From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Global Slavery Index, 2023
Mains level: Forced labour
PC: Indian Express
Central Idea
Report published: Published last week, the global slavery index provides an overview of modern slavery.
50 million people in modern slavery: The report reveals that approximately 50 million individuals were living in “modern slavery” on any given day in 2021.
Existing slavery: Out of the 50 million affected, 28 million suffer from forced labor, while 22 million experience forced marriages. Shockingly, 12 million of those impacted are children.
Definition of Modern Slavery
Exploitation and inability to refuse or leave: “Modern slavery” encompasses situations where individuals are exploited and cannot decline or escape due to threats, violence, coercion, deception, or abuses of power.
Broad range of abuses: Modern slavery is an umbrella term that covers various forms of exploitation, including forced labor, forced marriage, debt bondage, sexual exploitation, human trafficking, slavery-like practices, forced or servile marriage, and the sale and exploitation of children.
What is Global Slavery Index?
Constructed by Walk Free: The Index is created by Walk Free, a human rights organization.
Based on Global Estimates of Modern Slavery: The index relies on data provided by the Global Estimates of Modern Slavery, which is produced by the International Labour Organization (ILO), Walk Free, and the International Organization for Migration (IOM).
Fifth edition: The recently published Global Slavery Index is the fifth edition and is based on the estimates from 2022.
Country-wise estimates: While initial estimates are regional, the index employs representative surveys to determine country-specific estimates.
Metrics: The index examines the prevalence of modern slavery by calculating the incidence per 1000 population.
Country-wise Findings
Highest prevalence of modern slavery: The following ten countries have the highest prevalence: North Korea, Eritrea, Mauritania, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Tajikistan, United Arab Emirates, Russia, Afghanistan, and Kuwait.
Countries with lowest prevalence: Switzerland, Norway, Germany, Netherlands, Sweden, Denmark, Belgium, Ireland, Japan, and Finland have the lowest prevalence of modern slavery.
Countries hosting the most people in modern slavery: The top ten countries are India, China, North Korea, Pakistan, Russia, Indonesia, Nigeria, Turkey, Bangladesh, and the United States.
Criticisms of the Index
Lack of internationally agreed definition: One criticism is the absence of a universally accepted definition for modern slavery, unlike trafficking in persons which has an agreed-upon definition.
Calculation based on “risk score”: Factors determining the risk often align with those used to classify countries as developed or developing, potentially leading to biased conclusions.
Discrepancies in statistics: For instance, the index highlights the UK as having the “strongest government response to modern slavery,” but later mentions a decline in the UK’s overall response and potential violation of international law.
Challenges faced by developing countries
Workers in countries like India: Countries such as India face significant challenges concerning modern slavery, as evidenced by the hardships experienced by workers during the COVID lockdown and subsequent reverse migration.
Status of women: Women, particularly in terms of economic freedoms, face significant disparities, contributing to issues related to modern slavery.
Addressing the Issues
Importance of addressing worker precarity: It is crucial to address the precarious situations faced by workers, particularly in the post-pandemic era and during G20 presidencies.
Responsibilities of countries: Countries, especially G20 nations, bear the responsibility to combat issues like trafficking and modern slavery, rather than stigmatizing poorer nations and absolving richer nations of their obligations.
India’s measures against on modern slavery
India has passed laws like the Bonded Labour Abolition Act of 1976 to address modern slavery.
However, implementation challenges, corruption, legal loopholes, and lack of political hinder effective enforcement of these laws.
Moreover, there are lacunas in the proper identification and enumeration of people trapped in modern slavery conditions.
Way forward
Strengthen Measures and Legislation: Enact stronger laws to prevent the sourcing of goods and services associated with modern slavery.
Embed Anti-Slavery Measures in Climate Change Plans: Integrate anti-slavery efforts into sustainability plans, acknowledging the link between climate change and vulnerability to modern slavery.
Enhance Education and Tighten Regulations: Provide accessible education while tightening regulations on forced labor, child marriage, and exploitative practices.
Prioritize Rehabilitation and Support: Prioritize comprehensive support systems for the rehabilitation of bonded laborers, including financial aid, education, job security, and fair compensation.
Hold G20 Nations Accountable and Foster Cooperation: Ensure accountability among G20 nations and promote collaborative efforts to eliminate modern slavery.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Atmanirbhar Bharat initiatives.
Mains level: Self-reliance in Fertilizer sector
Central Idea
In the wake of global crises, Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s resolute statement, “When the world is in crisis, we must pledge, a pledge that is greater than the crisis itself. We must endeavor to make the 21st century, India’s century and the path to achieving this is self-reliance,” seen as government’s relentless pursuit of a self-reliant India through the Atmanirbhar Bharat initiatives.
Improvements and achievements in the fertilizer sector in the last the four years
Increased opening stocks: There has been a significant improvement in the opening stocks of key fertilizers such as DAP (Di-Ammonium Phosphate), MOP (Muriate of Potash), and other NPK (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) fertilizers. For instance, the opening stocks of DAP, MOP, and other NPK fertilizers during Kharif 2023 have seen a substantial increase compared to Kharif 2022.
Self-reliance in fertilizer production: The government’s efforts towards achieving self-reliance in the fertilizer sector have yielded positive results. Through measures such as long-term agreements, joint ventures, and diversification of suppliers, India has reduced its dependence on imports and strengthened its domestic fertilizer production capabilities.
Enhanced fertilizer supply chain: The Department of Fertilizers has positioned India as a key player in the global fertilizer supply chain. Through strategic partnerships, long-term agreements, and joint ventures with various countries, India has secured a consistent supply of fertilizers.
Resource partnerships: The government partnerships include countries such as Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Canada, Russia, Morocco, Israel, Senegal, Tunisia, and South Africa. Such collaborations have provided India with access to critical raw materials like rock phosphate and phosphoric acid, strengthening the country’s resource security.
Product portfolio diversification: The expansion of NPK complexes, promotion of alternative fertilizers, and the introduction of innovative formulations have provided farmers with more choices to meet their specific crop and soil requirements.
Fertilizer industry growth and employment opportunities: The government’s initiatives and investments in the fertilizer sector have contributed to the growth of the industry. The establishment of joint ventures, expansion of domestic operations, and technological advancements have created employment opportunities and fostered economic development in the sector.
Commitment to food security: The government’s efforts towards achieving self-reliance in fertilizers align with its commitment to ensuring food security for the citizens of India. By strengthening the fertilizer supply chain, diversifying the product portfolio, and enhancing domestic production capabilities, the government is taking proactive steps to meet the fertilization needs of the agricultural sector.
Steps for Securing Fertilizer Supplies
Long-term agreements: The government has encouraged domestic industries and public sector undertakings to sign long-term agreements for the import of raw materials and intermediates such as ammonia, phosphoric acid, and sulfur.
Joint ventures: The government has promoted the establishment of joint ventures with resource-rich nations to secure fertilizer supplies. Joint venture plants have been set up in countries like Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Canada, Russia, Morocco, Israel, Senegal, Tunisia, and South Africa.
Strategic partnerships: By collaborating with resource-rich nations, the government has established a reliable channel for procuring raw materials. These partnerships have allowed India to secure a supply of 157 LMT of various fertilizers for three years and 32 LMT for four years.
Diversification of suppliers: By expanding the list of countries from which fertilizers are imported, India reduces its dependence on any single nation. This diversification enhances the stability and security of the fertilizer supply chain.
Foresightedness in crisis: Despite facing challenges such as scarcity of raw materials, including gas, oil, rock phosphate, and potash, the government managed to forge long-term agreements and joint ventures to ensure uninterrupted access to fertilizers.
Strengthening domestic operations: The government has supported the domestic industry in identifying opportunities across the value chain. By strengthening domestic operations, India reduces its reliance on imports and becomes more self-sufficient in fertilizer production.
Promotion of alternate fertilizers and natural farming: In addition to securing traditional fertilizers, the government has also focused on promoting alternate fertilizers and natural farming practices. This not only reduces dependence on imported fertilizers but also encourages sustainable and eco-friendly farming methods.
Encouraging Joint Ventures: A key Strategy by The Government
Raw material security: Joint venture plants established through these partnerships have buy-back agreements and assured off-take agreements. This ensures a consistent supply of critical raw materials like rock phosphate and phosphoric acid, which are essential for fertilizer production.
Import substitution: By setting up manufacturing facilities in partner countries, Indian industries can produce raw materials locally rather than relying on imports. This not only reduces import costs but also strengthens the domestic manufacturing base and enhances self-reliance.
Technology transfer and knowledge sharing: Joint ventures provide opportunities for technology transfer and knowledge sharing between Indian industries and their foreign partners. This enables the adoption of advanced manufacturing processes, improved production techniques, and access to specialized expertise.
Market access: Joint ventures often come with market access agreements, allowing Indian industries to access new markets and expand their global reach. This helps in diversifying the customer base and increasing the export potential of Indian-made fertilizers.
Strengthening diplomatic ties: Joint ventures foster strong economic ties between India and partner countries. By engaging in collaborative projects, both nations benefit from increased trade, investment, and mutual cooperation.
Research and innovation: Joint ventures provide opportunities for joint research and innovation in fertilizer production. This collaboration can lead to the development of new and improved fertilizers, production processes, and technologies.
Diversifying the Product Portfolio
Expansion of NPK complexes: The government has focused on diversifying the product portfolio in the fertilizer sector, particularly by expanding the production of NPK (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) complexes. NPK complexes offer a wider range of fertilizers with different nutrient compositions, catering to the specific needs of various crops and soil conditions.
Introduction of alternative fertilizers: In line with the goal of diversification, the government has promoted the use of alternative fertilizers. These include organic fertilizers, bio-fertilizers, and bio-stimulants, which are derived from natural sources and have minimal environmental impact.
Innovative fertilizer formulations: To meet the diverse needs of different crops and agricultural practices, the government has encouraged the development of innovative fertilizer formulations. These formulations incorporate micronutrients, secondary nutrients, and growth-promoting substances, tailored to specific crop requirements.
Value-added fertilizers: The fertilizers are enriched with additional beneficial components such as organic matter, beneficial microbes, or growth regulators. Value-added fertilizers provide added advantages, such as improved soil fertility, enhanced nutrient uptake, and increased crop resilience.
Customized fertilizers for different crops: The government has encouraged the development of customized fertilizers tailored to the specific nutrient requirements of different crops. This approach acknowledges that different crops have varying nutrient demands at different growth stages.
Fertilizer innovation and research: The government has supported research and innovation in the fertilizer sector to drive product diversification. This includes investments in agricultural research institutions, collaboration with industry experts, and the establishment of research and development centers.
Conclusion
The four years of Modi 2.0 have been instrumental in driving India towards self-reliance, particularly in the crucial fertilizers sector. By diversifying the product portfolio and ensuring ample fertilizer supplies, India has taken significant steps towards achieving food security and fulfilling PM Modi’s vision of an Atmanirbhar Bharat
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Recent developments and Provisions related to same-sex marriage
Mains level: Debate over the legal recognition to Same-sex marriage in India
Central Idea
In a recent media conclave held in India, Michael Sandel, a renowned philosopher, emphasized the importance of his ideas on deeper moral questions facing Indian society. His critique of contemporary liberalism, particularly in the context of same-sex marriage, went largely unnoticed. As the Supreme Court of India began hearings on this issue, it is crucial to consider Sandel’s perspective, which challenges the application of a liberal framework of individual rights.
Concept of Bracketing Moral Issues
The concept of bracketing moral issues, as introduced by philosopher Michael Sandel, refers to the act of setting aside personal or societal moral beliefs and perspectives when engaging in public discourse or decision-making processes.
It involves temporarily suspending one’s moral convictions and adopting a neutral stance to promote fairness and inclusivity in deliberations.
When applied to the context of same-sex marriage, bracketing moral issues would require individuals to put aside their personal moral views on marriage, such as considering it solely as a heterosexual institution, and approach the discussion from a broader perspective that prioritizes equal rights and fairness for all individuals, irrespective of their sexual orientation
Supreme Court’s Neutrality and Constitutional Morality
Neutrality: The Supreme Court of India is expected to maintain a position of neutrality when it comes to moral questions. It is required to approach cases without bias or favoritism towards any particular moral viewpoint, ensuring equal concern for all individuals, irrespective of their social or personal morality.
Impartiality: The Court’s neutrality means that it does not take sides on moral issues or make judgments on the desirability or moral worth of certain practices or institutions, such as marriage. Instead, it focuses on the legal rights and protections afforded to individuals within the framework of the Constitution.
Constitutional Morality: The concept of constitutional morality refers to interpreting the Constitution in a manner that aligns with its fundamental values and principles. The Supreme Court relies on constitutional morality to guide its decisions and ensure that they are consistent with the spirit of the Constitution, rather than being influenced by personal or societal moral beliefs.
Equal Concern for All: The Court’s commitment to equal concern for all individuals means that it strives to treat everyone equally under the law, regardless of their sexual orientation. This principle is essential in cases related to same-sex marriage, as it emphasizes the importance of upholding the rights and dignity of all individuals, irrespective of their sexual identity.
Upholding Individual Rights: Neutrality and constitutional morality guide the Supreme Court in protecting and upholding the individual rights of citizens. In the context of same-sex marriage, the Court’s role is to ensure that the rights of individuals to marry and have their relationships recognized are not infringed upon due to their sexual orientation.
Balancing Societal Values: The Court faces the challenge of balancing societal values and perceptions surrounding marriage with the principles of equality and individual rights. It must navigate the tensions between recognizing the rights of same-sex couples to marry and the societal understanding of marriage as traditionally heterosexual, while remaining neutral and upholding constitutional morality.
Decision-Making Process: The Court’s approach to neutrality and constitutional morality influences its decision-making process. It requires a careful examination of legal and moral principles, considering the impact of the decision on individual rights and societal values, to arrive at a just and balanced outcome.
Challenges to Neutrality
Moral Dilemmas: Neutrality becomes challenging when the Court is faced with cases that involve deep moral and ethical considerations. Same-sex marriage is one such issue where the Court must balance individual rights and societal values.
Public Opinion and Backlash: Neutrality can face challenges when public opinion and societal attitudes strongly favor or oppose a particular moral viewpoint. In cases like same-sex marriage, where societal norms and traditional values may be at odds with equal rights for LGBTQ+ individuals, the Court’s neutral stance may face resistance, backlash, or criticism from various sections of society.
Judicial Activism vs. Restraint: Neutrality can sometimes be perceived as judicial restraint, where the Court refrains from actively engaging in shaping social or moral norms. However, critics may argue that neutrality should not limit the Court’s ability to address societal issues and promote social justice.
Interpretation of Constitutional Morality: The concept of constitutional morality itself can be subject to different interpretations. Different judges may have varying understandings of what constitutes constitutional morality, leading to diverse perspectives on how neutrality should be applied in moral questions.
Maintaining Consistency: Consistently applying neutrality across different cases and contexts can be a challenge. The Court must ensure that its decisions do not appear to be arbitrary or influenced by external factors.
Balancing Individual Rights and Societal Values: The Court must navigate the delicate balance between protecting individual rights and respecting societal values. Determining the point at which societal values may infringe upon the rights of individuals is a complex task that requires careful consideration and analysis.
Two primary approaches: equality and intrinsic value in terms of same sex marriage
Equality:
Equal Rights: The equality approach argues that denying same-sex couples the right to marry is a form of discrimination. It emphasizes that all individuals, regardless of their sexual orientation, should have equal access to the institution of marriage.
Anti-Discrimination: Advocates of equality argue that restricting marriage to heterosexual couples perpetuates unfair and unequal treatment. They believe that marriage should be based on the equal respect and dignity of individuals, regardless of their sexual orientation.
Human Rights: The equality perspective frames same-sex marriage as a matter of human rights and civil liberties. It asserts that denying same-sex couples the right to marry infringes upon their fundamental rights to equality, privacy, and freedom of expression.
Legal Protection: Recognizing same-sex marriage as a matter of equality would provide legal protections and benefits to same-sex couples, such as inheritance rights, access to healthcare, and parenting rights. It aims to ensure that same-sex couples are afforded the same legal and societal benefits as heterosexual couples.
Intrinsic Value:
Social Importance: The intrinsic value approach focuses on the social importance and significance of the institution of marriage. It argues that marriage serves as a foundation for family, procreation, and the stability of society.
Cultural and Traditional Values: Proponents of intrinsic value emphasize the cultural and traditional understanding of marriage as a union between a man and a woman. They argue that preserving the traditional understanding of marriage is crucial for maintaining societal values and norms.
Stability and Well-being: The intrinsic value perspective asserts that the traditional institution of marriage contributes to stability, social order, and the well-being of individuals and families. It suggests that deviating from this traditional understanding may have societal consequences.
Preservation of Honorific Value: Those advocating for intrinsic value argue that the honorific value associated with marriage may be compromised if it is extended to same-sex couples. They contend that the unique significance and cultural meaning of marriage may be diluted or lost if expanded to include non-traditional unions.
Way ahead: Citizen Initiatives and Engagement
Grassroots Mobilization: Citizen initiatives provide a platform for grassroots mobilization, enabling individuals to come together and advocate for social change. Grassroots movements can create awareness, build support, and drive public opinion towards progressive ideas such as same-sex marriage.
Public Discourse and Dialogue: Citizen engagement fosters open and inclusive public discourse on moral questions. It encourages individuals from diverse backgrounds to participate in conversations, share their perspectives, and engage in constructive dialogue to find common ground and mutual understanding.
Deliberative Democracy: Citizen assemblies or initiatives can embrace the principles of deliberative democracy, where participants engage in thoughtful discussions, consider different viewpoints, and make informed decisions collectively.
Education and Awareness: Citizen initiatives provide opportunities for education and raising awareness about LGBTQ+ rights, dispelling stereotypes, and challenging discriminatory attitudes
Influencing Policy and Legislation: Citizen engagement can influence policy and legislative processes. By organizing campaigns, lobbying, and working in collaboration with like-minded organizations and individuals, citizens can advocate for legal changes that recognize and protect the rights of same-sex couples to marry.
Strengthening Democracy: Citizen initiatives contribute to the overall strengthening of democracy by fostering civic participation, engagement, and active citizenship. By actively participating in discussions and decision-making processes, citizens can shape a more inclusive and equitable society.
Learning from International Examples: Learning from successful citizen initiatives in countries like Ireland and Finland, where significant progress has been made on LGBTQ+ rights through citizen engagement, can inspire and inform similar efforts in the context of same-sex marriage in India.
Conclusion
As the Supreme Court of India deliberates on the issue of same-sex marriage, it is essential to recognize the limitations of a purely liberal framework and engage in a broader societal dialogue. Embracing citizen engagement and fostering inclusive conversations will help ensure sustainable and progressive changes that align with the evolving values and aspirations of Indian society.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Regenerative AI tools
Mains level: Online education and potential of Regenerative AI
Central Idea
Salman Khan’s Khan Academy thrived during the global economic crisis of 2008, attracting a large number of learners through its online education videos. Since then, online education has gained significant momentum. Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) emerged in 2011, backed by renowned institutions like Stanford University, MIT, and Harvard. India’s SWAYAM platform also gained momentum. However, there are financial challenges and the potential of regenerative AI to address them is huge.
What are Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs)?
MOOCs, or Massive Open Online Courses, are online courses that are designed to be accessible to a large number of learners worldwide. MOOCs provide an opportunity for individuals to access high-quality educational content and participate in interactive learning experiences regardless of their geographical location or educational background.
Key aspects of Scaling up MOOCs
Partnering with Leading Institutions: MOOC platforms collaborate with renowned universities, colleges, and educational institutions to offer a diverse range of courses. By partnering with reputable institutions, MOOCs gain credibility and access to expertise in various subject areas.
Global Reach: MOOC platforms aim to attract learners from around the world. They leverage technology to overcome geographical barriers, enabling learners to access courses regardless of their location. This global reach helps in scaling up MOOCs by reaching a larger audience.
Course Diversity: Scaling up MOOCs involves expanding the course catalog to cover a wide array of subjects and disciplines. Platforms collaborate with institutions to develop courses that cater to learners’ diverse interests and learning needs.
Language Localization: To reach learners from different regions and cultures, MOOC platforms may offer courses in multiple languages. Localizing courses by providing translations or subtitles helps in scaling up and making education accessible to learners who are more comfortable learning in their native languages.
Adaptive Learning: Scaling up MOOCs involves incorporating adaptive learning technologies that personalize the learning experience. By leveraging data and analytics, platforms can provide tailored content and recommendations to learners, enhancing their engagement and learning outcomes.
Credentialing and Certificates: MOOC platforms offer various types of credentials and certificates to recognize learners’ achievements. Scaling up MOOCs includes expanding the certification options to provide learners with tangible proof of their skills and knowledge.
Supporting Institutional Partnerships: MOOC platforms collaborate with universities and educational institutions to offer credit-bearing courses, micro-credentials, or degree programs.
Corporate and Professional Development: MOOC platforms collaborate with organizations to offer courses and programs tailored to the needs of professionals and companies.
Technology Infrastructure: Scaling up MOOCs requires robust technology infrastructure to handle the increasing number of learners, course content, and interactions. Platforms invest in scalable and reliable systems to ensure a seamless learning experience for a growing user base.
Challenges for MOOCs
High Dropout Rates: MOOCs often experience high dropout rates, with a significant portion of learners not completing the courses they enroll in. Factors such as lack of accountability, competing priorities, and limited learner support contribute to this challenge.
Financial Sustainability: MOOC platforms face financial challenges due to high operating expenses and the practice of offering entry-level courses for free or at low fees. Generating revenue through degree-earning courses can be difficult, as these courses may have limited demand compared to the overall course offerings.
Quality Assurance: Maintaining consistent quality across a wide range of courses and instructors can be challenging. Ensuring that courses meet rigorous educational standards, provide effective learning experiences, and offer valid assessments requires ongoing monitoring and quality assurance mechanisms.
Limited Interaction and Engagement: MOOCs often struggle to provide the same level of interaction and engagement as traditional classroom settings. It can be challenging to foster meaningful peer-to-peer interactions, personalized feedback, and instructor-student interactions at scale.
Access and Connectivity: MOOCs heavily rely on internet access and reliable connectivity. In regions with limited internet infrastructure or where learners face connectivity issues, accessing and participating in MOOCs can be challenging or even impossible.
Learner Support: As MOOCs cater to a massive number of learners, providing personalized learner support can be challenging. Addressing individual queries, providing timely feedback, and offering support services can be resource-intensive, particularly for platforms with limited staff and resources.
Recognition and Credentialing: While MOOCs offer certificates and credentials, their recognition and acceptance by employers and educational institutions can vary. Some employers and institutions may not consider MOOC certificates as equivalent to traditional degrees or certifications, limiting the value and recognition of MOOC-based learning achievements
Technological Requirements: MOOCs rely on technology infrastructure, including online platforms, learning management systems, and multimedia content delivery. Learners need access to suitable devices and internet connections to engage effectively with course materials, which can be a challenge for individuals with limited resources or in underserved areas.
The Role of Generative AI to address these challenges
Personalized Learning: Generative AI algorithms can analyze learner data, including their preferences, learning styles, and performance, to provide personalized learning experiences. AI-powered recommendation systems can suggest relevant courses, resources, and learning paths tailored to each learner’s needs, improving engagement and reducing dropout rates.
Intelligent Tutoring and Support: Generative AI can power virtual assistants or chatbots that offer intelligent tutoring and learner support. These AI systems can answer learners’ questions, provide feedback on assignments, offer guidance, and assist with course navigation, creating a more interactive and supportive learning environment.
Content Summarization and Adaptation: Generative AI can automate the summarization of voluminous course content, providing concise overviews or summaries. This helps learners grasp key concepts efficiently and manage their study time effectively. AI algorithms can also adapt content presentation based on learners’ proficiency levels, learning pace, and preferences.
Adaptive Assessments and Feedback: AI algorithms can generate adaptive assessments that dynamically adjust difficulty levels based on learners’ performance, ensuring appropriate challenge and personalized feedback. This helps in maintaining learner engagement and promoting continuous improvement.
Dropout Prediction and Intervention: Generative AI models can analyze learner data to identify patterns and indicators that correlate with dropout behavior. By detecting early signs of disengagement or struggling, AI systems can proactively intervene with targeted interventions, such as personalized reminders, additional support resources, or alternative learning strategies.
Enhanced Course Discoverability: Generative AI algorithms can improve the discoverability of courses within MOOC platforms by analyzing learner preferences, search patterns, and browsing behaviors. AI-powered search and recommendation systems can present learners with relevant courses and help them navigate through the extensive course catalog more effectively.
Natural Language Processing and Language Localization: Generative AI techniques, such as natural language processing, can facilitate language localization efforts. AI models can assist in translating course content, subtitles, or transcripts into different languages, making MOOCs more accessible to learners from diverse linguistic backgrounds.
Continuous Content Improvement: Generative AI can help analyze learner feedback and engagement data to identify areas for content improvement. AI-powered analytics can provide insights into which course elements are most effective or require revision, enabling instructors and course developers to iterate and enhance their offerings
Regenerative AI in India’s SWAYAM
Personalized Learning Pathways: Regenerative AI algorithms could analyze learner data, such as their preferences, performance, and learning styles, to provide personalized learning pathways on the SWAYAM platform.
Adaptive Assessments and Feedback: Regenerative AI can enable adaptive assessments on SWAYAM, where the difficulty level and type of questions dynamically adjust based on learners’ performance and progress. AI algorithms could also generate personalized feedback, highlighting areas of improvement and offering specific recommendations for further learning.
Intelligent Tutoring Systems: Regenerative AI-powered virtual assistants or chatbots could assist learners on the SWAYAM platform by answering queries, providing guidance, and offering real-time support.
Content Adaptation and Localization: Regenerative AI tools could help adapt and localize course content on SWAYAM to cater to learners from diverse backgrounds and linguistic preferences. AI models could assist in translating course materials, generating subtitles, or providing language-specific explanations to enhance accessibility and inclusivity.
Dropout Prediction and Intervention: Regenerative AI algorithms could analyze learner data on SWAYAM to identify patterns or indicators that correlate with potential dropout behavior. Early warning systems could be developed to flag at-risk learners, enabling timely interventions and personalized support to prevent dropouts.
Course Discoverability and Recommendations: Regenerative AI-powered recommendation systems could improve the discoverability of courses on SWAYAM. By analyzing learners’ interests, browsing behaviors, and historical data, AI algorithms could suggest relevant courses, facilitate navigation through the platform, and promote learner engagement.
Conclusion
The impact of regenerative AI tools on the economic prospects of online education platforms is yet to be determined. As the demand for online education continues to grow, the integration of AI technologies holds immense potential to address financial challenges, enhance learning experiences, and increase learner retention. The future will reveal the extent to which regenerative AI can support the evolution of online education platforms.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Read the attached story
Mains level: Global nuclear arms race
Central Idea
China’s nuclear arsenal: China increased its nuclear arsenal from 350 warheads in January 2022 to 410 warheads in January 2023, according to SIPRI.
Potential ICBM parity: SIPRI suggests that depending on how China structures its forces, it could have a comparable number of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) to the U.S. or Russia by the end of the decade.
Concerns over stated aim: SIPRI’s Weapons of Mass Destruction Programme questions the alignment between China’s expanding nuclear arsenal and its declared goal of maintaining minimum nuclear forces for national security.
India and Pakistan’s Nuclear Arsenal Growth
India’s nuclear arsenal: SIPRI estimates indicate that India’s nuclear arsenal grew from 160 warheads in 2022 to 164 warheads in 2023.
Pakistan’s nuclear arsenal: SIPRI estimates that Pakistan’s nuclear arsenal increased from 165 warheads in 2022 to 170 warheads in 2023.
Emphasis on longer-range weapons: India seems to be placing growing importance on longer-range weapons capable of reaching targets across China, while Pakistan remains the primary focus of India’s nuclear deterrent.
Global Nuclear Weapons Inventory
Total global inventory: As of January 2023, the global inventory of warheads reached 12,512.
Warheads in military stockpiles: Approximately 9,576 warheads were held in military stockpiles for potential use, representing an increase of 86 warheads compared to January 2022.
Dominance of Russia and the U.S.: Russia and the U.S. collectively possess nearly 90% of all nuclear weapons.
Stability in nuclear arsenals: The size of Russia’s and the U.S.’ nuclear arsenals remained relatively stable in 2022, although transparency regarding nuclear forces declined due to the Ukraine conflict, as noted by SIPRI.
Reasons for increased stockpile
Shifting power dynamics: China’s significant expansion of its nuclear arsenal has implications for global power dynamics, potentially challenging the traditional dominance of the U.S. and Russia in the nuclear arena.
Regional security concerns: China’s increased nuclear capabilities raise concerns among neighboring countries, particularly those involved in territorial disputes or security rivalries in the Asia-Pacific region.
Global arms race: China’s nuclear arsenal growth may fuel an arms race in the region, leading to increased tensions and instability.
Nuclear Dynamics in South Asia
Strategic rivalry between India and Pakistan: The nuclear arsenals of India and Pakistan continue to expand, reflecting the ongoing strategic competition and deterrence dynamics between the two countries.
Escalation risks: The increase in nuclear capabilities in South Asia raises the potential for miscalculation and escalation, heightening the risk of a nuclear conflict in the region.
Implications for regional stability: The growth of nuclear arsenals in India and Pakistan has wider implications for regional stability and the effectiveness of non-proliferation efforts.
Challenges to the Global Disarmament ideals
Declining transparency: The decline in transparency regarding nuclear forces in Russia and the U.S., coupled with the overall increase in global warhead stockpiles, poses challenges to nuclear arms control and disarmament efforts.
Erosion of trust: The lack of transparency and increased stockpiles undermine trust between nuclear-armed states, making it more difficult to achieve meaningful progress in disarmament negotiations.
Need for renewed dialogue: The growing nuclear arsenals underscore the importance of revitalizing international dialogue on disarmament and strengthening existing arms control agreements.
Legacy issues
Notion of Nuclear ‘Haves’ and ‘Have-Nots’: The proponents of disarmaments are themselves nuclear armed countries thus creating a nuclear monopoly.
Concept of Peaceful Nuclear Explosion (PNE): conducted for non-military purposes such as mining.
India’s commitment for de-nuclearization
Universal commitment and non-discriminatory framework: India advocates for nuclear disarmament based on principles of equality, non-discrimination, and global security.
Working paper on Nuclear Disarmament: India submitted a working paper on Nuclear Disarmament to the UN General Assembly in 2006, presenting its perspectives and proposals for achieving global disarmament.
Participation in Nuclear Security Initiatives: India actively engages in the Nuclear Security Summit process and supports efforts to enhance global nuclear security through participation in international conferences organized by the IAEA.
Membership in the Nuclear Security Contact Group: India is a member of the Nuclear Security Contact Group, contributing to discussions and initiatives aimed at strengthening international cooperation on nuclear security.
Support for Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty (FMCT): India expresses readiness to support negotiations on a Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty, considering it an important step towards disarmament by banning the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons.
Concerns regarding the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT): India has not joined the CTBT due to several concerns, but it remains open to addressing these concerns and exploring possibilities for future accession to the treaty.
Leadership in Preventing Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) Proliferation: India actively leads efforts to prevent terrorists from acquiring WMDs, piloting an annual UNGA Resolution on “Measures to Prevent Terrorists from Acquiring Weapons of Mass Destruction” since 2002, which receives consensus adoption.
Way forward
Strengthening non-proliferation efforts: The expansion of nuclear arsenals highlights the need for robust non-proliferation mechanisms and adherence to international agreements such as the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT).
Managing nuclear risks: As the number of nuclear-armed states increases, effective risk management and confidence-building measures become crucial to prevent accidental or intentional use of nuclear weapons.
Balancing deterrence and disarmament: The international community faces the challenge of striking a balance between maintaining credible deterrence and pursuing disarmament goals to ensure global security.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: CoWIN
Mains level: Personal Data Security in India
Central Idea
Data breach reports: The Health Ministry, on Monday, refuted claims of a data breach of COVID vaccination beneficiaries, stating that such reports were baseless and mischievous in nature.
Investigation by CERT-In: The Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In) has been asked to investigate the alleged data breach issue and submit a report to ascertain the facts.
Assurance of data safety: The Ministry maintains that the CoWIN (Covid Vaccine Intelligence Network) portal is completely safe, equipped with adequate safeguards to protect data privacy.
About CoWIN
Development: CoWIN was developed and is owned and managed by the Ministry of Health.
Policy decisions: The Empowered Group on Vaccine Administration (EGVAC), chaired by the former CEO of the National Health Authority, oversees this. It includes members from the Health Ministry and MeitY (Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology).
Evaluation of Alleged Breach
CERT-In review results: The review conducted by CERT-In concludes that there was no direct breach of the CoWIN app or database.
Data source of Telegram bot: The data accessed by the Telegram bot was sourced from a separate threat actor database, which contained previously breached or stolen data.
No direct breach of CoWIN: The Ministry states that it does not appear that the CoWIN app or database itself was directly breached.
Clarification on CoWIN Data Access
Three methods of data access: The Ministry outlines the three ways in which data can be accessed on the CoWIN portal: user access, vaccinator access, and authorized third-party applications.
Data sharing with Telegram bot: The Ministry clarifies that data cannot be shared with the Telegram bot without undergoing the one-time password (OTP) authentication process.
Limited data collection: CoWIN only collects the year of birth and does not capture a person’s address.
Unanswered Questions and API Access
Uncertainty regarding recent breaches: The Ministry has not explicitly clarified whether the CoWIN database was breached recently or in the past.
Lack of insights on bot accuracy: The Ministry’s statement does not offer insight into the accuracy of the Telegram bot’s retrieval of citizens’ data from the CoWIN database.
API access without OTP: The Ministry admits the existence of an API that allows data sharing without OTP, but emphasizes that requests are accepted only from trusted whitelisted APIs.
Concerns and Aadhaar Data
Accuracy of Aadhaar details: The accuracy of displaying Aadhaar numbers corresponding to mobile numbers raises concerns, as the government has never publicly acknowledged any breaches of Aadhaar data.
Need for clarity: The Ministry’s statement does not provide clarity on how the Telegram bot accurately displayed Aadhaar numbers.
Addressing security concerns: The Ministry should address concerns regarding the security of Aadhaar data and provide transparency on its safety measures.
Future Steps and Data Governance Policy
Empowering CERT-In: The Health Ministry has requested a final report from CERT-In to investigate the alleged data breach incident thoroughly.
National Data Governance policy: The Ministry highlights the finalization of the National Data Governance policy, which aims to establish a common framework for data storage, access, and security standards across the government.
Awaited response from CERT-In: The Ministry is awaiting a response from CERT-In regarding the issue, which will provide further insights into the nature of the breach.
Assurance and Previous Leaks
Assurances of secure infrastructure: Health authorities maintain that CoWIN has state-of-the-art secure infrastructure and has never experienced a security breach.
Dismissal of previous claims: Previous claims of data leaks, such as the ‘Dark Leak Market’ incident, were dismissed by health authorities, emphasizing the safety of citizen data.
Security measures in place: CoWIN has implemented security measures such as web application firewall, regular vulnerability assessments, and OTP authentication to ensure the protection of data.
Implications of this data leak
Identity theft risks: The leaked data exposes individuals to the risk of identity theft, as sensitive information can be misused for fraudulent activities.
Targeted scams and phishing attacks: With access to personal details, scammers may attempt targeted scams and phishing attacks, leading to financial loss and potential harm to individuals.
Loss of trust in government systems: The data breach undermines public trust in the government’s ability to safeguard sensitive information, affecting confidence in the vaccination program and other government initiatives.
Reputational damage: The incident could tarnish the reputation of the CoWIN platform and associated government agencies, affecting their credibility in managing sensitive data.
Impact on future vaccination drive: Concerns about data security may deter individuals from participating in the vaccination program, slowing down efforts to control the spread of COVID-19.
Calls for accountability: The data leak prompts demands for accountability from the responsible government agencies and the implementation of stricter measures to protect citizen data.
Conclusion
The data leak incident related to the CoWIN portal raises serious concerns about the privacy and security of individuals’ personal information.
While the Ministry of Health maintains that the CoWIN app and database were not directly breached, the access to sensitive data through a Telegram bot raises questions about the integrity of the system.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Green Hydrogen
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
Researchers from IIT-Madras have developed components for a cost-effective method of electrolyzing seawater to produce green hydrogen.
The current alkaline water electrolyzer technology is energy-intensive, requires an expensive oxide-polymer separator, and uses fresh water.
Generating Green Hydrogen
Instead of using fresh water, the researchers developed an electrolyzer that utilizes alkaline seawater.
Carbon-based support material was used for the electrodes to minimize corrosion.
Transition metal-based catalysts were designed to catalyze both oxygen and hydrogen evolution reactions, improving the production of hydrogen and oxygen.
A cellulose-based separator was developed to allow hydroxide ions to pass through while preventing crossover of oxygen and hydrogen.
How does Electrolysis take place?
The alkaline water electrolyzer involves two half-reactions at the anode and cathode.
At the cathode, water dissociates into H+ and hydroxide ions, with H+ ions converting into hydrogen.
Hydroxide ions produced at the cathode pass through the separator, and oxygen is generated at the anode.
When seawater is used, hypochlorite formation occurs at the anode, causing corrosion and reducing oxygen production. Impurities also affect the hydrogen evolution reaction at the cathode.
How were the Catalyst and Electrode designed?
The carbon-based support material was used for both anode and cathode electrodes to prevent corrosion.
The catalyst coating on the support material enhances hydrogen production at the cathode and oxygen production at the anode.
Transition bimetals in the catalyst are selective toward oxygen evolution reaction, overcoming the challenge of hypochlorite formation.
Despite impurities adsorbed on the cathode, the catalyst promotes hydrogen evolution, increasing hydrogen production.
What made this device novel?
The team developed a cellulose-based separator to separate the anode and cathode.
The separator allows hydroxide ions to pass through but minimizes the crossover of hydrogen and oxygen.
The separator shows high resistance to degradation in seawater.
Experimental Results and Performance
The assembled electrolyzer achieved a seawater splitting voltage of 1.73 V at 10 mA/sq.cm and 26 degrees C.
The optimized parameters enable the electrolyzer to directly use photovoltaic-derived voltage for green hydrogen production.
Two prototypes of different dimensions were developed, producing hydrogen at rates of 250 ml/hour and 1 liter/hour.
A stack of three cells produced hydrogen at a rate of about 4 liters/hour.
Back2Basics:Hydrogen Categories
Production Method
Carbon Emissions
Gray Hydrogen
Steam Methane Reforming (SMR) from fossil fuels
High emissions
Blue Hydrogen
Steam Methane Reforming (SMR) from fossil fuels with carbon capture and storage (CCS) or carbon capture utilization and storage (CCUS)
Reduced emissions compared to gray hydrogen
Green Hydrogen
Electrolysis using renewable energy sources (solar, wind, hydro)
No carbon emissions
Turquoise Hydrogen
Methane pyrolysis from fossil fuels with carbon capture and storage (CCS) or carbon capture utilization and storage (CCUS)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Jatan Software
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
The Union government plans to complete the 3D digitisation of all museums under its administrative control by the end of 2023.
The digitisation initiative using JATAN software aims to enhance the conservation and preservation of artefacts.
What is JATAN Software?
JATAN is a virtual museum builder software used in Indian museums.
It enables the creation of a digital collection management system and is deployed in several national museums across India.
The objective of JATAN is to digitally preserve and document museum objects for the benefit of researchers, curators, and other interested individuals.
The software was designed and developed by the Human Centres Design and Computing Group at the Centre for Development of Smart Computing (C-DAC) in Pune.
JATAN facilitates the creation of digital imprints of preserved objects and monuments.
These digital imprints are integrated into the national digital repository and portal, making them accessible to the public.
Benefits of 3D Digitisation
3D digitisation offers improved conservation and preservation of artefacts, ensuring their long-term protection.
It enhances accessibility and exploration for museum visitors, providing new ways to engage with the collection.
The 3D models generated through digitisation can be used in augmented reality, virtual reality, and interactive learning experiences, creating immersive educational opportunities.
Furthermore, the digitisation process enables the potential for 3D printing, allowing for replication and detailed study of artefacts.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Project Akashteer
Mains level: Advanced Air Defence Technologies
Central Idea
Reorientation of focus: Indian Army shifts focus from western to northern borders following 2020 standoff with China.
Lessons from Ukraine conflict: Insights from ongoing war in Ukraine are influencing transformation of Army Air Defence (AAD).
Induction of new systems: New systems are being inducted to enhance air defence capabilities.
What is Project Akashteer?
Networking and automation: Project Akashteer aims to establish networking and automation capabilities similar to Indian Air Force’s system.
Comprehensive air defence picture: Project Akashteer focuses on building a comprehensive air defence picture for monitoring, tracking, and engaging air defence assets.
Implementation target: The project aims to complete implementation by March 2024 for integration of radars, control centres, and weapons.
Shifting Focus and New Technology
Shift in focus: Indian Army shifts focus from western border to northern borders.
Mountainous air defence requirements: The need for lightweight radars and mobile weapon systems to cater to requirements in mountainous regions.
Consideration of new threats: Insights from Ukraine conflict prompt consideration of new threats such as UAVs, loitering munitions, swarm drones, and cruise missiles.
Induction of New Systems
Improved Akash surface-to-air missile systems: Contract signed for two regiments of improved Akash systems to enhance air defence capabilities.
Collaboration with Israel: Collaboration with Israel for the induction of medium-range surface-to-air missile project.
Development of quick reaction systems: Indigenously developing quick reaction surface-to-air missile (QRSAM) to meet critical air defence needs.
Exploration of air defence guns: Ongoing efforts to procure air defence guns to strengthen air defence capabilities.
Challenges and Indigenization
Component shortage: Global shortage of components and hardware due to the Ukraine conflict affecting the pace of inductions.
Emphasis on indigenization: Focus on promoting indigenization and reducing dependence on imports for air defence systems.
Revitalization of modernization: Revival of Army Air Defence modernization with emphasis on indigenous development and procurement.
Significance of the project
Strengthened air defence capabilities: Focus on enhancing air defence capabilities for robust border security.
Improved monitoring and coordination: Integration and automation initiatives enhance monitoring, coordination, and situational awareness.
Enhanced border preparedness: Contribution to enhanced border preparedness and response capabilities.
Way forward
Continued research and development: Focus on continuous research and development to stay ahead of evolving threats and challenges.
International collaboration: Collaboration with international partners to incorporate advanced air defence systems and technologies.
Integration of advanced technologies: Integration of technologies like AI and machine learning to enhance air defence operations and effectiveness.
Innovation and efficiency: Focus on innovation, efficiency, and effectiveness in future air defence strategies.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Fruit Flies
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
Flies’ negative perception: Fruit flies often considered annoying pests, but their significance in biological and medical science is immense.
Economic and environmental importance: Flies, including fruit flies, play crucial roles as pollinators for plants and contribute to decomposition processes.
Fruit Flies (Drosophila melanogaster)
Overview: Fruit or vinegar fly species known for its nuisance during summer.
Scientific significance: Drosophila melanogaster is a well-understood animal organism globally and has contributed to numerous Nobel Prize-winning discoveries in physiology and medicine.
Partnership between Science and Flies
Early collaborations with flies: Biologist Thomas Hunt Morgan’s experiments with fruit flies revolutionized evolutionary and genetic research.
Discoveries in genetics: Fruit flies provided insights into genetic mutations, inheritance patterns, and the mapping of genes on chromosomes.
Understanding biological processes: Studies in fruit flies helped unravel mechanisms of development, gene regulation, and protein synthesis.
Insights from Drosophila Research
Embryo studies: Microscopic examination of Drosophila embryos aided in understanding genetic defects and gene networks that control development.
Contribution to genetic medicine: Research on fruit flies helped decipher the genetic code, map DNA structure, and investigate inherited disorders.
Remarkable genetic similarity: Fruit flies and humans share striking biological similarities, allowing for the study of human biology and disease in flies.
Versatility and Applications of Drosophila Research
Efficient and cost-effective research: Fruit flies offer a fast and versatile model organism for studying various aspects of human biology and disease.
Neuroscience and behavioral research: Fruit flies provide insights into learning, memory, sleep, aggression, addiction, and neural disorders.
Broad range of applications: Fruit flies are used to study cancer, aging, development, gut microbiome, stem cells, muscles, and the heart.
Bridging Knowledge Gaps
Complementary to human studies: Fruit flies serve as a bridge to understanding complex human diseases and physiological processes.
Insights into neurodegenerative diseases: Although flies cannot fully mimic personality loss in Alzheimer’s disease, they contribute to studying neuronal death and related mechanisms.
Paradigm for Scientific Discoveries
Accelerating research in complex organisms: Knowledge gained from fruit flies can be applied to more complex organisms, expediting scientific progress.
Global research community: Over 10,000 researchers worldwide utilize fruit flies for diverse areas of study, enriching our understanding of human biology and disease.
Shifting Perspectives
Appreciating the significance: Fruit flies, despite their annoyance, play a vital role in advancing scientific knowledge and medical breakthroughs.
Rethinking flies’ presence: Viewing fruit flies in a different light, recognizing their value in research and their contributions to understanding the world around us.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ram Prasad Bismil, Mainpuri Conspiracy of 1918
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea: This article revolves around the life, contributions, and legacy of Ram Prasad Bismil, a revolutionary figure in India’s freedom struggle against British colonial rule.
Ram Prasad Bismil
Birth: Ram Prasad Bismil was born on June 11, 1897, in Shahjahanpur district, UP.
Revolutionary activities: He actively fought against British Raj and participated in notable events like the Mainpuri Conspiracy of 1918 and the Kakori Train Action of 1925.
Founding of Hindustan Republican Association: Bismil established the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA, later known as the Hindustan Socialist RA) and played a pivotal role in the organization.
Sacrifice and execution: Bismil was hanged for his revolutionary activities on December 19, 1927, at the age of 30.
Early life and Arya Samaj connections
Upbringing and linguistic influences: Bismil was born into a Rajput Tomar family and learned Hindi from his father, Urdu from a nearby maulvi, and also studied in an English medium school in Shahjahanpur.
Association with Arya Samaj: Bismil joined the Arya Samaj during his childhood, becoming a prolific writer and poet. He used pen names such as ‘Agyat’, ‘Ram’, and the well-known ‘Bismil’.
Poem “Mera Janm”: At the age of 18, Bismil wrote the poem “Mera Janm” expressing his anger over the death sentence of Arya Samaj missionary Bhai Parmanand.
Major events associated to Bismil
(1) Mainpuri Conspiracy
Political disillusionment: Bismil became disillusioned with the moderate wing of the Congress Party and rejected negotiation or appeasement with the British.
Formation of Matrivedi: Bismil established the revolutionary organization Matrivedi and collaborated with Genda Lal Dixit, who had connections with dacoits and sought to utilize them in the armed struggle.
Mainpuri Ki Pratigya: Bismil’s famous poem, “Mainpuri Ki Pratigya,” was widely distributed in pamphlets across the United Provinces. He carried out acts of looting to gather funds for his organization.
(2) Founding the Hindustan Republican Association
Return to Shahjahanpur: After being underground for several years, Bismil returned to Shahjahanpur in February 1920.
Formation of HRA: Bismil, along with Ashfaqullah Khan, Sachindra Nath Bakshi, and Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee, founded the Hindustan Republican Association. Later, Chandra Shekhar Azad and Bhagat Singh joined the organization.
Release of the manifesto: Bismil played a significant role in penning the manifesto titled “Krantikari,” which was officially released on January 1, 1925. The manifesto called for an organized and armed revolution to establish a federal Republic of United States of India.
(3) Kakori Train Action
Objective and planning: The Kakori Train Action aimed to rob a train carrying treasury bags between Shahjahanpur and Lucknow.
Execution of the action: On August 9, 1925, around ten revolutionaries, including Bismil and Ashfaqullah Khan, stopped the train at Kakori station, overpowered the guard, and looted the treasury bags containing approximately Rs 4,600.
Consequences and crackdown: The action drew both British outrage and mixed responses from the Indian public. The misfiring of a gun resulted in the accidental killing of a passenger, Ahmad Ali, dampening public support. Subsequently, a violent crackdown led to the arrest of most involved, excluding Chandrashekhar Azad.
Death and legacy
Trial and sentencing: Bismil, along with Ashfaqullah Khan and Rajendranath Lahiri, faced a long trial and were ultimately sentenced to death.
Execution and martyrdom: On December 19, 1927, Bismil was executed at the age of 30, leaving behind a legacy of sacrifice and dedication to the cause of freedom.
Enduring influence and remembrance: Bismil’s poetry continues to inspire and his call for Hindu-Muslim unity serves as a symbol of communal harmony. He is remembered for his revolutionary spirit and deep concern for society, justice, and equality.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Divyang friendly infrastructure and schemes
Mains level: Inclusive cities , challenges faced by persons with disabilities and way ahead
Central Idea
Persons with disabilities often face numerous challenges when it comes to participating fully in urban life. In order to provide them with equal opportunities to enjoy cultural, economic, and social activities, it is crucial to create an enabling environment with inclusive infrastructure.
Role of Technology and ICT in addressing the challenges faced by persons with disabilities
Accessibility: Technology and ICT can help create accessible environments by providing innovative solutions that remove barriers and enable equal access for persons with disabilities. For example, assistive technologies such as mobility aids, screen readers, and voice recognition systems can empower individuals with visual or mobility impairments to navigate urban spaces and access information.
Communication and Information: Technology and ICT facilitate communication and access to information for persons with disabilities. This includes providing alternative formats for content, such as braille, audio, or captioning, and ensuring websites, applications, and digital platforms are designed to be accessible and inclusive.
Assistive Devices and Tools: Technology plays a significant role in the development and advancement of assistive devices and tools that enhance the independence and capabilities of persons with disabilities. These may include prosthetics, smart mobility aids, wearable devices, and specialized software applications that cater to specific needs.
Smart Cities and Infrastructure: Technology and ICT enable the development of smart cities and infrastructure, which can be designed with inclusivity in mind. For instance, smart mobility systems, sensor-based navigation aids, and inclusive public transportation systems can greatly enhance the mobility and independence of individuals.
Data Collection and Analysis: Technology and ICT enable the collection, analysis, and utilization of data related to disability and accessibility. This data can help policymakers, urban planners, and stakeholders make informed decisions, identify areas for improvement, and develop inclusive policies and interventions.
Awareness and Education: Technology and ICT platforms provide avenues for raising awareness about disability rights, accessibility, and inclusive practices. They can also be used for educational purposes, such as online courses, virtual training, and accessible learning materials, to promote inclusive education and capacity building.
Smart Solutions Challenge and Inclusive Cities Awards
Purpose: The Smart Solutions Challenge and Inclusive Cities Awards were established to crowdsource tech-based solutions and innovations that specifically target city-level accessibility and inclusion challenges.
Organizers: The National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA) in partnership with the United Nations (UN) in India is responsible for hosting and organizing the Smart Solutions Challenge and Inclusive Cities Awards.
Participation: The initiative invites individuals, organizations, start-ups, and innovators to participate in the challenge by submitting their technology-based solutions that address the specific needs of persons with disabilities in urban contexts.
Solution Areas: The Smart Solutions Challenge focuses on solutions that enhance accessibility, inclusivity, and independent living for persons with disabilities. These solutions may cover a wide range of domains, including but not limited to transportation, mobility, assistive devices, communication, digital platforms, smart infrastructure, and data-driven solutions.
Recognition and Support: The Smart Solutions Challenge and Inclusive Cities Awards provide a platform to showcase and recognize the most innovative and impactful solutions. Winning participants receive recognition for their work and may also receive support in the form of funding, mentorship, networking opportunities, or collaborations with relevant stakeholders to further develop and implement their solutions.
Localizing Innovations: The initiative emphasizes the importance of localizing innovations to suit the specific needs and challenges of different cities in India. By promoting context-specific solutions, the program aims to ensure that urban areas across the country become more inclusive and accessible for persons with disabilities.
Government Initiatives and Global Engagement
Start-up 20 Engagement Group: As part of its G20 presidency, India initiated the Start-up 20 Engagement Group. This platform provides a global space for collaboration and exchange of ideas among start-ups across G20 member nations.
G20 Digital Innovation Alliance (G20-DIA): The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology launched the G20 Digital Innovation Alliance to showcase innovative solutions and create an alliance of players in the innovation ecosystem.
Urban-20 (U20) Engagement Group: The U20 Engagement Group, under the G20 framework, focuses on urban issues and policies. One of the priority themes for the U20 is Catalyzing Digital Urban Futures. This theme emphasizes the effective and inclusive use of data and technology for improving city management and fostering urban development.
Development Agenda and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): The Government of India has prioritized its development agenda in alignment with the globally agreed SDGs. This includes leveraging technological innovations to achieve sustainable urbanization and address the needs of vulnerable populations, including persons with disabilities.
National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA): The NIUA, in collaboration with the UN in India, has been actively involved in promoting inclusive cities through initiatives like the Smart Solutions Challenge and Inclusive Cities Awards. These platforms encourage innovation and provide a space for sharing best practices and solutions for enhancing urban accessibility and inclusivity.
Global Partnerships and Knowledge Sharing: The government of India actively engages in global partnerships, forums, and collaborations to exchange knowledge, share experiences, and learn from international best practices in inclusive urban development.
Way ahead: Building an Inclusive and Accessible India
Policy and Legislative Framework: Strengthen and enforce existing laws and policies that promote accessibility and inclusivity for persons with disabilities. This includes the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016, which provides a legal framework for ensuring equal opportunities, non-discrimination, and accessibility in various areas of life.
Awareness and Sensitization: Conduct awareness campaigns and sensitization programs to educate the public, policymakers, and relevant stakeholders about the rights, abilities, and needs of persons with disabilities.
Capacity Building: Provide training and capacity-building programs for government officials, urban planners, architects, engineers, and other professionals involved in urban development to enhance their understanding of accessibility standards and inclusive design principles.
Accessible Infrastructure: Invest in the development of accessible infrastructure, including accessible transportation systems, buildings, public spaces, and digital platforms. This involves implementing universal design principles, ensuring barrier-free access, and incorporating assistive technologies.
Collaboration and Partnerships: Foster collaborations between government agencies, private sector organizations, non-profit organizations, academic institutions, and persons with disabilities themselves.
Data and Monitoring: Establish comprehensive data collection mechanisms to gather accurate and up-to-date information on the status of accessibility and inclusion in cities. This data can inform evidence-based decision-making, monitor progress, and identify areas that require further attention and improvement.
Empowerment and Employment: Promote inclusive employment opportunities and entrepreneurship for persons with disabilities. This can be achieved through affirmative action policies, skill development programs, mentorship initiatives, and creating an enabling environment that supports their full and meaningful participation in the workforce.
Collaboration on a Global Scale: Engage in international collaborations, exchange best practices, and learn from global experiences to accelerate progress towards inclusive urban development.
Conclusion
Inclusive cities are essential for ensuring equal opportunities and participation for persons with disabilities. By embracing the power of technology and fostering global partnerships, India is paving the way for an inclusive and accessible future, empowering individuals to reach their full potential and contributing to a society that celebrates diversity and inclusivity.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: C+C5 summit and other such developments
Mains level: Central Asian countries complex dynamics and multi vectored foreign policy
Central Idea
China recently hosted the inaugural C+C5 summit in Xi’an, which brought together the leaders of five Central Asian countries. The summit resulted in the signing of the ‘Xi’an Declaration’ and emphasized the Belt and Road cooperation as a new starting point for China-Central Asia relations. However, the central Asian countries have successfully implemented a multi-vectored foreign policy, balancing their engagements with various regional and international powers.
What is C+C5 summit?
The C+C5 stands for China plus Central Asia, indicating the participation of both China and the five Central Asian nations, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan.
The purpose of the C+C5 summit is to strengthen the relations and cooperation between China and these Central Asian countries.
The first C+C5 summit took place in Xi’an, China, and resulted in the signing of the ‘Xi’an Declaration,’ which outlines the shared vision and goals for China-Central Asia cooperation.
Facts for prelims
G7 Summit Hiroshima
The 49th annual G7 Summit took place in Hiroshima. Japan hosted the summit in its capacity as the President of the G7.
Prime Minister Kishida’s commitment to nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation was evident through the choice of Hiroshima as the host city.
Prime Minister Modi attended the summit at the invitation of the Japanese Prime Minister.
The participating leaders issued a leaders’ communiqué on the second day of the summit. The communiqué will be adopted officially at the end of the summit on the 21st.
Current Members: US, UK, Canada, France, Germany, Italy and Japan
Complex Regional Dynamics of Central Asian countries
Geopolitical Competition: China’s growing influence in Central Asia can be seen as a challenge to Russia’s historical dominance in the region. This geopolitical competition between the two powers shapes the dynamics of China-Central Asia relations.
Multi-vector Engagements: Central Asian countries pursue multi-vectored foreign policies, engaging with various regional and international powers. This approach allows them to maintain balanced relations and leverage different partnerships to their advantage.
Regional Cooperation Organizations: Central Asian countries are members of various regional cooperation organizations such as the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) and the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO). These organizations influence the dynamics of regional interactions and shape cooperation initiatives.
Economic Interests: China’s economic investments and infrastructure projects in Central Asia, driven by the Belt and Road initiative, have both positive and complex implications for the region. Balancing economic benefits with potential dependencies and competition is crucial for the Central Asian countries.
Historical and Cultural Connections: Central Asia shares historical and cultural ties with both China and Russia. These historical connections influence the perceptions, interactions, and priorities of the countries involved, impacting regional dynamics.
Balancing Global Engagements: Central Asian countries navigate their relationships with major global powers, including the European Union, the United States, and regional actors such as Turkey. Balancing these engagements is necessary to safeguard their interests and maintain stability in the region.
Afghanistan’s Impact: The situation in Afghanistan has implications for regional dynamics in Central Asia. Stability and security concerns in Afghanistan directly affect neighboring countries and influence their interactions with external powers.
Significance of C+C5: Strengthening China-Central Asia Relations
‘Xi’an Declaration: The C+C5 summit held in Xi’an, China, served as a platform for leaders from China and the Central Asian countries to discuss and strengthen their bilateral relations. The summit resulted in the signing of the ‘Xi’an Declaration,’ which laid out a blueprint for future cooperation.
Belt and Road Cooperation: The summit focused on the 10th anniversary of the Belt and Road initiative, emphasizing its role as a new starting point for China-Central Asia cooperation. The Belt and Road initiative aims to enhance connectivity and promote economic development through infrastructure projects.
Cultural Silk Road Program: The ‘Cultural Silk Road’ program was discussed during the summit, which aims to enhance cultural cooperation, preserve shared heritage, and promote cultural exchange between China and Central Asian countries.
China-Central Asia Summit Mechanism: The establishment of the China-Central Asia Summit mechanism during the summit paves the way for future biennial summits between the participating countries. This institutional framework ensures regular high-level engagement and facilitates ongoing cooperation.
Successes of a Multi-Vectored Foreign Policy
Diversified Economic Ties: Central Asian countries have successfully diversified their economic ties through a multi-vectored foreign policy. By engaging with multiple regional and international partners, they have expanded trade relations, attracted foreign investments, and accessed various markets.
Enhanced Diplomatic Influence: A multi-vectored foreign policy allows Central Asian countries to expand their diplomatic influence. By cultivating relationships with different actors, they can assert their interests, advocate for regional stability, and participate actively in international forums.
Balancing Regional Security: Central Asian countries have effectively balanced regional security concerns through multi-vectored foreign policies. By cooperating with different security organizations and partners, such as the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO), and Russia, they have successfully managed common security challenges, including terrorism, extremism, and drug trafficking.
Preserving Sovereignty: Pursuing a multi-vectored foreign policy allows Central Asian countries to maintain their sovereignty and independence. By engaging with multiple actors, they prevent overreliance on any single power and safeguard their decision-making autonomy in international affairs.
Regional Cooperation Initiatives: Central Asian countries have actively participated in regional cooperation initiatives and organizations, such as the SCO and the Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation (CAREC) program.
Improved Resilience and Flexibility: Central Asian countries’ multi-vectored foreign policy has made them more resilient and adaptable in the face of changing geopolitical dynamics. By diversifying their partnerships, they can navigate shifting regional dynamics and respond effectively to evolving challenges and opportunities.
Peaceful Coexistence: The success of a multi-vectored foreign policy in Central Asia highlights the region’s ability to maintain peaceful coexistence among major regional and global powers. By pursuing balanced engagements, Central Asian countries contribute to stability, reduce tensions, and promote cooperation between different actors.
Conclusion
The C+C5 summit and the successful implementation of a multi-vectored foreign policy by Central Asian countries highlight the importance of balanced regional engagements. As Georgia and Moldova strive for EU/NATO membership, they should embrace a multi-vectored approach to ensure regional stability and security. Only through this pragmatic path can lasting peace be achieved, despite existing challenges and geopolitical complexities.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Nutrition schemes
Mains level: Nutrition of girls, Programs', challenges and way ahead
Central Idea
India’s future prosperity hinges on the well-being and development of its adolescent girls. The period of adolescence is critical for cognitive growth, making improved access to nutrition during this phase crucial. By addressing any nutrient deficiencies acquired in early developmental stages, we can unlock the full potential of the girl child.
Ever-growing Nutritional Concerns
High Prevalence of Anemia: The National Family Health Survey-5 (2019-21) reveals that a staggering 59.1% of adolescent girls in India are anemic. Anemia not only affects their overall health but also hampers their cognitive development and academic performance.
Underweight and Malnourishment: According to NFHS-4 data, over 41.9% of school-going girls in India are underweight. Malnourishment deprives girls of essential nutrients necessary for their growth, development, and overall well-being.
Menstruation-Related Nutritional Challenges: The onset of menstruation poses specific nutritional challenges for adolescent girls. The increased nutrient requirements during this phase, coupled with inadequate access to nutritious food and hygiene products, further exacerbate the risk of undernutrition and anemia.
Impact on Cognitive Development: Poor nutrition during adolescence can have long-lasting effects on cognitive development, affecting academic performance and limiting educational attainment. This hampers opportunities for employment and economic self-sufficiency later in life.
Increased Risk of Chronic Diseases and Pregnancy Complications: Undernourished adolescent girls are at a higher risk of developing chronic diseases and experiencing complications during pregnancy. This not only burdens families and communities with healthcare costs but also leads to financial instability and increased poverty.
Impediment to Women’s Labor Force Participation: Adolescent health serves as a significant indicator of women’s long-term participation in the labor force. Improved nutrition during adolescence enhances the prospects of young girls to engage in productive activities, contributing to economic growth and development
Long-term Consequences of Neglecting Nutrition among adolescent girls
Academic Performance and Educational Attainment: Poor nutrition during adolescence can lead to cognitive impairments, affecting academic performance. Malnourished girls may struggle to concentrate, learn, and retain information, ultimately limiting their educational attainment.
Economic Self-Sufficiency: Limited educational attainment and reduced job prospects due to undernutrition can impede economic self-sufficiency for adolescent girls. They may face challenges in finding stable employment and earning a sufficient income, perpetuating cycles of poverty and dependence.
Health Consequences: Undernourished adolescent girls are at a higher risk of developing chronic diseases, such as diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disorders, later in life. Poor nutrition during this crucial developmental phase also increases the likelihood of experiencing complications during pregnancy
Inter-generational Cycle of Malnutrition: Neglecting the nutritional needs of adolescent girls perpetuates an inter-generational cycle of malnutrition. Malnourished girls are more likely to give birth to undernourished babies, continuing the cycle of poor health and nutrition from one generation to the next.
Increased Healthcare Burden: The long-term consequences of undernutrition, including chronic diseases and pregnancy complications, impose a significant healthcare burden on both families and communities. The cost of treating and managing these health issues places additional strain on healthcare systems and can lead to financial instability for families.
Social Participation and Empowerment: Adequate nutrition plays a vital role in enabling individuals to actively participate in society. Undernourished adolescent girls may face limitations in engaging in social and community activities, including work, politics, and community involvement.
What needs to do to address these challenges?
Policy and Programmatic Interventions: Governments should prioritize nutrition interventions for adolescent girls by developing and implementing policies and programs that specifically target their nutritional needs.
Convergence and Collaboration: There should be effective convergence and collaboration among various government departments and stakeholders involved in nutrition and health programs.
Awareness and Education: Comprehensive awareness campaigns and nutrition education programs targeted at adolescent girls, their families, and communities should be implemented.
Strengthening Health Systems: Health systems should be strengthened to effectively deliver nutrition interventions to adolescent girls. This includes training health workers to provide appropriate counseling, screening for nutritional deficiencies, and ensuring the availability of necessary supplements and treatments.
Research and Data: There is a need for continued research and data collection on the nutritional status of adolescent girls. This data should be disaggregated by various parameters such as age, location, and socio-economic background.
Empowering Girls: Empowering adolescent girls is essential for their overall development and well-being. This can be done by providing opportunities for education, skill-building, and economic empowerment. Empowered girls are more likely to prioritize their own health and nutrition and become agents of change within their communities.
Partnerships and Investments: Public-private partnerships and investments from both domestic and international stakeholders are crucial for scaling up nutrition interventions for adolescent girls.
Need for the Strategic Modifications and Collaborations
Integration of Government Initiatives: Various government initiatives targeting adolescent girls’ nutrition should be integrated and coordinated to ensure comprehensive coverage and avoid duplication. For example, the Scheme for Adolescent Girls (SAG) can be brought under the umbrella of the Prime Minister’s Overarching Scheme for Holistic Nutrition programme (POSHAN) 2.0, facilitating a more cohesive and synergistic approach.
Strengthening Awareness and Nutrition Education: Targeted adolescent-oriented schemes, such as the Rashtriya Kishor Swasthya Karyakram (RKSK), should incorporate robust awareness and nutrition education programs. Integration of behavior change communication (BCC) efforts can generate greater demand and promote the adoption of good nutrition practices.
Collaborative Efforts for Convergence: Effective convergence and collaborations among relevant departments and stakeholders are crucial. This includes collaboration between the health, education, and women and child development departments to ensure a coordinated approach.
Regional Contextualization: Social and Behavior Change Communication (SBCC) efforts should be tailored to the regional context and cultural nuances to ensure better acceptance and uptake of nutrition interventions. Collaboration with local community leaders, influencers, and organizations can help in designing region-specific interventions and strategies.
Conclusion
Addressing nutrition among girls is not just a health concern but an investment in the nation’s future. We have a responsibility and an opportunity to prioritize the nutritional needs of India’s girls, nurturing a healthier, stronger India where every girl can reach her full potential.
op-ed snap | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution - historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: provisions related to Governors and power to assent bills
Mains level: Issues between Chief Ministers and Governors
Central Idea
Issues have recently surfaced in several states regarding the delay in the passage of Bills, leading to conflicts between Chief Ministers and Governors. This situation poses a challenge for parliamentary democracies, where governments are elected to enact laws that reflect the will of the people. Inability to legislate effectively can potentially result in a breakdown of the democratic system.
Who is Governor?
Parallel to President: The Governors of the states of India have similar powers and functions at the state level as those of the President of India at the Central level.
Nominal head: The governor acts as the nominal head whereas the real power lies with the Chief Ministers of the states and her/his councils of ministers.
Similar offices: Governors exist in the states while Lieutenant Governors or Administrators exist in union territories including the National Capital Territory of Delhi.
Non-local appointees: Few or no governors are local to the state that they are appointed to govern.
The Role of the Governor in the state
Constitutional Head: The Governor serves as the constitutional head of the state and represents the President at the state level.
Executive Functions: The Governor appoints the Chief Minister, who is usually the leader of the majority party in the Legislative Assembly. The Governor also appoints other members of the Council of Ministers on the advice of the Chief Minister.
Legislative Functions: The Governor summons and prorogues sessions of the Legislative Assembly, and can also dissolve the Legislative Assembly if necessary. The Governor addresses the Legislative Assembly at the beginning of each session, highlighting the government’s policies and priorities.
Assenting to Bills: The Governor plays a crucial role in the legislative process by giving or withholding assent to bills passed by the Legislative Assembly. The Governor can also return a bill with recommendations for reconsideration by the Legislative Assembly.
Discretionary Powers: The Governor can exercise certain discretionary powers, such as referring a bill to the President if it affects the powers of the High Court or if it involves a matter of public interest. The Governor may also exercise discretion in situations where the Constitution expressly permits independent action.
Judicial Functions: The Governor appoints the Chief Justice and other judges of the High Court in consultation with the Chief Justice of India and the state’s Chief minister. The Governor also has the power to grant pardons, reprieves, and remissions of punishment.
Diplomatic Functions: The Governor represents the state in its relations with other states in India and performs ceremonial duties as the representative of the state.
Emergency Powers: In times of emergency or breakdown of constitutional machinery in the state, the Governor can assume additional powers to maintain law and order and ensure the smooth functioning of the government.
Interaction with the Central Government: The Governor acts as a link between the state government and the central government. They communicate state-related matters to the President and seek the President’s advice on various issues
Constitutional Provision Regarding Governor
Article 153: Provides a Governor for each State, and by virtue of Article 154, the executive power of the State shall be vested in the Governor “Shall be exercised by him directly or through officers subordinate to him in accordance with this Constitution”.
Article 154(2)(a): Prohibits the Governor from exercising any function “conferred by existing law on any other Authority.
Article 163: Categorically provides that “there shall be a council of ministers with the Chief Minister at the head to aid and advise the Governor. except in so far as he is by or under this Constitution required to exercise his function or any of them in his discretion”
Governor’s Power to Assent the Bill
According to Article 200:
Assenting to Bills: When a bill is presented to the Governor, they have three options: to give their assent, to withhold their assent, or to return the bill with recommendations for reconsideration.
Returning the Bill: If the Governor decides to return the bill, they can do so with a message to the Legislative Assembly, requesting them to reconsider the bill wholly or partially. However, this provision applies only to bills that are not Money Bills.
Timeframe for Reconsideration: The Legislative Assembly has a period of six months to decide whether or not to accept the Governor’s recommendations. If the bill is returned to the Governor and the Legislative Assembly accepts the recommendations, the Governor is obliged to give their assent to the bill.
Discretionary Referral to the President: The Governor also has the discretion to refer a bill to the President if they believe that the bill, if enacted, would encroach upon the powers of the High Court. In such cases, the procedure for obtaining the President’s assent is outlined in Article 201 of the Constitution
Judicial Review over the Governor’s Autonomy
Constitutionality of Actions: The judiciary has the authority to review the actions of the Governor and determine whether they are consistent with the provisions of the Constitution. If the Governor acts in a manner that exceeds their constitutional powers or violates constitutional provisions, the judiciary can intervene and declare such actions as unconstitutional.
Exercise of Discretionary Powers: The Governor’s discretionary powers, as granted by the Constitution, are subject to judicial review. If the Governor’s exercise of discretion is found to be arbitrary, unreasonable, or against constitutional principles, the judiciary can intervene and provide necessary remedies.
Violation of Fundamental Rights: If the actions or decisions of the Governor infringe upon the fundamental rights of individuals or groups, the judiciary can review such violations and ensure that constitutional rights are protected. The courts can examine whether the Governor’s actions are in accordance with the fundamental rights guaranteed by the Constitution and take appropriate measures to safeguard these rights.
Compliance with Constitutional Procedures: The judiciary can review whether the Governor has followed the prescribed constitutional procedures in exercising their powers. This includes assessing whether the Governor has properly considered the advice of the Council of Ministers, followed the constitutional provisions regarding assenting to bills, or adhered to procedural requirements in making appointments or taking other actions.
Limits on Discretion: Judicial review ensures that the Governor’s discretion is not absolute and subject to constitutional limitations. If the Governor’s actions are found to be beyond their constitutional powers, the judiciary can nullify such actions and provide appropriate remedies.
Review of Delayed Actions: If the Governor unduly delays taking action on a bill or any other matter, the judiciary can review such delays to ensure that they are not in violation of constitutional principles. If the delay is deemed unreasonable or unjustified, the courts can intervene and direct the Governor to fulfill their constitutional obligations within a reasonable time frame
Conclusion
The issues between Chief Ministers and Governors regarding the passing of Bills highlight the need to preserve the integrity of parliamentary democracy. The Governor’s role is to act on the advice of the Council of Ministers, and their discretion is limited. Judicial review ensures constitutional adherence and protects democratic principles.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Dicsoms related developments in news
Mains level: Challenges faced by Discoms, Electricity Act 2003, way ahead
Central Idea
The Electricity Act 2003 introduced significant reforms in the Indian power sector, aiming to enhance competition, protect consumer interests, and ensure electricity supply for all. The Act led to the dismantling of State Electricity Boards and the separation of generation, transmission, and distribution into separate entities. While the generation sector saw a surge in private investment and competitive procurement, transmission and distribution remained regulated activities.
What is The Electricity Act 2003?
The Electricity Act 2003 is a legislation enacted by the Government of India with the objective of restructuring and reforming the power sector in the country. It replaced the earlier Electricity Supply Act of 1948 and introduced several significant changes to the regulatory framework governing the generation, transmission, distribution, and trading of electricity.
The key provisions of the Electricity Act 2003
Restructuring of the power sector: The Act aimed to dismantle the State Electricity Boards (SEBs) and separate the functions of generation, transmission, and distribution into distinct entities. This was done to promote competition, improve efficiency, and ensure a level playing field for different players in the power sector.
Delicensing of electricity generation: The Act removed the requirement of obtaining licenses for electricity generation, except in certain exceptional cases. This opened up the generation sector to private investment and competition, leading to increased participation of independent power producers and encouraging the development of diverse energy sources.
Licensing and regulation of transmission and distribution: While electricity generation was delicensed, the Act retained the licensing and regulatory framework for transmission and distribution activities. This was done to ensure the reliability, safety, and quality of electricity supply to consumers and to prevent any abuse of monopoly power in these segments.
Promotion of renewable energy: The Act recognized the importance of renewable energy sources for sustainable development and mandated the promotion of renewable energy generation. It provided incentives and provisions for the purchase and obligation of renewable power by distribution licensees.
Open access and power trading: The Act introduced provisions for open access, which allowed consumers with a load above a certain threshold to choose their electricity supplier. It also facilitated the establishment of power exchanges for transparent trading of electricity and promoted the development of a competitive power market.
Establishment of regulatory bodies: The Act established State Electricity Regulatory Commissions (SERCs) at the state level and the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) at the national level. These regulatory bodies were entrusted with the task of regulating tariffs, ensuring compliance with regulations, resolving disputes, and promoting competition in the power sector.
Facts for prelims:
What is UDAY scheme?
Ujjwal DISCOM Assurance Yojana is the financial turnaround and revival package for electricity distribution companies of India initiated by the Government of India with the intent to find a permanent solution to the financial mess that the power distribution is in
Competitive generation and renewable power
Competitive Industry Structure: The Electricity Act 2003 led to the evolution of a competitive industry structure in electricity generation. It opened up the sector to private investment and allowed for the entry of independent power producers, fostering competition among different players.
Increased Private Investment: The Act resulted in a significant increase in private investment in the creation of new generating capacity. Private investors played a crucial role in expanding the generation infrastructure in the country.
Long-Term Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs): Competitive procurement through long-term power purchase agreements (PPAs) became prevalent in the power sector. PPAs provide assurance to investors and de-risk their financial commitment, enabling the development of new generating capacity.
Lower-than-Anticipated Prices: Prices discovered through the competitive market and long-term PPAs turned out to be lower than anticipated under the earlier cost-plus dispensation for determining tariffs. This suggests that the competitive procurement process led to more cost-effective pricing of electricity.
Impressive Growth in Renewable Power: The growth of renewable power in India is entirely the result of private investment. The provisions of the Electricity Act 2003, such as the promotion of renewable energy and obligations on distribution licensees, have played a significant role in driving this growth.
Key Role of Tariff-Based Bids: Tariff-based bids for the supply of electricity to distribution companies (Discoms) have been instrumental in the success of the National Solar Mission. This approach allows for competitive pricing and has contributed to India achieving one of the cheapest rates for solar power supply in the world.
Challenges faced by Discoms (Distribution Licensees) in the power sector
Cost-Reflective Tariffs: One of the main challenges is the inability of regulators in the states to determine cost-reflective tariffs. Discoms often struggle to set tariffs that accurately reflect the costs associated with electricity supply, leading to financial inefficiencies and revenue shortfalls.
Timely Subsidies: State governments find it difficult to provide timely subsidies as required by law. This creates financial burdens on Discoms, affecting their ability to meet operational expenses, procure power, and make payments to generators.
Cross-Subsidy Surcharge: The Electricity Act 2003 mandates a progressive reduction of cross-subsidies, where higher-end industrial and commercial consumers pay more to cross-subsidize lower-end households with lower tariffs. However, the reduction of cross-subsidies has not been effectively implemented, resulting in the continuation of cross-subsidy surcharges.
Misgovernance and Rent-Seeking: Some states face issues of misgovernance and rent-seeking in the power sector, which further exacerbates the challenges faced by Discoms. These problems can hinder efficient operations, delay decision-making processes, and contribute to financial losses.
Financial Viability: Discoms often struggle with financial viability due to a combination of factors, including high aggregate technical and commercial losses, inadequate tariff hikes, and mounting debts. This affects their ability to invest in infrastructure upgrades, procure power, and meet payment obligations to generators and other stakeholders.
Power Supply Reliability: Discoms have the responsibility to ensure reliable power supply to consumers. However, challenges in forecasting demand accurately, managing supply-demand imbalances, and maintaining grid stability can affect the reliability of power supply.
Way ahead: Lessons from the UK and Cautionary Considerations
Demand Growth and New Generating Capacity: The UK’s experience with power sector reforms differs from India’s due to variations in demand growth. The UK did not witness significant demand growth after implementing reforms, reducing the need for new generating capacity. In contrast, India continues to experience substantial demand growth, necessitating continuous investments in new generation infrastructure.
Energy Transition and Market Mechanisms: The UK’s energy transition required the introduction of “contract for differences” to drive renewable energy investments. This mechanism assured successful bidders’ payment of the difference between the market price and their bid price whenever the market price fell below their bid price.
Consequences of Deregulated Markets: Inelastic electricity demand led to significant price increases, prompting the government to provide cash support for lifeline consumption. Energy companies generated record profits, leading the government to impose taxes on their windfall gains. This highlights the potential risks and unintended consequences of relying solely on deregulated markets.
Cautionary Approach: While Discoms face challenges, such as financial losses and delays in payments to generators, the underlying problems lie in the domain of political economy, including misgovernance and rent-seeking. Simply adopting imported reform ideas may not solve these issues and may have unintended negative consequences.
Comprehensive Understanding: It highlights that quick-fix solutions should be avoided, and the experiences and lessons from other countries, such as the UK, should be carefully analyzed to avoid potential pitfalls.
Conclusion
The Electricity Act 2003 has laid the foundation for significant reforms in India’s power sector. While challenges persist in the form of Discoms, careful considerations and comprehensive solutions are necessary. Lessons from the UK’s power sector reforms should be analyzed to avoid potential pitfalls. There are no quick-fix solutions, and a balanced approach is crucial for the sustainable development of India’s power sector.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Green Revolution
Mains level: India's journey to self reliance in Agriculture
Central Idea
Soviet Union’s role: The Soviet Union contributed to India’s industrialization through capital equipment and technology.
United States’ contribution: The United States, along with the Rockefeller and Ford Foundation, supported India’s agricultural development.
Soviet Union’s Role in Industrialization
Collaborations with the Soviet Bloc: Collaborations with the Soviet Bloc led to the establishment of key industrial plants and institutions in India.
Examples: Bhilai and Bokaro steel plants (established in the 1950s), Barauni and Koyali refineries, Bharat Heavy Electricals, Heavy Engineering Corporation, Mining & Allied Machinery Corporation, Neyveli Thermal Power Station, Indian Drugs & Pharmaceuticals, and oil prospecting and drilling at Ankleshwar.
US’s Contribution to Agricultural Development
Lesser-known involvement: The United States, along with the Rockefeller and Ford Foundation, played a crucial role in India’s agricultural development during the 1950s and 1960s.
Assistance provided: The US supported areas such as agricultural education, research, extension services, and technology transfer.
US Land-Grant Model
Visit to US land-grant universities: In 1950, Major H.S. Sandhu and Chief Secretary A.N. Jha visited US land-grant universities for inspiration.
Proposal for integrated agricultural universities: The visit inspired the recommendation to establish integrated agricultural universities in India.
Establishment of UP Agricultural University: The UP Agricultural University was established in the Tarai region of Uttar Pradesh and inaugurated by PM Jawaharlal Nehru on November 17, 1960.
Expansion of Agricultural Universities
Publication of blueprint by ICAR: The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) published a blueprint titled “Blueprint for a Rural University in India” in the late 1950s.
Financial assistance: The United States, through the USAID, provided support for the establishment of agricultural universities in India, starting from the late 1950s.
Collaboration with US land-grant institutions: Agricultural universities in India established in the late 1950s and early 1960s were linked with US land-grant institutions for expertise and curriculum design.
Green Revolution under M.S. Swaminathan
Characteristics of traditional varieties: Traditional wheat and rice varieties were tall and prone to lodging when the ear-heads were heavy with well-filled grains.
Introduction of semi-dwarf varieties: Semi-dwarf varieties with strong stems that tolerated high fertilizer application were developed in the 1960s.
Development and distribution of Norin-10 genes: The Norin-10 dwarfing genes played a significant role in the development of high-yielding wheat varieties in the 1960s.
Introduction of Seeds to India
Correspondence with Vogel and Borlaug: M.S. Swaminathan contacted Orville Vogel and Norman Borlaug in the late 1950s.
Arrival of Mexican wheat varieties: Mexican wheat varieties, sent by Borlaug, were first sown in trial fields in the early 1960s and later adopted on a large scale in India.
Transition to self-sufficiency: India transitioned from being a wheat importer to achieving self-sufficiency in wheat production in the mid-1960s.
Motivation for US Assistance
Cold War geopolitics and competition: Assistance in agricultural development was motivated by the Cold War geopolitics and the competition between superpowers.
Benefits of India’s non-aligned status: India’s non-aligned status allowed for assistance from both superpowers, benefiting agricultural development.
Socioeconomic Benefits of the Green Revolution:
Increased grain yields and productivity: The Green Revolution significantly increased grain yields, ensuring a stable food supply starting from the mid-1960s.
Food security and self-sufficiency: Adoption of high-yielding varieties improved food security and reduced dependence on imports in the 1960s and 1970s.
Economic growth and poverty reduction: The Green Revolution contributed to economic growth and poverty reduction in rural areas in the 1960s and 1970s.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: POCSO Act
Mains level: Read the attached story
PC: The Quint
Central Idea
Kerala High Court’s Ruling on POCSO Case: Quashing of a case filed against a Kerala actor/activist accused of subjecting her children to an obscene act.
Emphasis on Contextual Consideration: The court highlights the need to consider the context in which the act was performed and challenges the notion of default sexual interpretation.
Nudity and Obscenity Charges against the Accused
(1) POCSO Case
Video Incident and Allegations: A women’s rights activist posted a video on social media showing her children painting on her semi-nude torso with the hashtag “Body Art and Politics”.
Outrage and Accusations: Public outcry ensues, and the activist is accused of subjecting her children to an obscene act.
Additional Charges: The activist also faced charges under Section 67B (a), (b), and (c) of the Information Technology (IT) Act and Section 75 of the Juvenile Justice (JJ) Act.
IT Act Charges: The charges relate to publishing or transmitting obscene material involving children.
JJ Act Charge: The charge pertains to cruelty towards children.
Court’s Ruling on POCSO Charges
Absence of Sexual Intent: The court examined the video and concludes that there was no sexual intent on the part of the mother.
Dismissal of POCSO Charges: The court dismissed charges under relevant sections of the POCSO Act, as sexual intent and use of children for pornography were not established.
Contextual Consideration: The court emphasizes the importance of considering the context in which the video was published.
Discharge from IT and JJ Act Charges: The court discharged the activist from charges under the IT and JJ Acts, finding no sufficient grounds for proceeding against her.
Significance of the Judgment
Bodily Autonomy as Human Dignity: The court emphasized women’s autonomy as an integral aspect of human dignity.
Importance of Bodily Autonomy: The court highlighted the significance of bodily autonomy in making choices about one’s own body.
Legal Interpretation of Obscenity: The court explained the definition of obscenity based on legal precedents.
Comparison of Standards: The court compared the Hicklin Test with contemporary community standards to determine obscenity.
Hicklin Test
The Hicklin Test is a legal standard used to determine obscenity in various jurisdictions. It originated from the 1868 ruling in the UK case of ‘Queen vs. Hicklin.’ According to the Test, material is considered obscene if it has the potential to “Deprave and Corrupt” individuals whose minds are open to immoral influences. This test focuses on the impact of the material on vulnerable individuals rather than considering its overall artistic or social value. This Test has been subject to reinterpretation and revision in subsequent legal decisions.
Nudity and Cultural Context
Nudity beyond Obscenity: The court asserted that nudity and obscenity are not always synonymous.
Cultural Examples: The court cited cultural and artistic depictions of nudity in temples and festivals to demonstrate the acceptance of nudity in certain contexts.
Challenging Double Standards and Promoting Equality
Critique of Double Standards: The court criticized the double standards that sexualize women’s bodies while allowing men’s bodies to be exposed.
Activist’s Intent: The court acknowledged the activist’s intention to challenge these double standards.
Importance of Individual Freedom: The court concluded that societal norms and morality should not dictate legal prosecution, emphasizing individual freedom and equality before the law.
Balancing Individual Autonomy and Societal Morality
Delicate Balance: We must consider the delicate balance between individual autonomy and societal morality in cases involving nudity and obscenity.
Need for Contextual Consideration: Reiteration of the importance of considering the specific context and intentions behind an act before passing judgment about someone is crucial.
Navigating Obscenity Standards: Hicklin Test and Beyond
Exploring the Hicklin Test: Explanation of the historical significance and limitations of the Hicklin Test in determining obscenity.
Evolving Standards: Reflection on the evolving legal standards and the shift towards contemporary community standards in assessing obscenity.
Way forward
Promoting Education: Implement comprehensive educational programs to raise awareness about the nuances of nudity, artistic expression, and individual autonomy.
Addressing Stereotypes: Challenge societal stereotypes and misconceptions surrounding nudity, promoting a more inclusive understanding of diverse forms of artistic expression.
Cultural Sensitivity: Encourage respectful discussions that acknowledge and respect different cultural perspectives on nudity and artistic expression.
Review of Obscenity Laws: Conduct a comprehensive review of existing obscenity laws to ensure they align with contemporary community standards and protect freedom of expression and individual autonomy.
Contextual Consideration: Introduce legal provisions that mandate contextual considerations when assessing charges related to nudity and obscenity, emphasizing artistic intent and cultural significance.
Support Artistic Expression: Provide platforms, grants, and resources to support artists exploring nudity as a form of artistic expression, fostering creativity, and challenging societal norms.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: India's G20 Presidency and new initiatives
Mains level: India's G20 Presidency, commitment for global good and inclusive approach
Central Idea
India’s G20 presidency, characterized by the keywords “inclusive, ambitious, and action-oriented,” has made substantial progress in delivering on its promise of inclusivity. By prioritizing the basic necessities of life for every citizen, India has exhibited a strong commitment to social security support and people-centric development.
Inclusive Development Initiatives during India’s G20 presidency
Digital Public Infrastructure: India’s robust digital infrastructure has played a crucial role in delivering the benefits of development directly to citizens across the country. This transparent and corruption-free system has ensured that developmental programs reach every corner of the nation, bridging the digital divide and empowering citizens.
Access to Basic Necessities: The government has prioritized providing every citizen with access to basic necessities. For example, around 110 million rural households have been provided with access to clean drinking water at their homes. Additionally, more than 110 million sanitation facilities have been constructed across the country, improving public health and hygiene.
Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana: This flagship financial inclusion program has been instrumental in providing banking services to previously unbanked sections of society. With a focus on women-led development, the scheme has witnessed significant participation, with 56% of Jan Dhan account holders being women, especially in rural and semi-urban areas.
Women-Led Development: Recognizing the pivotal role of women in driving development, India’s G20 presidency has prioritized women’s empowerment. Policies and initiatives have been designed to foster gender equality, enhance women’s participation in various sectors, and promote their overall well-being.
How India’s Foreign Policy consistently prioritized working for the global public good?
Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief: India has a long-standing tradition of providing humanitarian assistance and disaster relief to countries in need. In times of crises India has extended its support by offering medical aid and supplies. For example, during the COVID-19 pandemic, India provided essential medical supplies to over 190 countries and shared vaccines through the Vaccine Maitri program with more than 150 countries.
Development Cooperation: Through programs such as the Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC) and the Indian Development and Economic Assistance Scheme (IDEAS), India has offered capacity building, technical assistance, and development projects in various sectors such as agriculture, healthcare, education, and infrastructure.
Multilateral Engagements: India actively collaborates with other nations to find collective solutions to issues like climate change, sustainable development, peacekeeping, and poverty eradication. India’s engagement in forums such as the United Nations, G20, BRICS, and regional organizations like SAARC and ASEAN reflects its commitment to multilateralism and working towards common goals.
Peacekeeping Operations: India has consistently been one of the largest contributors to UN peacekeeping missions. Indian peacekeepers have played a crucial role in maintaining peace and stability in conflict-affected regions around the world.
South-South Cooperation: India actively engages in South-South cooperation, which involves sharing knowledge, experiences, and resources among developing countries. India has partnered with other developing nations to address common challenges, share best practices, and promote mutual growth and development.
What is Pro-Planet People’s Movement?
Prime Minister Modi’s call for a “pro-planet people’s movement” to combat climate change epitomizes inclusivity in its true essence.
Aligned with this year’s G20 theme of Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam or One Earth, One Family, One Future, India demonstrates its holistic worldview, emphasizing collective efforts for global good.
Derived from the ancient Sanskrit text, the Maha Upanishad, this theme underscores the interconnectedness and value of all life forms, emphasizing the planet Earth’s broader universe
Inclusivity at the Core of India’s G20 Presidency
Geographic Representation: India has taken steps to ensure geographic inclusivity by holding G20 meetings in different locations across the country, covering all states and Union Territories.
African Representation: India has actively invited African nations to participate in its G20 Presidency, demonstrating a commitment to inclusivity and engagement with the African continent. Countries such as South Africa, Comoros (African Union Chair), Nigeria, Egypt, and Mauritius have been invited, giving a strong voice to Africa within the G20 discussions.
Engagement of Non-G20 Members: India has extended invitations to non-G20 member countries, regional organizations, and international organizations for specific G20 meetings. This initiative enriches the discussions by incorporating perspectives and expertise from a wider range of stakeholders. For example, Norway, known for its expertise in the blue economy, has been invited to contribute to the G20 meeting on ocean health.
Regional and International Organizations: In line with the inclusive approach, India has invited regional and international organizations to participate in specific G20 meetings. This facilitates dialogue and collaboration with organizations such as the United Nations, World Bank, IMF, and other relevant institutions.
People-Oriented Approach: India’s G20 Presidency adopts a people-oriented approach, encouraging the active participation and engagement of citizens. Various events, including seminars, conferences, and festivals, have been designed to involve the public and make them stakeholders in India’s G20 Presidency.
Facts for prelims
What is Startup20?
The Startup20 Engagement Group has been initiated under India’s G20 Presidency in 2023.
The group aims to create a global narrative for supporting startups and enabling synergies between startups, corporates, investors, innovation agencies and other key ecosystem stakeholders.
The engagement group comprises of three taskforces, namely Foundation & Alliance, Finance, and Inclusion & Sustainability, where delegates will come together to discuss efficient policy frameworks to promote scaling up of startups in the G20 nations.
Conclusion
India’s G20 presidency embodies the values of inclusivity, ambition, and action. By prioritizing the most vulnerable citizens of the world, India aims to foster human-centric development. In an era of global crises, the significance of upholding the sentiment of Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam has never been more crucial. India remains committed to inclusivity, ensuring the participation of all in the path to growth and prosperity.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: India- Nepal cooperation and recent developments in news
Mains level: India-Nepal relations, challenges, Significance of the recent bilateral visits and future prospects
Central Idea
Nepal’s democracy, governance, and stability face numerous challenges, along with persistent bilateral irritants with India. However, the recent bilateral visit of Prime Minister Pushpa Kamal Dahal Prachanda to India has highlighted the potential of a pragmatic approach and mutual sensitivity in re-energizing the relationship between the two nations.
The challenge faced by Nepal in depoliticizing cooperation with India
Political Influence: Nepal’s domestic political dynamics often influence the country’s engagement with India. Political parties and leaders may prioritize their own interests or use cooperation with India as a political tool, leading to the politicization of bilateral issues and hindering effective collaboration.
Water Resources Cooperation: One area where depoliticization is crucial is water resources cooperation. The development of hydropower projects and the management of shared rivers require technical and practical solutions that are free from political interference. Depoliticizing water resources cooperation is essential to ensure long-term sustainability and mutual benefits.
Quality of Democracy and Governance: Strengthening the quality of democracy and governance within Nepal is vital to reduce the influence of political factors on bilateral relations. By promoting transparent and accountable governance structures, Nepal can create an environment that prioritizes national interests over political considerations.
Perception of Foreign Policy Priority: There is a perception among some in Nepal that India no longer considers the country a foreign policy priority. Addressing this perception and reaffirming Nepal’s importance to India’s foreign policy agenda can help build trust and create a sense of shared ownership in bilateral cooperation.
Inclusive Approach: Nepal needs to ensure that cooperation with India is not limited to the government of the day but involves all stakeholders across the political spectrum. Providing a sense of ownership, equality, and credit for major advancements to all parties fosters a more inclusive approach and reduces the politicization of bilateral relations
Significance of the recent bilateral visit
Re-energizing Bilateral Relations: The visit signifies a renewed commitment to re-energizing and strengthening bilateral relations between Nepal and India. It highlights the willingness of both nations to address challenges, enhance cooperation, and foster a positive trajectory in their relationship.
Comprehensive Review of Bilateral Agenda: Discussions covered various areas such as politics, economics, trade, energy, security, and developmental cooperation, allowing both sides to identify priorities and areas of mutual interest.
Addressing Daunting Challenges: Despite the daunting challenges faced by Nepal’s democracy, governance, and stability, the visit demonstrated that pragmatic approaches and mutual sensitivity can help overcome these challenges.
Economic Integration: The visit underscored the significance of economic integration between the two nations. Emphasis was placed on “game changers” such as hydropower projects, infrastructure development, tourism circuits, and improved connectivity.
Power Sector Cooperation: Cooperation in the power sector, including the transmission passage from Nepal to Bangladesh through India, was an important aspect of the visit. Agreements and efforts to increase power trade and collaboration in this sector have the potential to bring prosperity to the entire sub-region.
Digital Connectivity and Space Cooperation: The visit also focused on enhancing digital financial connectivity and regional cooperation in the space sector. Initiatives such as facilitating cross-border digital payments and providing satellite services highlight the potential for collaboration in telecommunication, broadcasting, tele-medicine, tele-education, and other areas.
Building Trust and Confidence: The visit helped in building trust and confidence between the leaders of both countries. Reassurances regarding the resolution of differences on border issues and avoiding attempts to justify official versions of the border as the correct one contributes to a more positive atmosphere.
Realistic Handling of Bilateral Issues
Political Courage: Despite being in a weak position as the leader of the third-largest party in Parliament, Prachanda demonstrated political courage by considering the costs and benefits of various approaches to bilateral issues.
Calculated Decision-making: Prachanda shrewdly calculated the costs of paying heed to political noises cautioning against being soft on irritants like the 1950 Treaty, border differences, and India’s reluctance to receive the report of the Eminent Persons Group (EPG).
Listening to Voices of Reason and Moderation: Rather than succumbing to the spectrum of political dissent, Prachanda chose to listen to the few voices of reason and moderation. This approach helped him focus on opportunities for building a better future.
Pragmatic Approach: Prachanda’s approach was pragmatic, taking into account the challenges presented by the post-COVID-19 world, current realities, and the significant opportunities for bilateral cooperation.
Focus on Opportunities: Instead of getting caught up in political instability and distractions, Prachanda focused on the opportunities for cooperation and collaboration between India and Nepal.
Cooperation in the Power Sector and Digital Connectivity
Power Sector Cooperation: The visit highlighted the transmission passage from Nepal to Bangladesh through India, enabling trilateral power transactions. Agreements were made to increase the quantum of power export from Nepal to India to 10,000 MW within a timeframe of 10 years, presenting significant opportunities for economic growth and energy security in the region.
Hydropower Projects: The development of hydropower projects in Nepal can not only meet the increasing energy demands of India but also contribute to Nepal’s economic growth. The visit highlighted the importance of hydropower projects that can supply energy to India and potentially to Bangladesh, opening new avenues for regional collaboration and prosperity.
Digital Connectivity: The memorandum of understanding (MoU) between the National Payments Corporation of India and the Nepal Clearing House Ltd. facilitates cross-border digital payments, promoting seamless financial transactions and facilitating trade between the two countries.
Space Sector Cooperation: India offered to create a ground station and supply user terminals to provide satellite services of the South Asia Satellite to Nepal. This cooperation can have wide-ranging applications in telecommunication, broadcasting, tele-medicine, tele-education, disaster response, and meteorological data transmission. It promotes regional cooperation in space technology and its practical applications across various sectors.
Way ahead
Dialogue and Engagement: Sustained and regular dialogue between the leaders and officials of both countries is crucial. This helps address concerns, build trust, and foster a deeper understanding of each other’s perspectives. Regular high-level visits, diplomatic exchanges, and people-to-people interactions can help maintain open channels of communication.
Depoliticize Cooperation: Nepal should strive to depoliticize cooperation with India, particularly in critical areas such as water resources management. By prioritizing technical expertise, scientific assessments, and mutual benefits, both countries can work towards sustainable solutions that are not influenced by short-term political considerations.
Economic Integration: Enhancing economic integration is vital for strengthening bilateral relations. Efforts should focus on facilitating trade, investment, and cross-border connectivity. Expanding infrastructure, improving border infrastructure, and streamlining customs procedures can promote seamless economic cooperation and foster shared prosperity.
People-to-People Exchanges: Encouraging cultural and educational exchanges between India and Nepal can promote greater understanding and friendship at the grassroots level. Encouraging tourism, promoting student exchanges, and facilitating cultural events can contribute to stronger people-to-people bonds.
Addressing Perception Issues: India needs to address the perception in Nepal that it is no longer a foreign policy priority. Demonstrating a consistent commitment to bilateral relations, engaging with diverse stakeholders, and providing equal opportunities for cooperation can help overcome this perception and build trust.
Collaboration in Regional Forums: Both countries can collaborate within regional forums such as the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) and the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC). Active participation in these platforms can foster greater regional cooperation and provide opportunities for addressing common challenges.
Good Governance and Anti-corruption Measures: Nepal should prioritize good governance and anti-corruption measures. Strengthening institutions, promoting transparency, and curbing corruption will not only enhance domestic governance but also inspire confidence in India and other partners for increased cooperation.
Conclusion
Despite the daunting challenges, the recent bilateral visit between the Prime Ministers of Nepal and India highlights the potential for re-energizing their relations through pragmatism and cooperation. By prioritizing development and cooperation, both nations can pave the way for a prosperous future in the sub-region.
