first-serve basis.
    • In 2009 ,the Central Vigilance Commission directed the CBI to investigate claims that there were illegalities in the allocation of licenses, following which the CBI filed a first information report against unknown officers of the DoT, private persons and companies.
    • In the meantime, the Centre for Public Interest Litigation and Subramanian Swamy filed petitions at the Supreme Court alleging a Rs 70,000 crore scam in the grant of telecom licenses in 2008.
    • In 2010, the Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) filed a report claiming that the allocation had caused a loss of Rs 1.76 lakh crores to the public exchequer. Raja resigned shortly after.
    • In 2011 the CBI filed its first chargesheet, in which Raja was an accused.
    • In February 2012, the Supreme Court cancelled the 122 licenses granted during Raja’s tenure. The court found that Raja had allocated licenses in 2008 based on 2001 prices in order to benefit specific private telecom operators.

    Why is the Centre seeking a modification of the apex court’s decision?

    • Need for Non-commercial Use: The Centre highlights that spectrum allocation is essential not only for commercial telecommunication services but also for public interest functions such as security, safety, and disaster preparedness. These functions may not always align with the profit-oriented nature of auction processes.
    • Situational Preferences: The Centre argues that there are situations where auctions are not technically or economically preferred or optimal. This could include scenarios where there is a one-time or sporadic use of spectrum, which may not justify the complexities and costs associated with conducting auctions.
    • Court’s Clarification on Auctions: The Centre refers to the Supreme Court’s clarification in September 2012, stating that the auction method prescribed in 2012 was not a constitutional principle and not an absolute or blanket statement applicable across all natural resources. The Court expressed respect for the executive’s discretion in such matters.
    • Seeking Clarity for Administrative Process: In light of the Court’s clarification, the Centre seeks clarity on whether it can allocate 2G spectrum in the future through an administrative process if determined through due process and in accordance with the law. This indicates a desire for flexibility in spectrum allocation methods based on situational considerations and public interest needs.

    Conclusion: 

    Need to implement transparent processes for the allocation of public resources such as spectrum. Clearly outline the criteria, procedures, and timelines for allocation, and ensure that these are accessible to all stakeholders.Establish independent oversight bodies or regulatory agencies to monitor and audit the allocation process.

    Mains PYQ:

    Q What is mean by public interest? What are the principles and procedures to be followed by the civil servants in public interest? (UPSC IAS/2018)

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  • RBI Notifications

    RBI’s latest recommendations to regulate payment aggregators in offline spaces | Explained

    Explained | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Indian Economy

    Why in the news?

    The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has floated two consultation papers seeking enhanced regulation of payment aggregators carrying out face-to-face transactions. It also seeks to strengthen the ecosystem’s safety.

    What is Payment Aggregators?

    • A payment aggregator is a payment solution or a platform provider that aggregates various payment modes such cards, UPI, net-banking, wallets and alternate credit products by partnering with various processing entities such as acquiring banks, direct banks (in case of net banking) and issuers of wallets and alt credit products on to a single platform.

    What exactly are the norms about?  

    • Extension to Offline Transactions: The existing guidelines for payment aggregators cover their activities in e-commerce and online platforms. The latest draft proposes extending these regulations to offline spaces, including proximity or face-to-face transactions.
    • Convergence on Standards: The proposed norms aim to achieve convergence on standards of data collection and storage across online and offline transactions handled by payment aggregators.
    • Elaborate Guidelines: The proposed norms are detailed and comprehensive, reflecting lessons learned from incidents such as the Paytm Payments Bank crisis.
    • Strengthening Ecosystem: RBI’s objective seems to be strengthening the payment aggregator ecosystem against opacity and ensuring compliance with regulatory standards.
    • Penalties for Non-Compliance: The Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU-IND) imposed penalties on Paytm Payments Bank for engaging in illegal activities and failing to adhere to regulatory requirements, indicating strict consequences for non-compliance with the proposed norms.

    Is registration with the RBI being made compulsory?  

    The primary focus of this guidlines is on non-bank PAs and within them, the offline extensions.

    • PA based on Bank: Banks providing physical PA services as part of their normal banking relationship would not require any separate authorisation from the RBI. They are only expected to comply with the revised instructions within three months after they are issued.
    • PA without Banking: Non-banking entities providing PA services at the point of sale (PoS), that is, offline, would have to inform RBI within 60 days (after the circular is issued), about their intent to seek authorisation.

    Does it talk about provisions for sustainability?  

    • Minimum net worth aims to ensure the sustainability of non-banking entities: While the proposed norms primarily focus on regulatory compliance and financial stability, the requirement for a minimum net worth aims to ensure the sustainability of non-banking entities providing proximity/face-to-face transaction services. This is because entities with a stronger financial base are better positioned to weather economic challenges and uncertainties, thus promoting sustainability in the long run.
    • Risk-Based Payments: Payment aggregators are required to assign risk-based payments to merchants, focusing on sustainability. This involves assessing the risk associated with each merchant and adjusting payment terms accordingly.

    What about KYC requirements?  

    • Extended Scope of KYC: The proposed regulations aim to extend the scope of Know Your Customer (KYC) requirements for merchants onboarded by payment aggregators. While KYC is already mandatory, the regulations seek to make the provisions more nuanced.
    • Document Verification for Medium Merchants: Medium merchants, with a higher annual turnover threshold, must undergo additional document verification. Payment aggregators are expected to verify one official document each of the proprietor, beneficial owner or attorney holder, and the stated business.
    • Ongoing Compliance Monitoring: Payment aggregators must ensure that transactions undertaken by their merchants are in line with their business profiles. This involves ongoing monitoring to ensure compliance with KYC requirements and business activities.

    Conclusion: 

    The proposed norms aim to achieve convergence on standards of data collection and storage across both online and offline transactions handled by payment aggregators. This helps in streamlining regulatory requirements and ensuring consistency in data management practices.

    Mains PYQ 

    Q  How can the Digital India program help farmers to improve farm productivity and income? What step has the government taken in this regard? (UPSC IAS/2015)

    With Inputs from:

    https://www.thehindu.com/business/rbi-clampdown-on-lenders-could-moderate-credit-growth-in-2024-25/article67994838.ece

    https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/rbi-to-introduce-offline-erupee-transactions-soon-shaktikanta-das/article67824286.ece

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  • Judicial Appointments Conundrum Post-NJAC Verdict

    SC declines plea against Collegium system to protect public’s best interest

    Explained | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Executive & Judiciary

    Why in the news? 

    The petition, filed by advocate Mathews Nedumpara, seeks a revival of the NJAC. SC Registrar says the issue is already settled, and a repeat litigation is a “needless waste of judicial time and energy”

    What is the Registrar of supreme court?

    • The registrar is a chief executive officer of a judicial forum. They are in charge of the entire registry of the department.

    What is NJAC (National Judicial Appointments Commission)? 

    • In August 2014, Parliament passed the Constitution (99th Amendment) Act, 2014 along with the National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC) Act, 2014, providing for the creation of an independent commission to appoint judges to the Supreme Court and high courts.
    • In 2015, Supreme Court struck down the National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC) and the 99th Amendment

    Actually, Collegium system is used for the appointment of SC Judges 

    First Judges Case (1981): 

    • Also known as S.P. Gupta case (December 30, 1981), the Supreme Court held that consultation does not mean concurrence and it only implies exchange of views
    • It declared that the “primacy” of the Chief Justice of India (CJI)s recommendation on judicial appointments and transfers can be refused for “cogent reasons.”
    • The ruling gave the Executive primacy over the Judiciary in judicial appointments.

    Second Judges Case (1993):

    • SC reversed its earlier ruling and changed the meaning of the word consultation to concurrence.
    • Hence, it ruled that the advice tendered by the Chief Justice of India is binding on the President in the matters of appointment of the judges of the Supreme Court.
    • But, the Chief Justice would tender his advice on the matter after consulting two of his senior most colleagues (this was considered as Collegium)
    • The collegium can veto the government if the names are sent back by the latter for reconsideration.
    • The basic tenet behind the collegium system is that the judiciary should have primacy over the government in matters of appointments and transfers in order to remain independent.
    • The opinions of each member of the Collegium and other judges consulted should be made in writing and form part of the file on the candidate sent to the government.
    • Thus, the executive element in the appointment process was reduced to a minimum.
    • If the CJI had consulted non-judges, he should make a memorandum containing the substance of consultation, which would also be part of the file. After the receipt of the Collegium recommendation, the Law Minister would forward it to the Prime Minister, who would advise the President in the matter of appointment.

    Third Judges Case (1998):

    • SC on President’s reference expanded the Collegium to a five-member body, comprising the CJI and four of his senior-most colleagues while HC collegium is led by its Chief Justice and four other senior most judges of that court.
    • Names recommended for appointment by a HC collegium reaches the government only after approval by the CJI and the SC collegium.

    Conclusion: 

    The primary argument against the NJAC was that it could potentially undermine judicial independence by giving the executive a significant role in judicial appointments. Any alternative system, including a revised version of the NJAC, would need to ensure that judicial independence is safeguarded.

    Mains PYQ 

    Q Critically examine the Supreme Court’s judgement on ‘National Judicial Appointments Commission Act, 2014’ with reference to appointment of judges of higher judiciary in India.

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  • Minority Issues – SC, ST, Dalits, OBC, Reservations, etc.

    Madras High Court Ruling on Waqf Properties

    Prelims Only | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution – historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure

    Why in the news?

    • The Madras High Court ruled the Tamil Nadu Public Premises (Eviction of Unauthorised Occupants) Amendment Act of 2010 as repugnant and unconstitutional.
    • The amendment conferred authority on the Tamil Nadu Waqf Board CEO to order evictions, contradicting with the Central legislation, the Waqf Act of 1995.

    Madras HC Verdict:

    • Parliament’s 2013 amendment to Waqf Act prevails over Tamil Nadu’s legislation.
    • It already provides uniform and effective mechanisms for possession recovery.

    Arguments made by TN:

    • Lawyers argue 2010 amendment exercised power under Concurrent List, required Presidential assent.
    • State law and Central law cannot co-exist, Parliament’s 2013 amendment prevails.
    • Original provisions of Waqf Act not sufficient to deal with encroachments.
    • Tamil Nadu enacted 2010 amendment based on Sachar Committee recommendation.

    Sachar Committee:

    A seven-member high-level committee headed by former Chief Justice of Delhi High Court Rajinder Sachar to study the social, economic, and educational condition of Muslims in March 2005.

     

    What is Doctrine of Repugnancy?

    • The doctrine of repugnancy arises when two laws conflict and produce different outcomes when applied to the same situation.
    • It occurs when the provisions of two laws are so contradictory that complying with one law would mean violating the other.
    • Article 254 of the Indian Constitution establishes the Doctrine of Repugnancy in India, providing a framework for resolving conflicts between Central and State laws.
    • It resolves conflicts between Central and State laws.

    Key Provisions of Article 254:

    1.    Article 254(1):

    • Declares that if a law passed by a State Legislature contradicts a law passed by Parliament, the State law will be deemed void.
    • The law enacted by Parliament will take precedence over the State law.

    2.    Article 254(2):

    • Allows States to enforce legislation that contradicts Parliament’s laws if they receive assent from the President.

     

    PYQ:

    [2016]  The Parliament of India acquires the power to legislate on any item in the State List in the national interest if a resolution to that effect is passed by the:

    (a) Lok Sabha by a simple majority of its total membership

    (b) Lok Sabha by a majority of not less than two-thirds of its total membership

    (c) Rajya Sabha by a simple majority of its total membership

    (d) Rajya Sabha by a majority of not less than two-thirds of its members present and voting

    Back2Basics: What is Waqf property and what does the Waqf Act state?

    Details
    Enactment
    • Enacted by Jawaharlal Nehru in 1954 to centralize Waqf properties.
    • Led to the formation of the Central Waqf Council in 1964.
    • Amended in 1995 under the Congress government of PV Narasimha Rao, granting extensive powers to Waqf Boards.
    Key Provisions
    • Section 3(R) of the 1995 amendment designates properties as Waqf if deemed sacred, religious, or charitable according to Muslim law.
    • Article 40 mandates the Waqf Surveyor and Board to determine property ownership.
    • 2013 amendments require State Waqf Boards to appoint Survey Commissioners to manage properties and settle disputes.
    Legal Status Property declared as Waqf cannot be contested in court; appeals must be made to the Waqf Board.
    Chairmanship
    • Union Minority Welfare Minister serves as ex-officio chairman of the Central Waqf Council.
    • State Waqf Boards consist of seven Muslim members.

    Waqf Property
    Details
    Definition
    • Property donated for charitable purposes in the name of Allah.
    • Donated by individuals for public benefit; no individual ownership rights.
    Donation Criteria Must be donated by Muslims above the age of 18.
    Ownership
    • Upon donation, property becomes Allah’s possession;
    • Family members have no claim after donor’s demise.
    Types Includes movable or immovable property donated for charitable purposes.
    Management Overseen by the Waqf Board, responsible for legal matters and property administration.
    Total Properties
    • Over 8,65,646 properties registered with the Waqf Board in India.
    • Estimated to cover 8 lakh acres of land with a market value of approximately Rs 1.20 lakh crore.
    • State-wide Share:
    1. West Bengal: More than 80,000 properties registered.
    2. Punjab: 70,994 properties under Waqf Board.
    3. Tamil Nadu: 65,945 properties managed.
    4. Karnataka: 61,195 properties overseen.

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  • Climate Change Impact on India and World – International Reports, Key Observations, etc.

    Icequakes on Ross Ice Shelf

    Prelims OnlyWorld Mapping | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

    Why in the news?

    • Scientists found out that the huge Ross Ice Shelf, almost as big as France, moves forward a few centimetres daily.
    • This happens because of the Whillans Ice Stream, a fast-moving river of ice that sometimes gets stuck and then suddenly moves forward.

    About Ross Ice Shelf

    • Ross Ice Shelf is the largest ice shelf of Antarctica roughly the size of France.
    • It was discovered by Sir James Clark Ross on 28 January 1841.
    • The shelf spans an area of roughly 500,809 square kilometers, about the size of France or the Yukon Territory in Canada.
    • It is several hundred meters thick. In the shelf’s southern reaches, nearest the True South Pole, the ice can be as thick as 750m.
    • The nearly vertical ice front to the open sea is more than 600 km long, and between 15 and 50 meters high above the water surface. However, 90% of the floating ice is below the water surface.
    • It is fed primarily by giant glaciers, or ice streams, that transport ice down to it from the high polar ice sheet of East and West Antarctica.
    • Most of Ross Ice Shelf is in the Ross Dependency claimed by New Zealand.
    • It floats in, and covers, a large southern portion of the Ross Sea and the entire Roosevelt Island located in the east of the Ross Sea.

    Spotlight: Icequakes on Ross Ice Shelf

    • Influence of Ice Stream: Most glaciers move slowly, but the Whillans Ice Stream stops and starts suddenly. This might happen because there isn’t enough water below to help it move smoothly.
    • Sudden Movements: These sudden movements, like tiny earthquakes, push against the Ross Ice Shelf.
    • Threat to Stability: Even though these daily shifts aren’t caused by humans, they could make the Ross Ice Shelf weaker over time. Ice shelves slow down the flow of ice into the ocean.
    • Retreat of Glacier: If the Ross Ice Shelf gets weaker or breaks, it could speed up melting and raise sea levels.

    PYQ:

    [2013] On the planet earth, most of the freshwater exists as ice caps and glaciers. Out of the remaining freshwater, the largest proportion

    (a) Is found in the atmosphere as moisture and clouds

    (b) Is found in freshwater lakes and rivers

    (c) Exists as groundwater

    (d) Exists as soil moisture

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