Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Seasonal Migrant Workers, challenges and policies
What’s the news?
- The High Court of Bombay has recently taken suo motu cognisance of the exploitation of the intra-State workforce that migrates seasonally from the drought-affected and water-scarce regions of Marathwada to the sugar-belt region of western Maharashtra.
Central Idea
- According to the Maharashtra Sugar Commissioner, in 2022-23, the net area under sugar cane was 1.487 million hectares, and there were 203 crushing factories in the State that were expected to produce 138 lakh metric tons of sugar. Though intra-State migrant workers form the backbone of the sugar cane industry and economic growth, they have remained critically marginalised and oppressed for several decades.
Seasonal Migrant Workers
- Seasonal migrant workers are individuals who temporarily migrate from one region or area to another for work during specific seasons or periods of the year.
- These workers move to places where demand for labor is higher during certain agricultural or industrial activities, often due to seasonal variations in work opportunities.
- For example, Workers from the drought-affected and water-scarce regions of Marathwada in Maharashtra migrate to the sugar-belt districts of western Maharashtra. They do so to work in the sugar cane industry, particularly during the harvesting season.
Challenges faced by the these workers
- Exploitative Labor Practices: Seasonal migrant workers in the sugar cane industry are often recruited through labor contractors known as Mukadams. This exploitative system allows sugar factories to obtain a large volume of temporary, cheap, and efficient workforce.
- Low Wages and Job Insecurity: Migrant workers often receive low wages for their labor, and their work is typically temporary and seasonal. As a result, they face uncertainty about future employment opportunities.
- Inadequate Working Conditions: The nature of sugar cane harvesting and processing tasks can be physically demanding and hazardous. Workers, including women, may engage in strenuous work, such as head loading, leading to accidents.
- Lack of Social Protection: Seasonal migrant workers may lack access to social protection schemes, such as health insurance and other benefits, leaving them financially vulnerable in case of illness or injury.
- Invisibility and Marginalization: Migrant workers are often marginalised and overlooked in the regions where they migrate for work. This invisibility can limit their access to essential services, education, and healthcare.
- Education Challenges for Children: Children accompanying their parents may face disruptions in their education due to migration, and there may be insufficient alternative schooling models, impacting their learning and development.
Primary drivers of this migration
- Lack of Employment Opportunities:
- Marathwada, being a region with drought-prone areas and water scarcity, faces challenges in providing sufficient employment opportunities to its rural population.
- The agricultural sector, which is the primary source of employment, often experiences prolonged unemployment after the sowing of rabi crops, leaving many small and marginal peasant households without work.
- Crop Failures and Debt: The region of Marathwada is susceptible to crop failures due to erratic monsoons and water shortages. Repeated crop failures result in the accumulation of debt for many farmers and agricultural laborers, making their economic situation precarious.
- Acute Unemployment: Apart from crop-related employment, there may be limited industries or economic activities in the region that can absorb the surplus labor during non-agricultural seasons, leading to acute unemployment.
- Attractive Job Opportunities in the Sugar Cane Industry:
- The sugar-belt districts of western Maharashtra, such as Sangli, Kolhapur, Pune, Satara, Solapur, and Ahmednagar, are known for their sugar cane industry.
- During the sugar cane harvesting and processing seasons, there is a high demand for labor in the sugar factories and fields, making it an attractive destination for seasonal migrant workers seeking employment.
- Mukadam System and Labor Contractors:
- The Mukadam system/ contractors act as intermediaries and provide labor couples to the factories.
- Workers, often in need of employment, rely on the Mukadams, creating a system of dependence that perpetuates the migration.
- Lack of Diversified Livelihood Options: Limited livelihood diversification in the home region may prompt individuals to seek employment opportunities in other regions with more robust economic activities.
Concerns and challenges in framing meaningful policies
- Inadequate Data and Migration Tracking:
- Lack of comprehensive data is hindering the formulation of meaningful policies for seasonal migrants, making it difficult to address their specific needs effectively.
- The Migration Tracking System (MTS) application, launched by the Women and Child Development Department in 2022, aimed to track and enumerate seasonal migrants, particularly focusing on children, pregnant women, and lactating mothers to ensure their well-being and access to services.
- However, the MTS falls short in providing a complete picture of seasonally migrating families, including their employment status, wage structure, and entitlement coverage.
- Plight of Women:
- Women working in the sugar cane industry face strenuous and hazardous tasks, such as headloading cane bundles and carrying heavy weights on trucks or trolleys (Oxfam India 2020).
- Their work adversely impacts their bodies, causing musculoskeletal disorders and several gynecological issues (Oxfam India 2020).
- Early and forced marriages among migrant women lead to problems for adolescent girls, resulting in early pregnancies (15-17 years), deliveries without trained birth attendants, and frequent childbirth (UNESCO).
- Studies have also reported recurring cases of violence and sexual harassment linked to labor contractors (Mukadams) and male workers, further exacerbating the vulnerabilities faced by migrant women.
- Plight of Children:
- Children accompanying their parents to sugar cane fields face blatant violations of the Right to Education (National Education Policy, NEP, 2020).
- The lack of sufficient alternative schooling models affects their education, potentially forcing them into child labor.
- School records often fail to acknowledge the physical absence of these children from school, perpetuating the lack of proper education for them (International Institute for Population Sciences, IIPS, and UNICEF, 2022)
Way forward: Need for government interventions
- Data Collection and Migration Tracking System (MTS): The government should conduct a periodic and time-bound enumerating exercise to create a credible databank of seasonal migrants. Expand the scope of the Migration Tracking System (MTS.
- Empowering Labor Administration: Strengthening labor administration and enforcing labor laws is essential to protect the rights of migrant workers. Regular inspections should be conducted.
- Holistic Policy Development: Formulate comprehensive policies specifically addressing the needs of seasonal migrants. Collaborate with different Ministries and Departments to address the multi-dimensional challenges faced by migrant workers and their families.
- Addressing Women’s Plight: Implement long-term intervention strategies to address the challenges faced by women migrant workers. Provide training and opportunities for skill development to enhance their economic independence and ensure their health and safety in the workplace.
- Ensuring Children’s Education: Implement alternative schooling models for children accompanying their parents to sugar cane fields. Protect their Right to Education and prevent them from being forced into child labor.
- Access to Justice and Safe Working Conditions: Ensure that seasonal migrants have access to justice and are guaranteed safe and healthy working and living conditions. Address the exploitative Mukadam system prevalent in the sugar cane industry to protect the workers’ rights.
Conclusion
- Empowering seasonal migrant workers in Maharashtra’s sugar cane industry is crucial to fostering inclusive economic growth and protecting human rights. The State government must act with strong political will to formulate comprehensive policies and interventions that address the vulnerabilities faced by these workers at both the source and destination regions.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Digital payment ecosystem
Mains level: Digital payments landscape in India, financial inclusion and challenges
Central Idea
- The digital payments landscape in India has experienced a remarkable transformation in recent years, with the United Payments Interface (UPI) playing a pivotal role in this revolution. With every neighborhood kirana store now equipped with a QR code scanner, the popularity of digital transactions has soared.
Modes of payment and their growth trends
- UPI (United Payments Interface):
- Introduction: UPI was introduced in 2016.
- Growth: Transactions in UPI have grown in value and volume since its introduction.
- Push factors: Demonetisation in November 2016 and the COVID-19 lockdown in 2020 played a significant role in the widespread adoption of digital payments, contributing to UPI’s popularity.
- Growth rate: From June 2021 to April 2023, UPI payments grew at an average monthly rate of 6%.
- Share of total digital retail payments: The share of UPI payments increased from less than 20% in mid-2021 to about 27% in March 2023.
- Comparison with other modes: UPI’s growth rate outpaced all other modes of payment, including NEFT, IMPS, debit card payments, and prepaid payments.
- Impact on NEFT: The increasing share of UPI payments came mainly at the cost of NEFT transactions, which experienced a decline of about 10 points (from 64% to less than 54%) over the same period.
- Real-time payment settlement: UPI’s popularity might be due to its real-time payment settlement system, similar to IMPS, unlike NEFT.
- NEFT (National Electronic Funds Transfer):
- Growth rate: NEFT transactions grew at an average monthly rate of 3% from June 2021 to April 2023.
- Declining share: The share of NEFT transactions in the total value of digital retail payments declined from 64% to less than 54% over the same period, with UPI gaining popularity.
- IMPS (Immediate Payment Service):
- Growth rate: IMPS transactions grew at an average monthly rate of 3% from June 2021 to April 2023.
- Stable share: The share of IMPS transactions remained relatively stable at about 9% in the total value of digital retail payments.
- Debit card payments and Prepaid payments:
- Growth rate: Debit card payments and prepaid payments experienced slower growth, with an average monthly rate of 1.5% from June 2021 to April 2023.
- Combined share: The combined share of these modes of payment did not exceed 2.5% of the overall digital retail transactions.
Analysis: Financial Inclusion
- Bank Account Penetration:
- India has made remarkable progress in bank account penetration, with 80% of the population having bank accounts in 2017 and 2021, up from 53% in 2014.
- However, a concerning issue is the high percentage of inactive accounts, which stands at 38%. This indicates that a significant portion of the population remains excluded from actively utilizing banking services.
- Gender Gap:
- There is a substantial gender gap in digital transactions, with only 28% of women conducting any digital transaction in 2021, compared to 41% of men.
- The difference of 13 points between men and women in digital transactions is higher than many other comparable countries like Vietnam, Brazil, China, and Kenya, signaling a need for targeted measures to empower women in accessing and using digital payment methods.
- Rural-Urban Divide:
- The rural-urban gap in digital payments is evident, with only 30% of Indians in rural areas making or receiving any digital payment in 2021, compared to 40% in urban areas.
- In contrast, countries like Bangladesh and Kenya display less discrepancy between rural and urban digital payment rates, with over 70% of their populations engaged in digital transactions.
- Overall Digital Transaction Figures:
- Despite the increasing popularity of UPI, only 35% of the population reported carrying out any digital transaction in 2021, indicating that a considerable proportion of the population is not actively participating in digital payments.
- India’s figures for digital transactions are lower compared to the average of 57% for all developing countries and the world average of 64%
Way forward
- Promote Digital Literacy: Provide training programs and workshops to enhance digital literacy, focusing on women and vulnerable populations.
- Reduce Gender Disparities: Implement targeted measures to bridge the gender gap in digital transactions, encouraging more women to participate in digital payment ecosystems.
- Enhance Digital Infrastructure: Expand internet connectivity and improve digital infrastructure in remote and rural areas to ensure equitable access to digital payment facilities.
- Encourage Active Usage of Bank Accounts: Develop financial literacy programs to educate people about the benefits of using their bank accounts actively, thereby reducing the prevalence of inactive accounts.
- Enable Business Participation: Encourage businesses, especially small and medium-sized enterprises, to adopt digital payment methods by providing incentives and simplifying the onboarding process.
- Strengthen Security Measures: Enhance cybersecurity protocols and fraud prevention mechanisms to build trust and confidence among users in using digital payment platforms.
Conclusion
- The UPI has undeniably revolutionised India’s digital payments landscape. However, the journey towards achieving Digital India is far from complete. To address the persisting issues, policymakers must devise targeted interventions to ensure that the benefits of digital payments reach all sections of society. Only then can India truly harness the potential of digital payments and attain the goal of a cashless economy.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Stapled Visa
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The issuance of stapled visas by China to Indian nationals from Arunachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir has been a contentious issue between the two countries.
What is Stapled Visa?
- A Stapled Visa is an unstamped piece of paper attached to the passport, different from a regular visa that is affixed and stamped.
- China has been issuing stapled visas to Indian nationals from certain regions, notably Arunachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir, which are territories that China disputes with India.
- By using stapled visas for residents of these regions, China is making a unilateral claim over the disputed territories, suggesting that it considers them as part of its own territory.
China’s Dispute over Indian Territory:
- Sovereignty Dispute: China disputes India’s sovereignty over Arunachal Pradesh and questions the legal status of the McMahon Line, the boundary agreed upon between Tibet and British India in 1914. This dispute underlies Chinese claims over the Line of Actual Control (LAC) and its repeated border transgressions into Indian Territory.
- Unilateral Claim: China claims approximately 90,000 sq km of Arunachal Pradesh as its territory, referring to it as “Zangnan” or “South Tibet.” Chinese maps often depict Arunachal Pradesh as part of China.
Use of Stapled Visas:
- Signaling Intentions: Chinese state media began referring to Arunachal Pradesh as “South Tibet” in 2005. In 2006, China refused to grant a visa to an Indian government official serving in Arunachal Pradesh. Subsequently, China started issuing stapled visas to all Indian citizens from Arunachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir.
- Timeline of Events: Stapled visas for Jammu and Kashmir residents appeared around 2008-09. Over the years, China repeatedly issued stapled visas to Indian nationals, including sports athletes, weightlifters, and archers, leading to tensions between the two countries.
India’s Response and Stance
- Protest and Diplomatic Efforts: The Indian government has consistently protested against the issuance of stapled visas and conveyed its stance to China, asserting that there should be no discrimination based on domicile or ethnicity in the visa regime for Indian citizens.
- Refusal to Accept Stapled Visas: India has refused to accept stapled visas as valid travel documents and cautioned Indian citizens that such visas are not considered valid for travel out of the country.
- Sovereignty Assertion: India firmly asserts its sovereignty over Arunachal Pradesh and maintains that stapled visas undermine its territorial integrity.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Muharram
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- For the first time in over three decades, the Jammu and Kashmir government permitted a Muharram procession in Srinagar, drawing thousands of Shia mourners on the 8th of Muharram.
- The decision has been widely hailed.
What is Muharram?
- Muharram is the first month of the Islamic lunar calendar, and it holds significant religious and historical importance for Muslims worldwide.
- The word “Muharram” itself means “forbidden” in Arabic, signifying the sacred nature of this month.
- It is considered one of the four sacred months in Islam, during which warfare and conflicts are traditionally prohibited.
- It is observed by both Sunni and Shia Muslims (and even Hindus), though it holds different historical and religious significance for each group.
Celebration of Ashura
Ashura is the tenth day of Muharram and is the most significant day within the month.
- Shia Muslims: They commemorate the martyrdom of Prophet Mohammed’s grandson, Imam Hussain, who was killed in the Battle of Karbala in 680 AD. The prophet’s son-in-law, Ali, and Ali’s elder son, Hassan, are also remembered during this period as having suffered and died. On Ashura, Shia Muslims observe unique mourning rituals, including self-flagellation, chest-beating, and in some cases, forehead cutting using sharpened knives and chains with attached blades. ‘Taziya’, a tableaux procession is also held by the Shia Community.
- Sunni Muslims: Ashura marks the day when Prophet Moses and the Children of Israel were saved from Pharaoh’s tyranny by crossing the Red Sea.
- Hindu community: Some Hindus also observe Muharram by getting themselves painted in tiger stripes, visiting households and performing “huli kunita” as part of their “harake” (vow).
Ashura Celebration in Kashmir
- Ban under Dogra Rulers: During the reign of Dogra rulers, Muharram processions were either prohibited or allowed only at night, citing tensions between Shia and Sunni communities.
- 1920s: In the 1920s, despite the Dogra order for morning processions, mourners marched during the day, with both Shias and Sunnis joining the procession. This became associated with the Muslim freedom struggle in Kashmir.
- Selective Permits: Later, certain individuals and families were issued permits to take out processions, but the main Muharram procession was banned when militancy began.
Significance of allowing processions
- The permission for the Muharram procession in Srinagar after a long ban is a significant milestone, signifying progress towards religious freedom in the region.
- It emphasizes the need to respect the religious sentiments of the people and uphold the values of inclusivity and unity among different communities in the valley.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Offer for Sale (OFS)
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The government’s stake sale in Rail Vikas Nigam Ltd (RVNL) through an offer-for-sale (OFS) received an enthusiastic response from institutional investors.
About Offer for Sale (OFS)
- OFS is a method of share sale introduced by India’s securities market regulator SEBI in 2012.
- The primary aim was to facilitate promoters of listed companies to reduce their holdings and comply with the minimum public shareholding norms within the stipulated time frame.
- This mechanism gained popularity among both state-run and private listed companies as a means to adhere to SEBI’s order.
- Subsequently, the government also embraced OFS to divest its shareholding in public sector enterprises.
Key Features of Offer for Sale:
- Stake Dilution: In an OFS, the promoters of a company reduce their stake by selling existing shares to retail investors, companies, Foreign Institutional Investors (FIIs), and Qualified Institutional Buyers (QIBs) through an exchange platform.
- Restriction on Fresh Issuance: Unlike a follow-on public offering (FPO), where companies can raise funds through issuing fresh shares or promoters can sell their existing stakes (or both), OFS is used exclusively for the sale of existing shares.
- Eligibility Criteria: Only promoters or shareholders holding more than 10% of the share capital in a company can conduct an OFS.
- Limited to Top 200 Companies: The OFS mechanism is available to the top 200 companies based on market capitalization.
- Reserved Quota for Institutions: A minimum of 25% of the shares offered in an OFS is reserved for mutual funds (MFs) and insurance companies. Additionally, no single bidder, other than MFs and insurance companies, can be allocated more than 25% of the offering size.
- Retail Investor Participation: A minimum of 10% of the offer size is reserved for retail investors, encouraging their participation in the share sale.
- Discount Provision: Sellers have the option to offer a discount to retail investors either on the bid price or on the final allotment price.
- Timely Notification: The company must inform the stock exchanges about its intention to conduct an OFS at least two banking days prior to the event.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Free Movement Regime
Mains level: Refugess influx in NE
Central Idea
- The ongoing ethnic conflict between the Meiteis and Kukis in Manipur is further complicated by the issue of illegal migration of tribal Kuki-Chin people into India from Myanmar.
- Amid this charged and sensitive debate, questions have been raised on the Free Movement Regime (FMR) that allows tribes along the Indo-Myanmar Border (IMB) to travel inside each other’s territory without a visa.
Understanding Free Movement Regime
- Conceptualization: The FMR was implemented in 2018 as part of the Act East policy to improve Indo-Myanmar ties.
- Travel permit: It allows tribes living along the IMB to travel up to 16 km into the other country without a visa.
- Ethnic and Cultural Ties: The border between India and Myanmar was demarcated without considering the opinions of the people living in the region, splitting people of the same ethnicity and culture into two nations.
- Significance: The FMR aimed to facilitate people-to-people contact, local trade, and business, essential for livelihoods and sustenance.
- Discontinuation: As the crisis in Myanmar unfolded, India suspended the FMR in September 2022.
Challenges created by FMR
- Unintentional Aiding of Illegal Immigration: The porous and unfenced Indo-Myanmar border has led to concerns about illegal immigration, drug trafficking, and gun running.
- Refugee influx: The military coup in Myanmar triggered persecution against the Kuki-Chin peoples, leading to a significant influx of Myanmarese tribals into Manipur and Mizoram, seeking shelter. Mizoram set up camps for over 40,000 refugees, despite protests from the Union Ministry of Home Affairs.
- Deforestation and Tensions: The Manipur government accused village chiefs of illegally settling migrants from Myanmar in new villages, leading to deforestation.
- Resistance to eviction: An eviction drive triggered violence between Kukis and the government.
Possible Solutions
- Better Regulation of FMR: Experts agree that the FMR needs better regulation to address the challenges arising from illegal activities and cross-border movements.
- Middle Path: A middle path could be sought, addressing changing socio-politico-economic conditions in Myanmar and the dynamic demographic profile of the region.
- Tackling the Issue: India needs to find an approach that balances addressing illicit activities and border crimes while considering the concerns and needs of the local population.
Conclusion
- The FMR along the Indo-Myanmar Border, although intended to foster people-to-people contact and local trade, has posed challenges related to illegal migration and illegal activities.
- While there are calls to remove the regime entirely, finding a middle path that considers the region’s socio-politico-economic dynamics and the well-being of the local population seems essential.
- Addressing these challenges will require a careful and balanced approach, reflecting the complexities of the situation on the ground.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Mob violence and communal hatred
Central Idea
- The Supreme Court asked the Centre and six States to respond to a plea concerning the alarming incidents of lynchings and mob violence.
- It highlighted the need for the government machinery to be held accountable for protecting the lives of victims, including members of the minority community.
- Presently the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) does NOT maintain separate data on atrocities against religious minorities and on mob lynching.
Mob Lynching through Judiciary’s Lens
- Apex Court’s 2018 Judgment: In the Tehseen Poonawala Case (2018), the Supreme Court warned against the rising wave of frenzied mobs fueled by fake news, self-professed morality, and false stories. The court foresaw these incidents as “creeping threats” and emphasized the necessity to curb them promptly.
- Call for Special Law and Punishment: The 2018 judgment condemned mobocracy as an anathema and called for special laws and stringent punishments to address the issue effectively.
What is Mob Lynching?
- Mob lynching is a heinous act of premeditated extrajudicial killing carried out by a group to punish an alleged transgressor or intimidate a community.
- The absence of a separate definition for lynching in the Indian Penal Code (IPC) and inadequate provisions to deal with such crimes have raised concerns about the growing incidents of mob violence in the country.
Need for an Anti-Lynching Law
- Filling the Legal Void: An anti-lynching law would address the shortcomings in the current criminal jurisprudence, providing a specific legal framework to deal with such brutal acts. Presently, the IPC offers provisions for unlawful assembly, rioting, and murder, but there is no explicit law against mob lynching.
- Curbing Lawlessness: An anti-lynching law would hold accountable those involved in lynching incidents, establishing a clear deterrent against such acts of violence.
- Addressing the Rise in Lynching Incidents: Over the years, mob lynching cases have increased, necessitating a focused and comprehensive legal approach to combat this menace.
Factors behind the Surge in Lynchings
- Impunity: Lynch mobs often act with confidence, believing they will escape punishment. The lack of decisive action by the state has contributed to their audacity.
- Communalism: In cow-linked lynchings, political considerations influence the response from the incumbent government, affecting the crackdown on such attacks.
- Fake News: The rapid spread of misinformation through social media platforms fuels sudden waves of antagonism and contributes to mob violence.
- Alienation and Unemployment: Modernity has eroded associational life and a sense of fraternity, leading to feelings of alienation. High unemployment rates also leave millions of youth disengaged, making them vulnerable to manipulation.
Impact of Lynching
- State: Lynching undermines fundamental rights enshrined in the constitution, leading to a crisis in law and order.
- Economy: International agencies have issued warnings against mob lynching, negatively impacting foreign and domestic investments and sovereign ratings. It also hampers internal migration and places an additional burden on the state exchequer to tackle such incidents.
- Society: Lynchings foster fear of radicalization, disrupt communal harmony, and promote intolerance, aggravating caste, class, and communal tensions.
Way Forward
- Proactive Measures: States must proactively monitor and flag rumours on social media and other platforms, adopting measures taken by some states as examples to deter such incidents.
- Special Courts: Establishing special courts to try mob violence cases would ensure prompt and efficient justice delivery.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Climate change and the Concept of the Anthropocene
What’s the news?
- Recent proposals to set the starting year of the Anthropocene at 1950 have been met with criticism due to their purportedly flawed representation of the true culprits behind ecosystem damage and climate change.
Central idea
- The term Anthropocene was first proposed by the Nobel laureates, chemist Paul Crutzen and biologist Eugene Stoermer, at a meeting of the little-known International Biosphere-Geosphere Program in 2000 in Mexico. While the term persists, it has garnered limited acceptance within the environmental and geological communities.
The concept of the Anthropocene
- The Anthropocene is a proposed geological epoch that denotes the period during which human activities have had a significant and lasting impact on the Earth’s geology and ecosystems.
- The concept emerged from the realization that human activities, such as deforestation, industrialization, urbanization, and the burning of fossil fuels, have caused profound and widespread changes to the Earth’s atmosphere, oceans, and land, leading to phenomena such as climate change.
- The term anthropocene was first proposed by Nobel laureates Paul Crutzen, a chemist, and Eugene Stoermer, a biologist, in the year 2000.
- They suggested that the current epoch, the Holocene, which began around 11,700 years ago after the last glacial period, had ended and was replaced by the Anthropocene due to the extensive and unprecedented human impact on the planet.
- Some argue that it began with the advent of agriculture around 10,000 years ago, while others propose more recent dates, such as the Industrial Revolution in the late 18th century or the mid-20th century, marked by a significant increase in human-induced environmental changes.
How it falls short in accurately acknowledging the real culprits of ecosystem damage?
- Broad Attribution to All Humanity: The Anthropocene concept attributes the impact on Earth’s biosphere and climate system to all of humanity collectively. By treating all humans as culpable, the concept overlooks the disproportionate role played by certain actors, mainly corporate forces in the West.
- Ignoring Historical Context: The Anthropocene concept does not adequately consider the historical context of environmental exploitation and resource extraction by colonial and imperialist powers, primarily from Western countries. Corporate forces in the West were major drivers of colonial practices that led to ecological harm and climate change in various regions, including Africa, India, and the Americas.
- Downplaying Corporate Influence: While human activities have undoubtedly impacted the environment, the immense economic power and lobbying capabilities of corporations, mainly based in the West, have enabled them to shape environmental policies to their advantage, perpetuating unsustainable practices and hindering more significant efforts to combat climate change.
- Blurring Responsibility: By attributing environmental impacts to humanity as a whole, the Anthropocene concept blurs the lines of responsibility and accountability. This lack of clear attribution allows corporate forces in the West to escape scrutiny and avoid taking necessary actions to mitigate their environmental footprint, putting the onus on all of humanity instead.
- Neglecting Environmental Injustice: The Anthropocene concept does not adequately address the environmental injustices perpetrated by corporate forces in the West against marginalized communities, particularly in the global South.
- Insufficient Focus on Systemic Change: While the Anthropocene concept highlights the need for environmental awareness and action, it may divert attention from the urgent need for systemic changes in corporate practices and global economic structures. Transformative changes are required to address the root causes of ecosystem damage and climate change, which are largely driven by profit-seeking behaviors of corporate entities, especially in the West.
Suggested alternatives to the concept of the Anthropocene
- Corporatocene Epoch: This alternative term proposes a shift in focus from attributing responsibility broadly to all of humanity to specifically holding corporate forces, especially in the West, accountable for their significant role in environmental degradation and climate change.
- Capitalocene: The Capitalocene concept emphasizes the role of capitalism in driving ecological degradation and climate change. It focuses on the exploitative nature of capitalist systems, where profit maximization often takes precedence over environmental sustainability.
- Plantationocene: The Plantationocene perspective recognizes the historical legacy of plantation economies, particularly during the era of European colonialism. It sheds light on the exploitative practices associated with plantations, such as forced labor and ecological disruptions, which have had lasting effects on ecosystems and societies.
- Chthulucene: The Chthulucene concept, proposed by Donna Haraway, challenges the human-centered focus of the Anthropocene and instead emphasizes interconnectedness and multispecies entanglements. By moving away from human-centric narratives, the Chthulucene perspective encourages a more inclusive and collaborative approach to addressing environmental issues.
- Naturesocene: The Naturesocene perspective advocates for acknowledging the agency and contributions of non-human entities in shaping Earth’s systems. This approach seeks to break away from human-centric narratives and recognize the complex interactions between various elements of the natural world.
- Indigenous Perspectives: Indigenous communities often have a deep understanding of their environment and have historically practiced sustainable living. Incorporating their wisdom can lead to more holistic and effective environmental solutions.
Way ahead: The call for accurate attribution
- Identify Corporate Forces: By recognizing the significant impact of corporate entities in shaping environmental policies and practices, we can hold them accountable for their role in ecological harm. Acknowledging the influence of corporate forces empowers us to demand greater transparency and sustainable practices from these entities.
- Acknowledge Historical Injustices: Accurate attribution requires us to confront the historical legacies of imperialism, colonialism, and exploitative practices that have led to the environmental crisis. This entails recognizing how past actions continue to shape the present ecological challenges, particularly in marginalized communities.
- Address Systemic Issues: Accurate attribution calls for a deeper examination of systemic issues, such as capitalist economic structures and unequal power dynamics, that perpetuate environmental degradation. It prompts us to question the prioritization of profit over sustainability and advocate for transformative changes in our economic systems.
- Embrace Indigenous Wisdom: Indigenous communities, with their long-standing relationships with the land, hold valuable knowledge and practices for sustainable living.
- Foster Global Cooperation: Accurate attribution encourages international cooperation to tackle issues like climate change and biodiversity loss, recognizing that the impact of environmental decisions extends beyond national borders.
Conclusion
- The term corporatocene serves as a more fitting descriptor for the current epoch, highlighting the role of corporate forces in shaping the earth’s ecological and climate systems. The West’s historical imperial legacy, coupled with corporate greed, remains the greatest threat to humanity and the environment. By acknowledging the true culprits and holding them accountable, we can pave the way for informed and effective solutions to address the ongoing planetary crisis.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NRF
Mains level: Establishment of the NRF and its significance for India's research landscape
What’s the news?
- The Union Cabinet recently cleared a bill enabling the setting up of the National Research Foundation (NRF), with a corpus of Rs 50,000 crore, to be placed in Parliament in the Monsoon Session.
“There is no single factor more important to the intellectual, social, and economic progress of a nation and to the enhanced well-being of its citizens than the continuous creation and acquisition of new knowledge.”
Central Idea
- The NRF has sparked enthusiasm among researchers and academics, who are eagerly awaiting a boost in research and development (R&D) expenditures by the government. The NRF’s vision, as outlined in the Draft National Education Policy (DNEP) 2019 and the detailed project report (DPR) 2019, is founded on the principle that progress and well-being depend on generating new scientific and social knowledge.
What is the NRF?
- The NRF is a proposed autonomous institution in India, aimed at promoting and funding research and development activities across various disciplines.
- The NRF is founded on the belief that the advancement of human well-being and progress relies on the creation of new scientific and social knowledge.
- It is inspired by the successful model of the National Science Foundation (NSF) of the United States, which has been a major driver of research and innovation in the US.
Functioning and Governance
- The NRF will be established as the highest governing body for scientific research, in accordance with the recommendations of the National Education Policy (NEP).
- The Department of Science and Technology (DST) will serve as the administrative department of the NRF, with a Governing Board consisting of eminent researchers and professionals from various disciplines.
- The PM will be the ex-officio President of the Board, while the Union Minister of Science and Technology and the Union Minister of Education will be the ex-officio Vice-Presidents.
- The Principal Scientific Adviser will chair the Executive Council responsible for the NRF’s functioning.
Mission and Objectives
- Capacity Building: The NRF will focus on enhancing research capabilities at universities and colleges. It will establish doctoral and postdoctoral programs, set up “Centres of Excellence” at universities, and provide funding for shared infrastructure. Mentorship programs will be initiated to empower faculty members and students in higher education institutions.
- Nurturing Excellence in Cutting-Edge Research: The NRF will support curiosity-driven research across disciplines, creating a repository of knowledge for potential future applications and independent work within the country. It will encourage international collaborations and participation in mega-science projects to strengthen research capacity.
- Research for Societal Impact: The NRF will fund competitive peer-reviewed grant proposals across all disciplines, including interdisciplinary research, and across various institutions. It will play a vital role in supporting research with tangible societal impact, recognizing outstanding research through awards and national seminars.
Financial Autonomy and Flexibility of the NRF
- Autonomy in Decision-Making: As an autonomous institution, the NRF will have the authority to make independent decisions related to financial matters, including budget allocation, funding priorities, and research project support. This autonomy enables the NRF to align its financial strategies with its research objectives effectively.
- Block Grant Funding: The NRF will receive financial support from the government in the form of a block grant. The NRF’s governing board will have the discretion to allocate these funds based on the organization’s needs and priorities.
- Flexibility in Allocation: To sustain and enhance the NRF’s activities in the long run, the DPR had proposed an annual grant that would eventually aim to reach at least 0.1% of the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP), approximately Rs 20,000 crore in current terms
- Remuneration Structure: The NRF will have the flexibility to determine the remuneration structure for fellowships, projects, and other financial support mechanisms. This ensures that researchers are adequately incentivized and compensated, attracting top talent and promoting quality research.
- Transparent Financial Management: While enjoying financial autonomy and flexibility, the NRF will be accountable for its financial decisions. The NRF’s governing board will establish transparent financial rules and guidelines to ensure proper budget management, reporting, and accountability.
- Corpus Creation: In the initial years, any unspent funds will be held to create a corpus. This corpus will be professionally managed to generate steady returns, which can be utilized to support future research funding and initiatives.
Conclusion
- The establishment of the NRF marks a pivotal moment in India’s research landscape. With its ambitious missions, commitment to excellence, and focus on societal impact, the NRF is poised to transform India into a research and innovation powerhouse. By fostering a culture of inquiry, providing support to cutting-edge research, and promoting collaborations, the NRF has the potential to propel India to a position of global leadership.
Also read:
Where India lags in science, research fields, and can National Research Foundation help fix it?
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Bilateral and Multilateral infrastructure projects in news
Mains level: India-Myanmar-Thailand Trilateral Highway, significance, challenges and way forward
Central idea
- On the sidelines of the recently concluded 12th Mekong Ganga Cooperation (MGC) meeting in Bangkok on July 16, Indian External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar met with his Myanmar counterpart U Than Swe to discuss regional connectivity initiatives, with particular emphasis on expediting the India-Myanmar-Thailand Trilateral Highway (IMT-TH) project.
What is the India-Myanmar-Thailand Trilateral Highway (IMT-TH) project?
- The IMT-TH is a significant regional connectivity project that aims to establish a road network connecting India’s Northeast region with Thailand through Myanmar.
- The primary goal of the project is to enhance trade, commerce, tourism, and people-to-people interactions between the three nations, promoting regional integration and cooperation.
- Within India, the highway is expected to pass through Moreh, Kohima, Guwahati, Srirampur, Siliguri, and Kolkata, spanning a total distance of over 2,800 kilometers.
- The longest stretch of the highway will be in India, while the most minor road section will be in Thailand.
Significance of the IMT-TH
- Enhanced Connectivity: The IMT-TH project aims to improve connectivity between India’s Northeast region, Myanmar, and Thailand. By establishing a direct land route, it reduces travel time and transportation costs, facilitating smoother movement of goods, services, and people across the borders.
- Trade and Commerce: The highway presents a major boost to trade and commerce among the three nations. It opens up new markets and opportunities for businesses, enhances the flow of goods and services, and contributes to economic growth in the region.
- Tourism Promotion: With improved road connectivity, the IMT-TH project is expected to promote tourism between India, Myanmar, and Thailand. Easier travel and cultural exchange will attract more tourists, leading to economic benefits for the tourism industry in each country.
- Regional Integration: The project fosters regional integration and cooperation between India, Myanmar, and Thailand. It strengthens bilateral and multilateral ties, encourages joint ventures, and promotes a sense of partnership for mutual socio-economic development.
- Socio-economic Development: The IMT-TH project has the potential to bring socio-economic development to the regions it traverses. Improved connectivity can lead to better access to healthcare, education, and other essential services, uplifting the quality of life for local communities.
- Strengthening India’s Act East Policy: The project aligns with India’s Act East Policy, which aims to strengthen ties with Southeast Asian countries and foster greater engagement in the region. The IMT-TH highway serves as a tangible demonstration of India’s commitment to regional cooperation and connectivity.
- Regional Stability and Prosperity: By promoting economic cooperation and connectivity, the IMT-TH project contributes to regional stability and prosperity. Enhanced trade and economic ties are likely to reduce tensions and create a more conducive environment for peaceful relations among the nations involved.
- Geopolitical Implications: The project has geopolitical implications as it connects the Indian subcontinent with mainland Southeast Asia. It can serve as an alternative trade route, reducing dependence on traditional maritime routes and providing strategic benefits to the participating countries.
Key Challenges and Bottlenecks
- Road Network in Myanmar: While several sections of the highway have been completed or upgraded, several stretches still require progress. Urgent attention is needed to replace 69 bridges along the Tamu-Kyigone-Kalewa road, which has been delayed since 2015.
- Construction Difficulties: The Yar Gyi road section, characterized by steep gradients and sharp curves, poses considerable construction challenges. Converting a 121.8-km portion of the road into a four-lane motorway between Kalewa and Yar Gyi will require more time than anticipated.
- Security Concerns: The ongoing conflict between the Junta and ethnic armed groups in the Chin State and Sagaing Region of Myanmar poses a significant security risk for contractors, making the resumption of work uncertain.
- Implementing the IMT Trilateral Motor Vehicle Agreement: Infrastructure limitations, bureaucratic hurdles, and security concerns hinder smooth cross-border transportation and the implementation of the agreement between the three nations. Obtaining permits and clearances remains challenging due to differences in vehicle movement rules and procedures in each country.
Way Forward: Key Factors for Successful Implementation
- Infrastructure Development: Addressing Myanmar’s infrastructure limitations is crucial for the smooth movement of vehicles between India, Myanmar, and Thailand. Adequate financing and resource allocation are necessary to overcome these challenges.
- Policy Coordination: Strengthening policy coordination with ASEAN regarding Myanmar is essential for a holistic approach to regional issues and ensuring a stable environment for connectivity projects.
- Commitment to Democratic Transition: India’s commitment to supporting Myanmar’s democratic transition process and emphasis on peace and stability are vital for the region’s progress and prosperity.
Conclusion
- The successful completion of the India-Myanmar-Thailand Trilateral Highway holds the potential to enhance economic growth, regional integration, cultural exchange, and cooperation among the participating nations in the Mekong-Ganga region. By addressing the challenges and focusing on key factors, the project can contribute to peace, stability, and prosperity in the region, reinforcing the spirit of cooperation and connectivity among the nations involved.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Circular Economy Coalition
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The Resource Efficiency Circular Economy Industry Coalition (RECEIC) was launched with 39 multinational corporations committing to resource efficiency and circular economy principles.
What is RECEIC?
- Foundation: The RECEIC, conceived during India’s G20 Presidency, is an industry-led initiative with a global focus on promoting resource efficiency and circular economy practices
- Objectives: It aims to address environmental issues arising from waste, such as plastics, microplastics, e-waste, and chemical waste.
- Participation: 39 multinational corporations from sectors such as steel, FMCG, and electronics joined RECEIC’s launch.
- Leadership: The coalition will be industry-led, with the government playing a supporting role.
- Focus: The coalition aims to address environmental challenges arising from different types of waste through resource efficiency and circular economy principles.
- Presence: Ministers from Mauritius, Denmark, Italy, Canada, UAE, France, and the European Union attended the event.
India’s measures in this regard
- In 2021-22, India generated around 41 lakh tonnes of plastic waste, with 30 lakh tonnes allocated to registered recyclers and plastic waste processing units.
- The Plastic Waste Management (Amendment) Rules, 2022, established Extended Producers’ Responsibility (EPR) guidelines to manage plastic waste effectively.
- Plastic waste processors generated 2.6 million tonnes of EPR certificates, and purchased approximately 1.51 million tonnes of those certificates for 2022-23 obligations.
Also read:
[RSTV Archive] Circular Economy: Concept & Challenges
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Maitree Super Thermal Power Project
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Bharat Heavy Electricals (BHEL), a state-owned engineering firm, achieved a major milestone in Bangladesh.
- The 660-MW Unit-2 of the 1,320-MW Maitree Super Thermal Power Project (STPP) was successfully synchronized with the electricity grid in Bangladesh.
Maitree Super Thermal Power Project
- Location: The Maitree STPP is a 1,320-MW power plant situated at Rampal, Mongla, Bagerhat, Bangladesh.
- Joint Venture: BHEL is responsible for setting up the power plant, which is a 50:50 joint venture between the Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB) and NTPC Ltd.
- Infrastructure Priority: The project serves as a symbol of successful cooperation between India and Bangladesh and is a priority infrastructure development initiative for Bangladesh.
- Objective: The primary goal of the project is to establish a reliable and cost-effective base-load power production system in Bangladesh.
BHEL’s Technological Prowess and Global Leadership:
- The successful synchronisation of the 660-MW Unit-2 underscores BHEL’s expertise and technological prowess in the power sector.
- This accomplishment further solidifies BHEL’s position as a leading global player in providing dependable and sustainable energy solutions.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Hematene
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Researchers have made a groundbreaking discovery of nanoflakes of a material known as hematene, extracted from iron ore.
- These nanoflakes have demonstrated exceptional capabilities in withstanding and shielding against high laser intensities.
What is Hematene?
- Hematene is a novel 2D material that has been derived from hematite (common iron ore).
- It is a thin, single-layer material with unique properties that make it promising for various applications, especially in the field of optics.
- Hematene nanoflakes have demonstrated exceptional capabilities in withstanding and shielding against high laser intensities, making them valuable for optical limiting applications.
- The material’s stability and potential for futuristic technologies have garnered significant interest from researchers and scientists.
How is it made?
- Hematene is derived from naturally occurring hematite, the mineral form of iron oxide, through a process involving sonication, centrifugation, and vacuum-assisted filtration.
- With a thickness of just 3 atoms, it exhibits improved photocatalysis efficiency.
- Being ferromagnetic, like common magnets, it possesses magnetic properties.
- Notably, it has the exceptional ability to withstand and provide shielding against high laser intensities.
Applications of Hematene Nanoflakes
- Optical Limiting: Hematene nanoflakes have demonstrated exceptional optical limiting capabilities, making them valuable in protecting sensitive optical equipment, such as sensors, detectors, and other optical devices, from high laser intensities.
- Photodetectors: Hematene’s properties make it suitable for developing high-performance photodetectors, which are used to detect and convert light signals into electrical signals. This application has potential in telecommunications, imaging, and optical communications.
- Energy Storage: Hematene can be explored for applications in energy storage devices, such as batteries and super-capacitors, due to its unique electronic and electrochemical properties.
- Optoelectronics: The material’s properties make it suitable for optoelectronic devices, which involve the interaction of light and electricity, including light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and photovoltaic cells.
- Photothermal Therapy: Hematene’s ability to withstand and shield against high laser intensities may find applications in photothermal therapy, a medical technique that uses light to treat diseases like cancer.
- Environmental Applications: Hematene’s stability and potential for use in various environments may make it valuable in environmental applications, such as water purification and pollution control.
- Sensors: The material’s unique properties may be utilized in developing high-performance sensors for various applications, including gas sensing and environmental monitoring.
- Catalysts: Hematene’s surface characteristics and electronic properties could be explored for catalytic applications, promoting chemical reactions in various industrial processes.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Silvopasture
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Amidst the global decline of natural resources and forests, silvopasture systems emerge as a relevant solution to counter deforestation trends.
What is Silvopasture?
- Silvopasture is a sustainable land management practice that integrates trees, forage crops, and livestock grazing on the same parcel of land.
- The term “silvopasture” is derived from the Latin words “silva” (forest) and “pastura” (pasture), emphasizing the combination of forestry and pasture practices.
- In this system, carefully selected trees or tree species are planted or retained on grazing lands or pastures.
- The trees can be scattered throughout the pasture, arranged in rows, or established as windbreaks and hedgerows.
- Livestock, such as cattle, sheep, or goats, graze freely within the area, utilizing the available forage while benefiting from the shade and other advantages provided by the trees.
Advantages offered
| Enhanced Climate Resilience |
- Silvopasture systems regulate local climate conditions, buffering against temperature and wind extremes.
- Trees provides shade and reduces heat stress for livestock and other animals, promoting a more favorable living environment.
|
| Carbon Sequestration |
- Trees act as natural carbon sinks, sequestering significant amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
- Such systems can store 5-10 times more carbon than pastures without trees, contributing to greenhouse gas mitigation and combating climate change.
|
| Soil Enrichment |
- Extensive root systems of trees within silvopasture plots contribute to nutrient cycling, improved soil stability, and enhanced soil quality.
- Effectively combats erosion, making the soil more resilient and fertile.
|
| Improved Microclimatic Conditions |
- Foster milder microclimatic conditions compared to open pastures.
- Livestock experience reduced heat stress due to the shading provided by trees, leading to improved animal welfare.
|
| Biodiversity Conservation |
- Promotes habitat diversity, creating a suitable environment for a variety of plant and animal species.
- Provides a sustainable habitat for native wildlife, contributing to biodiversity conservation.
|
| Sustainable Land Use |
- By integrating trees with livestock grazing, silvopasture supports sustainable land management.
- Allows for livestock farming while preserving and restoring forested areas, offering a practical solution to deforestation trends.
|
| Water Storage and Infiltration |
- Enhance water storage potential by improving soil infiltration rates.
- Presence of trees helps retain water, reducing runoff and contributing to water conservation.
|
| Economic Benefits |
- Improved farm income through increased productivity and reduced input costs.
- Integration of multiple elements on the same land optimizes resource use and enhances overall farm profitability.
|
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: India's economic growth
Central Idea
- India is set to become the world’s third-largest economy by FY28, two years earlier than projected, according to economists at SBI Research.
- Prime Minister highlighted India’s remarkable economic progress during his tenure.
India’s Economic Growth Trajectory
- Actual progress: India’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has grown by an impressive 83% between 2014 and 2023, a close second to China’s growth rate of 84% during the same period.
- Financial Crisis Impact: While India’s economy was affected by the 2008-09 Global Financial Crisis its resilience was significantly better than that of European countries, contributing to its growth advantage over them.
- Stagnation of Competing Countries: Many other top 10 economies have struggled to maintain significant growth rates, allowing India to overtake them. Ex. the UK’s total GDP grew by only 3%, France’s by 2%, Russia’s by 1%, while Italy’s GDP stagnated, and Brazil’s GDP even contracted by 15% during the same nine-year period.
India’s Projected Growth
- India’s Prospective Rank: According to forecasts from the International Monetary Fund (IMF), India is expected to become the third-largest economy globally by 2027, overtaking both Germany and Japan.
- India’s Growth Advantage: Even with a more moderate growth rate of 6% per annum, India’s GDP in 2027 will be approximately 38% higher than its 2023 level.
- Recessing countries: Japan and Germany are projected to achieve only a 15% increase over the same period, enabling India’s ascendancy to the third rank.
- Challenges of Catching up: The gap between China and the US (the top two economies) and India’s GDP remains substantial.
- Digitalization and Global Sentiment: Positive aspects include increased digitalization of the economy and the opportunity to attract investments due to negative global sentiment towards China.
Issues with such growth: Per Capita GDP Disparity
- Aggregate vs. Per Capita Numbers: While India’s aggregate GDP growth has been impressive, it is essential to consider per capita GDP figures to understand the actual prosperity of the country’s citizens.
- Low Per Capita GDP: India’s per capita GDP, at $2,600 per annum, remains the lowest among the top 10 economies and lags considerably behind the countries it has overtaken, such as the UK, Brazil, and Italy.
Reasons for such disparity
- Pandemic Devastation: MSMEs, contributing 30% to India’s GDP and employing 110 million people, have been hit hard by the pandemic. Government surveys suggest that around 9% of these enterprises have shut down due to COVID-19.
- Inflation: The decimation of MSMEs has resulted in core inflation, giving pricing power to a few large companies and burdening consumers with increased costs.
- Unemployment Woes: The struggles of MSMEs are a significant reason behind India’s failure to reduce unemployment rates, leading many towards the rural job guarantee scheme for paid work.
- Manufacturing-Led Economy: India’s inability to build a manufacturing-led economy remains a challenge, affecting job creation.
- Factor Market Reforms: Successive governments have struggled to implement meaningful factor market reforms in land and labor laws.
Conclusion
- Addressing the hidden crisis will require sustained efforts from the government, focused on supporting MSMEs and implementing crucial reforms.
- Taking timely and decisive action is essential to propel India towards a more stable and inclusive economic future.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Semiconductors and application's and ISM
Mains level: India's progress in the semiconductor industry and a global hub of semiconductor manufacturing and its significance
What’s the news?
- The second edition of Semicon India, hosted by the India Semiconductor Mission (ISM), comes at a pivotal moment for the global semiconductor industry.
Central idea
- As technology advances rapidly and geopolitical landscapes shift, India is determined to foster a thriving domestic ecosystem to achieve self-sufficiency and emerge as a key player in the global semiconductor value chain.
What is Semicon India?
- Semicon India is the annual conference organized by the India Semiconductor Mission (ISM).
- The primary objective of Semicon India is to promote the growth and development of the semiconductor industry in India.
- It provides an opportunity for the country to demonstrate its capabilities in semiconductor design and manufacturing while fostering networking and knowledge exchange among participants.
What are Semiconductors?
- Semiconductors are a class of materials that have unique electrical properties, making them intermediate in conductivity between conductors and insulators. They are a vital component in the manufacturing of various electronic devices and play a crucial role in modern technology.
India’s journey in the semiconductor industry
- Early Efforts: India’s initial forays into the semiconductor sector began with public sector undertakings like Bharat Electronics Ltd. (BEL) and some other labs and institutions attempting to establish a presence in the industry. However, despite promising starts, India faced difficulties in achieving the volume and technology needed for competitiveness.
- Missed Opportunities: Over the years, India encountered several missed opportunities that hindered its progress in the semiconductor field. One notable example is missing out on the Fairchild Semiconductor fab in the 1960s. Additionally, regulatory and bureaucratic hurdles prevented global semiconductor companies from showing interest in investing in India’s semiconductor manufacturing.
- Setbacks and Challenges: India’s major VLSI fabrication plant at the Semiconductor Complex Limited (SCL) in Chandigarh began production before Taiwan’s entry into semiconductor manufacturing. Unfortunately, a massive fire in 1989 led to the closure of the plant for many years, hampering India’s progress in the industry.
- Government Recognition: The Indian government came to recognize the economic and geopolitical significance of the semiconductor industry. Realizing the importance of achieving semiconductor self-sufficiency, the government launched the India Semiconductor Mission (ISM) to bolster the domestic ecosystem and position India as a key player in the global semiconductor value chain.
The birth of the India Semiconductor Mission (ISM)
- The India Semiconductor Mission (ISM) was launched as a significant initiative by the Indian government to bolster the semiconductor industry in the country.
- It came into existence with a clear vision of nurturing a thriving domestic semiconductor ecosystem to achieve self-sufficiency and elevate India’s position as a key player in the global semiconductor value chain.
- The mission’s proactive approach, combined with concrete policy interventions and political will, marks a new chapter in India’s journey in the semiconductor sector.
The significance of domestic semiconductor manufacturing for India
- Economic Growth: By manufacturing semiconductors domestically, India can reduce its dependence on imports, save foreign exchange, and contribute to economic growth by generating revenue and employment opportunities.
- Technological Advancement: Domestic semiconductor manufacturing enhances India’s capabilities in cutting-edge technologies, research, and development. It fosters innovation and facilitates the growth of other technology-driven sectors, including artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things (IoT), 5G, and advanced electronics. This, in turn, can boost India’s competitiveness on the global technology stage.
- Self-Reliance and Security: Developing a self-reliant semiconductor ecosystem ensures continuity in critical industries and safeguards against global disruptions. It also enhances India’s national security, as semiconductors play a vital role in defense and communication infrastructure.
- Attracting Investment: A strong semiconductor manufacturing ecosystem attracts both domestic and foreign investments. This leads to the establishment of semiconductor fabrication plants, research centers, and collaborations with global technology companies.
- Fostering Innovation: A thriving semiconductor industry encourages local innovation and entrepreneurship. It provides opportunities for startups and research institutions to develop innovative semiconductor technologies and solutions, positioning India as a global innovation hub.
- Digital Sovereignty: In an increasingly interconnected and digitally driven world, possessing domestic semiconductor manufacturing capabilities is vital for digital sovereignty. It allows India to control its critical technology infrastructure and data security, reducing its reliance on foreign technology providers.
Overwhelming global interest in India as a destination for semiconductor manufacturing
- Growing Market Potential: India’s large and rapidly growing economy presents a significant market for semiconductor products, attracting global semiconductor companies to establish a presence in the country.
- Government Support and Vision: The Indian government’s clear vision and commitment to nurturing a thriving domestic semiconductor ecosystem through initiatives like the India Semiconductor Mission (ISM) have instilled confidence among global players.
- Strategic Importance: Policymakers in India recognize the strategic significance of a robust domestic semiconductor industry for economic growth, safeguarding domestic industries, and ensuring national security.
- Urgency of Semiconductor Self-Reliance: The global semiconductor shortage and disruptions in supply chains have highlighted the urgency of achieving semiconductor self-reliance, making India an attractive location for semiconductor manufacturing.
- Fiscal Incentives and Regulatory Support: The Indian government’s unprecedented commitment to fiscal incentives and regulatory support has drawn significant interest from semiconductor companies globally.
- Skilled Workforce: India’s large pool of skilled engineers and technical talent offers an advantageous workforce for semiconductor companies looking to establish operations in the country.
- Collaboration with Global Partners: Collaborative agreements with countries like the US and Japan in semiconductor development, research, design, and talent development have enhanced India’s appeal as a semiconductor manufacturing hub.
- Focus on Sustainability: India’s emphasis on sustainable semiconductor manufacturing through green technologies and resource-efficient practices aligns with the global push for environmentally responsible production.
- Long-term Support and Progress under ISM: The Indian government’s commitment to long-term support for the semiconductor industry, as demonstrated through initiatives like the Design Linked Incentive (DLI) scheme and modernization of facilities, has garnered attention.
- Potential for Innovation: India’s thriving innovation ecosystem, including startups and research institutions, presents opportunities for collaborative innovation and technological advancements in the semiconductor industry.
Conclusion
- From missed opportunities to a thriving domestic ecosystem, India’s progress in the semiconductor industry is a global case study in building sectors from scratch through appropriate policy interventions and political will. India is now on track to lead the global race in the semiconductor value chain. The ISM reflects India’s determination to achieve semiconductor self-sufficiency and emerge as a major player in the global semiconductor industry.
Also read:
Semiconductor Fabrication in India: Learning from Past Attempts and Embracing Alternate Approaches
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Cinematograph (Amendment) Bill
Mains level: Film piracy issues, Cinematograph (Amendment) Bill, 2023 and its significance
What’s the news
- The Rajya Sabha on July 27 passed the Cinematograph (Amendment) Bill, 2023, that introduces stringent anti-piracy provisions, expanding the scope of the law from censorship to also cover copyright.
Central idea
- The Cinematograph (Amendment) Bill, 2023, seeks to amend the Cinematograph Act, 1952, which authorises the Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC) to require cuts in films and clear them for exhibition in cinemas and on television. It also empowers the Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC) to give separate certificates for a film’s exhibition on television or other media.
What is meant by film piracy?
- Film piracy refers to the unauthorized copying, distribution, exhibition, or downloading of films without the consent of the copyright owner or the film’s creators. It involves the illegal duplication and dissemination of copyrighted movies through various means.
- Film piracy is a significant concern for the film industry, as it undermines the economic viability of films and negatively impacts the revenue generated from legitimate sources.
What is the Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC)?
- The CBFC, commonly known as the Censor Board, is a statutory body in India responsible for certifying films for public exhibition.
- It operates under the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India.
- The CBFC’s primary role is to review and rate films based on their content and to ensure that films adhere to the guidelines and principles laid down in the Cinematograph Act, 1952, and the rules framed thereunder.
Key provisions of the Cinematograph (Amendment) Bill, 2023
- Crackdown on Film Piracy: The bill aims to address the issue of film piracy by imposing strict penalties on those involved in making pirated copies of movies. It prescribes a three-year jail term and a fine of up to 5% of a movie’s production cost for offenders.
- Introduction of New Certifications: The bill proposes three new certifications under the ‘UA’ (Parental Guidance) category: UA 7+, UA 13+, and UA 16+. These certifications indicate that children younger than the specified age limits can watch such movies with parental guidance.
- Empowerment of the CBFC: The bill grants enhanced powers to the Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC) to issue separate certificates for films to be exhibited on television or other media platforms. It also clarifies that the CBFC certificates will be valid perpetually and that the Centre will not have any revisional powers over them.
- Harmonization with Existing Laws: The bill aims to harmonize the Cinematograph Act, 1952 with other laws that tangentially address piracy, such as the Copyright Act, 1957, and the Information Technology Act, 2000.
The journey of the Cinematograph (Amendment) Bill
- Cinematograph (Amendment) Bill, 2019: The first version of the bill was introduced in the Rajya Sabha in 2019. It was primarily focused on addressing film piracy. The bill aimed to introduce measures to tackle the unauthorized recording and exhibition of films, which had been causing significant financial losses to the film industry.
- Cinematograph (Amendment) Bill, 2021: In response to the recommendations made by the Standing Committee on Information Technology and the feedback received from stakeholders and the public, a revised version of the bill was released.
- Public Feedback and Consultations: The Cinematograph (Amendment) Bill, 2021, was made available for public comments and feedback. This step allowed individuals and organizations to provide their views on the proposed amendments, ensuring a more inclusive and participatory legislative process.
- Industry Stakeholder Consultations: In 2022, consultations were held with industry stakeholders, including representatives from the film industry and related sectors. The input and concerns raised during these consultations were taken into account to further refine and finalize the provisions of the bill.
- Cinematograph (Amendment) Bill, 2023: Based on the inputs gathered from public feedback and industry stakeholders, the final version of the bill, now known as the Cinematograph (Amendment) Bill, 2023, was prepared. This version included all the proposed changes and updates aimed at addressing film piracy, enhancing film certification, and aligning the Cinematograph Act with other relevant laws.
Significance of the Bill
- Curbing Film Piracy: The bill introduces stringent penalties to deter film piracy, addressing a significant concern for the film industry and protecting intellectual property rights.
- Age-Appropriate Film Viewing: The introduction of new age-based certifications ensures that films are categorized appropriately, allowing parents to make informed decisions about their children’s film choices.
- Modernizing Film Certification: The bill empowers the CBFC to issue separate certificates for films shown on various media platforms and provides perpetual validity to CBFC certificates, streamlining the film certification process.
- Aligning with Existing Laws: The amendment harmonizes the Cinematograph Act, 1952, with other relevant laws, ensuring consistency and coherence in the legal framework governing the film industry.
- Addressing Industry Demands: The bill responds to the film industry’s demand to combat unauthorized film exhibition and recording, protecting the industry’s interests and fostering a thriving creative environment.
- Strengthening the Film Industry: By curbing piracy and protecting intellectual property, the bill aims to strengthen the film industry, attract investments, and contribute to India’s cultural and economic landscape.
Conclusion
- The passage of the Cinematograph (Amendment) Bill, 2023, is a significant step towards protecting the film industry from piracy and streamlining the film certification process. By embracing the necessary amendments, India reaffirms its commitment to nurturing a vibrant and thriving film industry while safeguarding creative content from piracy-related challenges.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: PMJAY and schemes
Mains level: Government sponsored schemes, challenges, concerns and solutions
What’s the news?
- A recent report has revealed disturbing incidents of deception against poor patients at Safdarjung Hospital (‘Bypassing Ayushman Bharat, doctor at a top government hospital duped patients and made killings on implants).
Central Idea
- Designing a government-sponsored health insurance scheme for the poor presents significant challenges, including the issue of information asymmetry between doctors and patients, which may lead to the denial of benefits for the disadvantaged.
What is Ayushman Bharat?
- Pradhan Mantri Jan Aarogya Yojana (PMJAY), also known as Ayushman Bharat or the National Health Protection Scheme (NHPS), is a flagship government-sponsored health insurance scheme launched by the Government of India in September 2018. The primary aim of PMJAY is to provide financial protection and access to quality healthcare to economically vulnerable sections of society.
Key features
- Health Insurance Coverage: PMJAY provides health insurance coverage to eligible beneficiaries, especially those belonging to economically weaker sections (EWS) and low-income families. It aims to cover around 10 crore (100 million) families across India.
- Cashless and Paperless Treatment: Under PMJAY, eligible beneficiaries can avail of cashless and paperless treatment in empaneled public and private hospitals across the country. The scheme ensures that beneficiaries are not required to pay for the treatment at the time of hospitalization.
- Pre-Defined Medical Packages: The scheme offers a comprehensive set of pre-defined medical packages covering various medical and surgical treatments. These packages are designed to provide essential healthcare services, including diagnostics, medicines, and other treatments.
- Coverage for Pre-Existing Conditions: PMJAY provides coverage for pre-existing illnesses and health conditions from the date of enrollment. This ensures that beneficiaries with existing health conditions can also access healthcare services under the scheme.
- No Cap on Family Size: There is no restriction on the family size covered under PMJAY. All eligible family members can avail of the benefits of the scheme.
- Portability: PMJAY is portable across the country, meaning beneficiaries can avail of treatment in any empaneled hospital in any state or Union Territory, irrespective of their place of origin
- Identification of Beneficiaries: Beneficiaries under PMJAY are identified through the Socio-Economic Caste Census (SECC) data and are issued the Ayushman Bharat – PMJAY Golden Card, which serves as proof of eligibility.
- Online Verification: The scheme employs an online verification process to ensure seamless and efficient identification and validation of beneficiaries.
- Collaborative Effort: PMJAY is a joint collaboration between the central and state governments, and each state has the flexibility to implement the scheme based on its specific requirements.
The Incident of deceptive practices at Safdarjung Hospital
- Misleading Patients: The report reveals that certain doctors deceive patients by providing false information about delays in Ayushman Bharat Clearance. This deceptive tactic aims to divert patients towards private alternatives rather than enrolling them in the PMJAY scheme.
- Influence of Treating Doctors: The incident highlights the significant role of treating doctors in determining the medical package for patients and whether they are enrolled under the PMJAY scheme.
Concerns raised over the implementation of government-sponsored health insurance schemes
- Deceptive Practices: Misinformation about Ayushman Bharat Clearance delays is used as a tactic to divert patients towards private alternatives instead of enrolling them in the PMJAY. Such practices can deprive eligible patients of government-sponsored health insurance benefits and lead to potential financial exploitation.
- Doctor’s Influence: The treating doctors wield significant influence in determining the medical package for patients and their enrollment in the PMJAY scheme. This discretionary power can create an environment where some doctors prioritize their personal interests, such as financial gains from private channels, over the best interests of their patients.
- Lack of Active Interest: Although the time taken to settle claims was reasonable, the proportion of settled claims in public facilities was lower compared to private facilities. This points to potential issues in operational dynamics that may hinder the effective implementation of the scheme and limit its benefits for the poor.
- Inadequate Incentives: The financial incentives provided to doctors in public facilities under PMJAY may not be sufficiently attractive to encourage them to actively participate in the scheme. Some doctors may find greater financial gains through rent-seeking practices with private players, leading to a preference for private alternatives over the government-sponsored scheme.
- Limited Supporting Staff: The presence of limited supporting staff, such as Arogyamitras, responsible for registering patients under PMJAY, may impact the smooth implementation of the scheme. The Arogyamitras’ remuneration being linked to pre-authorizations rather than claim settlement may result in less emphasis on claim follow-up and documentation.
Way forward: Steps to improve operational dynamics
- Enhancing Doctor Incentives: Reviewing and revising the financial incentives provided to treating doctors could make the PMJAY scheme more attractive and encourage greater participation.
- Strengthening Arogyamitras’ Role: Linking the remuneration of Arogyamitras to the successful claim settlement and providing necessary support staff can incentivize them to be more proactive in claim documentation and follow-up.
- Streamlining the Claim Settlement Process: Simplifying and expediting the claim settlement process can encourage public facilities to actively participate in PMJAY, ensuring timely reimbursements and improving their financial viability.
- Increased Oversight: Implementing regular audits and stringent penalties for fraudulent practices can help curb deceptive activities and enhance transparency and accountability within public facilities.
Conclusion
- While the potential of PMJAY has been extensively discussed in the context of private hospitals, the operational dynamics within public facilities have received less attention. A collaborative effort involving doctors, Arogyamitras, and state governments can unleash the true potential of these schemes, contributing to improved health outcomes and greater inclusivity in healthcare services.
ALso read:
Digital Birth Certificates to streamline Official Documentation
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Registration of Births and Deaths Act, 1969
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- India has tabled Registration of Births and Deaths (RBD) Amendment Bill, 2023 to introduce digital birth certificates that will serve as comprehensive documents for various essential purposes.
About RBD Bill, 2023
- It amends the Registration of Births and Deaths Act, 1969.
- The Act provides for the regulation of registration of births and deaths.
Key Points from the Bill
- National Database: The Bill mandates the appointment of a Registrar General of India to maintain a national database of registered births and deaths. State-level databases will also be maintained by Chief Registrars, connected to the national database.
- Aadhaar Integration: Specified persons reporting births must provide Aadhaar details of parents and informants, expanding to include adoptive parents, biological parents in surrogacy cases, and single parents or unwed mothers.
- Digital Registration: The proposed Bill aims to introduce digital registration and electronic delivery of birth and death certificates, streamlining services for the public.
- Mandatory Death Certificates: Medical institutions must provide certificates regarding the cause of death for deaths occurring within their premises.
- Quick disbursal of Certificates: The Registrar must provide birth and death certificates to the person who registered the event within 7 days of registration.
- Appeal Process: Individuals dissatisfied with the actions or orders of the Registrar or District Registrar may appeal to the District Registrar or Chief Registrar, respectively, within 30 days of receipt. The decision on the appeal must be given within 90 days.
- Child adoption ease: The Bill seeks to collect Aadhaar details to facilitate registration for adopted, orphaned, abandoned, surrendered, surrogate, and children of single parents or unwed mothers.
- Integration with National Population Register (NPR): The database generated through the CRS will also be used to update the NPR, ration cards, and property registration records, enhancing the effectiveness of the NPR and laying the groundwork for the National Register of Citizens (NRC).
Conclusion
- India’s move towards digital birth certificates marks a significant milestone in streamlining administrative processes and public services.
- By adopting a centralized system for registration and digital delivery of certificates, the country aims to improve efficiency and transparency in accessing various essential services.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: GEM Report
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The UNESCO has released Global Education Monitoring (GEM) Report 2023.
- The report warned against the negative impacts of excessive screen time on children’s well-being and academic performance.
What is UNESCO?
|
| Full Name |
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization |
| Established |
November 16, 1945 |
| Headquarters |
Paris, France |
| Director-General |
Audrey Azoulay |
| Purpose |
To promote peace and security through international cooperation in education, science, culture, and communication. |
| Functions |
– Promoting education for all
– Supporting scientific research
– Safeguarding cultural heritage
– Fostering freedom of expression
– Promoting media development |
| Membership |
Over 190 member states |
| World Heritage Sites |
Over 1,100 designated sites worldwide |
| Languages |
Official languages: Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish
Working languages: English, French |
About Global Education Monitoring Report 2023
- Established in 2002, the GEM Report is an editorially independent report, hosted and published by UNESCO.
- At the 2015 World Education Forum, it received a mandate from 160 governments to monitor and report on progress on education SDG 4.0.
- The report provides in-depth analysis and assessment of key education issues and challenges worldwide.
- It also offers evidence-based insights and policy recommendations to improve education systems and outcomes.
Concerns raised in the report
- Ills of digital learning: The report highlights that learning benefits diminish if technology is used excessively or without qualified teachers’ involvement.
- Equitable Learning: The report reveals that inequities in learning emerge when instruction becomes exclusively remote, affecting vulnerable students, especially in rural areas.
- Evidence-based Approach: The report urges for sound, impartial evidence on technology’s impact in education, as most available evidence originates from technology companies and may be biased.
- Long-term Costs and Sustainability: Countries need to consider the long-term costs of digital learning and connectivity. The expansion of the Edtech market should not overshadow unmet basic education needs.
- Threats posed by AI: The growth of generative AI and technology necessitates digital literacy and critical thinking skills.
- Protecting Children’s Rights: During the pandemic, many online education initiatives risked infringing on children’s rights.
Key endorsements: Banning smartphones in schools
- The report endorses banning smartphones in schools if technology integration does not improve learning or negatively affects student well-being.
- Research indicates that banning mobile phones from schools can lead to better academic performance, especially among low-performing students.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now