Mains level: Climate polycrisis, National Carbon Accounting and its benefits
What’s the news?
In a bid to address the complex and interrelated challenges of climate change, the concept of National Carbon Accounting (NCA) is gaining prominence.
Central idea
The term ‘climate polycrisis,’ popularized by Adam Tooze, highlights the intricate web of climate change-related crises that impact diverse sectors and domains worldwide. In India, the interplay of climate change is evident. Recognizing this complexity, it is imperative to develop a holistic approach.
Polycrisis
The term polycrisis refers to the multitude of crises arising from climate change, encompassing not only physical impacts like rising temperatures and extreme weather events but also the societal, economic, and political challenges that result from these impacts.
The Call for a Deep Transformation
Addressing the climate crisis demands more than sectoral responses; it necessitates a profound transformation, laying the foundation for a planet-sensitive economy.
This transformation calls for the establishment of ‘carbon infrastructure’ akin to digital infrastructure, considering carbon flows in policymaking at all levels.
Measurement as the First Step
The initial step towards this transformation is measurement.
To account for carbon, we must measure carbon emissions at individual and national levels.
Once we have robust measurement systems in place, we can create accounting mechanisms to track our carbon footprints.
What is National Carbon Accounting (NCA)?
The NCA is a critical system for tracking and managing carbon emissions at the national level.
It involves measuring and accounting for the release of CO2 and other greenhouse gases (GHGs) into the atmosphere, as well as efforts to remove carbon from the atmosphere.
The primary objective of NCA is to gain a comprehensive understanding of a country’s carbon footprint and its role in contributing to global climate change.
Benefits of National Carbon Accounting
Progress Tracking: NCA allows for the monitoring of progress toward emission reduction targets over time. It helps assess the effectiveness of climate policies and initiatives, allowing for necessary adjustments.
Identification of High-Emission Sectors: NCA identifies sectors that contribute significantly to carbon emissions. This information is vital for targeting interventions and allocating resources to the most substantial emission sources.
Environmental Impact Assessment: NCA allows for the assessment of the environmental impact of carbon emissions. It helps evaluate the ecological consequences of emissions and informs conservation efforts.
Carbon Offsetting: NCA supports carbon offset programs by quantifying carbon removal activities. These programs enable organizations and individuals to compensate for their emissions by investing in projects that remove or reduce an equivalent amount of carbon from the atmosphere.
New Economic Opportunities: NCA can encourage the development of new economic sectors and technologies focused on reducing carbon emissions and enhancing carbon removal. This can lead to job creation and economic growth in green industries.
Global Climate Commitments: NCA helps countries fulfill their international climate commitments, such as those under the Paris Agreement. It ensures that nations have the data necessary to demonstrate their progress in reducing emissions.
Carbon accounting vs. Money accounting
Aspect
Carbon Accounting
Money Accounting
Focus
Measurement and tracking of carbon emissions
Monitoring and management of financial transactions
Purpose
Quantify carbon footprints, identify emission sources, and reduce emissions to combat climate change.
Monitor financial flows, allocate resources, and ensure financial stability in an economy.
Granularity
Detailed, from individual to sector and national levels
Broad, covering various financial activities from individual to corporate and economic levels.
Measurement
Precise measurement and reporting of carbon emissions, standardized methodologies
Accurate financial record-keeping ensures the proper accounting of monetary resources and financial activities.
Policy Implications
Informs the development of climate policies and strategies and guides climate change mitigation efforts.
Supports economic policies and monetary management and influences factors like interest rates, inflation, and overall economic stability.
Taxation
May lead to carbon taxes, taxing entities based on carbon emissions
Typically targets income, consumption, or other financial transactions, not directly tied to carbon emissions.
A Polysolution to a Polycrisis
A Polysolution Defined: The term polysolution emphasizes the comprehensive and multifaceted nature of NCA as a tool to combat climate polycrisis. Instead of relying on single, isolated solutions, NCA encompasses various dimensions and aspects of the climate challenge.
Meeting Climate Commitments: The NCA can assist India in meeting its commitment to achieving net-zero carbon emissions by 2070. This underscores the potential of the NCA to support countries in fulfilling their international climate pledges.
Reimagining the Economy and Society: NCA, if adopted globally, could lead to the reorganization of economies and societies. By making carbon footprints transparent, NCA encourages a new form of public discourse. This shift can promote sustainable practices and guide the alignment of development with ecological sustainability goals.
Alternative to GDP Growth: While traditional measures like GDP growth are well understood, the article suggests that NCA introduces an alternative metric—carbon footprint—as a key indicator of progress. This aligns with the broader goal of measuring development not only in economic terms but also in terms of environmental and ecological impacts.
Promoting Public Discourse: The transparency of carbon footprints can lead to more informed public discourse. It allows citizens and policymakers to consider the environmental impact of various activities, fostering discussions on sustainability and climate action.
Conclusion
Addressing the climate polycrisis demands innovative solutions that account for the interconnectedness of climate change impacts. National Carbon Accounting emerges as a pivotal tool to measure, track, and manage carbon emissions, fostering a sustainable and resilient future.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Subatomic Motion, Nobel Prize
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
Anne L’Huillier, Pierre Agostini, and Ferenc Krausz have been honored the 2023 Physics Nobel Prize for their groundbreaking experiments, providing humanity with new tools to explore the inner workings of electrons within atoms and molecules.
Measuring Rapid Electron Processes
Tracking electron movement: Their work has enabled the creation of extremely short pulses of light, lasting only ato-seconds (1×10−18 of a second), allowing for the measurement of the lightning-fast processes through which electrons move or change energy.
Observing Subatomic Motion: Electrons, the tiny particles that orbit the nucleus within atoms, move at astonishing speeds, making real-time observation impossible.
High-Shutter-Speed Analogy: The trio’s research can be likened to a high-shutter-speed camera freezing motion to capture clear images. Similarly, they’ve achieved the ability to “freeze” electron movement using ultra-short light pulses.
Their Journey to Success
Anne L’Huillier’s Discovery: In 1987, L’Huillier discovered that laser light waves interacting with noble gases could provide some electrons with extra energy, which was then emitted as light. She continued to develop this concept.
Pierre Agostini’s Breakthrough: In 2001, Agostini successfully generated consecutive light pulses, each lasting just 250 attoseconds.
Ferenc Krausz’s Contribution: Simultaneously, Krausz’s experiments isolated single light pulses lasting 650 attoseconds, providing invaluable insights into atomic processes.
Significance of their Work
Unveiling Electron World: Atto-second physics, as their work is known, has opened doors to understanding mechanisms controlled by electrons.
Eva Olsson’s Insight: According to Eva Olsson, Chair of the Nobel Committee for Physics, this breakthrough allows us to comprehend electron-driven phenomena and explore their practical applications.
Potential Medical Application: Studying molecular-level changes in blood using these techniques could aid in disease identification.
Advanced Electronics: A deeper understanding of electron can contribute to the development of more efficient electronic devices.
DOMR | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Effects Of Liberalization On The Economy, Changes In Industrial Policy and their effects on Industrial Growth
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Purchasing Managers' Index (PMI)
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
India’s manufacturing sector experienced a slowdown in September, reaching a five-month low, according to the seasonally adjusted S&P Global India Manufacturing Purchasing Managers’ Index (PMI).
The PMI eased to 57.5 from August’s 58.6. A reading of 50 reflects no change in activity levels.
Purchasing Managers’ Index (PMI)
PMI is an indicator of business activity — both in the manufacturing and services sectors.
It is a survey-based measure that asks the respondents about changes in their perception of some key business variables from the month before.
It is calculated separately for the manufacturing and services sectors and then a composite index is constructed.
The PMI is compiled by IHS Markit based on responses to questionnaires sent to purchasing managers in a panel of around 400 manufacturers.
How is the PMI derived?
The PMI is derived from a series of qualitative questions.
Executives from a reasonably big sample, running into hundreds of firms, are asked whether key indicators such as output, new orders, business expectations and employment were stronger than the month before and are asked to rate them.
How does one read the PMI?
A figure above 50 denotes expansion in business activity. Anything below 50 denotes contraction.
Higher the difference from this mid-point greater the expansion or contraction. The rate of expansion can also be judged by comparing the PMI with that of the previous month data.
If the figure is higher than the previous month’s then the economy is expanding at a faster rate.
If it is lower than the previous month then it is growing at a lower rate.
Analysis and Outlook
Mild Slowdown: The manufacturing industry in India showed mild signs of a slowdown in September, primarily due to a softer increase in new orders, which tempered production growth.
Positive Outlook: Despite the slowdown, both demand and output saw significant improvements, and manufacturers maintained a strongly positive outlook for production.
Job Creation and Input Stocks: Upbeat forecasts continued to drive job creation efforts and initiatives to replenish input stocks, indicating a favourable trajectory for the Indian manufacturing industry.
Concerns: However, the solid increase in output charges, despite easing cost pressures, could limit sales in the coming months, prompting caution.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Guaranteed Pension System
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
Andhra Pradesh’s Guaranteed Pension System (GPS) blends elements from both old and new pension schemes, offering the advantages of a guaranteed pension while not overly straining the state’s finances.
This innovative system holds the potential to preserve India’s hard-won pension reforms.
What is the Andhra Pension System?
A Hybrid Approach: The Andhra Pradesh Guaranteed Pension System Bill, 2023, recently approved by the state assembly, introduces a unique blend of the Old Pension Scheme (OPS) and the New Pension Scheme (NPS) implemented in 2004.
Contributory Guarantee: This system ensures government employees a monthly pension equivalent to 50% of their last-drawn salary, including dearness allowance relief.
Reason for Introduction: Andhra Pradesh introduced GPS as a response to resistance against NPS, which was viewed by many as inferior to the earlier scheme. The return to OPS was considered fiscally unsustainable, with the potential to drive the state’s fiscal deficit to 8% by 2050.
Breakthrough created
Long-standing Pension Reforms: India struggled for over a decade to implement pension reforms that led to the introduction of NPS in 2004.
Growing Discontent: Over time, public sentiment favored those receiving pensions under the old scheme, leading to discontent.
Political Promises: Political parties capitalized on this discontent, pledging to return to the old scheme if elected.
Andhra’s Middle Path: Andhra Pradesh’s GPS offers a middle ground, preventing a regressive return to the old scheme while addressing concerns about NPS.
How does the Andhra System work?
Enhancing Attractiveness: The contributory system guarantees a pension equivalent to 50% of the last drawn salary.
Balancing Financial Burden: Any shortfall in NPS returns is covered by the government.
Current NPS Pensions: Presently, NPS pensions amount to around 40% of an employee’s last drawn salary. Therefore, the government only has to fund the remaining balance.
Alternative to NPS
Contributory Nature: NPS is a contributory scheme, with both employees and employers contributing to a corpus invested for returns.
Uncertainty: In NPS, the pension amount is not guaranteed, as it depends on corpus returns influenced by market conditions.
Ignoring Inflation: NPS does not consider inflation or pay commission recommendations.
Market Dependency: Opposition to NPS is fueled by fears of further reductions in pension due to adverse market conditions.
Why not revert to the Old Pension Scheme?
Budgetary Constraints: Under OPS, pensions were financed through the budget.
Unsustainable Growth: Pension liabilities for all states saw a compound annual growth rate of 34% for a 12-year period ending in 2021-22.
Budgetary Impact: In 2020-21, pension outgo accounted for 29.7% of states’ revenues.
Development Challenges: A return to OPS would strain government funds, hindering development efforts and operational financing.
Competitiveness Concerns: Such a shift could negatively impact India’s ease of doing business and overall competitiveness.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: UAPA
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
Allegations against NewsClick: The FIR against NewsClick alleges illegal funding from China, routed through the United States.
UAPA Provisions: The FIR invokes various sections of the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA), with a primary focus on Section 16, which deals with punishment for terrorist acts.
Understanding UAPA Provisions
*Section 15 – Definition of “Terrorist Act”
Section 15 of the UAPA defines “terrorist act” and prescribes imprisonment for at least five years to life. In cases where the act results in death, the punishment is either death or imprisonment for life.
This section encompasses serious and violent acts with the potential to threaten India’s unity, integrity, security, economic security, or sovereignty.
It includes actions such as the use of explosives, causing death or damage to property, disruption of essential services, and damaging monetary stability through counterfeiting.
Other UAPA Provisions Invoked
Section 13 – Unlawful Activities: This section deals with unlawful activities and their consequences.
Section 17 – Raising Funds for Terrorist Acts: It addresses raising funds for terrorist activities.
Section 18 – Conspiracy: This section covers conspiracy related to terrorist acts.
Section 22 (C) – Offences by Companies, Trusts: This provision pertains to offenses committed by companies and trusts.
IPC Sections Invoked: Additionally, the FIR includes IPC sections 153 A (promoting enmity between different groups) and 120B (criminal conspiracy).
Understanding the UAPA Framework
Unique Criminal Law Framework: The UAPA provides an alternative criminal law framework that differs from the general principles of criminal law.
Enhanced State Powers: Compared to the Indian Penal Code (IPC), the UAPA grants the state greater powers.
Bail Provisions: The UAPA has stringent conditions for bail and relaxes timelines for the state to file chargesheets.
Denying Bail: To deny bail under the UAPA, the court must establish a “prima facie” case against the accused.
Prima Facie Definition: In 2019, the Supreme Court defined “prima facie” narrowly, meaning that the court must not analyze evidence or circumstances but must consider the “totality of the case” presented by the state.
Section 43D(5): This section specifies that a person accused of an offense under Chapters IV and VI of the UAPA shall not be released on bail or their own bond if the Public Prosecutor hasn’t been heard on the application for release.
Court’s Opinion: The court may deny bail if it finds reasonable grounds to believe that the accusation against the accused is prima facie true.
Conclusion
The FIR against NewsClick under the UAPA underscores the seriousness of the allegations and the complex legal framework surrounding such cases.
IOCR | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution - historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Press Freedom Rankings in SE Asia
Central Idea
Southeast Asian nations consistently rank among the worst globally for press freedom and media rights.
Autocratic governments in the region have increasingly resorted to closing independent newspapers and imprisoning activists who criticize the authorities.
Press Freedom Rankings
Pew Research Findings: According to the Pew Research Center’s report on religion and politics in South and Southeast Asia, the embrace of free speech and democracy is not widespread in the region.
Global Press Freedom Rankings: Organizations like “Reporters without Borders” annually rank nations in terms of press freedom. In the latest World Press Freedom Index, Vietnam and Myanmar were among the worst-ranked countries, with Malaysia being the exception.
Deteriorating Standards: Declining press freedom worldwide is attributed to increasing aggressiveness by authorities, growing animosity towards journalists on social media, and the proliferation of fake content.
Freedom on the Net Rankings
Online Free Speech Monitoring: Freedom House’s Freedom On The Net index evaluates online free-speech conditions. Myanmar, China, Vietnam, and Thailand ranked poorly, highlighting online restrictions and censorship.
Public Perspectives on Free Speech
Notion of National Harmony: Governments in Southeast Asia, which encompass a diverse range of political systems, generally concur on the need to limit free speech to safeguard national “harmony.”
Pew Research Focus: Unlike traditional press freedom rankings, the Pew study delves into the views of ordinary people on free speech issues.
Key Findings: The report revealed that the majority of respondents in three out of four Southeast Asian states prioritize national “harmony” over free speech. However, a notable minority in Malaysia and Singapore held a contrasting view.
Various impacts on Free speech
Age and Education Impact: Younger and more educated respondents were more likely to advocate for the right to criticize the government and prioritize free speech over social harmony.
Religious Influence: The report also noted differences in attitudes based on religion. For instance, Thai Muslims were more inclined to prioritize social harmony over free speech compared to Thai Buddhists.
Government Justifications
Lese-Majeste Laws: Thai authorities argue that strict lese-majeste laws are necessary to protect “Thainess” and the monarchy.
Cambodian Government: Cambodia’s government defends stringent restrictions by portraying opposition politicians and independent media as threats to the nation’s hard-won peace.
Communist Governments: Vietnam and Laos assert that collective interests take precedence over individual rights.
Singapore’s Approach: Singapore, a multi-ethnic state, expanded “hate speech” laws, emphasizing the importance of not allowing any race or religion to be attacked or insulted.
Critique of Laws
Effectiveness Questioned: Critics argue that harsh “hate speech” and other laws in the region may not genuinely preserve social harmony and can restrict freedoms.
Asia Centre Report: A 2021 report from the Asia Centre contends that such laws reinforce the dominance of the ethno-religious majority, limit freedom of religion or belief, and muzzle grievances from minority communities.
Political Exploitation: Ethno-religious dominant governments are accused of exploiting societal divisions for political gain.
Conclusion
Balancing the preservation of national “harmony” with the protection of individual liberties remains a contentious issue.
As younger, more educated individuals express stronger support for free speech, it suggests the potential for evolving perspectives in the future.
op-ed snap | Governance | Mains Paper 3: Effects Of Liberalization On The Economy, Changes In Industrial Policy and their effects on Industrial Growth,Inclusive Growth & Issues
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Circular Migration
Mains level: Concept- Circular Migration, Circular Migration in India, advantages and challenges and measures
What’s the news?
Circular migration gained prominence in the wake of globalization and technological advancements, facilitating easier mobility. As the world grapples with migration challenges, circular migration emerges as a balanced approach.
Central idea
Circular migration, characterized by the cyclical movement of people between their country of origin and a destination country in search of seasonal employment, has gained significance in the global context. It offers unique opportunities and challenges in the realm of migration policy and development.
Defining Circular Migration
Philippe Fargues defines circular migration based on specific criteria, including temporary residence, multiple entries into the destination country, freedom of movement between origin and destination, legal rights for migrants, protection of their rights, and a demand for temporary labor in the destination country.
A key aspect is the completion of at least two loops between two countries, signifying repeated movement.
For instance, if a migrant moves from country A to B and back to A, they are considered a return migrant. However, if they continue to country B again, they have completed two loops, earning them the label of a circular migrant.
Circular Migration as Public Policy
For countries of origin: Remittances from circular migrants boost the domestic economy, fostering infrastructure development and improving living standards. However, it also poses the risk of losing skilled individuals to other nations.
For destination countries: Circular migration provides a source of low-skilled labor while minimizing permanent population growth
The Advantages of Circular Migration in India
Rural to Urban Migration:
The growth of jobs in sectors like manufacturing, construction, and services has driven a substantial flow of migrants from rural areas to urban cities.
This trend has been particularly pronounced between 2004–2005 and 2011–2012 when the construction sector witnessed a significant increase in employment, especially for rural males.
This movement has provided rural populations with access to urban employment opportunities.
Inter-State Migration:
Uneven development following liberalization policies has led to inter-State migration. States like West Bengal, Odisha, and Bihar have witnessed high rates of out-migration.
While Delhi was historically a prominent destination, recent trends indicate an increased flow of migrants to southern States as well.
Economic Benefits:
Migrants often transition from agricultural jobs in their home states to low-skill jobs in destination states.
This shift typically results in increased income, with daily wage laborers in Kerala earning substantially more compared to their counterparts in states like West Bengal.
Household Welfare: Circular migration contributes to better household welfare through remittances sent back by migrants. These funds support improved nutrition, enhanced access to education and healthcare, and an overall increase in the standard of living for migrant families.
Empowerment of Women: The absence of male family members due to migration often leads to increased autonomy and decision-making power for women in migrant households. This shift in gender dynamics can have positive social and cultural implications.
Challenges
Exploitation and Unsafe Conditions: Migrants, especially in southern States, often find themselves vulnerable to exploitation by middlemen or brokers. They may be subjected to unhygienic and unsafe working conditions, often without protective equipment.
Language Barriers: Language differences pose a significant obstacle for migrants, particularly when migrating to regions where the local language differs from their native tongue.
Resentment and Wage Disputes: Indigenous wage groups and labor unions may resent circular migrants, viewing them as competitors willing to work for lower wages. This can lead to wage disputes and conflicts.
Subsistence Migration: Many circular migrants engage in subsistence-level employment, with limited opportunities for savings or asset creation. Jobs are often seasonal and irregular, contributing to economic precarity.
Return Migration during Crises: The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the vulnerability of circular migrants. When a lockdown was imposed in 2020, many migrants embarked on long journeys back to their hometowns due to the lack of job opportunities in the host States.
The Way Forward: Measures to fully unlock the potential of circular migration
Ensuring Migrant Rights: Robust protection of migrant rights is crucial to address exploitation and abuse.
Skills Training: Providing migrants with skills training and language proficiency programs can enhance their employability and integration into host communities.
Safety Nets: Establishing social safety nets for circular migrants during times of crisis, such as the pandemic, is essential to prevent humanitarian disasters.
Integration Efforts: Encouraging integration initiatives in destination areas can help migrants feel more included and less marginalized.
Data Collection and Research: Governments should invest in data collection and research to better understand the extent and dynamics of circular migration.
Conclusion
Circular migration presents a viable pathway to balance the needs of development and individual economic advancement. As circular migration continues to shape the global landscape, it is imperative that governments and policymakers adapt their strategies to harness its potential for the greater good.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: CAG
Mains level: Key challenges faced by the CAG in auditing AI system and The Need for AI Regulation in India
What’s the news?
The Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG), Girish Chandra Murmu, who chairs the Supreme Audit Institutions (SAIs) of the G20, has raised a crucial concern regarding the increasing reliance on Artificial Intelligence (AI) for auditing purposes
Central idea
The CAG has warned that the absolute dependence on AI may result in inaccurate audit findings and emphasized the significance of ethics as the foundation of responsible AI. In the realm of auditing, where transparency, objectivity, fairness, and bias avoidance are paramount, addressing these challenges is imperative.
The Imperative of Responsible and Ethical AI
Credibility and Trust in Auditing: The credibility and trustworthiness of audit findings hinge on responsible AI practices. Without ethical AI, there is a risk of generating inaccurate audit results, which could undermine trust in the auditing process.
Data Integrity: The utmost importance is placed on data integrity in AI auditing. Responsible AI dictates that audit data must be complete, accurate, and relevant. Ensuring data integrity is paramount to prevent potentially misleading audit findings.
Ethical Data Usage: Responsible AI practices demand the use of data only from authorized and reputable sources. Leveraging data from unverified or unauthorized sources, such as social media, introduces biases and threatens the audit process’s integrity.
Regulation in India: It is imperative to address the need for AI regulation in India, drawing inspiration from the European Union’s AI Act as a pioneering example. Such regulations are seen as essential for promoting responsible and ethical AI use across various domains, including auditing.
Challenges for Auditors: Auditors at the CAG face an array of challenges when auditing AI systems. These include the imperative for data standardization, regulatory compliance, and the development of auditor expertise. These challenges underscore the significance of adhering to ethical AI practices.
International Audit Framework: The establishment of a common international audit framework for AI is deemed crucial. Such a framework would provide auditors with guidance on navigating the complexities of AI auditing while ensuring ethical standards are upheld.
EU AI Act as a Pioneering Example
The approval of the EU AI Act by the European Parliament serves as a pioneering example of comprehensive AI regulation.
It introduces stringent restrictions and scrutiny for generative AI tools, like ChatGPT.
India can learn from the EU’s approach to regulate AI technologies effectively.
Challenges faced by the CAG in auditing AI systems
AI Regulation and Data Standardization: Establishing effective AI regulations and data standardization for consistent and accurate AI audits.
Data Source Authentication: Verifying the authenticity and reliability of data sources, especially those from unauthorized origins, impacting audit accuracy.
Data Integration and Cross-Referencing: Managing the complexity of integrating and cross-referencing data from diverse government sources and platforms, affecting audit efficiency.
Data Platform Synchronization: Achieving synchronization of data platforms across government entities through IT policies to streamline the audit process.
Digitalization Challenges: Addressing security concerns associated with digitalization initiatives, particularly in defense audits.
Lack of Precedents for AI Audits: Adapting existing IT frameworks and regulations for AI audits due to the absence of established precedents, adding complexity to the process.
Compliance Issues in Auditing AI Systems
Variety of AI Auditing Frameworks: Global organizations have developed multiple AI auditing frameworks, including the COBIT framework for AI audit, the US Government Accountability Office framework, and the COSO ERM Framework. These diverse frameworks can lead to challenges in standardization and consistency in AI auditing practices.
Draft Guidance from the U.K.’s Information Commissioner’s Office: The U.K.’s Information Commissioner’s Office has published draft guidance on the AI auditing framework. While this guidance is a step forward, it may not provide comprehensive and universally accepted standards, leading to potential inconsistencies in AI audits.
Data Protection Impact Assessments: Organizations are legally required to conduct Data Protection Impact Assessments when using AI systems that process personal data. Ensuring compliance with these assessments adds complexity to AI audits, particularly regarding data privacy and security.
Measures to Address these Challenges
Establish Clear AI Regulations and Data Standards: Advocate for the development and implementation of clear and comprehensive AI regulations and data standards to ensure audit consistency.
Implement Robust Data Verification Procedures: Implement robust data verification procedures and protocols, emphasizing the use of reliable and authorized data sources.
Develop Standardized Data Integration Methods: Develop standardized data integration methods and tools to simplify the process of cross-referencing data from various sources.
Enforce Data Platform Synchronization: Prioritize the synchronization of data platforms across government entities through the formulation and enforcement of IT policies.
Enhance Security Measures for Digitalization: Continuously assess and enhance security measures for digitalization initiatives, especially when dealing with sensitive data in defense audits.
Engage with Stakeholders to Develop AI-Specific Frameworks: Engage with relevant stakeholders, including government agencies and AI experts, to develop AI-specific auditing frameworks and standards, adapting existing IT frameworks as needed.
The Need for AI Regulation in India
Ensuring Accuracy and Fair Use of Data: AI-generated content may raise issues related to copyright infringement and intellectual property rights. Regulatory frameworks can address these concerns and establish guidelines for the ethical and lawful use of data and content generated by AI systems.
Mitigating AI Bias: AI bias, which often stems from human bias in training data, poses inherent risks. Regulations can stipulate measures to mitigate bias and promote fairness in AI algorithms and decision-making processes.
Protection of Privacy: As AI technologies increasingly interact with personal data, privacy concerns arise. Regulatory frameworks can establish clear guidelines for data protection and privacy, safeguarding individuals’ personal information.
Consumer Protection: Regulations can protect consumers from AI-driven practices that may be deceptive or harmful. This includes measures to ensure transparency and fairness in AI-powered products and services.
Harmonious Fusion of Technology and Ethics: Achieving a harmonious fusion of technological progress and ethical considerations, as envisioned by Elon Musk, requires a multifaceted approach. Regulations can provide a structured framework for achieving this balance.
What else?
Innovations in Ethical AI: Innovations like Elon Musk’s “Truth GPT,” aimed at creating a “maximum truth-seeking AI,” underscore the need for ethical AI development. Regulations can encourage and guide such innovations to align with ethical considerations and safety standards.
Global Trend Towards AI Regulation: Prominent global leaders, including the U.K. Prime Minister Rishi Sunak, are actively pursuing AI safety regulation. India can follow suit to ensure that it remains aligned with international AI standards and fosters collaboration in AI safety measures.
Conclusion
As AI continues to play an increasingly significant role in auditing, the CAG must navigate complex challenges to ensure the credibility and accuracy of audit findings. India, too, needs to consider robust AI regulation while upholding ethics and data integrity to safeguard the integrity of the audit process and maintain public trust.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: India's Milk Production
Mains level: Milk crisis in India, factors behind and consequences
What’s the news?
India, the world’s leading milk producer for decades, faces a concerning dilemma as milk prices soar to all-time highs.
Central Idea
India is grappling with an unprecedented milk crisis, despite accounting for a quarter of global milk production. In 2021–22, the country produced a staggering 221 million tonnes of milk, as reported by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). However, the situation on the ground paints a different picture, with milk prices reaching record highs.
The price surge
The Department of Consumer Affairs reveals a sharp 18.08 percent increase in the average retail price of milk over the past two years.
A liter of milk, once priced at Rs 49.18 in 2021, now costs upwards of Rs 58. This dramatic price rise, commencing in 2022–23, has been the chief driver of food inflation across the nation, as highlighted by the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD).
Underlying factors behind India’s milk crisis
Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD):
One of the primary factors contributing to the milk crisis is the outbreak of lumpy skin disease (LSD) among cattle and buffaloes.
This disease, first reported in Odisha in 2019, has since spread to almost all states in India. Between July 2022 and 2023, more than 3.2 million cattle and buffaloes contracted LSD, with 0.2 million of them succumbing to the disease.
LSD has not only caused significant mortality but has also led to a substantial drop in milk production, ranging from 20 to 50 percent, depending on the breed.
COVID-19 Pandemic Impact:
The COVID-19 pandemic had a severe impact on India’s dairy sector. During the lockdowns, many farmers reduced the size of their herds in response to disrupted milk demand.
This exodus of dairy farmers, even during the flush season from October to March, when animals naturally produce more milk, has affected the country’s overall milk production.
Fodder Inflation:
Dairy farmers who continued their operations despite the pandemic faced an acute shortage of dry fodder in 2022. This shortage was partly caused by a decline in wheat stocks due to an unusually hot March in 2022.
As a result, farmers have been grappling with steadily rising fodder prices, affecting both the quantity and quality of the feed provided to their cattle.
Changing Preferences:
Dairy farmers are increasingly opting for crossbred cows over buffaloes.
While buffalo milk typically has a higher fat content (7–10 percent), crossbred cows have a higher milk yield, averaging 8.52 kg per day in 2021–22, compared to a buffalo’s average of 5.96 kg per day.
This shift in preference has led to a significant increase in the population of crossbred cows, while the population of female buffalo and indigenous cows has grown at a slower rate.
Cost Considerations:
Buffaloes tend to be more expensive than cows, with the average cost of a good-breed buffalo ranging from Rs 1.5 lakh to Rs 3 lakh.
In cases where dairy farming experiences losses, it becomes challenging for farmers to recover their investments.
Additionally, buffaloes have been perceived as less productive compared to cows in certain scenarios, particularly when it comes to maintaining consistent milk production.
Hidden Crisis: Artificial Insemination
Role of Artificial Insemination:
Artificial insemination plays a pivotal role in enhancing milk production in India.
While the adoption rate of this technology in the country is around 30 percent, it has led to the development of high-yield crossbreeds and improved indigenous breeds.
These high-yield animals significantly contribute to the overall growth of the dairy sector.
Missed artificial insemination:
The COVID-19 pandemic and associated lockdowns and restrictions had a profound impact on the practice of artificial insemination.
Between 2020 and 2022, as lockdowns and movement restrictions were imposed, India likely missed conducting approximately 16.84 million artificial insemination.
This represents a significant setback in efforts to improve breed productivity.
Impact on Milk Production:
The missed artificial insemination have had a cascading impact on milk production.
Before the pandemic, India was steadily increasing its adoption of artificial insemination, with over 80 million insemination conducted in 2019–20.
However, the subsequent drop in insemination numbers means that India potentially missed the chance to add 2.97 million high-yield female cattle to its livestock inventory between 2020 and 2022.
Economic Consequences:
Each missed artificial insemination results in both milk loss and additional maintenance costs until a successful conception occurs.
The estimated loss per missed conception is approximately Rs 7,948.50. This loss quickly accumulates, resulting in a national loss of Rs 824 crore in just the month of April 2020.
Far-reaching Consequences of India’s Milk Crisis
Economic Impact: The sharp rise in milk prices coupled with supply constraints can lead to reduced incomes for dairy farmers, potentially pushing many into financial distress.
Food Inflation: As milk and dairy products are dietary staples for a considerable portion of the population, their increased prices can strain household budgets and lead to higher food costs for consumers.
Nutrition and Food Security: Milk is a vital source of nutrition, particularly for children. Rising milk prices can reduce access to this nutritious food source for vulnerable populations, potentially affecting the nutritional status and food security of millions.
Rural Livelihoods: Dairy farming serves as a primary source of income for numerous rural households in India. The ongoing crisis directly impacts the livelihoods of these families, causing economic instability and necessitating alternative income sources.
Agricultural Productivity: Dairy farming often complements crop production, so disruptions in the dairy sector can have ripple effects on overall agricultural performance.
Global Trade: As one of the world’s major milk producers, India’s domestic dairy challenges can have implications for the global dairy market. Disruptions in production and trade can impact international dairy prices and trade dynamics.
Way forward
Disease Control: Implement robust disease control measures, including vaccination programs, quarantine protocols, and veterinary support, to prevent the further spread of diseases like lumpy skin disease (LSD) affecting livestock.
Fodder Management: Develop strategies to increase fodder production, conservation, and distribution to ensure a consistent supply for dairy cattle and buffaloes, addressing challenges posed by fodder shortages.
Artificial Insemination Programs: Renew the focus on artificial insemination programs to recover from the setbacks caused by missed insemination during the pandemic. This includes technology adoption, training for insemination technicians, and incentives for farmers.
Genetic Improvement: Continue efforts in genetic improvement through artificial insemination to boost milk production, focusing on enhancing the productivity of high-yield dairy cattle and buffaloes.
Price Stabilization: Consider measures to stabilize milk prices, potentially involving price support mechanisms or policies to balance supply and demand.
Government Policy Review: Assess and update existing government initiatives in the dairy sector as necessary, making policy adjustments to address evolving challenges faced by dairy farmers.
Conclusion
India’s dairy sector, once a beacon of success, now faces multifaceted challenges that threaten its stability. As the nation endeavors to restore its dairy glory, policymakers, researchers, and farmers must collaborate to navigate these challenging times and secure the future of India’s dairy industry.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Lal Bahadur Shastri
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
October 2 is a day of double celebration as India remembers the birth anniversaries of two iconic leaders: Mahatma Gandhi, the ‘Father of the Nation,’ and Lal Bahadur Shastri, former Prime Minister.
Both leaders made significant contributions to India’s freedom struggle and early years of nation-building.
Lal Bahadur Shastri: A Man of Humble Origins
[A] Rising from Modest Beginnings
Early Struggles: Born in 1904 in Mughalsarai, Uttar Pradesh, Shastri faced adversity early in life, with his father passing away shortly after his birth.
Simplicity: Raised in a lower-middle-class environment, he possessed only two kurtas and dhotis, symbolizing his humble beginnings.
A Change of Name: In a demonstration of his early social consciousness, Shastri dropped his birthname “Varma.” In 1925, he acquired the title of ‘Shastri’ (one who knows the Shastras) from the Kashi Vidyapeeth in Benaras, adding it to his name.
[B] Resignation and Accountability
A Serious Accident: While serving as the Union Minister for Railways and Transport in 1956, a tragic railway accident in Telangana resulted in the loss of 112 lives.
Owning Responsibility: Deeply affected by the tragedy, Shastri took moral responsibility and tendered his resignation to Prime Minister Nehru. Although Nehru initially did not accept it, Shastri resigned again after another railway accident in Tamil Nadu in November 1956, further solidifying his moral stature.
[C] Championing the Slogan ‘Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan’
A Return to Cabinet: Shastri made a comeback to the Union Cabinet, serving in roles such as Home Minister and Commerce and Industry Minister.
Language Assurance: In response to concerns about Hindi domination, he assured the continued use of English as an official language alongside Hindi.
Economic Challenges: In 1965, faced with economic stagnation and growing food demand, Shastri called upon farmers to increase production, traders to maintain fair prices, and consumers to exercise restraint. He coined the famous slogan, ‘Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan (Hail the soldier, hail the farmer!).’
[D] Leadership during the 1965 India-Pakistan War and Tashkent Agreement
Unforeseen Conflict: The 1965 war with Pakistan erupted as Pakistan launched attacks in Jammu and Kashmir, believing India to be vulnerable after the 1962 war with China.
Firm Response: Shastri approved an Indian counterattack, leading to hostilities on both sides.
Tashkent Declaration: Soviet Premier Aleksey Kosygin invited Shastri and Pakistan President General Ayub Khan to Tashkent, Uzbekistan, where they signed the Tashkent Declaration on January 10, 1966, committing to long-term peace.
Sudden Passing: Tragically, Shastri passed away due to a heart attack the following day in Tashkent, leaving behind speculation about the circumstances. However, available evidence suggests it was a natural death, dispelling doubts of external factors.
SC Judgements | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution - historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Minority Institutions
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
Reservation exemption: The Madras High HC ruled that the concept of communal reservation for SC/ST/OBC citizens does not apply to minority institutions.
No government constraint: The judges held that the government cannot compel minority institutions to implement such reservation policies.
Key Highlights by Madras HC
Continued Status: The court emphasized that once minority status is granted to an institution, it will persist until the National Commission for Minority Educational Institutions (NCMEI) cancels it for valid reasons, such as a shift in its educational objectives.
Merit-Based Admissions: The court upheld the government’s right to stipulate that minority institutions can admit students from the respective religious and linguistic minorities up to 50% of the sanctioned intake based on merit.
Exclusion Clause: The judges clarified that students admitted on merit should not be counted within the first 50% of admissions allocated for minorities.
Case Background
Petitioner’s Argument: The petitioner challenged a Govt Order (GO) issued in November 2021. The GO denied the extension of religious minority status to the college due to its admission of 52% minority students in the academic years 2018-19 and 2019-20.
Advocate General’s Stand: Advocate General argued that such admissions violated a 1998 GO that restricted minority admissions to 50%.
College’s Position: It contended that minority educational institutions should receive permanent status without the need for periodic extensions. It also asserted that the Tamil Nadu Backward Classes, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Reservation of Seats in Private Educational Institutions) Act, 2006, should not apply to minority institutions.
Legal Analyis
Constitutional Provisions: The judges found support in Article 15(5) of the Constitution, introduced through the 93rd amendment in 2005, which specifically excludes minority institutions from the State Government’s authority to provide special provisions for reservations.
Definition of Private Educational Institution: They pointed out that Section 2(d) of the 2006 Act also excludes minority institutions established under Article 30(1) of the Constitution from its definition of ‘private educational institution.’ Thus, the State cannot impose reservation provisions on minority educational institutions.
Permanent Status: The court stated that the National Commission for Minority Educational Institutes Act, 2004, does not envision granting minority status for a temporary or restricted period. Instead, it continues until the Commission cancels it.
Conclusion
Ultimately, the court quashed the 2021 GO and directed the government to allow the petitioner institution to maintain its status as a minority institution, provided it complies with other requirements.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Bihar Caste Census
Mains level: Issues with Caste Censuses
Central Idea
The Bihar government recently released the results of its caste survey, shedding light on the state’s demographic composition and caste dynamics.
This survey, the first of its kind since 1931, carries significant implications for politics, reservations, and electoral strategies in Bihar.
Bihar Caste Survey
Caste Demographics: The survey reveals the following caste composition in Bihar:
Extremely Backward Classes (EBCs) – 36.01%.
Other Backward Classes (OBCs) – 27.12%.
Scheduled Castes (SCs) – 19.65%.
Scheduled Tribes (STs) – 1.68% (most STs are part of Jharkhand since 2000).
“Unreserved” (Forward Castes) – 15.52%.
Population Increase: Bihar’s population, according to the survey, is 13,07,25,310, compared to 10.41 crores recorded in the 2011 census. Hindus make up 81.99%, while Muslims constitute 17.72%. Other religious denominations have minuscule populations.
Survey Process
Political Consensus: The decision to conduct the caste survey was made following an all-party meeting in June 2022, with a budget allocation of Rs 500 crore from the contingency fund.
Survey Phases: The survey occurred in two phases:
The first phase involved counting households in January.
The second phase, starting in April, aimed to collect caste, religion, economic, and family data.
Legal Challenge: The Patna High Court initially halted the survey, but it later resumed after the state clarified it was a “survey” and ensured data privacy.
Significance
Changing Political Landscape: The politics of identity tied to reservations and backward caste assertion has evolved. The BJP’s appeal to OBCs has transformed the political landscape.
Opportunities for Backward Classes: Survey results may provide an opening for parties like JD(U) and RJD to mobilize backward classes. The Opposition alliance could use this data to push for a nationwide caste census.
Increased Quotas: The survey could fuel demands for expanding OBC quotas beyond 27% and creating sub-quotas for EBCs. The recommendations of the Justice Rohini Commission are expected to influence this debate.
Reservation Ceiling Debate: The data may reignite discussions on the 50% reservation ceiling imposed by the Supreme Court in 1992, a contentious issue in various states.
Electoral Impact
Vote Bank Dynamics: EBCs, OBCs, and SCs, constituting over 82% of Bihar’s population, will be a crucial vote bank in upcoming elections.
Leadership Dynamics: Leaders like Lalu Prasad and Nitish Kumar have historically represented OBCs, EBCs, and Dalits. The BJP’s electoral strategy in Bihar will likely emphasize the Prime Minister’s OBC background.
Electoral Battles: Political parties will fiercely compete for the support of these influential caste groups, making Bihar a battleground state with complex caste dynamics.
Why discuss this?
Caste Data in Census: Since India’s independence in 1947, every census until 2011 has published data on Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. Caste data was available in censuses before 1931.
1941 Exception: In 1941, caste-based data was collected but not published due to World War II, as per M.W.M. Yeats, the Census Commissioner at that time.
Demand for a Caste Census
Recurring Demand: The demand for a caste census surfaces before almost every census, primarily driven by groups belonging to Other Backward Classes (OBC) and other deprived sections, while it faces opposition from upper-caste sections.
Contemporary Demand: In recent times, opposition parties, especially during Census 2021 delays, have vociferously called for a caste census, focusing on “social justice” as a common rallying point.
Political Support: Many politicians have advocated for the release of data from the Socio-Economic and Caste Census (SECC) 2011. They also called for a caste census and the removal of the 50% cap on SC/ST/OBC reservations.
Centre’s Stand
Government Policy: The Indian government has consistently decided not to enumerate caste-wise populations, except for SCs and STs, as a matter of policy.
Policy Shift: However, in August 2018, following a meeting chaired by then-Home Minister, it was stated that data on OBCs would be collected during Census 2021.
RTI Response: When questioned about the meeting’s minutes, the Office of Registrar General of India (ORGI) claimed they did not maintain records of deliberations on this matter before the Ministry of Home Affairs’ announcement.
Conclusion
A caste-based census is against the idea of a casteless society envisaged by leaders like Babasaheb Ambedkar in the Constitution and will weaken ongoing efforts to create social harmony.
While proponents argue for better representation and targeted policies, opponents emphasize the importance of moving towards a casteless society.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: mRNA Vaccines, Nobel Prize
Mains level: Vaccine development for COVID
Central Idea
Katalin Kariko and Drew Weissman, the 2023 medicine Nobel laureates, have earned acclaim for their groundbreaking contributions to the field of mRNA technology.
Their work has transformed our understanding of mRNA’s interaction with the immune system, leading to the rapid development of vaccines, particularly during the Covid-19 pandemic.
What is mRNA?
Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a single-stranded RNA (Ribo Nucleic Acid) molecule that is complementary to one of the DNA strands of a gene.
The mRNA is an RNA version of the gene that leaves the cell nucleus and moves to the cytoplasm where proteins are made.
During protein synthesis, an organelle called a ribosome moves along the mRNA, reads its base sequence, and uses the genetic code to translate each three-base triplet, or codon, into its corresponding amino acid.
What are mRNA vaccines?
Such vaccines make use of the messenger RNA molecules that tell the body’s cells what proteins to build.
The mRNA, in this case, is coded to tell the cells to recreate the spike protein of the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, which causes Covid-19.
It is the spike protein — which appears as spikes on the surface of the coronavirus — that initiates the process of infection; it allows the virus to penetrate cells, after which it goes on to replicate.
A coronavirus vaccine based on mRNA, once injected into the body, will instruct the body’s cells to create copies of the spike protein.
In turn, this is expected to prompt the immune cells to create antibodies to fight it.
These antibodies will remain in the blood and fight the real virus if and when it infects the human body.
What are other types of vaccines?
(1) Vector vaccine:
In this type of vaccine, genetic material from the COVID-19 virus is placed in a modified version of a different virus (viral vector).
When the viral vector gets into your cells, it delivers genetic material from the COVID-19 virus that gives your cells instructions to make copies of the S protein.
Once your cells display the S proteins on their surfaces, your immune system responds by creating antibodies and defensive white blood cells.
If you later become infected with the COVID-19 virus, the antibodies will fight the virus.
(2) Protein subunit vaccine:
Subunit vaccines include only the parts of a virus that best stimulate your immune system.
This type of COVID-19 vaccine contains harmless S proteins.
Once your immune system recognizes the S proteins, it creates antibodies and defensive white blood cells.
If you later become infected with the COVID-19 virus, the antibodies will fight the virus.
Back2Basics: Ribo Nucleic Acid (RNA)
RNA is an important biological macromolecule that is present in all biological cells.
It is principally involved in the synthesis of proteins, carrying the messenger instructions from DNA, which itself contains the genetic instructions required for the development and maintenance of life.
In some viruses, RNA, rather than DNA, carries genetic information.
The type of RNA dictates the function that this molecule will have within the cell.
Aside from the coding region of messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules that will be translated into proteins, other cellular RNA elements are involved in different processes.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Bihar Caste Census
Mains level: Bihar caste survey, rationale, Key findings, significance, issues and implications
What’s the news?
The Bihar caste survey was released by the state government on October 2.
Central idea
The recent release of the Bihar caste survey results has unveiled a complex tapestry of demographics in the state, bringing to the forefront the intricate interplay of caste politics. With EBCs and OBCs cumulatively constituting more than 63% of the population, the dynamics of political representation and reservation are poised for transformation.
A caste-based survey is a comprehensive data collection initiative launched by the Bihar state government in India.
The primary objective is to gain a deeper understanding of the living conditions and economic status of different communities, especially those that have historically faced marginalization and socio-economic disadvantage.
Key Findings of the Survey
Demographic Breakdown:
The survey reveals a diverse demographic landscape in Bihar.
The EBCs, comprising 36.01% of the population, emerge as the largest social group,
Followed by OBCs at 27.12% and
Scheduled Castes (SCs) at 19.65%.
Scheduled Tribes (STs) account for a mere 1.68%, primarily due to the bifurcation of Jharkhand in 2000.
The unreserved category constitutes 15.52% of the population.
Religious Composition:
Bihar’s population, according to the survey, stands at 13,07,25,310, compared to the 10.41 crore recorded in the 2011 census.
Hindus make up 81.99% of the population, while Muslims account for 17.72%. Other religious denominations have minuscule populations.
Survey Execution
The survey was undertaken following unanimous agreement among political parties in Bihar.
It was conducted in two phases.
The first phase involved a household count from January 7 to 21.
The second phase, initiated on April 15, aimed to collect data on castes, religions, economic backgrounds, and family size.
The survey faced legal challenges initially but was allowed to proceed after being labeled a survey rather than a census.
Significance of Survey Findings
Changing Political Landscape: The survey highlights the evolving political landscape, where identity politics based on reservation and backward caste assertion is losing its grip. This shift has been influenced by the BJP’s outreach to OBCs through Hindutva and welfare measures.
Opportunity for Opposition: The survey results could provide an opportunity for the JD(U)-RJD alliance and other opposition parties to mobilize backward classes, potentially pressuring the BJP to conduct a nationwide caste census.
Demand for Quotas: The survey data may fuel demands to increase the OBC quota beyond 27% and introduce a quota within a quota for EBCs, especially in light of the Justice Rohini Commission’s pending recommendations.
Reservation Ceiling Debate: The survey’s findings could reignite the long-standing debate over the 50% reservation ceiling imposed by the Supreme Court, which has hindered states from expanding reservations.
Impact on Upcoming Elections
The caste survey findings are likely to have a significant impact on the upcoming Lok Sabha and Bihar Assembly elections.
With EBCs, OBCs, and SCs representing over 82% of Bihar’s population, these groups will be key electoral battlegrounds.
Leaders like Lalu Prasad and Nitish Kumar are still seen as primary representatives of these communities, while the BJP faces the challenge of navigating Bihar’s complex caste dynamics.
Rationale Behind a Caste Census
Incomplete Data: The standard Census focuses solely on SC and ST data, leaving a substantial void in comprehending the socio-economic aspects of OBCs and their subdivisions.
Targeted Policies: A lack of comprehensive data obstructs the creation of effective policies tailored to the distinct requirements of different caste groups.
Equitable Development: The caste census has the potential to reveal disparities within various castes, enabling customized development strategies for historically marginalized communities.
Historical and Contemporary Insights: With deep historical roots, the caste system’s evolution can be better understood through a comprehensive census that captures both historical and contemporary dynamics.
Constitutional Clarification: Legal scrutiny over caste surveys provides clarity on the authority to conduct such initiatives, delineating roles between state and central governments.
Evidence-Based Decision-Making: In a data-centric era, decisions grounded in concrete socio-economic data hold greater potential for equitable and effective governance.
Conclusion
The Bihar caste survey has unveiled a complex web of caste demographics that will shape the state’s political landscape. It has the potential to rekindle debates on reservation policies, mobilize backward classes, and influence electoral outcomes. As Bihar prepares for crucial elections, the survey’s impact on political strategies and alliances remains to be seen.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Basic concepts
Mains level: India's growth prospects and decline FDI flows to India, concerns reasons and way forward
What’s the news?
The Indian economy grew at 7.8 percent in the first quarter of the ongoing financial year. There is a decline in FDI.
Central idea
Projections by experts, including the RBI and the IMF, indicate a prospective annual growth rate of 6–6.5 percent, reaffirming India’s status as a global growth powerhouse. However, beneath this optimistic narrative lies a concerning trend: foreign direct investment (FDI) in India has been steadily declining.
India’s growth prospects
India is likely to grow at around 6–6.5 percent over the full year.
Medium-term assessments, such as those by the IMF, peg growth at roughly 6 percent between 2023 and 2028.
This momentum positions India as a formidable player in global growth, potentially rivaling China.
Multinationals are increasingly eyeing India as an alternative investment destination, capitalizing on shifting geopolitical dynamics.
Declining trend in FDI in India
FDI Decline: FDI inflows into India have been declining. In the fiscal year 2022–23, FDI stood at $71.3 billion, which marked a 16 percent decrease compared to the previous fiscal year (2021–22). This trend of decline continued in the first four months of the current fiscal year, with a 26 percent drop in FDI inflows compared to the same period the previous year.
Equity Flows: A substantial portion of the decline has been in fresh equity flows. Equity flows decreased from approximately $59.6 billion in 2021–22 to around $47.6 billion in 2022–23. In the first four months of the current year, equity flows further plummeted to $13.9 billion, down from $22 billion the previous year.
Policy Uncertainty: One possible explanation for the decline in FDI is the presence of policy uncertainty in India. An uncertain business environment, an uneven playing field, and the fear of arbitrary changes to rules and regulations may be acting as deterrents to foreign investors.
Trade Agreements: India’s absence from major trading blocks, such as the RCEP agreement, and the lack of trade agreements with entities like the European Union can disadvantage India in the global manufacturing ecosystem. Comprehensive trade agreements with lower tariffs and other benefits can incentivize foreign investment.
Comparative Analysis: Despite rising interest rates in developed economies, countries like Vietnam and Indonesia have managed to maintain or increase their FDI inflows.
Key sectors affected by the decline in FDI
Automobile Industry: The decline in FDI has had an impact on the automobile industry in India. This sector plays a crucial role in the country’s manufacturing landscape and contributes significantly to both economic growth and employment.
Construction (Infrastructure Activities): Infrastructure development is essential for India’s economic growth. The decline in FDI may slow down construction and infrastructure activities, potentially affecting the country’s development.
Metallurgical Industries: Metallurgical industries, which include sectors like steel production, are also mentioned in the article as being affected by the decline in FDI. These industries are vital for various manufacturing processes and contribute to both domestic consumption and exports.
Areas that India might need to address to reverse this trend
FDI Decline in Multiple Sectors: The decline in FDI is not limited to a specific sector but has affected various industries, including technology, the automobile industry, construction, and metallurgical industries. This broad-based decline underscores the need for comprehensive solutions.
Navigating Policy Uncertainty: To attract foreign investors, India needs to provide a stable and predictable business environment, reduce regulatory uncertainty, and ensure a level playing field.
Global Investment Landscape: India’s FDI decline is notable when compared to countries like Vietnam and Indonesia, which have managed to maintain stable FDI inflows. This highlights the need for India to remain competitive in the global investment landscape.
The Trade Agreement Imperative: The absence of India from major trading blocks, such as the RCEP agreement, could be a factor contributing to the FDI decline. India may benefit from pursuing trade agreements that lower trade barriers and enhance market access.
Conclusion
The decline in FDI flows to India raises pertinent questions about the country’s attractiveness as an investment destination. While India’s growth story appears promising, investors seek stability, policy clarity, and access to global trade networks. Addressing these concerns and leveraging India’s potential as a China plus one option requires a comprehensive strategy to reinvigorate FDI inflows and capitalize on its growth prospects.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: 15th BRICS summit and key outcomes
Mains level: BRICS: Potential, Expansion and its Significance
What’s the news?
The recent BRICS summit held in South Africa introduced six new members to the grouping, drawing mixed reactions regarding its productivity.
“If things go right, in less than 40 years, the BRICS economies together could be larger than the G6 in U.S. dollar terms.” Goldman Sachs in 2003”
Central idea
The recent BRICS summit held in South Africa may not have yielded immediate tangible results, but it’s essential to view BRICS through its evolving dynamics rather than a single meeting’s outcomes.
Background: Economic Compulsion
BRICS, consisting of Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa, emerged primarily out of economic compulsion.
Unlike military alliances or security coalitions, BRICS focuses on economic cooperation and mutual benefit.
With a combined GDP representing 36% of the global GDP and a population projected to reach 47% of the world’s total by 2050, BRICS possesses immense long-term potential.
Furthermore, expanding its membership could challenge the dominance of the G7 countries.
The significance of BRICS as an economic powerhouse
Economic Size: The BRICS, composed of Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa, collectively represent 36% of the global GDP. This substantial economic size gives the group considerable influence in global economic matters.
Population: BRICS countries house nearly half of the world’s population, and this demographic advantage provides a significant consumer market and labor force, contributing to their economic significance.
Rapid Growth: Two BRICS members, China and India, are among the fastest-growing economies globally. They are expected to rank among the world’s top three economies by 2030, further enhancing the economic clout of the BRICS.
Investment Opportunities: BRICS nations are seen as attractive investment destinations, with governments encouraging both domestic and foreign investments. The growth prospects in these countries make them appealing to investors.
Infrastructure Development: BRICS countries are investing heavily in infrastructure development, including transportation, energy, and technology projects. These investments create opportunities for businesses and stimulate economic growth.
Collective Economic Initiatives: BRICS nations have established institutions like the New Development Bank (NDB) and the Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA), aimed at enhancing financial cooperation and stability within the group.
China and India’s Role
Two BRICS members, China and India, collectively account for one-third of the world’s population. Both nations are rapidly growing economies, poised to become top-three global economies by 2030.
Despite occasional political tensions, their economic cooperation continues to flourish. Trade between India and China is evidence that economic interests often outweigh political differences, emphasizing the pivotal role of economics in international relations.
BRICS as an alternative to an increasingly polarized world
Global polarization:
Global polarization has led to concerns about the U.S.’s aggressive stance toward China. Many countries seek alternatives, including China.
Within the BRICS, China is a member but not the dominant player, providing a counterbalance with democratic countries like India, South Africa, and Brazil.
In an increasingly interconnected world, countries are looking for alternatives to mitigate their dependence on a single superpower.
Dollar Dominance and Digital Currencies:
The U.S. dollar has long been the dominant global currency, but the rise of digital platforms presents a shift toward digital currencies. India and China are leading in this transition, advocating for increased trade and investment in their own currencies.
Through BRICS, they can collectively promote their currencies as alternatives to the dollar, further converging their interests.
Diversified opportunities:
The search for alternatives extends beyond BRICS to movements like the Non-Aligned Movement, which offers a new approach to global challenges.
As BRICS expands, it will create numerous trade, business, and investment protocols, akin to other free trade arrangements and economic blocs, providing diversified opportunities for member nations.
Africa: The Continent of the Future
Africa is poised for significant economic growth in the 21st century.
The negative image of Europe, marked by interventions and migrant treatment, has driven Africans to explore China’s development more closely.
African countries aspire to have the freedom to choose their investment and trade partners, and BRICS, especially India, seeks to strengthen its ties with the African Union, recognizing the continent’s potential.
Conclusion
BRICS may not always make headlines, but each summit contributes to building a foundation for future networks and collaborations. As Goldman Sachs foresaw in 2003, “If things go right, in less than 40 years, the BRICS economies together could be larger than the G6 in U.S. dollar terms.” The future of BRICS lies in its ability to harness its economic might for the benefit of its members and the world.
A critical component meant to address this issue is the social audit units tasked with detecting malpractice within the program.
However, the recovery of embezzled funds has been notably ineffective.
What is MGNREGS?
Enacted Under
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act of 2005
Objective
To guarantee the ‘Right to Work’ by providing employment opportunities for unskilled workers in rural areas.
Origin
Proposed in 1991 by V. Narasimha Rao and later enacted in 2005.
Duration of Employment
At least 100 days of employment is guaranteed to willing unskilled workers.
Enforceable Commitment
The scheme ensures an enforceable commitment on the implementing machinery, which is the State Governments, providing bargaining power to the laborers.
Unemployment Allowance
If employment is not provided within 15 days of receiving a job application from a prospective household, an unemployment allowance is paid to the job seekers.
Eligibility Criteria
Any Indian citizen above the age of 18 years residing in rural India can apply for the MGNREGS scheme. Applicants should be willing to engage in unskilled work.
Geographical Proximity
Employment is to be provided within 5 km of an applicant’s residence.
Minimum Wages
Minimum wages are to be paid for the work done under MGNREGS.
Legal Entitlement
Employment under MGNREGS is considered a legal entitlement.
Issue of Inadequate Fund Recovery
Current Recovery Rates: Statistics from the Union Rural Development Ministry for the ongoing financial year indicate that less than 14% of the amount flagged by auditors has been successfully recovered.
Past Years’ Performance: The recovery figures for previous financial years paint a similarly bleak picture, with poor outcomes:
2022-23: ₹86.2 crore was identified as recoverable, but only ₹18 crore (20.8%) was retrieved.
2021-22: ₹171 crore misappropriation was flagged, but only ₹26 crore (15%) was recovered.
Social Audit Unit Independence: Section 17 of the MGNREGA Act mandates gram sabhas to monitor work execution, with independent social audit units in each state responsible for uncovering malpractice. However, their scope is limited to flagging issues, leaving recovery actions to state governments.
Fund-Starved Audit Units
Seminar Insights: A recent Ministry seminar revealed a concerning scenario of underfunded social audit units lacking adequate training and personnel. These units play a crucial role in identifying cases of malpractice.
Funding Delay Issues: While the Union government funds these audit units to maintain their independence from state authorities, units in some states, such as Karnataka and Bihar, have faced funding delays for nearly two years.
Poor Monitoring and Recovery
Consistent State Trends: Over the past three years, certain states consistently report “zero number of cases” and “zero recoveries,” casting doubt on the effectiveness of monitoring efforts.
Examples of Poor Recovery: States like Telangana have active social audit units flagging numerous cases, yet the recovery rates remain dismal. For instance, in the ongoing financial year, auditors identified ₹6.6 crore for recovery, but only ₹2,087 has been recuperated so far.
Vigilance and Pressure: While the Centre’s vigilance and pressure on states to recover misappropriated funds are appreciated, there are concerns regarding states that identify multiple cases but struggle with recovery. Furthermore, states reporting no cases indicate a lack of effective monitoring.
Conclusion
Challenging Recovery Landscape: The MGNREGA scheme’s social audit units serve as a crucial mechanism to combat corruption, but the inadequate recovery of embezzled funds threatens their credibility.
Need for Adequate Resources: To make the audit process effective, it is imperative to ensure that social audit units are adequately funded, trained, and staffed.
Balancing Act: Balancing scrutiny with recovery actions is vital to enhance the transparency and integrity of the MGNREGA scheme, which plays a pivotal role in rural employment and development.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Karman Line
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
Boundaries serve a crucial purpose in scientific understanding by providing clarity and distinction to elements that might otherwise merge.
One such significant boundary is the Karman Line, which plays a pivotal role in delineating Earth’s atmosphere from outer space.
What is Karman Line?
The Karman Line is an abstract boundary positioned at an altitude of 100 kilometers above sea level.
Its primary function is to establish the separation between Earth’s atmosphere and the vast expanse of space.
Although not universally accepted by all scientists and space explorers, the majority of countries and space organizations acknowledge this demarcation.
It was formally established in 1960s by the Federation Aeronautique Internationale (FAI), a body responsible for record-keeping.
Crossing the Karman Line designates an individual as an astronaut.
Challenges to the Karman Line’s Significance
Nature rarely conforms to human-made boundaries.
Physically crossing the Karman Line does not result in substantial changes.
In the immediate vicinity, there is minimal difference in air pressure or composition.
Earth’s gravitational force remains influential, and the atmosphere persists beyond this line.
Why is the Karman Line relevant?
Airspace Regulation: The Karman Line primarily serves as a regulator of airspace. It represents an approximate altitude beyond which conventional aircraft cannot operate effectively. Aircraft venturing beyond this threshold require propulsion systems to counteract Earth’s gravitational pull.
Legal Reference: Additionally, the Karman Line acts as a legal benchmark that distinguishes airspace, which nations can claim ownership of, from the realm of outer space. Outer space is governed similarly to international waters, emphasizing the importance of this boundary in legal and governance contexts.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Project Udbhav
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
The Indian Army has launched Project Udbhav, an initiative aimed at rediscovering the profound heritage of statecraft and strategic thinking from ancient Indian texts.
Project Udbhav
Project Udbhav is conducted in collaboration by Indian Army and the United Service Institution of India, a defense think-tank.
The primary goal is to comprehend the depths of indigenous military systems, their evolution, enduring strategies, and the strategic thought processes that have shaped the Indian subcontinent for millennia.
It delves into India’s rich historical narratives in the domains of statecraft and strategic thinking.
It encompasses indigenous military systems, historical texts, regional texts, kingdoms, thematic studies, and Kautilya Studies.
Why such move?
The initiative underscores the Indian Army’s recognition of India’s ancient wisdom in statecraft, strategy, diplomacy, and warfare.
It seeks to establish a connection between historical wisdom and contemporary needs.
Scholarly Outcomes and Ongoing Research
A study to compile Indian stratagems based on ancient texts has been ongoing since 2021.
A book listing 75 aphorisms selected from ancient texts has already been published under the initiative.
The first scholarly outcome is the 2022 publication titled “Paramparik Bhartiya Darshan…Ranniti aur Netriyta ke Shashwat Niyam,” which is meant to be read by all ranks of the Indian Army.
A recent panel discussion included a dialogue on the study of ancient texts ranging from the 4th century BCE to the 8th century CE, with a specific focus on Kautilya, Kamandaka, and the Kural.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Mahatma Gandhi
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
Mahatma Gandhi seems a natural choice for the face of Indian currency as the Father of the Nation.
This wasn’t until 1996 that his image became a permanent fixture on legal banknotes issued by the RBI, the nation’s central bank and regulatory authority for the Indian banking system.
1946 photograph featuring Gandhi Ji with Frederick William Pethick-Lawrence
Gandhi’s Portrait on Indian Currency
Photographic Source: The portrait of Gandhi on Indian banknotes is not a caricature but a cut-out from a 1946 photograph featuring him alongside British politician Lord Frederick William Pethick-Lawrence.
Expression Matters: This particular photograph was chosen for its ideal depiction of Gandhi’s smiling visage, and the portrait is a mirrored image of the cut-out.
Unknown Photographers: Interestingly, the identities of the photographer of this image and the person who selected it remain unknown.
Currency Design Process
RBI’s Responsibility: The RBI’s Department of Currency Management is tasked with designing rupee notes, subject to approval from the central bank and the Union government.
Regulatory Framework:Section 25 of the RBI Act, 1934, mandates that the design, form, and material of banknotes must be approved by the central government after considering the central board’s recommendations.
Gandhi’s Debut on Indian Currency
1969 Commemoration: Gandhi made his first appearance on Indian currency in 1969 through a special series issued to commemorate his 100th birth anniversary. These notes, featuring Gandhi alongside the Sevagram Ashram, bore the signature of RBI governor LK Jha.
1987 Inclusion: In October 1987, a series of Rs 500 currency notes featuring Gandhi was introduced.
The Transition to Independent India’s Banknotes
Post-Independence Currency: Initially, after India gained independence in August 1947, the RBI continued to issue notes from the colonial era that depicted King George VI.
Symbol Selection: The government of India introduced new 1-rupee notes in 1949, replacing King George with a representation of the Lion Capital of Ashoka Pillar at Sarnath.
Design Continuity: The subsequent release of banknotes in 1950, in denominations of Rs 2, 5, 10, and 100, featured the Lion Capital watermark, maintaining continuity with earlier designs.
Gandhi’s Permanence on Banknotes
Security Concerns in the 1990s: By the 1990s, the RBI recognized the need for enhanced security features on currency notes due to advancements in reprographic techniques. A human face was deemed less susceptible to forgery than inanimate objects.
Gandhi’s Enduring Appeal: Mahatma Gandhi’s national significance made him the ideal choice. In 1996, the RBI introduced a new ‘Mahatma Gandhi Series’ of banknotes, replacing the previous Ashoka Pillar notes and incorporating advanced security features.
Continuity in 2016: The ‘Mahatma Gandhi New Series’ of banknotes, introduced in 2016, continued to feature Gandhi’s portrait, with the addition of the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan logo and enhanced security elements.
Other Suggestions for Currency Faces
Varied Proposals: Over the years, there have been calls to feature different personalities on banknotes apart from Gandhi.
Lord Ganesha and Goddess Lakshmi: In October 2022, Delhi Chief Minister Arvind Kejriwal appealed to the Prime Minister and the Union government to include images of Lord Ganesha and goddess Lakshmi on currency notes.
Previous Proposals: Suggestions in the past included Noble Laureate Rabindranath Tagore and former President APJ Abdul Kalam. However, the RBI and Indian authorities have consistently upheld Gandhi’s representation, considering him the most fitting embodiment of India’s ethos.
Conclusion
Gandhi’s Enduring Legacy: Mahatma Gandhi’s presence on Indian currency notes stands as a testament to his indelible impact on the nation’s history and values.
Challenges to Change: While various proposals have emerged over the years, the symbolism and significance of Gandhi on banknotes remain unwavering, reflective of his towering stature in India’s collective consciousness.
