Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Financial frauds
Central Idea
- Following a Supreme Court directive in March 2023, the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) was tasked with investigating allegations related to the Adani-Hindenburg matter.
- The Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project (OCCRP) has recently unveiled new allegations against the Adani Group, adding to the scrutiny.
OCCRP’s allegations against Adani Group
- OCCRP’s report alleges stock manipulation by the Adani Group.
- The report cites exclusive documents indicating that investors connected to the Adani family influenced Adani companies’ stock prices.
- The Adani Group has strongly denied these allegations, attributing them to “Soros-funded interests.”
What is OCCRP?
- The Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project (OCCRP) is a global network of investigative reporters.
- Founded by Drew Sullivan and Paul Radu in 2006, OCCRP focuses on investigating organized crime and systemic corruption.
- OCCRP has grown to over 150 journalists in 30 countries and collaborates with regional partners and organizations like the Global Investigative Journalism Network.
OCCRP’s Impact
- OCCRP’s investigative efforts have led to numerous official investigations, arrests, resignations, and substantial fines.
- It played a pivotal role in high-profile probes, including investigations on Russia’s oligarchs and the Panama Papers project.
- The organization has been nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize for its contributions in unmasking political corruption and organized crime.
SEBI’s Investigation
- SEBI was directed by the Supreme Court to investigate Rule 19A violations, non-disclosure of related party transactions, and stock price manipulation.
- The OCCRP investigation alleges that Mauritius-based funds, connected to the Adani family, invested in Adani companies’ stocks.
- A UAE-based firm, linked to Adani, purportedly received advisory fees from the investment funds.
- The OCCRP’s evidence, along with the Hindenburg report, suggests potential regulatory breaches and contraventions by the Adani Group.
Decoding Rule 19A
- Rule 19A is a significant provision of the Securities Contracts (Regulation) Rules, 1957.
- It mandates that any company listed on the Indian stock market must maintain a minimum of 25 per cent public shareholding.
- “Public” in this context refers to individuals other than the “promoter and promoter group.” These terms encompass immediate family members and subsidiaries or associates of the company.
- This rule ensures that a sufficient number of a listed company’s shares are available for trading, promoting price discovery.
SEBI’s Response and Expert Committee
- SEBI is conducting investigations into Adani-Hindenburg matters, with some investigations still ongoing.
- The Expert Committee has reported regulatory loopholes facilitating the concealment of “ultimate beneficiary ownership” and transactions with “related parties.”
- SEBI’s handling of alerts generated in relation to Adani stocks and its evaluation of suspected FPIs have raised questions about its role.
Conclusion
- OCCRP’s investigation provides further allegations against the Adani Group, accentuating regulatory concerns.
- The complex web of potential regulatory violations and economic crimes warrants a thorough forensic audit by an independent auditor.
- SEBI’s role in the investigation, regulatory amendments, and handling of alerts requires scrutiny to ensure transparency and accountability.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: One Nation, One Election
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The Centre has taken a significant step towards implementing the “One Nation, One Election” concept by forming a committee led by former President Ram Nath Kovind.
- This concept aims to synchronize elections across different levels of governance, with the intent of boosting efficiency and governance.
- The committee’s primary role is to draft the necessary legislative framework for the successful implementation of the concept.
One Nation, One Election: Background and Rationale
- The frequent occurrence of elections disrupts the continuity of developmental activities due to adherence to election-related codes and rules.
- The Prime Minister has been a vocal advocate of simultaneous elections as a solution to this issue.
- The core idea is to streamline elections across various tiers of government, thereby reducing administrative complexities.
Nature of Simultaneous Elections
- Presently, India conducts separate elections for the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies, leading to staggered electoral cycles.
- The “One Nation, One Election” approach envisions holding elections for all state assemblies and the Lok Sabha simultaneously.
Historical Context and Shifting Trends
- In the initial decades after independence, India witnessed concurrent elections.
- This trend shifted with the untimely dissolution of the fourth Lok Sabha in 1971, which marked the decline of simultaneous elections.
- The dissolution of the Lok Sabha during the National Emergency declared in 1975 and the dissolution of state assemblies after the 1977 Lok Sabha election further disrupted this cycle.
Challenges and Necessary Constitutional Amendments
- A significant challenge lies in aligning the terms of the Lok Sabha and Legislative Assemblies.
- Amendments to relevant articles of the Constitution, such as Article 83 for the Lok Sabha and Article 172(1) for Legislative Assemblies, may be required to enable synchronized elections.
Efficiency and Governance Benefits
Simultaneous elections offer several benefits:
- Reduction in effort, time, and expenditure due to consolidated election cycles.
- Mitigation of governance disruptions caused by the Model Code of Conduct during elections.
- Streamlined campaign expenses, potentially leading to cost savings.
- Improved voter turnout and enhanced credibility of the electoral process.
Challenges and Counterarguments
- Challenges include synchronizing terms, preventing mid-term dissolutions, and addressing the costs associated with electronic voting machines (EVMs).
- Counterarguments raise concerns about influencing voter choices, potential erosion of government accountability, and implications for democratic principles and federalism.
Ensuring Effective Implementation
- Robust legal safeguards are essential to address the challenge of mid-term dissolutions and maintain the integrity of synchronized elections.
- Some countries employ mechanisms like “no-confidence motions” to ensure governance continuity during the synchronized cycle.
Conclusion
- The “One Nation, One Election” initiative holds the potential to streamline India’s electoral process and enhance governance efficiency.
- Overcoming challenges requires a comprehensive approach along with suitable legal provisions, making the concept a practical reality while preserving democratic principles and federalism.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: UCC
Mains level: UCC- Child-centric approach
Central Idea
- In the backdrop of a potential UCC being brought to the fore during a special parliamentary session from September 18 to 22, 2023, it’s crucial to transcend the traditional discourse surrounding polygamy and divorce. The forthcoming UCC must delve deeper into issues beyond these and prioritize the well-being of children in custody.
What is the Uniform Civil Code (UCC)?
- The UCC is a framework aimed at replacing personal laws based on religious customs and traditions with a unified set of civil laws applicable to all citizens of a country, regardless of their religion or background.
- The goal of a UCC is to provide a common set of laws for matters like marriage, divorce, inheritance, and adoption, among others.
- This unified code is intended to promote equality, justice, and uniformity in personal matters while respecting individual rights and cultural diversity.
Reimagining child custody
- The Guardians and Wards Act, 1890, fundamentally prioritizes the child’s welfare when determining custody.
- Within the Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, 1956, Section 6 asserts the father’s status as the natural guardian, followed by the mother. However, this distinction should not be interpreted as lifetime primacy but rather ‘in the absence of’ the father.
- A more holistic UCC should move beyond this binary.
Exploring Islamic Law
- Intriguingly, custody under Islamic law centers on the child’s rights rather than the parents. The father’s custody right ranks sixth, following the mother, maternal grandmother, paternal grandmother, sister, maternal aunt, and paternal aunt.
- Different schools of thought allocate custody at varying ages or events. Notably, the Hanafi school does not strip the mother of custody upon ceasing to be Muslim.
- Such varied approaches provide a lens for crafting a comprehensive UCC.
Nuanced Issues in Child Custody
- Complexities Beyond Conventional Disputes:
- Child custody disputes involve intricate challenges that go beyond the typical battles between fathers and mothers.
- The complexities arise from scenarios involving biological parents’ rights after adoption and situations related to a biological father accused of rape.
- Favoring biological parents over adoptive ones:
- Courts are increasingly leaning towards granting custody to biological parents, often at the expense of adoptive parents.
- The growing concern is that the child’s best interests might be overlooked in such cases.
- Case of Custody to the Biological Father:
- In a specific case where the Bombay High Court granted custody of an adopted child to the biological father.
- This decision was made despite the biological father facing rape charges that led to the child’s birth.
- Balancing Biological and Adoptive Rights:
- The case underscores the importance of the Uniform Civil Code (UCC) addressing the rights of both biological and adoptive parents.
- The primary focus should be on the child’s well-being and best interests.
- Biological Mother’s Situation:
- Another case involves a 17-year-old biological mother who allegedly eloped with an accused rapist, resulting in the birth of a child.
- Despite the biological mother’s subsequent marriage and decision to surrender the child for adoption, the High Court awarded custody to the biological father.
- A Holistic Approach to Custody Decisions:
- These instances highlight the need for custody decisions to consider not only legal aspects but also the child’s welfare and the well-being of all parties involved.
- Advocates for the UCC to address such nuanced scenarios and ensure that custody decisions are guided by the principle of prioritizing the best interests of the child.
Significance of a Progressive UCC
- A Holistic Approach to Custody:
- A progressive UCC goes beyond superficial changes, addressing custody beyond the father’s role.
- It ensures the “best interests of the child” principle in custody disputes, balancing parental rights.
- Balancing Biological and Adoptive Parents:
- The UCC’s recognition of both biological and adoptive parents prevents favoring one over the other.
- It prioritizes child welfare over parental status.
- Reflecting on a Changing Society:
- A progressive UCC adapts to evolving family dynamics and structures.
- It caters to diverse familial arrangements, avoiding outdated norms.
- Protection Against Discrimination:
- The UCC safeguards individual rights, preventing discrimination based on religion, gender, or background.
- It ensures equal treatment in family matters.
- Empowering Children’s Interests:
- The UCC’s child-centric approach minimizes the adverse effects of custody disputes on children.
- It promotes a healthier environment for their growth.
- Encouraging Equitable Gender Roles:
- A progressive UCC challenges traditional gender roles, empowering individuals to make choices.
- It dismantles biases, promoting gender equality.
- Legal Clarity and Unity:
- Uniform laws reduce legal complexities, providing clarity for the individuals involved.
- They foster a sense of unity by treating all citizens equally.
- Recognition of Modern Family Models:
- LGBTQ+ relationships, single parenthood, and non-traditional families gain legal recognition.
- The UCC acknowledges diverse family structures.
- Enhancing Adoption and Surrogacy Regulations:
- A progressive UCC offers comprehensive guidelines for adoption and surrogacy.
- It safeguards the rights and responsibilities of all parties involved.
Conclusion
- As the horizon of legal reform broadens, a child-centric approach should be at the heart of the UCC. The UCC should not only evolve with changing societal dynamics but also serve as a testament to the nation’s commitment to nurturing the best interests of its children.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: The concept of one nation, one election, pros and cons
What’s the news?
- The government forms a committee to explore the possibility of One Nation, One Election.
Central idea
- In a significant move, the Indian government has established a committee under the leadership of former President Ram Nath Kovind to delve into the viability of implementing the concept of one nation, one election. This proposal coincides with the announcement of a special parliamentary session scheduled between September 18 and 22, with its specific agenda undisclosed.
Historical Context
- Independent India’s initial elections featured simultaneous Lok Sabha and state assembly polls. However, the synchronized cycle was disrupted due to various political changes, including the rise of regional parties.
- Over time, some states aligned their assembly elections with the Lok Sabha polls, while others maintained separate cycles.
- Prime Minister Narendra Modi has consistently advocated for the synchronization of Lok Sabha and state assembly elections.
- He announced the formation of a committee in June 2019 after his re-election, intending to explore this concept in consultation with political party leaders.
Arguments in Favor of Simultaneous Elections
- Cost Efficiency: Conducting multiple elections throughout the year consumes significant resources. Synchronizing elections could lead to substantial cost savings by consolidating administrative efforts, reducing expenses, and optimizing resource allocation.
- Effective Governance: Frequent elections disrupt governance as the Model Code of Conduct restricts policy announcements. Simultaneous elections could ensure uninterrupted policy implementation and governance, benefiting citizens with a consistent and focused administration.
- Resource Rationalization: Organizing elections requires considerable manpower, security personnel, and financial resources. Simultaneous elections would streamline resource allocation, reducing the strain on logistical arrangements and personnel deployment.
- Enhanced Voter Participation: Coordinated elections could potentially boost voter turnout by creating a sense of importance and urgency among citizens to participate in a comprehensive electoral process.
- Engagement of security forces: Deployment of security forces is normally throughout the elections and frequent elections take away a portion of such armed police force which could otherwise be better deployed for other internal security purposes.
- Impact on social fabric: Frequent elections perpetuate caste, religion, and communal issues across the country as elections are polarising events that have accentuated casteism, communalism, and corruption.
- Focus on populist measures: Frequent elections will impact the focus of governance and policymaking as it forces the political class to typically think in terms of immediate electoral gains rather than focus on long-term programs and policies.
Arguments Against Simultaneous Elections
- Logistical Challenges: Coordinating elections across states and levels of government presents significant logistical challenges, including the availability of polling stations, security arrangements, and managing a large-scale operation.
- Regional Representation: Simultaneous elections may favor national parties over regional ones, leading to a reduction in the representation of regional issues and undermining the diversity of political voices.
- Disruption on Government Collapse: If a government collapses before its term concludes, simultaneous elections could lead to a prolonged period of political uncertainty and governance instability at both state and national levels.
- Constitutional Amendments: Implementing simultaneous elections necessitates extensive amendments to the Constitution, electoral laws, and parliamentary procedures, which may require complex negotiations and consensus-building.
- Impact on Federal Structure: Simultaneous elections might blur the distinction between state and national issues, potentially weakening the federal structure and eroding the autonomy of state elections.
- Electoral Commission Capacity: Coordinating simultaneous elections would place a significant burden on the Election Commission’s resources, possibly affecting the efficiency and credibility of the electoral process.
- Complexity of the Anti-Defection Law: Simultaneous elections could complicate the implementation of the anti-defection law, potentially leading to legal challenges and political instability.
- Suppression of Diverse Voices: A single overarching election campaign might overshadow regional concerns and reduce the space for a diverse range of opinions and local issues.
Previous Considerations and Recommendations
- Election Commission’s 1983 Suggestion: In 1983, the Election Commission proposed the idea of holding simultaneous elections to the Lok Sabha and state legislative assemblies.
- The Law Commission’s 1999 Recommendation: The Law Commission, led by Justice B.P. Jeevan Reddy, presented its 170th report in May 1999. The report recommended exploring a system where elections for the Lok Sabha and all legislative assemblies are held simultaneously.
- Atal Bihari Vajpayee’s Effort (2003): In 2003, then Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee discussed the concept with Congress President Sonia Gandhi. Though initial discussions were positive, the idea did not gain traction beyond that point.
- L.K. Advani’s Proposal (2010): In 2010, BJP leader L.K. Advani proposed fixed-term legislatures and simultaneous Lok Sabha and Assembly elections. He emphasized the need to avoid frequent elections for the stability of governments.
- Election Commission’s Support (2019): In 2019, Chief Election Commissioner Sunil Arora expressed support for the idea of simultaneous elections, calling it a desirable goal. He suggested aligning the terms of state assemblies with the life of the Parliament for successful implementation.
- Parliamentary Standing Committee (2015): The Parliamentary Standing Committee on Personnel, Public Grievances, Law, and Justice, led by E.M. Sudarsana Natchiappan, compiled a report in 2015. The report highlighted benefits such as reduced expenditure, policy continuity, and a minimized impact on essential services during election times.
- Law Commission’s Draft Report (2018): In August 2018, the Law Commission, under the leadership of Justice B.S. Chauhan, drafted a report stating that simultaneous elections couldn’t be held within the existing constitutional framework. The Commission recommended amendments to the Constitution, the Representation of the People Act 1951, and parliamentary procedures for its implementation. The report suggested that at least 50% of states ratify constitutional amendments.
Contemporary Perspectives
- BJP’s Manifesto (Recent Years): The BJP included the idea of “one nation, one election” in its election manifesto, viewing it as a means to streamline the electoral process and minimize disruptions caused by frequent elections.
- Opposition’s Reservations (2023): In 2023, leaders from parties such as Jharkhand Mukti Morcha, Shiv Sena (UBT), and the Congress have expressed opposition to the idea of simultaneous elections. They argue that it could diminish the importance of state elections and regional parties, leading to their overshadowing by national leaders.
Way forward?
- The standing committee recommended a cycle of elections, according to which elections to some legislative assemblies whose term end within six months to one year before or after the election date could be held during the midterm of Lok Sabha . For the rest of the states, elections could be held along with the general elections to Lok Sabha.
- Cost can be brought under control by ensuring that the legal cap on expenditure of candidates is followed by all parties.
- Accomplishing one year one election will be easier as it doesn’t require as many legal amendments as simultaneous polls for which the Centre will have to make five amendments to the Constitution.
Conclusion
- The concept of one nation, one election remains a subject of ongoing deliberation in Indian politics. While proponents emphasize its potential advantages, critics raise valid concerns about its implementation and impact on regional dynamics. The future of this proposal will depend on how these considerations are navigated in the evolving political landscape of India.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: CEC and Other ECs -Appointment, Conditions of Service, and Term of Office and constitutional provisions
Mains level: The CEC and Other ECs (Appointment, Conditions of Service, and Term of Office) Bill, 2023 and concerns and way forward
What’s the news?
- The Chief Election Commissioner and Other Election Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Service, and Term of Office) Bill, 2023, introduced in the Rajya Sabha on August 10, seeks to alter the control dynamics of the Election Commission (EC) by increasing political executive influence.
Central idea
- The proposed legislation establishes a Selection Committee for appointing the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and Election Commissioners (ECs), with the Prime Minister, the Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha, and a nominated Cabinet minister as its members. This change excludes the Chief Justice of India (CJI) from the committee and overturns a prior Supreme Court ruling.
Background
- To ensure the EC’s impartiality and independence in conducting free and fair elections, a five-judge bench of the Supreme Court, in the case of Anoop Baranwal vs Union of India on March 2, established interim guidelines.
- This mandates a three-member committee composed of the Prime Minister, the Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha, and the Chief Justice of India for appointments.
- The Court specified that this composition would remain until a corresponding law is passed by Parliament.
Historical Context
- The Constituent Assembly aimed to ensure the EC’s independence. B. R. Ambedkar stressed that elections must be conducted by an independent body separate from the government.
- While the Constitution left legislative room for future parliamentary intervention, it was expected to uphold fairness and reason.
Constitutional Provisions and Autonomy
- Article 324 Authority: The Constitution assigns the Election Commission (EC) the crucial responsibility of Superintendence, direction, and control of elections, granting it the power to oversee and manage various aspects of the electoral process.
- Composition Defined: Article 324, clause 2, outlines the composition of the EC, comprising the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and a determined number of other Election Commissioners (ECs) as determined by the President.
- Autonomy Safeguarded:
- Article 324(5) serves as a crucial safeguard to ensure the autonomy and independence of the EC. It stipulates that the removal process for the CEC mirrors the procedure applicable to a judge in the Supreme Court.
- By mirroring the removal process of a Supreme Court judge, the Constitution seeks to shield the EC from arbitrary or partisan influences.
- EC Member Removal: While the same level of security of tenure is not extended to other Election Commissioners, their removal remains contingent on the recommendation of the Chief Election Commissioner. This provision reflects the intent to uphold an EC that operates independently and free from external political pressures.
- Precedent and Autonomy: The case of T N Seshan vs Union of India (1995) further establishes the notion that any removal of EC members must be grounded in intelligible and cogent considerations.
Concerning Provisions of the Bill
- Shift in Selection Committee Composition: The proposed bill introduces a new Selection Committee responsible for appointing the CEC and ECs. However, the composition of this committee excludes the CJI, a departure from established practices. This shift raises concerns about reduced judicial participation in the appointment process.
- Quorum Dynamics and LoP’s Role: The bill sets a quorum requirement for the Selection Committee, consisting of two members – the Prime Minister and a Cabinet Minister. This setup potentially diminishes the Leader of the Opposition’s (LoP) role to a mere formality, impacting the balanced representation and input from all relevant stakeholders.
- Consideration Beyond Search Committee Recommendations: Section 8(2) of the bill allows the Selection Committee to consider candidates not recommended by the Search Committee. This provision conflicts with the transparency objective set out in Section 8(1) and raises concerns about the potential for arbitrary appointments and favoritism.
- Procedure Regulation and Lack of Transparency: Section 8(1) empowers the Selection Committee to regulate its own procedure. This provision introduces the possibility of an unregulated decision-making process lacking transparency and potentially leading to an opaque and subjective appointment process.
Potential adverse impact of the bill
- EC Autonomy Erosion: The proposed bill threatens to undermine the autonomy of the EC. The changes in the appointment process and composition of the SC could expose the EC to increased political influence, potentially compromising its impartiality.
- Reduced Judicial Oversight: Exclusion of the CJI from the SC reduces judicial oversight in appointments. This could lead to a lack of checks and balances, eroding the credibility of the appointment process.
- Executive Dominance: The quorum dynamics favoring the PM and CM could result in executive dominance over appointments. This could weaken the EC’s ability to function independently and impartially.
- Impaired Democracy: If the EC’s autonomy and credibility are compromised, the democratic process itself could be undermined, with elections losing their impartiality and fairness.
- Precedent from the Ashok Lavasa Case: The case of Ashok Lavasa, whose independent stance led to cases against his family members, illustrates the potential repercussions of dissenting voices within the EC. In the context of such cases, the proposed bill could further discourage independent decision-making within the EC, impacting its ability to operate freely.
Way Forward
- Reconsider Composition: Reevaluate the composition of the Selection Committee for appointing the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and Election Commissioners (ECs). Consider reintroducing the Chief Justice of India (CJI) to ensure balanced participation and uphold checks and balances.
- Balanced Quorum: Revise the quorum requirement of the Selection Committee to include the LoP as a full participant. This balanced representation will ensure a comprehensive decision-making process.
- Transparency in Selection: Implement measures to maintain transparency in the appointment process. Avoid considering candidates not recommended by the Search Committee, preserving the fairness and credibility of appointments.
- Clarity in Procedure: Establish clear and transparent procedures for the Selection Committee. Providing well-defined guidelines will ensure an objective and equitable appointment process.
- Parliamentary Scrutiny: Subject any proposed changes to thorough scrutiny by the Parliament. A comprehensive debate involving various political parties will help ensure the legitimacy of the amendments.
- Uphold Constitutional Values: Prioritize adherence to constitutional principles when considering changes to the appointment process. Upholding the autonomy and integrity of the EC is paramount.
Conclusion
- The CEC and Other ECs (Appointment, Conditions of Service, and Term of Office) Bill, 2023, threatens the fundamental autonomy of the Election Commission. Upholding the EC’s independence is vital for maintaining the integrity of India’s democratic process and ensuring the equal representation of all citizens and political parties in elections.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Rice Export Curbs
Central Idea
- The Indian government takes measures to stabilize domestic rice prices and ensure food security.
- Recent actions include banning white rice exports, imposing a 20% export duty on par-boiled rice, and allowing Basmati rice exports under specific conditions.
Rice Production Estimate: Shows decline
- Third Advanced Estimate shows a 13.8% decline in Rabi season 2022-2023’s rice production.
- Kharif sowing data indicates increased rice cultivation, but delayed sowing predicted due to monsoon issues.
- Expectations of new season crop arrivals starting after the first week of September.
Rice Exports
- India holds a 45% share in the global rice market and leads in exports.
- April-May 2023 rice exports show a 21.1% increase compared to the previous fiscal year.
- May records a 10.86% rise in Basmati rice exports and 7.5% increase in non-Basmati rice exports.
- Non-Basmati rice shipments have been rising for three years, and Basmati exports in 2022-2023 exceed the previous year.
- Total rice exports (excluding broken rice) till August 17 are 15% higher than the same period last year.
Impact on Indian Farmers
- Increased Minimum Support Price (MSP) for rice benefits farmers.
- Current paddy procurement prices by rice millers are higher than MSP, ensuring better returns.
- Export restrictions prevent steep rice price increases in the domestic market.
- The government’s high benchmark price strategy benefits farmers, ensures availability, and avoids price spikes.
Exporters’ Perspectives
- Competitive prices of Indian par-boiled rice globally, despite the 20% export duty.
- Some rice-exporting countries, like Indonesia, now seek imports due to market dynamics.
- Calls for classifying rice based on type (common vs. specialty) instead of Basmati and non-Basmati.
- Suggestion to insulate Geographical Indication (GI) recognized rice from general market interventions.
- Concerns about the impact of export restrictions on farmers and calls for policy adjustments.
Conclusion
- India’s efforts to balance domestic and international rice markets involve export restrictions and price management.
- Rice exports remain competitive even with export duty, driven by global demand.
- Export policies and decisions need to be aligned with market dynamics to benefit farmers and the economy.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Red Sand Boa
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- A recent report by the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS)-India exposes 172 incidents of red sand boa (Eryx johnii) seizures spanning 2016-2021.
- It is illicitly traded under the notion of its role in black magic practices.
About Red Sand Boa
- The Red Sand Boa is a rare non-poisonous snake with applications in medicine, cosmetics, and even black magic, making it highly valued in the global market.
- Among the general public, it is referred to as the “Two-headed Snake” due to its thick tail with a rounded tip, resembling two heads.
Conservation Status
- Trading and possessing the red sand boa violate the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972.
- The species is categorized in Schedule IV of the WPA.
- Additionally, the red sand boa is listed in Appendix II of CITES.
- It holds a ‘Near Threatened’ classification by the IUCN, with a diminishing population trend.
Prime moving factor for trade: Social Media
- The study underscores the pivotal role of social media, particularly platforms like YouTube, as conduits for illegal trade.
- YouTube videos act as interfaces for buyers and sellers, occasionally facilitating transactions via WhatsApp.
- In 2021, approximately 200 videos advertising sand boas for sale on YouTube were identified.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Sanchar Saathi
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Recent reforms in the Indian telecom sector target cybercrime and financial fraud prevention.
- The reforms focus on revising bulk SIM card procurement norms and registering final points of sale (PoS).
- The objective is to bolster the effectiveness of the citizen-centric portal Sanchar Saathi, initiated earlier for the same purpose.
Sanchar Saathi: Empowering Citizens
- Sanchar Saathi empowers citizens to manage mobile connections and prevent misuse.
- Users can verify their registered connections, block stolen or lost phones, report suspicious connections, and verify device authenticity using IMEI.
- The system employs Central Equipment Identity Register (CEIR) and Telecom Analytics for Fraud Management and Consumer Protection (TAFCOP) modules.
- Sanchar Saathi has already analyzed 114 crore active mobile connections, identified 66 lakh suspicious connections, and disconnected 52 lakh connections.
- Additional achievements include blocking 66,000 WhatsApp accounts and freezing 8 lakh bank/wallet accounts linked to fraud.
- Over 300 FIRs have been filed against more than 1,700 dealers under the initiative.
Point of Sale (PoS) Reforms
- Reforms mandate registration of SIM card franchisees, agents, and distributors (PoS) with telecom operators.
- Operators are accountable for robust PoS verification, including mandatory police verification.
- Written agreements between PoS and licensees for SIM card sales are now obligatory.
- Existing SIM card providers are given a year to comply with the new registration process.
- Non-compliance results in termination, a 3-year blacklist, and a Rs 10 lakh penalty.
Addressing Bulk SIM Card Misuse
- The new approach replaces ‘bulk procurement’ with ‘business’ connections.
- Businesses can procure numerous connections, but each end-user must undergo KYC.
- KYC involves end-user verification, activating the SIM card only after successful KYC and address verification.
- To prevent misuse of printed Aadhaar, demographic details must be captured by scanning the QR code.
- Subscribers require full KYC for SIM replacement; outgoing and incoming SMS services are suspended for 24 hours during this process.
- Biometric authentication options, including thumb impression, iris, and facial recognition, are introduced.
- Disconnected mobile numbers cannot be assigned to other customers for 90 days.
Challenges and Considerations
- Effective enforcement at the local level for smaller stores needs examination.
- Concerns arise regarding infrastructure and safeguards for handling sensitive data.
- Clarity on agent requirements for data acquisition, processing, and retention is necessary.
- Despite Aadhaar-based KYC, persisting issues in fraud prevention need attention.
- Data acquisition should strictly align with its intended purpose.
Conclusion
- The telecom reforms aim to strengthen cybersecurity and financial safety.
- Balancing effective data collection and privacy is essential.
- Continuous vigilance and adaptation are vital to a robust cybersecurity framework.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Cauvery Water Dispute
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Karnataka has initiated the release of water from its reservoirs to Tamil Nadu, following the directives of the Cauvery Water Management Authority (CWMA).
- The outflow from the Krishnaraja Sagar (KRS) Reservoir across the Cauvery River in Mandya district has been escalated.
Also read:
Inter-state Water disputes in India
Increased Outflow Details
- The current outflow rate into the river is 4,398 cubic feet per second (cusecs), whereas the inflow stands at 2,300 cusecs as of Wednesday.
- The outflow rate was 2,292 cusecs on Tuesday at 8 p.m. but was increased after 11 p.m.
- The Kabini Reservoir in Mysuru district also contributes to the outflow, currently standing at 2,000 cusecs.
- Cumulatively, both reservoirs will release around 6,398 cusecs of water.
Cauvery Water Sharing Dispute: Historical Background
- 1892 Onset: The water dispute originates from 1892 between British-ruled Madras Presidency and the princely state of Mysore (now Karnataka).
- 1924 Agreement: A 50-year agreement mediated by the British aimed to ease tensions but set the stage for future conflicts.
- Post-Independence Battles: Karnataka’s dam constructions in the 1960s-80s triggered Tamil Nadu’s Supreme Court appeal, leading to the Cauvery Water Disputes Tribunal (CWDT).
- Interim Measures: The Cauvery River Authority (CRA) implemented interim orders in 1998. Contentious issues persisted despite CWDT’s 2013 award.
- Final Award: CWDT’s 2013 award allocated water quantities for Tamil Nadu (419 TMC), Karnataka (270 TMC), Kerala (30 TMC), and Puducherry (7 TMC).
Water Sharing Criteria
- Monthly Schedule: Karnataka, the upper riparian state, must provide Tamil Nadu a specified monthly water quantity.
- Annual Allocation: In a “normal” year, Karnataka provides 177.25 TMC to Tamil Nadu, with 123.14 TMC during the southwest monsoon.
- Challenges: Monsoon disagreements arise due to varying rainfall during this period.
Constitutional Provisions for Water Sharing
- Article 262: Empowers Parliament to address inter-State river disputes; IRWD Act, 1956 enacted under this article.
- Seventh Schedule: Defines legislative authority over water resources in Entry 17 (State List) and Entry 56 (Union List).
Resolving Cauvery Water Sharing
(A) Supreme Court’s 2018 Verdict:
- Cauvery as National Asset: The Supreme Court declared Cauvery a “national asset,” upholding inter-State river water equality.
- Allocation Adjustments: The Court noted deficiencies in CWDT’s assessment, resulting in marginal relief for Karnataka and reduced allocation for Tamil Nadu.
- Formation of CMB: The Court directed the establishment of the Cauvery Management Board (CMB) for effective implementation.
(B) Cauvery Water Management Scheme:
- CWMA Establishment: Formed to regulate water releases with CWRC’s assistance.
- Permanent and Technical Bodies: CWMA oversees regulation, while CWRC ensures data collection and award implementation.
Current Status and Future Implications:
- Ongoing Challenge: The Cauvery water dispute remains a historical and legal challenge.
- Resource Management: CWMA and CWRC aim to address the dispute through effective water management.
- Continued Struggle: The dispute underscores the complexity of water sharing in a federal system and the need for equitable solutions.
Tamil Nadu’s Contention
- CWMA’s Decision: CWMA sought 10,000 cusecs for 15 days from Karnataka, but Karnataka proposed 8,000 cusecs up to August 22.
- Previous Agreement: Karnataka’s refusal to adhere to the earlier agreement of 15,000 cusecs for 15 days at the CWRC meeting angered Tamil Nadu.
- Distress-sharing Formula: Tamil Nadu supports distress-sharing, but Karnataka hasn’t embraced it.
Karnataka’s Perspective
- Rainfall Deficit: Karnataka claims lower rainfall in Cauvery’s catchment areas, including Kerala, leading to reduced inflow.
- Challenging Situation: Karnataka cites reduced reservoir inflow as the reason for not releasing water this year.
- Lack of Consistency: Despite endorsing distress-sharing, Karnataka declined to accept the formula.
Future Scenario
- Tamil Nadu’s Concerns: Mettur reservoir’s critically low storage affects farmers and upcoming kuruvai crop.
- Water Shortage: Current water availability may last only 10 days, considering dead storage and drinking water needs.
- Awaiting Supreme Court: The case’s outcome depends on the Supreme Court’s interpretation and decision.
- Need for Resolution: The need for a mutually acceptable distress-sharing formula is evident.
Ongoing Challenges and Factors Prolonging the Dispute:
- Erratic Water Levels: Flood-drought cycles, pollution, and groundwater depletion cause unpredictable water levels.
- Idealistic Calculations: SC’s verdict relies on favorable conditions often misaligned with reality.
- Dependency and Population: Both states heavily rely on the river, causing conflicting urban and agricultural water needs.
- Inefficient Water Use: Inefficient irrigation methods lead to low crop productivity per unit of water used.
- Hydropolitics and Delays: Water disputes are used for political mobilization. Prolonged tribunal processes contribute to delays.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Medical ethics, Informed consent
Central Idea
- A Member of Parliament in the UK demanded a statutory inquiry into medical research conducted on Indian-origin and South Asian women in Coventry.
- Women of Indian origin were fed Chapatis containing a radioactive isotope of iron, Iron-59 to verify if it treats anaemia.
The 1969 Chapati Study
- The study took place in 1969 and involved approximately 21 Indian-origin women from Coventry.
- These women were given chapatis containing a radioactive isotope of iron, Iron-59, as a part of an effort to combat widespread anaemia.
- The UK’s Medical Research Council (MRC) concluded that the study demonstrated the necessity for increased iron intake among Asian women due to the insolubility of iron in flour.
Ethical Considerations
- The release of the documentary “Deadly Experiments” in 1995 drew attention to the administration of radioactive substances in research during the 1950s and 1960s in the UK and the US.
- Women were unaware of the experiment and its purpose; chapatis were delivered without clear information about their content.
- An independent Committee of Inquiry was established in response to public criticism following the documentary’s release.
- Principles violated in the experiment:
- Informed consent
- Participant-centeredness and
- Transparent engagement
Reflections on Past Practices
- Researchers made judgments about benefits and costs without prioritizing participants’ well-being.
- The study’s design aligned with the prevailing “paternalistic nature of science” and societal attitudes of the time.
- The report suggested providing study materials in participants’ languages and addressing challenges with informed consent.
- Determining informed consent many years later remains a significant challenge.
- The MRC no longer possessed the participant list, and public appeals for participants yielded no results.
Understanding Radioactive Isotopes
- Radioactive isotopes are unstable forms of elements that emit radiation during their transformation into stable forms.
- Unstable nuclei contain excess energy, which is released as radiation in the form of waves or particles.
- The long-term health effects of radiation exposure vary depending on the type and amount of radiation.
Current Repercussions
- An MP emphasized the MRC’s unfulfilled recommendation to identify and engage the women participants.
- Identifying participants would have enabled them to share experiences, receive support, and learn from the experiment.
- The MRC reaffirmed its commitment to engagement, transparency, and upholding the highest research standards.
Conclusion
- The study underscores ethical concerns within historical medical research.
- Reflecting on past practices informs present and future medical research endeavours.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, CrPc and IPC
Mains level: Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, reforms and concerns
What’s the news?
- The proposed inclusion of Clause 69 in the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 has sparked a critical debate about the role of criminal law in regulating intimate relationships.
Central idea
- The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita of 2023 introduces a thought-provoking Clause 69, which seeks to criminalize sexual acts grounded in promises of marriage that are ultimately unfulfilled. While the clause extends its scope to encompass instances of deceit-based sexual interactions, its primary focus is on situations where a promise of marriage serves as the foundation.
Complexities of Consent and Promise of Marriage in Indian Law
- Historical Precedent: The judiciary has historically categorized sex involving unfulfilled marriage promises as rape under IPC Section 375. Consent is contingent on the promise.
- Persistent Practice: Despite the 2013 amendments redefining consent under Section 375, courts still rely on IPC Section 90, which includes consent under “fear” or “misconception”.
- Retrospective Invalidation: Misconception entails using promises to manipulate consent. The breakdown of such promises retrospectively invalidates consent, potentially leading to rape charges.
- Clause 69’s Distinct Offense: Clause 69 proposes a separate offense distinct from rape. This disregards the need for knowledge on the part of men and women, as well as the requirement of consent.
- Diminished Role of Consent: Clause 69, regardless of the basis of a woman’s consent, punishes consensual sex if a false marriage promise is established.
What are the concerns?
- Misuse Concerns: Clause 69 might be misused when parents discover premarital sexual activity, leading to its invocation regardless of the promise’s existence.
- Potential Impact: While acquittal is possible with the woman’s denial of the promise, arrests and detention during legal proceedings can disrupt lives.
- Rising Trend of Misuse: A significant portion of rape trials, particularly those initiated by parents or guardians, aims to curb women’s sexual autonomy.
- Statutory Rape Charges: Parents often report women as minors in elopement cases, leading to statutory rape charges against partners. Subsequent acquittals occur when age is proven.
- Unintended Rape Charges: Intriguingly, rape charges arise not due to lack of consent, but rather because of consent, highlighting the paradoxical outcomes of certain legal strategies.
Judicial Interpretations
- Deelip Singh v. State of Bihar, 2004: Recontextualizing Consent Dynamics
- This case illuminates the nuanced approach courts take when considering consent within the context of a broken promise of marriage.
- The Supreme Court’s ruling signifies that consent could be contingent on parental approval, adding complexity to the understanding of consent in intimate relationships.
- Uday v. State of Karnataka, 2003: Socio-Cultural Dimensions of Consent
- In this case, the court’s perspective sheds light on how societal norms influence the interpretation of consent in promise-to-marry scenarios.
- The recognition of inter-caste marriage norms illustrates that consent might still exist even when a promise of marriage remains unfulfilled due to societal constraints.
Way forward
- Comprehensive Consent Education:
- Implement comprehensive sex education programs to emphasize consent, communication, and respect in relationships.
- Equip individuals with the necessary knowledge and skills to navigate situations involving consent and promises.
- Empowering Women’s Agency:
- Promote initiatives that empower women through education, vocational training, and economic opportunities.
- Conduct community-driven campaigns to challenge traditional gender norms and advocate for women’s rights.
- Balanced Legal Reforms:
- Seek legal reforms that consider the complexities of relationships and ensure justice without undue victimization.
- Collaborate with legal experts, sociologists, and gender activists to draft legislation respecting individual agency.
- Support Structures for Victims:
- Establish comprehensive support mechanisms, including counseling, legal aid, and safe spaces for individuals affected.
- Aim to minimize the potential harm that legal processes may cause while protecting the rights of victims.
- A Holistic Perspective on Consent:
- Foster a societal shift towards affirmative consent in intimate interactions.
- Launch public awareness campaigns to dispel myths and misconceptions surrounding consent.
- Promoting Dialogue and Mediation:
- Encourage alternative dispute resolution methods like mediation and counseling to resolve cases arising from broken promises.
-
- Collaborate with community leaders and organizations to facilitate open discussions on relationships and consent.
Conclusion
- Clause 69 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, necessitates careful reflection on consent, autonomy, and societal norms. Empowerment comes from transcending narrow legal frameworks and cultivating a culture that values individual agency and choices in relationships and decisions.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Rice Export Restrictions, impact and suggestions
What’s the news?
- The Indian Government Implements Rice Export Restrictions to Stabilize Domestic Prices
Central Idea
- In a bid to control domestic rice prices and safeguard the country’s food security, the Indian government has implemented a series of measures that impact rice exports and production. These steps include prohibiting the export of white rice, imposing a 20% export duty on par-boiled rice and allowing the export of Basmati rice only for contracts valued at $1,200 per tonne or higher.
What is the rice production estimate?
- Rabi season: According to the third Advanced Estimate of the Department of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, during the Rabi season 2022-2023, rice production was 13.8% less, at 158.95 lakh tonnes tons, compared to 184.71 lakh tonnes during Rabi 2021-2022.
- Kharif season: Kharif sowing data show that rice is sown on 384.05 lakh hectares this year as on August 25 compared with 367.83 lakh hectares during the same period last year.
- Shortfall in the south-west monsoon: In states such as Tamil Nadu, where the Samba crop sowing usually starts in August in the Cauvery delta area, now it will be delayed due to a shortfall in the south-west monsoon.
- El Niño effects: Trade and rice millers say that new-season crop arrivals will start after the first week of September, and that El Niño effects are likely to impact arrivals to some extent. According to M. Sivanandan, secretary of the Tamil Nadu Rice Millers Association, paddy prices that were ₹27 a kg last year this month is at ₹33 a kg now.
Rice Exports Overview
- India’s Global Leadership: India boasts the position of being the world’s largest rice exporter, holding a significant 45% share in the global rice market.
- Export Growth in 2023: During the months of April and May in 2023, rice exports surged significantly by 21.1% compared to the same period in the preceding fiscal year.
- Basmati Rice Export Surge: Notably, the month of May saw a remarkable growth of 10.86% in Basmati rice exports as opposed to May 2022.
- Non-Basmati Exports Rise: Despite the introduction of a 20% export duty on white rice and the prohibition of broken rice exports in September, non-Basmati rice shipments saw a noteworthy increase of 7.5% in exports.
Trends and Data
- Steady Non-Basmati Exports: The trend of rising non-Basmati rice exports has remained consistent over the past three years.
- Basmati Exports Performance: Data from the All-India Rice Exporters’ Association indicates that exports of Basmati rice for the 2022-2023 period surpassed the figures from the previous year.
- August 17 Exports: Up until August 17, 2023, the total rice exports (excluding broken rice) reached 7.3 million tonnes, showcasing a substantial 15% increase in comparison to the 6.3 million tonnes recorded during the corresponding period in the preceding year.
Global Challenges and Impact
- Challenges in Other Nations: Beyond India, several countries are grappling with challenges in rice production and exports.
- Thailand anticipates a nearly 25% decrease in production in the upcoming year.
- Myanmar has halted raw rice exports.
- Adverse crop conditions are reported in Iraq and Iran, affecting their rice crops.
How Will These Measures Help India?
- Food Security Assurance: Banning rice exports ensures a steady supply of rice within the country.
- Price Stability: By restricting rice exports, the government can prevent abrupt spikes in domestic rice prices.
- Supporting Vulnerable Populations: The ban on exports helps maintain affordable prices for rice.
- Managing Supply Chain Resilience: Export bans mitigate disruptions in the rice supply chain. This ensures that even in the face of challenges such as adverse weather conditions or logistical issues, the availability of rice in the domestic market remains consistent.
- Strengthening Local Procurement: By redirecting rice to local markets, the government can enhance its efforts to procure grains for public distribution programs.
Concerns Raised
- Export Revenue Impact: Exporters might experience reduced revenue due to limited access to international markets. This can affect their financial viability and potentially lead to job losses within the export sector.
- Trade Relations: Imposing export bans could strain trade relationships with countries that rely on India as a rice supplier. Diplomatic efforts might be required to manage any potential tensions arising from these restrictions.
- Long-Term Export Effects: Prolonged export restrictions could result in a loss of market share over time. Competing rice-exporting countries might seize the opportunity to strengthen their presence in international markets, impacting India’s export potential once the ban is lifted.
- Global Food Price Influence: Reduced rice supply from a major exporter like India could contribute to global food price volatility, affecting the food security of other nations.
- Efficiency Concerns: In some cases, export bans might lead to inefficiencies in resource allocation. If farmers have surplus produce that cannot be exported, it could result in wastage or inadequate storage facilities.
What can Indian farmers expect?
- Minimum Support Price (MSP) Increase: The government has raised the Minimum Support Price (MSP) for rice, indicating that farmers can anticipate better returns for their crops. This ensures that the paddy purchased by rice millers will be priced higher than the MSP, providing farmers with improved income.
- Price Stability for Farmers: Rice prices are not expected to decline for farmers due to the increased MSP and other measures. This stability in prices can contribute to more consistent and predictable incomes for agricultural producers.
- Controlled Rice Price Climbs: The restrictions on rice exports are designed to prevent steep price increases in the domestic market. Farmers can expect that the government’s efforts to stabilize rice prices will positively impact their ability to fetch reasonable rates for their produce.
- Better Income Prospects: With a higher benchmark price established by the government, farmers are likely to benefit from improved earnings. This elevation in benchmark prices is expected to translate into better market rates for their rice.
- Secured Long-Term Availability: While there may be a minor current increase in rice prices for domestic consumers, the long-term availability of rice is secured. Farmers can anticipate a steady demand for their produce without fear of drastic price fluctuations.
Suggestions provided by exporters
- Reclassification for Export Decisions: Exporters suggest that the government should classify rice as either common rice or specialty rice for export policy decisions, rather than solely categorizing it as Basmati and non-Basmati. This approach aims to tailor policies to different rice varieties.
- Geographical Indication Recognition: Trade policy consultant S. Chandrasekaran proposes that rice varieties with Geographical Indication (GI) recognition should be shielded from general market interventions. This measure aims to preserve the unique qualities of these specific rice types.
- Basmati Rice Export Policy: A Basmati rice exporter, Mohit Gupta, recommends that the government should have allowed Basmati rice exports to continue or set a minimum value for exports, such as $900 per tonne. Gupta argues that such restrictions could impact both exporters and farmers, as demand influences paddy purchases.
Conclusion
- The Indian government’s recent measures to control rice exports and stabilize the domestic market exhibit a multifaceted approach. As stakeholders await further developments and clarifications on government policies, the long-term impact on Indian agriculture and rice exports remains an evolving narrative.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: AI applications
Mains level: Emergence of AI and need for careful regulations
What’s the news?
- Divergence in AI Regulation Approaches: Western Model Emphasizes Risk, Eastern Approach Prioritizes Values, Urges India to Shape Regulations in Line with Cultural Identity.
Central idea
- Artificial Intelligence (AI) has firmly entrenched itself in our lives, heralding a transformative era. Its potential to revolutionize work processes, generate creative solutions through data assimilation, and wield considerable influence for good and ill is undeniable. In light of these realities, the imperative for AI regulation cannot be overlooked.
The need for careful AI regulation
- Ethical Impact and Accountability: AI’s decisions can have ethical implications, necessitating regulations to ensure responsible and ethical use.
- Data Privacy and Protection: As AI relies on data, regulations are essential to safeguard individuals’ privacy and prevent unauthorized data usage.
- Addressing Bias and Fairness: AI can perpetuate biases present in data, leading to unfair outcomes. Regulations are required to ensure fairness and prevent discrimination.
- Minimizing Unintended Outcomes: Complex AI systems can yield unexpected results. Careful regulation is needed to minimize unintended consequences and ensure safe AI deployment.
- Balancing Innovation and Risks: Regulations strike a balance between fostering AI innovation and managing potential risks such as job displacement and social disruption.
- Ensuring Security and Accountability: Regulations help ensure AI system security by setting standards for protection against cyber threats and unauthorized access. Establishing clear guidelines enhances accountability for any security breaches.
- Preserving Human Autonomy: Regulations prevent overreliance on AI, preserving human decision-making autonomy. AI systems should assist and augment human judgment rather than replace it entirely.
- Global Collaboration and Consensus: Regulations facilitate international collaboration and the development of common ethical standards and guidelines for AI.
Contrast between Western and Eastern approaches to AI regulation
- Global Regulatory Landscape:
- Governments worldwide are grappling with the challenge of regulating AI technologies.
- Leading regions in AI regulation include the EU, Brazil, Canada, Japan, and China.
- It forms groups such as the EU, Brazil, and the UK as western systems, while Japan and China represent eastern models.
- Intrinsic Differences:
- Western and eastern approaches to AI regulation exhibit fundamental differences.
- Western regulations are influenced by a Eurocentric view of jurisprudence, while the eastern model takes a distinct path.
- Western Risk-Based Approach:
- Western systems employ a risk-based approach to AI regulation.
- Risk categories such as unacceptable risk, high risk, limited risk, and low risk are identified for AI applications.
- Different regulatory measures are applied based on the risk level, ranging from prohibitions to disclosure obligations.
- Eastern Models: Japan and China
- Japan’s approach is embodied in the Social Principles of Human-Centric AI.
- These principles include human-centricity, data protection, safety, fair competition, accountability, and innovation.
- China’s regulations emphasize adherence to laws, ethics, and societal values in AI services.
- Values vs. Means:
- A stark difference emerges between the two models regarding their approach to regulation.
- The western model specifies how regulations should be implemented, focusing on means and rationale.
- The eastern model emphasizes upholding values and ends, embracing the overlap between legal and moral considerations.
- Comparative Effectiveness:
- The western model is well-suited for rule-abiding societies, offering clear rules and punitive measures for non-compliance.
- The eastern model emphasizes a holistic approach, allowing for flexibility and acknowledging the intertwining of legality and morality.
- Hindu Jurisprudence Concept:
- The concept of Hindu Jurisprudence is introduced, referring to legal systems that embrace the overlap between legal rules and moral values.
- Historical Perspective:
- The differences between eastern and western approaches have historical roots.
- Professor Northrop’s study in the 1930s highlighted cultural and philosophical distinctions in legal systems.
Distinction between Eurocentric and Eastern legal systems
- Eurocentric vs. Eastern Legal Systems: Professor Northrop’s analysis distinguishes between Eurocentric (Western) and Eastern legal systems. Western legal systems create rules through postulation, defining specific actions and penalties in a given social order.
- Postulation in Western Legal Systems: In Eurocentric systems, laws prescribe precise actions and consequences for non-compliance. The focus is on specifying what must be done within a legal framework.
- Intuition in Eastern Legal Systems: Eastern legal systems, referred to as Oriental, establish rules through intuition. Laws set the desired end or objective to be achieved and the moral values underlying the law.
- Role of Morality and Ends: In the Eastern approach, the moral aspect of the law plays a central role. Legal rules are geared towards achieving specific moral and societal objectives.
- Success of Ancient Indian Legal Systems: Ancient Indian legal systems achieved success due to clear objectives and underlying moral codes. People complied with these laws through intuition rooted in morality.
- Examples of Moral-Based Compliance: Instances like the Pandavas’ exile and Emperor Ashoka’s edicts demonstrate how ancient Indian laws aligned with underlying morality. These historical examples show how people followed laws guided by intuitive understanding and moral principles.
- Law and Morality in Eastern Cultures: In Eastern cultures, law and morality are often intertwined. Moral values influence the creation, interpretation, and adherence to laws.
- Impact of British Colonialism: The British colonization of India introduced a transplant of Western legal systems. The current legal system in India is seen as lacking the virtues of both the ancient Indian system and the English legal system.
How should AI be regulated in India?
- Perspective of Justice V. Ramasubramaniam
-
- Justice V. Ramasubramaniam, a retired Supreme Court judge, has criticized the tendency to blindly emulate Western legal systems.
- In his judgments, he has highlighted the need to draw inspiration from Indian traditions and jurisprudence.
- A significant judgment on cryptocurrency by Justice Ramasubramaniam includes the Sanskrit phrase neti neti, indicating a non-binary perspective.
- Judges viewpoints like this could guide regulators in adopting a more Indian approach to regulation.
- NITI Aayog’s Approach:
- The NITI Aayog has circulated discussion papers on AI regulations.
- These papers predominantly reference regulations from Western countries like the EU, the US, Canada, the UK, and Australia.
- Alignment with Indian Ethos:
- India should establish AI regulations that reflect its cultural ethos and values.
- Drawing from India’s historical legal systems could provide a more appropriate regulatory framework.
- Hope for Better Regulation:
- AI regulation in India will be more considerate of Indian values and heritage than current indications suggest.
- It emphasizes the importance of a regulatory approach that aligns with the Indian ethos.
Conclusion
- The emergence of AI as a transformative force necessitates rigorous regulation. Embracing India’s unique legal heritage and considering the alignment of AI with societal values could lead to regulations that serve both innovation and morality. As India contemplates its AI regulatory landscape, it must not only look to the West but also introspect and turn its gaze eastward.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Chokuwa Saul Rice, GI Tag
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- Chokuwa rice, the unique possession of Assam’s Ahom dynasty, recently earned a GI (Geographical Indication) tag.
Chokuwa Saul
- Chokuwa rice, a semi-glutinous winter rice type known as Sali rice, carries the legacy of the past.
- The rice variety is classified into Bora and Chokuwa based on amylose concentration, which affects stickiness.
- The Chokuwa variant, low in amylose, yields soft rice, referred to as Komal Chaul.
- This whole grain can be consumed after a preliminary soaking process.
- Its versatility extends to its application in traditional Assamese delicacies like Pithe and various local dishes.
- It is primarily cultivated in the Brahmaputra region and various parts of Assam, including Tinsukia, Dhemaji, Dibrugarh, Lakhimpur, Sivasagar, Jorhat, Golaghat, Nagaon, and Morigaon.
Back2Basics: Geographical Indication (GI)
- A GI is a sign used on products that have a specific geographical origin and possess qualities or a reputation that are due to that origin.
- Nodal Agency: Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), Ministry of Commerce and Industry
- India, as a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO), enacted the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999 w.e.f. September 2003.
- GIs have been defined under Article 22 (1) of the WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement.
- The tag stands valid for 10 years.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Hollongapar Gibbon Sanctuary, Hoolock Gibbons
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- The Hollongapar Gibbon Sanctuary in Assam, home to the endangered western hoolock gibbon, is facing habitat fragmentation due to a railway track that divides the sanctuary.
Hoolock Gibbons
- They are a unique primate species, inhabit various regions across India’s northeastern part, particularly in states like Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Nagaland.
- These arboreal creatures are known for their distinctive vocalizations and tree-dwelling behavior.
- There are two recognized species of hoolock gibbons found in India: the eastern hoolock gibbon (Hoolock leuconedys) and the western hoolock gibbon (Hoolock hoolock).
- These gibbons play an essential role in the ecosystem by aiding in seed dispersal and maintaining forest health.
Conservation status
-
- Western Hoolock Gibbon: Classified as Endangered
- Eastern Hoolock Gibbon: Classified as Vulnerable
- Indian (Wildlife) Protection Act 1972: both listed on Schedule 1 of the
About Hollongapar Gibbon Sanctuary
- The HGS is located in the Jorhat district of Assam, India.
- It was established in 1997 as a protected area primarily to conserve the western hoolock gibbon, an endangered primate species.
- The sanctuary covers an area of approximately 20.98 square kilometers.
- Set aside initially in 1881, its forests used to extend to the foothills of the Patkai mountain range.
- It contains India’s only gibbons – the hoolock gibbons, and Northeastern India’s only nocturnal primate – the Bengal slow loris.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Y Chromosome
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The enigmatic Y chromosome, harboring the genetic blueprint of maleness and sperm production, has long intrigued researchers and captured public curiosity.
- Despite its small size and abundant “junk DNA,” technological advancements have finally granted scientists a comprehensive sequence of the entire Y chromosome.
What are Chromosomes?
- Chromosomes are fundamental components of cells that play a vital role in storing and transmitting genetic information.
- These structures contain genes, which carry instructions for the development, functioning, and inheritance of traits.
- Chromosomes consist of tightly coiled DNA molecules wrapped around proteins called histones, forming chromatin.
- Before cell division, chromosomes replicate into identical sister chromatids held together at the centromere.
Types of Chromosomes:
- Autosomes: Non-sex chromosomes (22 pairs in humans) determine most traits.
- Sex Chromosomes: Determine biological sex (XX for females, XY for males).
Functions of Chromosomes
- Genetic Information Storage: Genes on chromosomes encode instructions for protein production and cellular processes.
- Inheritance: Chromosomes transmit genetic information during sexual reproduction through meiosis, ensuring genetic diversity in offspring.
- Gene Expression Regulation: Chromosomes control gene activation or silencing, crucial for development and cell functioning.
Significance of Chromosomes
- Understanding Genetic Disorders: Abnormalities in chromosomes cause conditions like Down syndrome, aiding diagnosis and comprehension.
- Evolutionary Insights: Comparative analysis of chromosomes reveals evolutionary relationships and genetic material changes over time.
- Advancements in Genetic Research: Chromosomes are crucial for genome sequencing, mapping, and studying gene expression, leading to improved understanding of human health, diseases, and targeted therapies.
Our focus: Y Chromosome
- Genetic Origins: The Y chromosome is believed to have emerged approximately 200-300 million years ago in a common ancestor of mammals. Its genetic sequence, published in 2003, revealed that it accounts for only 2% of the genetic material inside a cell, encoding around 55 genes.
- Quirks and Challenges: Referred to as the “juvenile delinquent” among chromosomes, the Y chromosome has repetitive sequences, a limited number of genes, and a reluctance to recombine with other chromosomes. These characteristics have led to debates about its functional utility and evolutionary trajectory.
Significance of the Y Chromosome
- Historical Insights: Researchers have extensively studied the Y chromosome to understand human migration and evolution. It has provided valuable insights into paternity, genetic diversity, and our shared past.
- Beyond Sex Determination: Contrary to earlier assumptions, recent studies have revealed that the Y chromosome plays a role in biological functions beyond sex determination. It contains genes associated with aging, lifespan regulation, and other vital processes.
Influence of the Y chromosome on Health
- Sex Differences in Lifespan: In the animal kingdom, including mammals, females tend to live longer than males. The absence of a second Y chromosome in males exposes detrimental mutations in the X chromosome, potentially contributing to shorter lifespans.
- Age-Related Loss of the Y Chromosome: Studies have shown that men experience a loss of the Y chromosome (LoY) with age, which has been associated with a higher risk of diseases such as cancer and Alzheimer’s. Research on mice models supports these findings, indicating a correlation between LoY and shorter lifespans and memory deficiencies.
- Phenotypic Sex and Longevity: Recent research on fruit flies challenges the notion that the presence of a Y chromosome directly influences longevity. Instead, the phenotypic sex of an individual, determined by external genitalia, may play a more significant role.
Future of the Y Chromosome
- Species-Specific Evolution: Some species, like rodents, have naturally lost their Y chromosome, offering insights into sex-chromosome turnover. These species serve as models for understanding the process and the potential repurposing of other chromosomes as sex chromosomes.
- Signs of Replacement: Genomic analysis of Neanderthal DNA indicates that the Y chromosome has undergone replacement in the lineage leading to modern humans. This suggests that the Y chromosome’s role as the “master of maleness” may eventually be overtaken by another chromosome in the future.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: G20
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The upcoming G20 summit in Delhi marks the culmination of a year-long series of meetings involving heads of state/government from G20 members.
- As a crucial platform for international economic cooperation, the G20 has transformed into a pivotal force in shaping global economic governance.
Origins and Composition of G20
| Origin |
Formed in 1999 in response to the financial crises of the late 1990s, with the aim to bring together major economies for international financial stability. |
| Composition |
Comprises 19 individual countries: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Republic of Korea, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Turkey, UK, US, and the European Union. |
| Purpose |
Serves as a platform for major economies to discuss and coordinate on international financial, economic, and social issues. |
| Significance |
Represents around 85% of global GDP, 75% of global trade, and covers two-thirds of the world population. |
| Leadership |
Operates without a permanent secretariat or staff.
Presidency rotates among its members on an annual basis. |
| Current Presidency |
India holds the G20 Presidency for the period December 2022 to November 2023. |
Emergence of G20
- Unplanned Emergence: The G20’s formation was not meticulously orchestrated but emerged due to a combination of circumstance and necessity.
- Adapting to Global Dynamics: The decline of the North-South divide and the rise of economically potent nations in the Global South underscored the requirement for a more inclusive and representative global economic forum.
From G22 to G20
- Response to Crisis: The Asian financial crisis in the late 1990s exposed vulnerabilities in the existing global economic governance framework.
- Genesis of G22: The G20’s precursor, the G22, was established in 1998 as a crisis-response mechanism.
- Evolving to G20: Dissatisfaction with the ad hoc nature of the G22 and G33 meetings led to the establishment of the G20 in 1999, aiming for a more structured platform.
Global Economic Crisis of 2008: Catalyst for Change
- The idea of a G20 leaders’ forum was proposed by Canadian Prime Minister Paul Martin in 2005, yet it faced resistance, particularly from the US.
- The global economic crisis of 2008, comparable to the Great Depression, accelerated the establishment of the G20 leaders’ summit.
- Recognizing the complexity and magnitude of the crisis, the G20 emerged as a suitable platform to address and mitigate the crisis’s repercussions.
First G20 Leaders’ Summit
- Washington DC Summit (2008): The inaugural G20 leaders’ summit, titled ‘Summit on Financial Markets and the World Economy,’ took place in November 2008.
- Extended Participation: Alongside G20 member nations, heads of institutions including the IMF, World Bank, and UN were invited. Spain and the Netherlands also attended.
Conclusion
- The evolution of the G20, from its spontaneous beginnings to the imminent Delhi summit, epitomizes its role as a responsive mechanism for fostering global economic cooperation.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Self Respect Marriages
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The recent Supreme Court ruling on ‘self-respect’ marriages under Section 7(A) of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 has clarified the legal standing of these marriages.
- The court’s decision has significant implications for the validity and recognition of such unions, particularly in the state of Tamil Nadu.
Self-respect Marriages
- Amendment: The Hindu Marriage (Tamil Nadu Amendment) Act, 1967 introduced Section 7-A into the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, applicable solely in Tamil Nadu.
- Recognition of ‘Self-Respect’ Marriages: Section 7-A recognizes and legalizes ‘self-respect’ or ‘suyamariyathai’ marriages, allowing them to be solemnized without the need for traditional rituals or priests.
- Ceremony Description: Such marriages are performed in the presence of relatives, friends, or other individuals, with couples declaring each other as spouses in a language understood by them. Exchange of garlands, rings, or tying a ‘thali’ (mangal sutra) is required. Registration remains obligatory.
Legal Controversy
- Madras High Court Ruling (2014): A 2014 Madras High Court ruling declared marriages solemnized by advocates as invalid, asserting that ‘self-respect’ marriages must not be secretive and should be celebrated publicly.
- Current Supreme Court Ruling: The recent Supreme Court ruling, passed by Justices S Ravindra Bhat and Arvind Kumar, overruled the 2014 Madras High Court decision.
Supreme Court’s Interpretation and Decision
- The Supreme Court clarified that there is no blanket ban on advocates solemnizing ‘self-respect’ marriages under Section 7(A) of the Hindu Marriage Act.
- The court held that ‘self-respect’ marriages can indeed be solemnized and recognized, and the 2014 Madras High Court ruling was set aside.
- The ruling was delivered in response to a petition filed by Ilavarasan, who sought recognition of his ‘self-respect’ marriage and the release of his wife from her parents’ custody.
- The Supreme Court’s decision is based on the interpretation of Section 7(A) and its application in the context of ‘self-respect’ marriages.
Precedents and Past Rulings
- In the case of Nagalingam vs. Sivagami (2001), the Supreme Court had already recognized the validity of ‘self-respect’ marriages under Section 7(A) of the Hindu Marriage Act.
- The court emphasized that the presence of a priest is not obligatory for a valid marriage, and parties can enter into a marriage with the participation of relatives, friends, or other individuals.
Conclusion
- The recent Supreme Court ruling has resolved the ambiguity surrounding the legality of ‘self-respect’ marriages solemnized by advocates under Section 7(A) of the Hindu Marriage Act.
- By overturning the previous Madras High Court ruling, the Supreme Court has clarified the validity and recognition of such marriages, ensuring that ‘self-respect’ marriages can be solemnized without the need for traditional rituals or priests in Tamil Nadu.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Rajasthan Platform-Based Gig Workers (Registration and Welfare) Bill,
Mains level: Gig Workers, Rajasthan Platform-Based Gig Workers (Registration and Welfare) Bill, significance and major issues
What’s the news?
- The Rajasthan government introduced the Rajasthan Platform-Based Gig Workers (Registration and Welfare) Bill, 2023, aiming to ensure social security for gig workers.
Central idea
- While the Rajasthan Platform-Based Gig Workers (Registration and Welfare) Bill, 2023, demonstrates commendable intentions and includes noteworthy provisions, critical concerns arise that might undermine its effectiveness. There are four major issues that could potentially limit the scope and impact of the bill.
Key Features of the Bill
- Applicability: The bill covers both aggregators and primary employers engaging platform-based workers.
- Formation of a Welfare Board: A Welfare Board will be established, chaired by the Labor Department’s minister, to oversee welfare measures for gig workers.
- Registration and Unique ID: Gig workers and aggregators will be registered, and gig workers will receive a unique ID for streamlined welfare access.
- Social Security and Welfare Fund: A dedicated fund will offer social security benefits to registered gig workers.
- Welfare Fee Deduction: Aggregators will contribute through a welfare fee deducted from transactions.
- Access to Benefits: Gig workers will gain access to state-formulated social security benefits, including insurance.
- Grievance Redressal: A mechanism for addressing worker grievances will be in place.
- Representation: Gig workers will have representation on the Welfare Board for decision-making.
- Compliance and Fines: Aggregators must comply, with fines for non-compliance.
Four major issues that could potentially limit the scope and impact of the bill
1: Definitional Ambiguity
- Definitions from the Bill and their Implications:
- The Rajasthan Platform-Based Gig Workers (Registration and Welfare) Bill, 2023, introduces definitions for gig worker and aggregator derived from the Code on Social Security, 2020.
- The definitions are intended to clarify the roles and relationships of gig workers and aggregators within the gig economy.
- Definitions of gig worker and aggregator:
- The bill defines a gig worker as an individual engaged in work outside the traditional employee-employer paradigm, earning from such activities, and operating under a predetermined payment rate contract.
- An aggregator is described as a digital intermediary that facilitates collaborations between aggregators, enabling service provision.
- Ambiguity in Determining the Aggregator’s Status:
- The definitions’ lack of precision in categorizing aggregators as employers creates uncertainty.
- The absence of explicit language binding aggregators to the role of employers leads to interpretational ambiguity.
- Implications of Definitional Vagueness:
- The vagueness could potentially result in gig workers being seen as self-employed or independent contractors rather than employees by aggregators.
- This vagueness contrasts with global best practices and sets the stage for the subsequent issue.
- Global Context and Significance:
- The debate over classifying gig workers and aggregators as employees or employers has global implications.
- The ABC Test in California’s labor code highlights the importance of clear classification, while the UK Supreme Court’s ruling in 2021 regarding Uber drivers further highlights the significance of accurate classification, underscoring that they are workers, not self-employed.
- Contrast with global practices:
- The Rajasthan Bill’s vague definitions deviate from global best practices, raising concerns about the subsequent challenges.
2: Integration with Labor Laws and Workplace Entitlements
- Classification of Gig Workers and Impact on Labor Laws:
- The Rajasthan Platform-Based Gig Workers (Registration and Welfare) Bill, 2023, does not classify gig workers as employees.
- The absence of employee classification poses challenges in integrating the bill with established labor law frameworks.
- Challenges in Compliance and Workplace Rights:
- Non-classification could allow aggregators to bypass labor law mandates, potentially undermining gig workers’ workplace rights.
- Gig workers might be denied rights granted to employees, such as minimum wages and fair working conditions.
- Exclusion from entitlements and Fairwork India ratings:
- The bill’s provisions may unintentionally exclude gig workers from essential entitlements, potentially impacting their well-being.
- Fairwork India ratings in 2022 highlighted poor worker welfare practices among prominent platforms.
- Accountability for workplace accidents
- The question arises: If gig workers are not designated as employees, to what extent can aggregators be held accountable for workplace accident expenses?
- Some Indian platforms have addressed this issue, but relying on aggregators’ goodwill risks converting entitlements into benevolence.
- Contrast with Australia and New Zealand’s Approach:
- Australia and New Zealand’s focus on a person conducting a business or undertaking (PCBU) and worker well-being highlights an alternative approach to workplace rights.
3: Duration of the Database and Implications for Gig Workers
- Database Creation and Durational Concerns:
- The bill’s third issue concerns the creation of a gig worker database transferred to the gig workers’ welfare board.
- A concern arises from the registration’s perpetual validity, irrespective of workers’ ongoing engagement with app-based platforms.
- Obstacle to Perpetual Registration:
- The well-intended perpetual registration concept could inadvertently hinder gig workers’ flexibility.
- Gig workers often work with multiple aggregators in a single day, leading to concerns about registration’s impact on choices.
- Potential influence on choices and mechanisms:
- Mandatory registration might enable aggregators to learn about workers’ engagements with various platforms, possibly influencing their choices.
- The bill lacks preventive mechanisms to address this potential influence.
4: Deficiencies in Social Security Provisions
- Social Security and Welfare Board Establishment:
- The bill’s fourth issue revolves around its core goal of providing social security to platform-based gig workers through a welfare board and fund.
- Eight aggregators are brought under the bill’s jurisdiction, but it lacks explicit definitions of social security and welfare measures.
- Discretionary Nature of Social Security Provisions:
- The bill delegated the responsibility of defining social security measures to the welfare board’s discretion.
- This lack of specificity raises concerns about the comprehensiveness and effectiveness of the proposed social security provisions.
- Lack of explicit definitions and ambiguity:
- The absence of clear definitions for social security leaves room for interpretation and may affect the welfare board’s decision-making process.
- Influence dynamics within the Welfare Board:
- While the welfare board includes gig worker representatives, the dominance of powerful representatives from platforms, bureaucracy, and the government raises questions about the extent of worker influence.
Way forward
- Refine Definitions: Clarify gig worker and aggregator definitions based on global standards to prevent ambiguity in their roles.
- Employee Classification: Clearly categorize gig workers as employees to grant them labor protections and rights.
- Database Management: Implement a periodic registration renewal system to accommodate gig workers’ changing engagements.
- Preventive Measures: Introduce safeguards to prevent aggregators from exploiting registration data to influence gig workers’ choices.
- Social Security Definition: Define the scope of social security and outline welfare measures to ensure comprehensive coverage.
- Enhanced Worker Representation: Strengthen the influence of gig worker representatives on the welfare board.
- Stakeholder Consultation: Collaborate with gig workers, aggregators, experts, and labor organizations for a well-rounded regulatory framework.
Conclusion
- In conclusion, while the Rajasthan Platform-Based Gig Workers (Registration and Welfare) Bill, 2023, demonstrates a commendable commitment to gig workers’ welfare, it is beset with critical flaws. Addressing the issues and aligning with global best practices will be crucial for the Bill to achieve its intended objectives and provide genuine social security to platform-based gig workers.
Also read:
What does India’s first gig workers’ rights Bill stipulate?
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Thalinomics concept
What’s the news?
- The growing chasm between wages or salaries and the cost of living has given rise to a distressing scenario: the affordability of vital food commodities is under threat.
Central idea
- In Mumbai, the cost of a vegetarian thali surged 65% in five years, while income for laborers and salaried workers in urban Maharashtra increased only 37% and 28%, respectively. This discrepancy is making essential food items unaffordable, leading to compromised meals.
What is Thalinomics?
- Thalinomics is a term coined by an Indian economist and former Chief Economic Adviser to the Government of India, Arvind Subramanian.
- It refers to a concept that involves analyzing changes in the cost of a vegetarian thali (a meal consisting of a variety of dishes served on a single plate) to gain insights into the trends and dynamics of food inflation and affordability.
- It involves tracking the prices of key ingredients that constitute a thali, such as cereals, pulses, vegetables, and other essential items.
- This concept is particularly relevant in countries like India, where food affordability and inflation are significant concerns for a large population.
Key insights: A case study of Mumbai and urban Maharashtra
- Rising Cost of Thali: The cost of preparing a home-cooked vegetarian thali in Mumbai has increased significantly by 65% over the past five years. This increase is attributed to rising prices of essential ingredients like rice, dal, vegetables, and other items that constitute a thali.
- Income Growth: Over the same five-year period, the average wage earned by casual laborers in urban Maharashtra increased by 37%, while the average salary of regular salaried workers increased by 28%. These income growth rates reflect the changes in earnings for these two categories of workers.
- Disparity Between Costs and Income: While the cost of a thali increased by 65%, income growth for casual laborers and salaried workers was significantly lower, at 37% and 28%, respectively.
- Affordability Challenge: The disparity between rising costs and income growth has resulted in essential food items becoming increasingly unaffordable for households. This affordability challenge can lead to reduced portion sizes or a compromise in the variety and nutritional quality of meals.
- Impact on Budget Share: The study also analyzes the portion of monthly wages or salaries required to afford two thalis every day for a month. This share increased from 22.5% of a casual laborer’s monthly earnings in 2018 to 27.2% in 2023. For salaried employees, it increased from 9.9% to 12.8% over the same period.
- Incomplete Data: Data limitations, particularly regarding the absence of certain ingredients like spices and ghee in the analysis, This suggests that the actual cost of making a thali could be even higher than the calculated figures.
Key aspects of the relationship between thali prices and inflation
- Inflation and Ingredient Prices: The prices of ingredients like rice, dal, vegetables, and oil can be affected by inflation. If the prices of these essential ingredients rise due to inflationary pressures, the overall cost of preparing a thali would increase.
- Food Inflation: The cost of a thali, which is composed of various food items, is directly influenced by food inflation. If there’s high food inflation, it can significantly impact the affordability of thalis and other meals.
- Supply and Demand Dynamics: Inflation can be driven by supply and demand imbalances. If there’s a shortage of certain ingredients due to supply disruptions (e.g., poor harvests or transportation issues), prices can rise. Similarly, changes in consumer demand patterns can affect the prices of specific ingredients, further impacting thali costs.
- Monetary Policy: Central banks often use monetary policy tools to control inflation. Interest rate adjustments, money supply regulation, and other measures can impact inflation rates. High inflation rates can lead to increased production costs for farmers and manufacturers, which may trickle down to the prices of thali ingredients.
- Income Effects: Inflation can impact consumers’ purchasing power. When inflation outpaces income growth, households might need to allocate a larger portion of their income to cover basic expenses like food. This can particularly affect lower-income households, leading to affordability challenges for items like thalis.
- Regional Variation: Inflation rates can vary regionally and even locally. Different regions might experience different rates of inflation due to factors like supply chain disruptions, local economic conditions, and government policies.
- Government Policies: Government policies such as subsidies, import/export regulations, and agricultural policies can influence ingredient prices and, consequently, the cost of preparing a thali. These policies can impact the supply and availability of key ingredients.
Implications of the higher cost of a thali
- Nutritional Impact: The rising cost of thali ingredients can lead to compromised nutritional intake as households might cut back on certain items to manage expenses. This can result in inadequate diets and potential health implications.
- Affordability Strain: As thali prices escalate, households may face financial strain by allocating a larger portion of their income to food expenses. This can limit their ability to save, invest, and engage in non-essential expenditures.
- Dietary Diversity: Increased thali costs can potentially lead to reduced dietary diversity as households might opt for cheaper, less nutritious alternatives, affecting overall dietary quality.
- Balanced Meals: Higher thali costs might lead to smaller portions or fewer items in the thali, disrupting the balance of a typical meal and potentially impacting satiety and nutritional completeness.
- Quality of Life: Reduced dietary quality due to affordability challenges can have broader implications for individuals’ quality of life, health, and overall well-being.
- Economic Struggles: For households with limited disposable income, the burden of increased thali costs can exacerbate economic struggles and hinder progress.
Way forward
- Policy Interventions: Implement policies to address the widening gap between thali costs and income growth, ensuring that essential food remains affordable.
- Income Enhancement: Focus on raising wages for casual laborers and salaried workers to match the rising cost of thalis.
- Affordability Measures: Establish measures to mitigate the impact of expensive thalis on households, considering subsidies or targeted assistance.
- Nutrition Awareness: Launch campaigns to educate households about maintaining nutritious diets even when faced with affordability challenges.
- Gender-Inclusive Approach: Address gender disparities by formulating policies that empower women economically.
- Data-Driven Approach: Base policies on accurate and up-to-date data on food prices, wages, and consumption patterns.
- Food Security Initiatives: Strengthen food security programs to ensure access to nutritious food despite thali cost increases.
- Policy Evaluation: Continuously assess the effectiveness of policies in addressing thali affordability and overall well-being.
Conclusion
- The shifting dynamics between escalating costs and relatively stagnant income pose a serious challenge to maintaining a nutritionally balanced diet. As prices continue to rise, a more comprehensive approach is crucial to ensuring that affordable nutrition remains within reach for all strata of society.
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