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Climate Change Impact on India and World – International Reports, Key Observations, etc.

Climate Threat Emerging from Rising Evaporative Demand and Thirstwaves

Why in the News?

Scientists have coined a new term, “thirstwave”, to describe spikes in evaporative demand, where a warmer atmosphere draws more water from plants, soil, and trees.

What is Evaporative Demand?

  • Definition: Evaporative demand is the measure of how much water the atmosphere can potentially absorb from land, plants, and water surfaces if there is unlimited water available. It tells us how “thirsty” the atmosphere is.
  • Nature of Measurement: It is not about how much water is actually lost but how much could be lost if water was fully available. It depends on weather conditions, not the amount of water in the soil.
  • Standard Metric: The most widely used metric to quantify this is Standardized Short-Crop Reference Evapotranspiration (ETos)—which assumes a 12 cm grass surface with unlimited water availability.
  • Impact of Global Warming: As global warming increases atmospheric heat, evaporative demand also rises, making the air more “thirsty”.

What is a Thirstwave?

  • Origin: “Thirstwave” is a newly coined term (2025) by Meetpal Kukal and Mike Hobbins to describe three or more consecutive days of extreme evaporative demand.
  • Definition: A thirstwave is a period of sudden and intense increase in evaporative demand, caused by hot, dry, and sunny weather. It means the atmosphere becomes extremely “thirsty” and starts pulling water rapidly from soil, plants, and water bodies, even if they already have limited moisture.
  • Distinction from Heatwaves: Unlike heatwaves, thirstwaves account for multifactorial stress, combining temperature, humidity, wind, and solar input.
  • Thirstwave in India: There is no dedicated data yet on thirstwaves in India, but researchers are beginning to investigate, especially in South Asia’s climate-vulnerable zones.
[UPSC 2018] Which of the following leaf modifications occur(s) in the desert areas to inhabit water loss?

1. Hard and waxy leaves

2. Tiny leaves

3. Thorns instead of leaves

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

Options: (a) 2 and 3 only (b) 2 only (c) 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 *

 

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Economic Indicators and Various Reports On It- GDP, FD, EODB, WIR etc

India breaks into top 100 of SDG Index for the first time

Why in the News?

In a major milestone, India has ranked 99th out of 167 countries in the 2025 edition of the Sustainable Development Report (SDR), released by the UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network.

What are Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)?

  • Definition: SDGs are 17 global goals adopted by all UN member states in 2015 to end poverty, protect the planet, and promote peace and prosperity by 2030.
  • Core Focus: They balance economic growth, social inclusion and environmental sustainability for a better future.
  • Scope: The goals cover health, education, gender equality, clean water, economic growth, climate action, and governance.
  • Global Framework: They are part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development adopted by the UN.

About Global SDG Rankings:

  • Report Publisher: The Sustainable Development Report is released annually by the UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network, led by Jeffrey Sachs.
  • Methodology: It ranks 167 countries using an SDG Index score out of 100 based on performance across all 17 goals.
  • Score Interpretation: A score of 100 means full achievement of all SDGs; lower scores show partial or poor implementation.
  • Data Sources: Rankings are based on a mix of social, economic, environmental, and governance indicators.
  • Global Patterns: European countries dominate top ranks; countries with conflict or debt rank lower.
Note: In India, we also have our own SDG India Index released by NITI Aayog.

Key Highlights of the Rankings:

  • India’s Rank 2025: India ranks 99th with a score of 67—its first time in the top 100.
  • Major Countries’ Ranking: China ranks 49th (74.4); the US ranks 44th (75.2) but is 193rd in SDG policy support.
  • Neighbourhood Comparison: Bhutan ranks 74th (70.5), Nepal 85th (68.6), Bangladesh 114th (63.9), Pakistan 140th (57), Sri Lanka 93rd, and Maldives 53rd.
  • Top Performers: Finland, Sweden, and Denmark lead the world in SDG achievement.
  • Areas of Progress: Global gains include access to electricity, mobile broadband, internet, and lower child mortality.
  • Major Setbacks: Challenges include rising obesity, declining press freedom, biodiversity loss, and growing corruption.
  • Target Gaps: Only 17% of SDG targets are on track to be achieved by 2030.
[UPSC 2016] Consider the following statements:

1. The Sustainable Development Goals were first proposed in 1972 by a global think tank called the ‘Club of Rome’.

2. The Sustainable Development Goals have to be achieved by 2030.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 only * (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2

 

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Climate Change Impact on India and World – International Reports, Key Observations, etc.

Rising Evaporative Demand and Thirstwaves

Why in the News?

Scientists have coined a new term, “thirstwave”, to describe spikes in evaporative demand, where a warmer atmosphere draws more water from plants, soil, and trees.

What is Evaporative Demand?

  • Definition: Evaporative demand is the measure of how much water the atmosphere can potentially absorb from land, plants, and water surfaces if there is unlimited water available. It tells us how “thirsty” the atmosphere is.
  • Nature of Measurement: It is not about how much water is actually lost but how much could be lost if water was fully available. It depends on weather conditions, not the amount of water in the soil.
  • Standard Metric: The most widely used metric to quantify this is Standardized Short-Crop Reference Evapotranspiration (ETos)—which assumes a 12 cm grass surface with unlimited water availability.
  • Impact of Global Warming: As global warming increases atmospheric heat, evaporative demand also rises, making the air more “thirsty”.
  • Key Features:
    • Simplified Model: ETos simplifies evapotranspiration by assuming fixed vegetation properties and only variable weather conditions.
    • Indicators of Stress: An increase in ETos indicates higher temperatures, lower humidity, faster wind, and stronger solar radiation.
    • Effect on Soil and Crops: Rising evaporative demand leads to more rapid drying of soil and plants, even with ample irrigation.
    • Agricultural Relevance: This directly affects irrigation scheduling, crop productivity, and climate-resilient farming strategies.

What is a Thirstwave?

  • Origin: “Thirstwave” is a newly coined term (2025) by Meetpal Kukal and Mike Hobbins to describe three or more consecutive days of extreme evaporative demand.
  • Definition: A thirstwave is a period of sudden and intense increase in evaporative demand, caused by hot, dry, and sunny weather. It means the atmosphere becomes extremely “thirsty” and starts pulling water rapidly from soil, plants, and water bodies, even if they already have limited moisture.
  • Distinction from Heatwaves: Unlike heatwaves, thirstwaves account for multifactorial stress, combining temperature, humidity, wind, and solar input.
  • Thirstwave in India: There is no dedicated data yet on thirstwaves in India, but researchers are beginning to investigate, especially in South Asia’s climate-vulnerable zones.
[UPSC 2018] Which of the following leaf modifications occur(s) in the desert areas to inhabit water loss?

1. Hard and waxy leaves

2. Tiny leaves

3. Thorns instead of leaves

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

Options: (a) 2 and 3 only (b) 2 only (c) 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 *

 

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Wildlife Conservation Efforts

What is the Integrated Biodiversity Assessment Tool (IBAT) Alliance?

Why in the News?

The IBAT Alliance, a coalition of leading global conservation bodies, announced a record $2.5 million investment in biodiversity data for the year 2024, more than double the amount in 2023.

About Integrated Biodiversity Assessment Tool (IBAT):

  • What is it: IBAT is a web-based biodiversity mapping and reporting platform launched in 2008 at the IUCN World Conservation Congress.
  • Objective: It was launched to enable the private sector, government, and civil society to integrate biodiversity into planning and risk management processes.
  • Utility: It helps screen biodiversity risks, assess conservation priorities, and align business practices with global frameworks like the UN SDGs and Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework.
  • Members: The IBAT Alliance is a coalition of 4 major global conservation organizations:
    1. BirdLife International
    2. Conservation International (CI)
    3. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
    4. UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC)
  • Headquarters: David Attenborough Building, Cambridge (UK), with access to global scientific and conservation networks.
[UPSC 2016] With reference to an initiative called ‘The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB)’, which of the following statements is/are correct?

1. It is an initiative hosted by UNEP, IMF and World Economic Forum.

2. It is a global initiative that focuses on drawing attention to the economic benefits of biodiversity.

3. It presents an approach that can help decision-makers recognize, demonstrate and capture the value of ecosystems and biodiversity.

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 only (c) 2 and 3 only* (d) 1, 2 and 3

 

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Iran’s Nuclear Program & Western Sanctions

[24th June 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Pakistan’s role in the U.S.-West Asia calculus

PYQ Relevance:

[UPSC 2018] In what ways would the ongoing US-Iran Nuclear Pact Controversy affect the national interest of India? How should India respond to this situation?

Linkage: This question directly addresses a central component of the “U.S.-West Asia calculus”—the US-Iran dynamic. The article explicitly states that the U.S. conducted military strikes against Iranian nuclear installations and that the U.S. Central Command (CENTCOM) was focused on the situation in West Asia and how to deter Iran with Pakistan’s support.

 

Mentor’s Comment:  On June 22, U.S. President Donald Trump launched The USA recently carried out military attacks on three of Iran’s nuclear sites—an action that could influence the future of West Asia for a long time. on three of Iran’s nuclear sites—an action that could shape the future of West Asia for years. This decision may trigger a long-term conflict between the U.S. and Iran, but it also has major links to South Asia. Just days before the strikes, Pakistan’s Army Chief Asim Munir had an unusual private lunch with President Trump at the White House—something rare for anyone who isn’t a head of state. This points to deeper strategic changes. At the same time, Pakistan is facing rising sectarian tensions, serious economic troubles, and higher defense spending. Its sudden border closure with Iran and growing support from the U.S. raise important questions about Pakistan’s new role in the Iran-Israel conflict and what it could mean inside the country.

Today’s editorial looks at how the USA’s military strikes on three Iranian nuclear sites and Pakistan’s Army Chief Asim Munir’s rare private lunch with President Trump could affect international relations. This is useful for GS Paper II (International Relations) in the UPSC mains exam.

_

Let’s learn!

Why in the News?

The USA recently carried out military attacks on three of Iran’s nuclear sites—an action that could influence the future of West Asia for a long time.

What could be the impact of a U.S. strike on Iran have on West Asia and the subcontinent?

  • Escalation of Conflict: The strike may trigger a prolonged confrontation between Iran and Western allies, increasing instability in West Asia. Eg: Past U.S. interventions in Iraq (2003) and Libya (2011) resulted in regime change but long-term chaosand extremist expansion.
  • Realignment of Regional Powers: Countries like Pakistan may shift alliances to support U.S. actions, potentially isolating Iran and affecting critical land-based trade routes. Eg: Pakistan closed its land border with Iran in June 2025, limiting Iran’s trade access to South Asia.
  • Security Tensions: U.S. engagement with Pakistan’s military leadership amid regional conflict could embolden Pakistan strategically, raising concerns for India.  

Why is General Munir’s meeting with Trump strategically significant?

  • Geopolitical Signalling to India and Iran: The timing and optics of the meeting send a message to both India and Iran about Pakistan’s rising strategic relevance in U.S. calculations. Eg: Coinciding with Pakistan closing borders with Iran and India-Pak tensions easing, the visit reshapes regional power equations.

How do Pakistan-Iran ties affect regional dynamics?

  • Border Tensions and Proxy Conflicts: Pakistan and Iran share a volatile border in Balochistan, where militant groups operate across both sides, causing frequent skirmishes. Eg: In early 2024, both countries exchanged missile strikes after attacks on Iranian security forces allegedly by groups based in Pakistan.
  • Geopolitical Rivalry in Afghanistan: Both countries compete for influence in Afghanistan, affecting regional alliances and the balance of power in Central Asia. Eg: Iran backs Shia groups, while Pakistan supports Sunni factions, intensifying sectarian divides and shaping Afghanistan’s internal politics.
  • Strategic Role in U.S.-Iran Tensions: Pakistan could play a critical role in isolating Iran, especially during a U.S.-Iran conflict, by shutting trade routes and cooperating with U.S. military interests. Eg: On June 15, 2025, Pakistan closed its border with Iran, coinciding with the Pakistani Army Chief’s visit to Washington, signaling alignment with U.S. strategy.

Where does Pakistan stand economically amid rising defence spending?

  • High Debt Burden : Interest payments consume 74% of revenue, leaving little for other public services. Eg: In FY2025‑26, PKR (Pakistan’s revenue)  8.207 trillion was allocated to interest, out of PKR 11.07 trillion in total revenue.
  • Defense Budget Surge at Development’s Expense: Despite an overall cut in spending, defense gets a 17% increase, while developmental funds are halved. Eg: Defense allocation in FY2025‑26 is PKR 3.29 trillion, whereas development spending dropped to PKR 1 trillion.
  • Heavy Reliance on Bailouts: Pakistan depends on IMF packages and debt rollovers to meet fiscal commitments amid shrinking revenues. Eg: After its 25th IMF bailout, Pakistan secured PKR 1.4 billion in climate resilience funds, along with PKR 16 billion in loan rollovers.

What are the steps taken by the Indian government? 

  • Strategic Engagement with Iran and Gulf Nations: India continues to balance its ties with Iran and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) to safeguard energy security and trade interests. Eg: India is actively involved in developing the Chabahar Port in Iran, enhancing access to Afghanistan and Central Asia while bypassing Pakistan. At the same time, India is deepening partnerships with Saudi Arabia and the UAE, including in defence and energy sectors.
  • Heightened Border Surveillance: The Indian government has directed increased surveillance and intelligence gathering along the western borders, especially in Jammu & Kashmir, to counter any proxy threats or destabilisation efforts. Eg: Deployment of UAVs and satellite imaging systems has been intensified across vulnerable stretches, and border infrastructure under the Vibrant Villages Programme is being upgraded.

What should India do? (Way forward)

  • Strengthen Strategic Autonomy in West Asia: India must maintain balanced relations with both Iran and the U.S., ensuring that its energy security and regional interests are safeguarded. Eg: Continue investing in Chabahar Port, a strategic counter to China-backed Gwadar, while also deepening ties with the Gulf monarchies for energy and investment.
  • Enhance Intelligence and Military Vigilance along Western Borders: With increasing Pakistan-U.S. military cooperation and Iran-Pakistan tensions, India must stay alert to any spillover effects. Eg: Boost surveillance in Jammu & Kashmir, especially given General Munir’s renewed rhetoric on Kashmir and increased Pakistani defense spending.

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Labour, Jobs and Employment – Harmonization of labour laws, gender gap, unemployment, etc.

Inflation falls but not unemployment

Why in the News?

Despite headlines celebrating India’s less than 3% inflation rate in May 2025, deeper economic indicators tell a more troubling story. The same month saw a rise in unemployment from 5.1% to 5.8%, and GDP growth has slowed sharply from 9.2% in 2023-24 to 6.5% in 2024-25.

What caused the recent fall in inflation despite rising unemployment?

  • Faster Agricultural Growth Narrowed Supply-Demand Gap: In 2024-25, agriculture grew faster than non-agricultural sectors, leading to an increased supply of food items. E.g., higher food production reduced scarcity, stabilising prices and easing inflationary pressure.
  • Sharp Decline in Food Inflation: Food-price inflation fell from nearly 11% in October 2024 to less than 1% in May 2025. Eg: This drop significantly pulled down the overall Consumer Price Index (CPI).

Why is the RBI’s inflation control strategy being questioned?

  • Mismatch Between Interest Rates and Inflation Trends: The RBI’s key tool—repo rate hikes—did not align with the sharp fall in inflation, especially food inflation. Eg: Despite no major repo rate hike since June 2022, inflation fell from ~11% in Oct 2024 to <1% in May 2025.
  • Inflation Expectations Remain Unchanged: Household inflation expectations remained high and stable, even as actual inflation dropped, undermining the theory that RBI can anchor inflation through expectations. Eg: RBI’s own surveys (Mar 2024–May 2025) show expectations stayed well above the 4% target.
  • Policy Reactivity, Not Proactivity: The RBI’s approach appears reactive, adjusting repo rates after inflation changes instead of steering inflation proactively. Eg: RBI Governor stated repo rates may be reduced if inflation continues to fall—indicating policy follows rather than leads inflation.

How does sectoral growth affect inflation?

  • Balanced Sectoral Growth Reduces Supply-Demand Gaps: When agriculture and non-agriculture sectors grow at similar rates, it narrows the supply-demand gap, especially for essentials like food. Eg: In 2024–25, agriculture grew faster than non-agriculture, helping reduce food shortages and lowering food inflation.
  • Agricultural Growth Directly Lowers Consumer Prices: A rise in farm output increases food availability, leading to a direct fall in food prices, which are a major part of the Consumer Price Index (CPI). E.g., food inflation fell from nearly 11% in Oct 2024 to under 1% in May 2025 due to a strong agricultural season.
  • Wage Effects Spill into Non-Agricultural Prices: Lower food inflation slows down wage growth demands, especially for rural labour, which indirectly eases price pressures in services and manufacturing. Eg: Cheaper food reduces pressure on industrial wages, helping contain broader inflation in non-farm sectors.

What does the data say about interest rates and managing inflation?

  • Weak Link Between Interest Rates and Inflation Control: Econometric studies show no conclusive evidence that interest rate hikes directly reduce inflation in India. Eg: Despite a repo rate increase of over 10% in June 2022, food inflation fell in 2025 largely due to improved agricultural supply, not rate changes.
  • Sectoral Growth Differences Matter More: Inflation responds more to the relative growth of agriculture and non-agriculture sectors than to interest rate tweaks. Eg: In 2024–25, faster agricultural growth narrowed the supply-demand gap, lowering inflation, independent of any monetary policy shift.
  • Inflation Expectations Remain High Despite Rate Hikes: Even with a tighter monetary policy, household inflation expectations remained above the 4% RBI target, questioning the effectiveness of interest rate-driven expectations control. E.g., from March 2024 to May 2025, inflation expectations stayed high despite stable repo rates.

Why should inflation and unemployment be assessed together?

  • Inflation Control Alone Doesn’t Reflect Economic Well-being: Focusing only on low inflation can hide deeper problems like joblessness, which directly affects livelihoods. Eg: In May 2025, inflation dropped to 2.8%, but unemployment rose to 5.8%, showing a weak job market despite price stability.
  • Policy Trade-offs Require Balanced Assessment: Sometimes policies that lower inflation may slow economic growth and reduce employment opportunities. Eg: Growth fell from 9.2% in 2023–24 to 6.5% in 2024–25, aligning with rising unemployment—highlighting that price stability came at the cost of jobs.

Way forward: 

  • Adopt a Dual-Mandate Approach: Policymakers, especially the RBI, should consider both inflation and unemployment while framing monetary policy—moving beyond inflation targeting alone.
  • Promote Inclusive Growth through Sectoral Investment: Encourage job creation by investing in labour-intensive sectors like manufacturing, MSMEs, and services, while ensuring agricultural support to maintain price stability.

Mains PYQ:

[UPSC 2022] Besides the welfare schemes, India needs deft management of inflation and unemployment to serve the poor and the underprivileged sections of the society. Discuss.

Linkage: This question is highly relevant because it explicitly mentions both “inflation and unemployment” together and the need for their effective management. This article talks about the inflation has fallen, unemployment has risen, and it criticizes the focus on inflation while neglecting unemployment.

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Trade Sector Updates – Falling Exports, TIES, MEIS, Foreign Trade Policy, etc.

India needs a strategy to deal with China’s restrictions on exports of rare earths

Why in the News?

The growing trade war between the U.S. and China, marked by rising tariffs, has drawn attention to rare earth elements and critical minerals.

What is the role of critical minerals in key industries?

  • Clean Energy and Digital Technologies: Critical minerals such as lithium, nickel, and cobalt are essential for lithium-ion batteries, which are widely used in electric vehicles (EVs) and portable electronics.  
  • Renewable Energy Infrastructure: Minerals like dysprosium and neodymium are used in wind turbines, while tellurium, indium, and gallium are critical for solar photovoltaic cells, vital for clean energy generation.
  • Defence and Strategic Industries: Rare earth elements are critical for manufacturing missile guidance systems, jet engines, and advanced communication equipment. Eg: Gallium and indium are used in high-frequency radar systems and military-grade semiconductors.

Why is China’s control over rare earths a global concern?

  • Supply Chain Vulnerability: China controls over 90% of global rare earth refining and has the largest reserves, making other countries highly dependent on its exports. In May 2025, China’s export restrictions on rare earth magnets led to global panic and supply concerns in the automobile and electronics sectors.
  • Geopolitical Leverage: China’s dominance allows it to use rare earths as a strategic tool in trade wars or diplomatic tensions, affecting global industrial stability. In response to U.S. tariffs, China imposed restrictions on rare earths, disrupting supply to key U.S. industries.
  • Disruption of Global Industries: Restrictions can hinder production in sectors like renewables, EVs, and defence, slowing global progress in critical technologies. Eg: India’s automobile sector expressed concern about rare earth shortages impacting EV manufacturing and sought government intervention.

How are countries responding to China’s restrictions?

  • Diplomatic and Trade Negotiations: Major economies like the U.S. and EU are engaging with China to secure continued access to rare earth supplies. Eg: The U.S.-China framework includes commitments that “Full magnets, and any necessary rare earths, will be supplied… by China.”
  • Diversification of Supply Sources: Nations are turning to alternative producers to reduce dependence on China. Eg: Brazil, Saudi Arabia, and Vietnam are actively exploring their critical mineral resources to establish new supply options.
  • National Self-Reliance Missions: Countries are launching domestic initiatives to boost exploration, mining, and processing of critical minerals. Eg: India’s National Critical Mineral Mission (2025) aims to conduct 1,200 exploration projects by 2030–31 to bolster local supply chains.

What measures has India taken for mineral self-reliance?

  • Launch of the National Critical Mineral Mission (2025): A central initiative aimed at securing India’s future needs in critical and rare minerals. This mission includes plans for 1,200 exploration projects by 2030–31 under the Geological Survey of India.
  • Expanding Domestic Exploration & Mining: India is ramping up on-ground efforts to locate and extract critical minerals within its own borders. Eg: The Geological Survey of India is actively spearheading new lithium, cobalt, and rare earth elementexploration programs across several states.
  • Building Processing and Supply Chain Ecosystems: The government is promoting infrastructure for domestic processing, refining, and manufacturing related to critical minerals. Eg: Policy support and incentives are being extended to companies to set up mineral processing plants, reducing dependence on foreign sources.

Why is a multi-level strategy needed in this sector?

A multi-level strategy refers to a comprehensive approach that operates on different layers or fronts simultaneously to address a complex issue effectively. 

  • To Ensure Short-Term Supply Security: Relying on a single country like China for essential minerals creates risks of disruption during geopolitical tensions or trade restrictions. Eg: After China’s 34% tariff and export restrictions in 2025, global industries, including India’s auto sector, faced supply uncertainty.
  • To Develop Domestic Capabilities: Long-term resilience requires countries to invest in local exploration, mining, and processing infrastructure. Eg: India launched the National Critical Mineral Mission with plans for 1,200 exploration projects by 2030–31 to reduce import dependence.

Way forward:

  • Strengthen International Collaborations for Strategic Reserves: India should forge long-term mineral supply agreements and joint ventures with resource-rich countries. Eg: Bilateral ties with Australia, Argentina, and Africa can help secure lithium and cobalt through assured offtake deals.
  • Boost Domestic R&D and Green Mining Technologies: Investing in sustainable exploration, extraction, and recycling technologies will reduce environmental impactand enhance efficiency. Eg: Support for CSIR and private firms in developing indigenous technologies for rare earth processing and battery recycling.

Mains PYQ:

[UPSC 2024] The West is fostering India as an alternative to reduce dependence on China’s supply chain and as a strategic ally to counter China’s political and economic dominance.’ Explain this statement with examples.

Linkage: The article highlights that China dominates the production and reserves of rare earth elements and has placed export restrictions on them, causing panic over supply shortages. This question encapsulates the broader geopolitical and economic context that necessitates India’s strategy to counter China’s dominance and secure critical supplies, such as rare earths.

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50 Years of National Emergency

Why in the News?

On June 26, 2025, India marks the 50th anniversary of the Emergency, imposed in 1975 by then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi.

What is National Emergency? (Article 352)

  • Definition: A national emergency is a constitutional provision under Article 352 of the Indian Constitution.
  • Grounds for Proclamation: It can be proclaimed by the President of India when the security of India or any part of it is threatened by:
    • War
    • External Aggression
    • Armed Rebellion
    • (Earlier also included “internal disturbance”, removed via the 44th Amendment, 1978)

Grounds of Proclamation: Evolution

  • Original Provision (1950): Allowed Emergency for “internal disturbance”, which was vague and broad.
  • 38th Amendment Act (1975): Made the President’s satisfaction final and beyond judicial scrutiny.
  • 44th Amendment Act (1978):
    • Replaced “internal disturbance” with “armed rebellion” to curb misuse.
    • Restored judicial review of the President’s decision.

Process of Proclamation

  • Initiation: The Union Cabinet (not just the PM) must send a written recommendation to the President.
  • Anticipatory Power: The proclamation can be issued before the actual occurrence of war, aggression, or rebellion.
  • Parliamentary Approval:
    • Must be ratified by both Houses within 1 month.
    • Requires a special majority:
      • Majority of the total membership.
      • Two-thirds of members present and voting.
    • Valid for 6 months; can be extended indefinitely with fresh approvals every 6 months.

Territorial Application

  • Original Scope: Applied to the entire nation.
  • 42nd Amendment Act (1976): Permitted partial emergencies limited to specific states or territories.

Judicial Review:

  • Before 1975: Emergency proclamations could be challenged in courts.
  • After the 38th Amendment: Made proclamations immune to judicial review.
  • Post-44th Amendment: Judicial review restored.
  • Minerva Mills Case (1980): SC ruled that Emergency can be struck down if based on mala fide, irrelevant, or absurd grounds.

Revocation of National Emergency:

  • Duration: Can continue indefinitely with periodic 6-month renewals.
  • Revocation: The President can revoke anytime without Parliamentary approval.
  • Lok Sabha Oversight:
    • If 1/10th of Lok Sabha members give written notice, the Speaker/President must convene a session within 14 days.
    • Disapproval motion can pass with a simple majority.

Historical Precedents:

India has witnessed 3 National Emergencies:

  • 1962–1968: Due to war with China (external aggression).
  • 1971–1977: Triggered by war with Pakistan, later extended on grounds of internal disturbance.
  • 1975–1977: Declared on June 25, 1975, for internal disturbances—widely seen as misuse of power.

Implications of Imposition of National Emergency:

  1. Centre-State Relations:
  • Executive Control: The centre gains dominant powers over state governments.
  • Legislative Powers:
    • Parliament can legislate on State List subjects.
    • President can issue ordinances on State subjects.
    • Such laws remain valid for 6 months after Emergency ends.
  • Financial Control:
    • President can alter financial distribution between Centre and states.
    • Reduced grants or tax transfers can continue till end of financial year after Emergency is lifted.
  1. Legislature:
  • Lok Sabha:
    • Under Article 83(2), its term can be extended by one year at a time.
    • Cannot continue beyond 6 months after Emergency ends.
  • State Assemblies: Term can be similarly extended with the same limitation.
  1. Fundamental Rights:
  • Article 358 – Automatic Suspension:
    • Article 19 is automatically suspended, only when Emergency is due to war or external aggression.
    • Applies nationwide, regardless of where Emergency is declared.
  • Article 359 – Presidential Order:
    • President can suspend court enforcement of specified Fundamental Rights.
    • Does not apply to Articles 20 and 21.
    • Can be regional or nationwide, covering all or selected rights.
  1. Judiciary:
  • 38th Amendment: Shielded Emergency from judicial scrutiny.
  • 44th Amendment: Restored court oversight.
  • Minerva Mills Judgment: Upheld that proclamations can be invalidated if mala fide or irrational.
[2022] Which of the following is/are the exclusive power(s) of Lok Sabha?

1. To ratify the declaration of Emergency

2. To pass a motion of no-confidence against the Council of Ministers

3. To impeach the President of India

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 only * (c) 1 and 3 (d) 3 only

 

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Human Rights Issues

[pib] National Human Rights Commission (NHRC)

Why in the News?

The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) of India has taken suo motu cognizance of an alleged gang rape in Odisha.

About the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC):

  • Legal Status: The NHRC is a statutory body, established in 1993 under the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993.
    • Mandate: It functions as the national watchdog for human rights, aiming to ensure that state institutions respect and protect fundamental human dignity.
    • Objective: To strengthen institutional mechanisms for addressing human rights concerns.
  • Composition of NHRC:
    • Core Members: It consists of a Chairperson and 4 full-time members.
    • Chairperson: The Chairperson must be a former Chief Justice or Judge of the Supreme Court.
    • Other Members: Other members include retired judges, human rights experts, and at least one woman.
    • Ex-Officio Members: There are 7 ex-officio members—Chairpersons of the SC, ST, Women, Minorities, Backward Classes, Child Rights Commissions, and the Chief Commissioner for Persons with Disabilities.
  • Functions:
    • Investigation Role: To inquire into human rights violations or failure to prevent them, either suo motu, on a petition, or through court direction.
    • Custodial Oversight: To visit jails and detention centres to examine conditions.
    • Legal Reform Advice: To review legal protections for human rights and recommend reforms.
    • Awareness Promotion: To promote awareness and literacy around human rights issues.
    • NGO and Research Support: To support NGOs and academic research on human rights.
    • Global Alignment: To study international treaties and suggest implementation strategies.

Appointment and Tenure:

  • Selection Process: Appointments are made by the President of India based on the recommendation of a 6-member committee headed by Prime Minister and including the Speaker of Lok Sabha, Opposition leaders, Home Minister, and others.
  • Term Limits: The Chairperson and members serve for 3 years or until the age of 70, whichever comes first.

Removal and Service Conditions:

  • Grounds for Removal: The President can remove a member for reasons like insolvency, misconduct, or infirmity, subject to inquiry by the Supreme Court in some cases.
  • Salary and Benefits: Salaries and service conditions are fixed by the Central Government and cannot be altered to the disadvantage of the appointees after their appointment.

Working Procedure and Limitations:

  • Quasi-Judicial Powers: The NHRC operates with civil court powers, can summon reports, and has an investigative staff.
  • Inter-Agency Support: It can request help from Central or State agencies for investigation.
  • No Enforcement Authority: Its role is recommendatory, with no power to punish violators or grant relief. Governments must respond within one month to its recommendations.
  • Time and Jurisdiction Limits: It cannot investigate violations reported after 1 year of the alleged act and has a limited role in probing armed forces misconduct in human rights issues.
[UPSC 2023] Consider the following organizations/bodies in India:

1. The National Commission for Backward Classes

2. The National Human Rights Commission

3. The National Law Commission

4. The National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission

How many of the above are constitutional bodies?

Options: (a) Only one* (b) Only two (c) Only three (d) All four

 

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Women empowerment issues – Jobs,Reservation and education

[pib] ‘NAVYA’ Initiative for Skilling Adolescent Girls

Why in the News?

The Ministry of Women and Child Development (MWCD) has launched the NAVYA initiative.

About the ‘NAVYA’ Initiative:

  • Overview: NAVYA stands for Nurturing Aspirations through Vocational Training for Young Adolescent Girls.
  • Nodal Agencies: It is a joint pilot initiative by the Ministry of Women and Child Development (MWCD) and the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE).
  • Target Beneficiaries: It targets adolescent girls aged 16–18 years who have completed at least Class 10, particularly from under-served regions.
  • Implementation: The pilot phase will be implemented in 27 districts across 19 states, including Aspirational Districts and those from North-Eastern regions.
  • Objective: To build skills, confidence, and employability among young girls in sectors beyond traditional roles.

Key Features:

  • Focus on Non-Traditional Skills: Girls will receive training in emerging fields like electronics repair, drone technology, solar energy, and more.
  • Certification Support: Beneficiaries will receive skill certificates under schemes like Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) and PM Vishwakarma.
  • Post-Training Pathways: Designed to ensure employment, entrepreneurship, or further education opportunities for girls.
  • Inclusive Development Goal: Empowers girls to be agents of socio-economic change, aligning with India’s growth trajectory toward Viksit Bharat by 2047.
[UPSC 2017] Which of the following are the objectives of ‘National Nutrition Mission’?

1. To create awareness relating to malnutrition among pregnant women and lactating mothers.

2. To reduce the incidence of anaemia among young children, adolescent girls and women.

3. To promote the consumption of millets, coarse cereals and unpolished rice.

4. To promote the consumption of poultry eggs.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 and 2 only* (b) 1, 2 and 3 only (c) 1, 2 and 4 only (d) 3 and 4 only

 

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Festivals, Dances, Theatre, Literature, Art in News

Ambubachi Mela at Kamakhya Temple

Why in the News?

Pilgrims have begun arriving in Guwahati, Assam, for the Ambubachi Mela, held annually at the Kamakhya Temple, one of the most sacred centres of Tantric Shaktism in India.

About Ambubachi Mela:

  • Festival Overview: Ambubachi Mela is an annual Hindu fertility festival celebrated at the Kamakhya Temple in Guwahati, Assam.
  • Timing and Season: It is held during the Assamese month of Ahaar (mid-June), coinciding with the monsoon season.
  • Religious Significance: The festival marks the annual menstruation of Goddess Kamakhya symbolising fertility and life-giving power.
  • Ritual Closure: During the festival, the sanctum sanctorum (innermost sacred chamber) of the temple is closed for three days to observe the goddess’s retreat.
  • Ceremonial Reopening: The temple reopens ceremonially on the fourth day, when lakhs of devotees gather for darshan.
  • Pilgrim Footfall: It is considered the largest religious gathering in Northeast India, with pilgrims arriving from across the country.
  • Etymology: The name ‘Ambubachi’ literally means ‘water flowing’ (denoting menstruation and the flow of life).
  • Spiritual Tradition: The practice is rooted in Tantric traditions (esoteric spiritual practices focusing on divine feminine energy).
  • Cultural Observance: During this time, agricultural activities are halted to honour the goddess’s rest and align with nature’s rhythms.

Notable Features:

  • No Idol Worship: No idol is worshipped; instead, the process of menstruation itself (biological and divine function) is venerated.
  • Sacred Tokens: Devotees receive pieces of red cloth as sacred amulets.
  • Spiritual Discipline: The mela includes ritual abstentions (temporary renunciation of daily activities), devotional silence, and spiritual observance (religious discipline).

About Kamakhya Temple:

  • Mythology: It is one of the 51 Shakti Peethas (sacred sites where body parts of Goddess Sati are believed to have fallen).
  • Location: It is located on Nilachal Hill beside the Brahmaputra River in Guwahati, Assam.
  • Architectural Style: Architecturally, the temple follows the Nilachala Style (a blend of North Indian Nagara and Mughal Saracenic architecture).
  • Structural Layout: The structure includes 5 chambers:
    • Garbhagriha (sanctuary where the main deity resides),
    • Antarala (vestibule or connecting passage),
    • Jaganmohan (main audience hall),
    • Bhogmandir (ritual chamber where offerings are made), and
    • Natmandir (hall for performances and religious gatherings).
  • Sacred Symbol: Instead of an idol, the temple houses a yoni-shaped stone (symbol of the goddess’s womb and creative energy).
  • Tantric Centre: It is one of the most revered Tantric pilgrimage sites (destinations for practitioners of spiritual and mystical rituals).
  • Cultural Depth: The temple’s rituals and legends have deep mythological (related to ancient stories and beliefs), astronomical, and cultural significance, especially during Ambubachi.

 

[UPSC 2017] Consider the following pairs : Traditions Communities

1. Chaliha Sahib Festival — Sindhis

2. Nanda Raj Jaat Yatra — Gonds

3. Wari-Warkari — Santhals

Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?

Options: (a) 1 only *(b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) None of the above

 

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Climate Change Impact on India and World – International Reports, Key Observations, etc.

WMO’s State of the Climate in Asia 2024 Report

Why in the News?

The World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) has released its “State of the Climate in Asia, 2024” report.

About the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO):

  • Overview: It is a specialised agency of the United Nations that deals with meteorology (weather and climate), operational hydrology, and related geophysical sciences.
  • Historical Origin: It was established in 1950, evolving from the International Meteorological Organisation (IMO), which was founded in 1873.
  • Headquarters Location: The headquarters of WMO is located in Geneva, Switzerland.
  • Global Coordination Role: WMO plays a key role in coordinating international efforts for climate data collection, forecasting, disaster preparedness, and climate change assessment.
  • Members: It has a membership of 193 members (187 member states + 6 Territories), including India.
  • Flagship Reports: WMO publishes annual climate reports such as the “State of the Climate” to highlight key trends and extreme weather impacts.

Key Highlights of the State of the Climate in Asia – 2024 Report:

  • Record Warmth: 2024 was the warmest year on record in Asia, with heatwaves, extreme rainfalls, cyclones, and droughts devastating the region.
  • Global Temperature Spike: The global mean temperature reached its highest level since 1850, surpassing the 2023 record of 1.45°C.
  • Glacier Loss: 23 out of 24 monitored glaciers in the Himalayas and Tian Shan suffered mass loss, increasing the risk of glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs).
  • Marine Heatwaves: Marine heatwaves of unprecedented extent and intensity affected Asian oceans, particularly around India, Japan, and China.
  • Major Cyclones: Cyclone Remal struck Bangladesh and India with 111 km/h winds and 2.5-metre-high storm surges; Asna and Fengal also caused major damage in Oman, Sri Lanka, and India.
  • Flash Floods and Landslides: Flash floods and landslides in Kerala, Nepal, and Sri Lanka resulted in hundreds of deaths and mass displacement.
  • Extreme Heatwaves: Heatwaves broke records across East and South Asia, including Japan, South Korea, China, Thailand, and India. Myanmar set a new national record at 48.2°C.
  • Severe Drought in China: Drought in China affected 4.8 million people, damaged over 335,000 hectares of crops, and caused losses of CNY 2.89 billion.
[UPSC 2018] Momentum for Change: Climate Neutral Now” is an initiative launched by

Options: (a) The Intergovernmental panel on Climate Change (b) The UNEP Secretariat (c) The UNFCCC Secretariat* (d) The World Meteorological Organization

 

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Festivals, Dances, Theatre, Literature, Art in News

In news: Prime Ministers Museum and Library 

Why in the News?

The 47th Annual General Meeting (AGM) of the Prime Ministers’ Museum and Library (PMML) Society, chaired by the Prime Minister, was recently held.

About the Prime Ministers’ Museum and Library (PMML)

  • Overview: The PMML, earlier called the Nehru Memorial Museum and Library (NMML), is located at Teen Murti House, just south of Rashtrapati Bhavan in New Delhi.
  • Origin: Built in 1929–30 as the residence of the Commander-in-Chief of British India, it was designed by Robert Tor Russel as part of Lutyens’ Delhi.
  • Nehru’s Residence: After independence, it became the home of Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru from 1948 to 1964 and was later dedicated to him following his death.
  • Establishment: The PMML Society was founded on April 1, 1966, while the original museum was inaugurated on November 14, 1964, by President Dr S. Radhakrishnan to commemorate Nehru’s 75th birth anniversary.
  • Renaming in 2023: The name was changed from NMML to PMML to reflect a broader mandate — documenting and honouring all Indian Prime Ministers, not just Nehru.
  • Administrative Structure: PMML is an autonomous institution under the Ministry of Culture, with the Prime Minister of India as the head of the Society.
  • Mission and Scope: The institution promotes advanced research in modern and contemporary Indian history, especially related to Prime Ministers, governance, and the evolution of Indian democracy.
  • Key Institutions: PMML includes:
    • The Pradhanmantri Sangrahalaya (Museum).
    • A world-class library.
    • The Centre for Contemporary Studies.
    • The Nehru Planetarium.

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Economic Indicators and Various Reports On It- GDP, FD, EODB, WIR etc

[23rd June 2025] The Hindu Op-ed: Steering the Indian economy amidst global troubles 

PYQ Relevance:

[UPSC 2019] The economy is in a state of crisis due to global inflation. Critically examine whether this crisis and high inflation have left the Indian economy in good shape? Give reasons in support of your arguments.

Linkage: This PYQ directly mentions a specific global economic “trouble” – global inflation – and asks about its impact on the Indian economy. This article talks about the “monetary policy should continue to remain accommodative” and that “inflation currently under control and projected to be lower” can help “propel growth,” indicating that managing inflation is a key part of steering the economy amidst global challenges.

 

Mentor’s Comment:  The global trade order is witnessing a seismic shift amid renewed trade wars, evolving tariff regimes, and accelerating bilateral negotiations. In this flux, India’s exports of nearly one-fifth of its merchandise to the U.S., finds itself vulnerable, especially in sectors dominated by MSMEs like apparel, gems, and electronics. The uncertainty surrounding U.S. reciprocal tariffs, potential dumping threats, and the instability in trade negotiations pose a structural challenge. However, India also faces a rare geopolitical opportunity—to integrate into the reconfigured global supply chains, reduce dependency on traditional partners, and assert itself as a global manufacturing and export hub.

Today’s editorial analyses the impact of new trade rules and ongoing political tensions between countries. This content would help in GS Paper II (International Relations) and GS Paper III (Indian Economy) in the mains Paper.

_

Let’s learn!

Why in the News?

The global economy is changing in a big way, mainly due to new trade rules and ongoing political tensions between countries.

Why are current global trade dynamics creating uncertainty for Indian exporters?

  • Rise in protectionism and trade wars: Many countries are reviewing tariffs and adopting protectionist measures. This creates unpredictability in global trade flows, making it harder for Indian exporters to plan pricing and market strategies. Eg: The U.S. imposing or revising tariffs on Indian goods affects sectors like garments and pharmaceuticals.
  • Geopolitical tensions: Conflicts like the U.S.-China trade war or the Russia-Ukraine war are disrupting supply chains and altering trade alliances, impacting Indian exporters’ access to global markets and increasing costs. Eg: Indian exporters face delays or higher freight costs due to changes in trade routes.
  • Uncertain tariff regimes: Indian exporters face difficulty in decision-making due to fluctuating U.S. trade policies and lack of clarity on future duty structures, impacting pricing and margins. Eg: Sectors such as auto components and gems & jewellery, heavily reliant on the U.S., face profitability issues.
  • Losing competitive advantage: Competing countries like Bangladesh and Vietnam may benefit from early trade deals with the U.S., while India’s relative tariff advantage remains unclear. Eg: Indian textile exports could become costlier compared to Bangladesh’s duty-free access.
  • Planning uncertainty: Exporters hesitate to invest or plan for the long term in the absence of stable trade rules and policies. This impacts capacity expansion and export contracts, particularly for MSMEs. Eg: Indian MSMEs may cancel new orders or delay shipments due to lack of tariff clarity.

What challenges do Indian MSMEs face due to potential U.S. tariff changes?

  • Profit Margin Erosion: Increased U.S. tariffs make Indian goods costlier, reducing profit margins for MSMEs and making their exports uncompetitive. Eg: A carpet-exporting MSME in Uttar Pradesh may struggle to maintain orders if buyers shift to cheaper alternatives from Bangladesh.
  • Order Uncertainty and Planning Delays: Fluctuating tariff policies create hesitation among U.S. buyers, affecting long-term contracts and production planning for small businesses. Eg: An MSME manufacturing leather goods may face cancelled or delayed orders due to uncertainty over final landed prices.
  • Limited Ability to Absorb Costs: Unlike large firms, MSMEs lack the financial cushion to absorb increased costs from tariffs, logistics, or compliance. Eg: A small pharmaceutical exporter may not afford sudden freight hikes or additional duties, making exports unviable.

How can bilateral and free trade agreements help India navigate global trade disruptions?

  • Ensure Preferential Market Access: FTAs allow Indian exporters to access foreign markets with lower or zero tariffs, making their goods more competitiveeven amid global disruptions. Eg: An FTA with the UK can benefit Indian apparel exporters by reducing tariff barriers, boosting exports.
  • Diversify Export Destinations: Bilateral trade deals reduce dependency on a single market like the U.S., helping India shift exports to Europe, Australia, or ASEAN during crises. Eg: The India-EU FTA under negotiation could open up multiple markets for Indian electronics and auto components.
  • Address Non-Tariff Barriers (NTBs): FTAs help resolve issues like customs delays, quality standards, or licensing hurdles, ensuring smooth trade flowduring uncertain times. Eg: A mutual recognition agreement (MRA) under a BTA with the U.S. could simplify pharmaceutical exports by accepting Indian drug certifications.

What policies can boost India’s economic resilience?

  • Strengthening Public Capital Expenditure: Increased government spending on infrastructure boosts domestic demand, generates employment, and crowds in private investment during global slowdowns. Eg: The PM Gati Shakti scheme accelerates infrastructure development, improving logistics and economic stability.
  • Expanding Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) Schemes: Enhancing PLI coverage to include more sectors like IoT devices or battery raw materials promotes domestic manufacturing, attracts FDI, and reduces import dependency. Eg: PLI in electronics has boosted mobile phone exports and created supply chain resilience.
  • Maintaining Accommodative Monetary Policy: Ensuring low interest rates and easy liquidity through monetary support helps businesses manage costs and stimulate investment during global headwinds. Eg: RBI’s repo rate cuts post-COVID helped MSMEs access cheaper credit, aiding recovery.

Why should India focus on foreign investment and PLI expansion?

  • Diversify Global Supply Chains: Global companies are looking to reduce dependency on China and Southeast Asia. India can attract them by offering stable policies and incentives. Eg: Apple has shifted part of its iPhone manufacturing to India due to the PLI scheme and policy support.
  • Boost Manufacturing and Employment: Expanding PLI coverage to sectors like wearables, batteries, and semiconductors can enhance local production, reduce imports, and generate jobs. Eg: The PLI for electronics has helped create thousands of direct jobs and increased exports.
  • Strengthen Export Competitiveness: Foreign investments bring technology transfer, better quality standards, and improved productivity, which are crucial for export growth. Eg: Investments in the automobile and pharma sectors under PLI have enhanced India’s global competitiveness.

Way forward:

  • Accelerate FTA Negotiations and Ensure Tariff Stability: India should fast-track bilateral and multilateral trade agreements (e.g., with the EU, Australia) to ensure stable market access and reduce uncertainty for exporters.
  • Expand and Streamline PLI Schemes: Broaden the Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) schemes to include high-potential sectors (e.g., semiconductors, IoT), and simplify procedures to attract more foreign investment and boost domestic manufacturing.

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Foreign Policy Watch: India-Iran

Why so many Indian students — especially from Kashmir — go to Iran for higher education

Why in the News?

The recent Iran–Israel conflict has again revealed the weaknesses in India’s system of sending students abroad for medical education. Due to the conflict, India had to carry out emergency evacuations of its students from war zones, similar to what was done during the Ukraine crisis under Operation Ganga.

Why do Indian students, especially Kashmiris, prefer studying medicine in Iran?

  • Affordability and Lower Fees: Studying medicine in Iran is far cheaper than Indian private colleges. Eg: Medical degrees in Iran cost nearly one-tenth of what private institutions in India charge.
  • Cultural and Historical Ties: Kashmir shares strong historical and cultural links with Iran, often referred to as “Iran-e-Sagheer” (Iran Minor). Eg: 13th-century Iranian saint Meer Sayyed Ali Hamadani brought crafts, industries, and Persian influence to Kashmir.
  • Religious and Admission Advantages: Religious affinity due to a shared Shia population eases access for Kashmiri students. Eg: Iran provides admission concessions (Pargees quota) to Kashmiri students based on cultural-religious ties.
  • Historical Connection: Kashmir has long-standing civilisational links with Iran, often called “Iran-e-Sagheer” (Little Iran). Eg: In the 13th century, Meer Sayyed Ali Hamadani, an Iranian saint, brought crafts, culture, and Persian influence to Kashmir.
  • Language and Educational Comfort: The Persian language, once widely used in Kashmir, and similar educational traditions make adaptation easier. Eg: Kashmiri students find Iran’s academic and cultural environment more familiar and accessible compared to Western countries.

What are the major risks and challenges associated with pursuing medical degrees abroad?

  • Quality of Education Varies: Some foreign universities run dual-tier systems, offering lower-quality courses for international students. Eg: Certain programs are not designed to meet clinical standards required in India or even in the host country.
  • Ineligibility to Practice Locally: Many students graduate from courses that do not allow them to practice in the host country. Eg: A student completing a degree in a university designed only for foreigners may not qualify for local medical licenses.
  • FMGE and Licensing Issues in India: All foreign medical graduates must clear the Foreign Medical Graduate Examination (FMGE), which has a low pass rate. Eg: In 2024, only 25.8% of foreign-trained students passed the FMGE.
  • Lack of Transparency and Regulation: There is no official list of approved foreign colleges, leading to confusion and misinformation. Eg: Students often rely on agents or unverifiable online sources, resulting in enrolment in unrecognised institutions.

What challenges do foreign-trained doctors face in India?

  • Low Pass Rate in FMGE: Foreign-trained doctors must clear the Foreign Medical Graduate Examination (FMGE) to practice in India, which has a historically low success rate. Eg: In 2024, only 25.8% of candidates passed the FMGE, reflecting gaps in practical training and knowledge.
  • Mismatch in Course Duration & Curriculum: Some foreign degrees do not meet the National Medical Commission (NMC) norms like minimum 54-month duration and one-year internship. Eg: Degrees from the Philippines (48 months) were not recognised, leading to rejection of registration applications.
  • Employment and Clinical Training Gaps: Even after passing FMGE, doctors struggle with employment due to perceived inferior clinical exposure and lack of hands-on patient care experience. Eg: Many hospitals hesitate to hire FMG doctors citing practical skill deficiencies.

Way forward: 

  • Establish Clear Guidelines and Approved Lists – The National Medical Commission (NMC) should release an official list of recognised foreign medical institutions and standardise eligibility norms.
  • Enhance FMGE Support and Skill Bridging – Provide preparatory support, internships, and clinical exposure to help returning students meet Indian medical practice standards.

Mains PYQ:

[UPSC 2023] Indian diaspora has scaled new heights in the West. Describe its economic and political benefits for India.

Linkage: The Indian diaspora, which includes individuals who have moved abroad for higher education and subsequently stayed. Their presence abroad contributes to economic and political benefits for India.

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Innovation Ecosystem in India

India trails in critical tech, particularly semiconductor tech

Why in the News?

A new global index called the Critical and Emerging Technologies Index ranks 25 countries based on their strength in five key areas: AI, biotechnology, semiconductors, space, and quantum tech. India scored 15.2 overall, falling far behind top countries like the U.S., China, and those in Europe.

What is the Critical and Emerging Technologies Index?

  • A global index launched to evaluate how 25 countries perform across five technology sectors: AI, biotechnology, semiconductors, space, and quantum.
  • Developed using public and commercial data, allowing policymakers to compare relative strengths and weaknesses.
  • Weighting of sectors: Semiconductors (35%), AI (25%), Biotechnology (20%), Space (15%), Quantum (5%), based on geopolitical relevance and dual-use potential.

How does it assess countries’ performance?

  • Sector-wise Evaluation Using Pillars: Each of the five sectors—AI, biotechnology, semiconductors, space, and quantum—is assessed using multiple weighted pillars such as funding, talent, core technologies, infrastructure, and global influence.
  • Weighted Scoring System: The index assigns strategic weights to each sector (e.g., semiconductors 35%, AI 25%) based on geopolitical relevance and dual-use potential, resulting in an overall score that reflects each country’s relative technological strength.

Why is India behind the top countries in key tech sectors?

  • Lower Investments and Talent Gaps: India lacks deep investments and a large skilled workforce in core tech sectors like semiconductors and quantum computing. Eg: The U.S. leads in AI and chip design due to massive R&D funding and strong academia-industry collaboration.
  • Fragmented Innovation Ecosystem: Unlike the U.S.’s decentralized model or China’s state-led coordination, India’s innovation lacks synergy across government, industry, and academia. Eg: India ranks below France and far behind China in biotech and space sectors despite policy efforts.
  • Limited Manufacturing and Infrastructure: India has weak chip fabrication and limited quantum labs or space tech facilities compared to countries like Taiwan (chips) or Russia (space assets). Eg: India ranks 7th in space while Russia is 3rd due to superior defence assets and launch capabilities.

Which factors drive U.S. dominance in tech?

  • Massive Investments and Funding: The U.S. leads due to consistent and large-scale public and private investments in emerging technologies. Eg: Heavy funding in AI and semiconductors ensures global leadership in research and innovation.
  • Strong Talent and Research Ecosystem: A world-class workforce, top universities, and a decentralized innovation network strengthen its technological base. Eg: Institutions like MIT and Stanford produce cutting-edge research in quantum and biotech.
  • Strategic Global Partnerships: The U.S. collaborates closely with tech leaders like Japan, South Korea, and Europe, especially in semiconductorsand quantum. Eg: Joint ventures in chip production enhance U.S. resilience and global influence.

How do China and Europe compare in tech strengths?

Aspect China Europe Example
Biotechnology Strong growth due to state-led investments and large talent pool Leading in vaccine R&D, genetic engineering, and pharma Eg: China’s focus on biotech parks; Europe’s mRNA vaccine leadership
Quantum Technology Rapidly progressing with centralised planning and funding Strong academic research and early quantum computing breakthrough Eg: China’s Jiuzhang quantum computer; Europe’s QuTech (Netherlands)
Semiconductors Lags behind due to foreign tech dependency and tool import barriers Moderate progress; behind East Asia and U.S. in manufacturing Eg: China’s reliance on ASML’s lithography; Europe’s low chip fab capacity
Artificial Intelligence (AI) Excels in data volume and AI applications, but weaker algorithms Strong in ethical AI, policy, and funding, but lags behind in deployment Eg: China’s use of AI in facial recognition; Europe’s AI Act regulation
Space Technology Advanced programs with state backing; lacks international openness Lower funding and limited military use; some success in space science Eg: China’s Chang’e missions; Europe’s ESA satellite projects

 

Why is the above comparison between Europe and China important for India? 

  • Strategic Benchmarking for Policy and Investment: It helps India identify strength areas (e.g., biotech in Europe, quantum in China) and gaps (e.g., semiconductors) to shape its own technology roadmap, investments, and global collaborations. Eg: India can learn from China’s scale-driven investments in biotech and Europe’s regulatory models in AI for better domestic implementation.
  • Opportunity for Strategic Alliances: Understanding their strengths enables India to form targeted partnerships for tech transfer, research, and market access in complementary areas. Eg: India–EU cooperation in pharmaceutical innovation, or India–China dialogue in quantum research norms can enhance India’s tech footprint.

Way forward: 

  • Enhance Strategic Investments in Core Tech Sectors: India should increase targeted funding and incentives in critical areas like semiconductors, AI, and biotech, with a focus on R&D, talent development, and infrastructure. Eg: Expanding PLI schemes to include quantum and chip design startups.
  • Build Global Tech Partnerships and Talent Pipelines: Proactively engage with Europe, Japan, South Korea, and the U.S. for joint research, mutual recognition of standards, and tech collaboration. Eg: Set up Indo-EU research hubs for biotechnology and semiconductor fabrication units with Japan.

Mains PYQ:

[UPSC 2022] Elucidate the relationship between globalization and new technology in a world of scarce resources, with special reference to India.

Linkage: India “lags significantly” in critical technology sectors like semiconductors, which require substantial resources (e.g., advanced manufacturing capabilities, specialized raw materials, skilled talent, significant funding), this question implicitly probes India’s challenges and trailing position in the global technological landscape.

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Iran’s Nuclear Program & Western Sanctions

Places in news: Strait of Hormuz

Why in the News?

Iran’s Parliament has approved a motion to block the Strait of Hormuz, raising concerns worldwide.

Strait of Hormuz

About the Strait of Hormuz:

  • Geographic Location: The Strait of Hormuz is a narrow waterway that connects the Persian Gulf to the Gulf of Oman and eventually to the Arabian Sea.
  • Dimensions: It is about 167 km long and 33 km wide at its narrowest, making it one of the world’s most strategic maritime chokepoints.
  • Bordering Countries: The strait lies between Iran (north) and Oman (south), with nearby cities such as Bandar Abbas, Khasab, and Dubai.
  • Shipping Lanes: It contains designated lanes just 3 km wide in each direction to manage heavy oil tanker traffic.
  • Key Islands: Important islands include Qeshm, Hormuz, and Hengam (controlled by Iran) and disputed ones like Abu Musa and the Tunbs, claimed by both Iran and the UAE.
  • Naval Depth Advantage: Waters near the Musandam Peninsula reach depths over 650 feet, ideal for deep-draft oil tankers.
  • Security Risks: Due to its narrowness, the strait is vulnerable to disruption from mining, military action, or cyber interference.
  • Historical Tensions: It has witnessed frequent maritime tensions, especially during Iran–West conflicts but has never been fully blocked.

Its significance:

  • Global Oil Flow: Over 20 million barrels of crude oil per day pass through the strait, accounting for 25% of seaborne oil trade and 20% of global consumption.
  • Gas Exports: It is vital for LNG exports, especially from Qatar, reaching markets across the globe.
  • Asian Dependence: Countries like India, China, Japan, and South Korea import 69% of the oil that flows through the strait.
  • Market Sensitivity: Any disruption can spike global oil prices, increasing fuel and commodity costs worldwide.
  • Limited Alternatives: Overland pipelines like Saudi Arabia’s East-West (5 million bpd) and UAE’s Habshan-Fujairah (1.8 million bpd) offer only partial alternatives.

Implications of Blockade:

  • Shipping Costs: During geopolitical tensions, insurance and freight charges for using the strait surge significantly.
  • India’s Vulnerability: India relies heavily on the region for oil imports, so instability could raise inflation, disrupt energy supplies, and impact the trade balance.
  • Strategic Response: A full blockade could trigger direct military action, particularly from the US 5th Fleet based in Bahrain.
  • Mutual Economic Impact: Disruption would affect both exporters and importers, including Iran and its major customer, China.
[UPSC 2010] Which one of the following can one come across if one travels through the Strait of Malacca?

Options: (a) Bali (b) Brunei (c) Java (d) Singapore*

 

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Indian Navy Updates

Induction of INS Tamal

Why in the News?

The Indian Navy is set to commission INS Tamal, a stealth multi-role frigate and the last warship commissioned outside India, on July 1, 2025, at Kaliningrad, Russia.

About INS Tamal:

  • Overview: It is the 8th Krivak-class and 2nd Tushil-class stealth frigate from Russia.
  • Last to be imported: Final Indian Navy ship to be commissioned abroad, under the 2016 India-Russia IGA.
  • Built at Yantar Shipyard, Kaliningrad; sister ship INS Tushil was commissioned in Dec 2024; designed by Severnoye Bureau; overseen by the Indian Navy.
  • Etymology: Name inspired by a mythical sword of Indra; mascot blends Jambavant and Eurasian Brown Bear.
  • Motto: “Sarvada Sarvatra Vijaya” – Victorious Always, Everytime.

Important Features:

  • Indigenous components: It uses Indian-made parts in 26% of its systems, including those from companies like BEL and Tata.
  • Stealth capacity: It has radar, sonar, and electronic systems to detect enemy ships and submarines.
  • Patrol features: It can carry helicopters that help in sea patrol and rescue missions.
  • Size: It is 125 metres long, weighs about 3,900 tonnes, and can move very fast, over 30 knots.
  • Digital warfare: It has modern control systems that allow all its weapons and sensors to work together.
[UPSC 2016] Which one of the following is the best description of ‘INS Astradharini’, that was in the news recently?

Options: (a) Amphibious warfare ship (b) Nuclear-powered submarine (c) Torpedo launch and recovery vessel (d) Nuclear-powered aircraft carrier

 

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Health Sector – UHC, National Health Policy, Family Planning, Health Insurance, etc.

Integrating Rare Donor Registry of India with e-Rakt Kosh

Why in the News?

The ICMR has launched the Rare Donor Registry of India (RDRI). The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare is further planning to integrate the RDRI with the e-Rakt Kosh Digital platform.

What are Rare Blood Types?

  • Rare blood groups are defined by the absence of high-frequency antigens (HFAs) or negative combinations of multiple common antigens.
  • In India, examples include Bombay (hh), P-null, Rh-null, and rare profiles like S-s-U-.

About the Rare Donor Registry of India (RDRI):

  • Launch: It was launched by the ICMR–National Institute of Immunohaematology (NIIH) in collaboration with four regional medical institutes.
  • Purpose: It aims to address the shortage of rare blood types such as Bombay (hh), Rh-null, and P-Null, critical for patients with thalassemia, haemophilia, and sickle cell disease.
  • Uniqueness: Over 4,000 donors have been screened using multiplex PCR, suited for Indian genetic diversity, and catalogued using 300+ rare blood markers.
  • Rare Phenotypes Tracked: The registry focuses on rare phenotypes defined by the absence of high-frequency antigens; already 170 Bombay group donors have been identified.
  • Key Features:
    • DNA-Based Testing: Molecular assays are used for accurate donor typing, enabling a centralised national database accessible through a dedicated web portal.
    • Integration with e-Rakt Kosh: RDRI is designed to be integrated with e-Rakt Kosh, enabling cross-platform donor search and matching by medical professionals nationwide.
    • Real-Time Support: The platform allows secure data access, real-time requisitions, and timely transfusion support for patients requiring rare blood types.
    • Global Linkages: The initiative aims to connect with International Rare Donor Panels and develop a frozen rare blood inventory to ensure long-term availability.
  • Challenges: Key challenges include low awareness, shortage of trained personnel, and lack of antibody screening at decentralised blood banks.

What is E-Rakt Kosh?

  • Overview: e-Rakt Kosh is a national digital platform developed by C-DAC under the National Health Mission, launched in 2016.
  • Real-Time Information: It offers live updates on blood availability, donor records, and donation camp details across India via a centralised interface.
  • National Coverage: The system covers over 3,800 blood centres across 29 states and 8 Union Territories, integrated with UMANG, e-Hospital, and the National Health Portal.
  • Notable features include:
    • Donor Safety and Tagging: It maintains traceable donor databases, including health history and rare blood group tagging, ensuring safe and verified transfusions.
    • Inventory Monitoring: e-Rakt Kosh manages stock levels, tracks expired units, and ensures safe disposal, thereby improving quality control.
    • Camp Management: It facilitates registration and scheduling of blood donation camps, sends alerts for shortages, and streamlines resource planning.
    • Critical Access Role: Once integrated with RDRI, it will allow direct access to rare blood group data, crucial during emergency transfusions.
    • Transparency and Logistics: The system enhances transparency, strengthens blood logistics, and improves communication between blood banks, hospitals, and donor groups.
[UPSC 2001] A man whose blood group is not known meets with a serious accident and needs blood transfusion immediately. Which one of the blood groups mentioned below and readily available in the hospital will be safe for transfusion?

Options: (a) O, Rh- * (b) O, Rh+ (c) AB, Rh- (d) AB, Rh+

 

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Festivals, Dances, Theatre, Literature, Art in News

11th International Yoga Day

Why in the News?

Prime Minister led the celebrations for the 11th International Day of Yoga on 21st June.

About International Day of Yoga:

  • Celebration: The International Day of Yoga is observed annually on June 21 across the world since 2015, following a UN resolution in 2014.
  • Proposed by India at UN: Prime Minister Narendra Modi proposed the idea during his UN address in September 2014, highlighting yoga’s global relevance.
  • UN Recognition: The resolution was introduced by India’s Permanent Representative and was adopted without a vote, supported by 177 countries.
  • First Observance: The first celebration was held on June 21, 2015, with events in cities like New York, Paris, Beijing, and New Delhi.
  • Purpose of the Day: The day recognizes Yoga’s health benefits, including physical fitness, stress relief, and spiritual well-being.

Back2Basics: Yoga

  • Origin: Yoga originated in ancient India and is deeply rooted in Indian philosophy, spirituality, and culture.
  • Meaning of Yoga: The word “Yoga” is derived from the Sanskrit root “yuj”, meaning “to join or unite” the mind, body, and spirit.
  • Historical References:
    • Rig Veda and Upanishads: Yoga-like practices are mentioned in the Rig Veda (c. 1500 BCE) and further developed in the Upanishads (800–400 BCE).
    • Patanjali’s Contribution: Sage Patanjali, considered the father of classical yoga, compiled the Yoga Sutras around the 2nd century BCE, outlining a systematic philosophy.
  • Eight Limbs of Ashtanga Yoga (Yoga Sutras)
    1. Yama – Ethical principles (e.g., non-violence, truth).
    2. Niyama – Personal observances (e.g., cleanliness, contentment).
    3. Asana – Physical postures.
    4. Pranayama – Breath control.
    5. Pratyahara – Withdrawal of senses.
    6. Dharana – Concentration.
    7. Dhyana – Meditation.
    8. Samadhi – State of spiritual absorption or self-realization.
  • Schools and Styles of Yoga:
    • Multiple Traditions: Yoga is practiced in various schools, each with distinct methods and focus.
    • Popular Styles: These include Hatha, Vinyasa, Ashtanga, Iyengar, Kundalini, Bikram, and Yin Yoga, catering to both beginners and advanced practitioners.

Why was 21st June chosen for this day?

  • The date of June 21 was chosen because it is the longest day of the year in the Northern Hemisphere, symbolising spiritual significance across various cultures.
  • In Hindu mythology, this day marks the transition to Dakshinayana and is associated with the first yogi, Shiva, who began teaching yoga to humanity.

Tap to read more about Summer Solstice (June 21).

 

[2014] Which one of the following pairs does not form part of the six systems of Indian Philosophy?

(a) Mimamsa and Vedanta

(b) Nyaya and Vaisheshika

(c) Lokayata and Kapalika

(d) Sankhya and Yoga

 

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