Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: TCAS-Kavach ATP System, RFID
Mains level: NA
The Supreme Court has acknowledged and appreciated the implementation of the indigenous anti-collision system KAVACH.
What is KAVACH?
- Kavach, an automatic train protection (ATP) system, was initially named Train Collision Avoidance System (TCAS).
-
- Development commenced in 2011 as Indian Railways and Research Designs & Standards Organisation (RDSO) sought a domestically developed ATP system.
- B. Rajaram, credited with developing the Skybus Metro system, played a key role in Kavach’s development.
- Field trials began in 2014, refining the system’s specification.
- Final approval was granted in 2019, certifying Kavach for compliance with Safety Integrity level 4 (SIL-4) operations.
Working Mechanism:
- Kavach comprises trackside Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags, onboard locomotive equipment, and radio infrastructure.
- It communicates via radio, enabling real-time train monitoring.
- Drivers receive alerts, and automatic braking is triggered to prevent collisions.
- Kavach uses various data inputs like location, direction, and time to ensure safety.
- Event recorders retain records of interactions and incidents for analysis.
- Alerts and automatic braking ensure an immediate response to hazardous situations.
How does it help prevent collision?
- Kavach is designed to alert the locomotive pilot if they fail to notice a ‘red signal’ and continue at a speed that would surpass the signal.
- If the pilot does not slow down below 15 kmph, Kavach automatically applies the brakes, bringing the train to a halt.
Issues with KAVACH
- High Deployment Cost: Implementing Kavach costs ₹50 lakh per kilometer for the Indian Railways.
- Low Coverage: Currently, Kavach covers only 1,500 kilometers of rail routes, a small fraction of the total 68,000-kilometer network (as of November 2023).
- Expanding its coverage, particularly on high-density routes, remains a formidable challenge.
PYQ:
[2015] With reference to bio-toilets used by the Indian Railways, consider the following statements:
- The decomposition of human waste in the biotoilets is initiated by a fungal inoculum.
- Ammonia and water vapour are the only end products in this decomposition which are released into the atmosphere.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Nostro, Vostro and Loro Accounts,SRVA
Mains level: Trade Settlement Mechanisms in Rupee
Why in the news?
India has simplified the payment mechanism for traders importing pulses from Myanmar, requiring them to use the Rupee/Kyat direct payment system through the Special Rupee Vostro Account (SRVA) through the Punjab National Bank.
International Transactions Settlement Mechanism:
[1] Vostro Accounts:
- Named from the Latin word “vostro,” meaning “yours.”
- Represents a domestic bank’s account held by a foreign bank in the local currency (e.g., INR in India).
- Allows foreign banks to manage local currency transactions on behalf of their clients.
- For example, a foreign bank holding an account in an Indian bank in Indian Rupees (INR) for facilitating transactions within India.
[2] Nostro Accounts:
- Derived from the Latin word “nostro,” meaning “ours.”
- Refers to a foreign bank’s account held by a domestic bank in the foreign currency (e.g., USD in the United States).
- Enables domestic banks to handle foreign currency transactions for their clients.
- For instance, an Indian bank holding an account in a U.S. bank in U.S. Dollars (USD) to facilitate international transactions in the U.S. currency.
[3] Loro Accounts:
- From the Italian word “loro,” meaning “their.”
- Represents an account held by one foreign bank in another foreign bank’s currency.
- Facilitates interbank transactions between two foreign banks without converting currencies into a domestic currency.
- For example, if a bank in India holds an account in a bank in the United States in USD (U.S. Dollars) to facilitate transactions between those two banks.
|
What is Special Rupee Vostro Account (SRVA)?
|
Information |
| Definition |
Domestic banks hold INR accounts for foreign banks, promoting direct trade in rupees. |
| Purpose |
- Complements existing currency systems, allowing INR-based settlements.
- Reduces reliance on foreign currencies, mitigating economic shocks.
- Aims to elevate INR’s global status and facilitates trade with sanctioned countries.
|
| Framework Components |
- All exports and imports invoiced in INR.
- Exchange Rate is Market-determined.
- Final trade settlements takes place in INR.
|
| Functioning |
- Indian banks open SRVA accounts for foreign banks.
- INR used for import payments and export receipts.
|
| Compliance |
- Enables advance payments for Indian exporters, complying with Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA), 1999.
- Correspondent bank should not from a country mentioned in the updated Financial Action Task Force (FATF) Public Statement on High Risk & Non-Co-operative jurisdictions
|
| Purpose of the Arrangement |
- Reduces demand for foreign currencies, increasing INR use in trade.
- Mitigates economic shocks by minimizing reliance on foreign exchange.
- Aims to boost INR’s global acceptance and facilitates trade with sanctioned nations.
|
How are the SRVA different from the already existing Rupee Vostro Account?
- The settlement of International trade through Indian Rupees (INR) is an additional arrangement to the existing system of settlement.
- SRVA requires prior approval (of RBI) before opening unlike Rupee Vostro account.
PYQ:
[2015] Convertibility of rupee implies:
(a) being able to convert rupee notes into gold
(b) allowing the value of rupee to be fixed by market forces
(c) freely permitting the conversion of rupee to other currencies and vice versa
(d) developing an international market for currencies in India |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: VVPATs, EVM
Mains level: Limitation and significance of EVM
Why in the news?
The Supreme Court has decided to hear petitions seeking 100% cross-verification of the Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT) slips with the vote count as per Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs).
What is the history of the Voting Process?
- First two General Elections: In the Elections of 1952 and 1957, a separate box was placed for each candidate with their election symbol. Voters had to drop a blank ballot paper into the box of the candidate whom they wanted to vote for.
- Third Election: In the third election, the ballot paper with names of candidates and their symbols was introduced with voters putting a stamp on the candidate of their choice.
- Introduction of EVM in Lok Sabha Elections: In the 2004 general elections to the Lok Sabha, EVMs were used in all 543 constituencies.
- Global Scenario:
- Many Western democracies, including England, France, The Netherlands, and the United States, have opted to continue using paper ballots for their National or Federal Elections instead of Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs).
- Some countries have discontinued the use of EVMs after trials over the past two decades. For example, Germany’s Supreme Court declared the use of EVMs in elections unconstitutional in 2009.
Significance of EVM:
- Prevention of Booth Capturing: EVMs have significantly reduced the likelihood of booth capturing, a practice where unauthorized individuals seize control of polling booths to manipulate votes.
- Elimination of Invalid Votes: EVMs have effectively eliminated invalid votes, which were a common issue with paper ballots.
- Environmental Sustainability: With a large electorate size like India’s, which is close to one billion, the use of EVMs contributes to environmental sustainability by reducing the consumption of paper.
- Administrative Convenience: EVMs provide administrative convenience for polling officers on the day of the poll. They simplify the voting process, making it easier for voters to cast their ballots and for officials to manage polling stations efficiently.
Limitations on using EVM:
- Susceptibility to Hacking Allegations: Despite assurances from electoral authorities, doubts have been raised about the security of EVMs, with concerns that they may be vulnerable to hacking due to their electronic nature.
- Limited Sample Size for VVPAT Verification: The current practice of verifying the EVM count with Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT) slips has a small sample size of only five per assembly constituency/segment.
- Identification of Polling Behavior: The process of matching EVM counts with VVPAT slips at the booth level allows for the identification of polling behavior by various political parties. This information could potentially be used for profiling voters and intimidation, undermining the secrecy and fairness of the electoral process.
Way Forward:
- Enhancing Transparency and Comprehensibility: In a transparent democracy, citizens should be able to understand and verify the election process without requiring specialized technical knowledge.
- Scientific Sampling for EVM-VVPAT Matching: Rather than a 100% match, the sample for matching the EVM count with VVPAT slips should be determined scientifically, possibly by dividing each state into large regions as suggested by experts.
- Error Resolution: In case any error is detected, the VVPAT slips for the concerned region should be fully counted, forming the basis for results. This would instill statistically significant confidence in the counting process.
Mains PYQ
Q In the light of recent controversy regarding the use of Electronic Voting Machines (EVM), what are the challenges before the Election Commission of India to ensure the trustworthiness of elections in India?
Q To enhance the quality of democracy in India the Election Commission of India has proposed electoral reforms in 2016. What are the suggested reforms and how far are they significant to make democracy successful?
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Status of Gas based plants in India; Section 11 (Electricity Act, 2003);
Mains level: Significance of Gas-Based Plants;
Why in the News?
- The Central government has issued directives under Section 11 of the Electricity Act, of 2003 to all gas-based generating stations to ensure Maximum Power Generation.
- This section empowers the Central/state government to specify the operation of generating stations in extraordinary circumstances.
Why India Needs Gas-based Plants?
- Electricity Demand in India: India faces a surge in electricity demand, especially during the upcoming summer season. The government has instructed gas-based power plants to commence operations to address this demand surge.
- Optimizing Power Availability: The directive aims to optimize power availability from gas-based generating stations during the anticipated high-demand period, similar to measures taken for imported-coal-based power plants.
- Ideal Transitioning Fuel: Gas-based power plants can be an ideal transition fuel for the shift from coal-based generation to renewable energy in the Indian power sector. They can provide the necessary flexibility and reliability to the grid as the share of renewable energy increases.
- Targets: The Indian government has set a target of increasing the share of non-fossil fuel, especially renewables, in power generation to 50% by 2030, and gas-based power plants can play a crucial role in achieving this target.
Challenges in building Gas-based Infrastructure:
- Underutilized Capacity: Despite having considerable capacity, gas-based generating stations remain underutilized, primarily due to commercial considerations.
- Non-availability of Affordable Fuel: India’s gas-based power plants are either stranded or operating at sub-optimal levels due to the non-availability of affordable fuel
- Lack of Domestic Gas Supply: The limited domestic gas supply has forced gas-based power producers to depend on LNG to meet their fuel needs, but the high cost of LNG has increased the variable cost of power, making it difficult to schedule in merit order dispatch
- Dependence on Imports: With barely half of the current gas consumption coming from local production, dependence on gas-based power plants can only be interim and not a long-term solution.
Initiatives taken by the Government:
- Setting up biogas plants: The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India, launched the Biogas program to set up biogas plants for various applications, including power generation.
- Use of gas-based power for peaking and balancing: The government will use some gas-based power to meet the country’s peaking and balancing needs during the summer of 2024.
- Increasing gas-based power generation: The government wants the share of gas-based power to rise to 15% of India’s total installed power generation capacity.
Way forward:
- Diversification of fuel sources: Encourage the exploration and development of domestic gas reserves to reduce reliance on imported gas and mitigate price volatility.
- Investment in infrastructure: Develop infrastructure for transporting gas efficiently across the country to ensure a steady and reliable supply to power plants.
- Policy support: Provide long-term policy certainty and incentives for investment in gas-based power generation, including tax breaks, subsidies, and assured purchase agreements.
Mains PYQ
Q Environmental Impact Assessment studies are increasingly undertaken before a project is cleared by the Government. Discuss the environmental impacts of coal-fired thermal plants located at coal pitheads. (UPSC IAS/2014)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Green Bond;
Mains level: FIIs; Green Bonds; Sovereign Green Bonds Framework (2022);
Why in the News?
On April 5 the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) greenlighted investments in the country’s Sovereign Green Bonds (SGrBs) by Foreign Institutional Investors (FIIS).
- These are the investors such as insurance companies, pension funds, and nation-states’ sovereign wealth funds.
What is the Sovereign Green Bond?
- It is a type of bond issued by a government to finance projects and expenditures that have a positive environmental impact and are aligned with sustainability goals.
- These bonds are specifically earmarked for funding green projects, assets, and expenditures that contribute to environmental sustainability and climate objectives.
|
Why has India allowed FIIs to invest in its Green Bonds?
- For attracting Foreign Investments: By allowing FIIs to invest in green bonds, India attracts foreign capital into its green projects.
- For Widening the Pool of Capital: Allowing FIIs to invest in India’s green projects expands the sources of funding available for the country’s ambitious climate goals, including achieving net zero emissions by 2070 and increasing the share of non-fossil fuel-based energy sources to 50%.
- For Meeting Climate Commitments: Prime Minister Narendra Modi pledged at COP26 in Glasgow in 2021 to reduce India’s carbon emission by 45% and increase the share of renewable energy in the country’s energy mix.
- For Diversification of Investments: FIIs are looking to diversify their portfolios and seek opportunities in green investments due to regulatory support, particularly in developed countries.
- India’s Sovereign Green Bonds Framework (2022), addresses concerns about greenwashing by providing a credible framework for green investments.
Limitation For Govt. of India:
- Limited credibility of projects: The absence of specific regulations for green bonds leaves investors unable to assess the financial risk associated with the projects.
- Higher costs of issuing: The high cost of issuing green bonds in India poses a challenge for the market. Green bonds are initially costly but provide long-term cost savings.
- Greenwashing may not be resolved: Greenwashing, which is the deceptive promotion of a company’s eco-friendly image, is prevalent in the green bond industry. Some bonds are labeled as “green” despite not meeting the specified criteria.
Way Forward:
- Establish Clear Regulations: The government should establish clear and stringent regulations for green bonds, outlining specific criteria for eligible projects.
- Enhance Project Credibility: Implement mechanisms for independent verification and certification of green projects to ensure their credibility.
- Lower Issuance Costs: Explore options to reduce the issuance costs of green bonds, such as providing incentives or subsidies to issuers.
BACK2BASICS:
About India’s Sovereign Green Bonds Framework:
- It was first announced in the Union Budget 2022-23, where the proceeds of these green bonds will be issued for mobilizing resources for green infrastructure.
- It was aimed to mobilize Rs 16,000 crore through the issuance of Green Bonds in the fiscal ending of March 2023.
How they are issued?
- The Finance Ministry will, each year, inform the RBI about spending on green projects for which the funds raised through these bonds will be used.
- Green Bonds will be issued through a Uniform Price Auction (a public sale in which a fixed number of similar things are sold at the same price).
What is the Eligibility for Repurchase Transactions (Repo)?
- SGrBs will be eligible for Repurchase Transactions (Repo).
- SGrBs will also be reckoned as eligible investments for Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR)
|
Mains PYQ
Q Explain the purpose of the Green Grid Initiative launched at the World Leaders Summit of the COP26 UN Climate Change Conference in Glasgow in November 2021. When was this idea first floated in the International Solar Alliance (ISA)?
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (UNPFII); United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC);
Mains level: NA
Why in the News?
- The 23rd session of the UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, commenced on April 15 in New York.
- It focuses on the pressing need to accelerate the recognition and protection of Indigenous Territories (ITs) worldwide.
About UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (UNPFII):
|
Details |
| What is it? |
- One of three UN bodies mandated to deal specifically with indigenous peoples’ issues.
- Others are-
- Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and
- Special Rapporteur Rights of Indigenous Peoples.
|
| Formation |
28 July 2000 |
| Headquarters |
New York, USA |
| Parent Organization |
United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) |
| Membership |
- 16 independent experts serving three-year terms, with eight nominated by member governments and eight directly nominated by indigenous organizations
- Countries: Finland, Nepal, Chad, Australia, Colombia, Bolivia, United States, Russia, China, Ecuador, Burundi, Denmark, Mexico, Namibia, Estonia, and one additional rotating seat
|
| Mandate |
- Provide expert advice and recommendations on indigenous issues to the Council, UN programs, funds, and agencies through ECOSOC.
- Raise awareness and promote integration of indigenous issues within the UN system.
- Prepare and disseminate information on indigenous issues.
|
| Secretariat |
- Established by General Assembly in 2002.
- Based in New York within Division for Inclusive Social Development (DISD) of UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA)
|
PYQ:
[UPSC CSE 2009] With reference to the United Nations, consider the following statements:
- The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) of UN consists of 24 member States.
- It is elected by a 2/3rd majority of the General Assembly for a 3-year term.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, Dhole, Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- A pack of wild dogs, or Dholes, in Mudumalai Tiger Reserve (MTR) have suffered severe exfoliating skin infection which is an alarming fungal and bacterial infection.
About Mudumalai Tiger Reserve
- Mudumalai Tiger Reserve is situated in Tamil Nadu’s Nilgiris District, at the intersection of Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu.
- It forms part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, India’s first biosphere reserve, alongside Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary (Kerala), Bandipur National Park (Karnataka), Mukurthi National Park, and Silent Valley.
- The name “Mudumalai” signifies “the ancient hill range,” dating back 65 million years to the formation of the Western Ghats.
- Flora: The reserve boasts tall grasses, including Elephant Grass, and diverse flora such as giant bamboo, Teak, and Rosewood.
- Fauna: It is home to flagship species like the Tiger and Asian Elephant, as well as the Indian Gaur, Spotted Deer, Malabar Giant Squirrel, and Jungle Cat, among others.
- With over 260 bird species, Mudumalai hosts 8% of India’s avian species, including rare birds like the Malabar grey hornbill and Malabar pied hornbill.
Asiatic Wild Dog (Dhole)
|
Details |
| Name |
Dhole (Cuon alpinus) |
| Native Range |
Central, South, East, and Southeast Asia |
| Distribution in India |
Most of India south of the Ganges, Central Indian Highlands, Western and Eastern Ghats, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, West Bengal, Terai region of Indo-Gangetic Plain |
| Other Names |
Asian wild dog, Asiatic wild dog, Indian wild dog, whistling dog, red dog, mountain wolf |
| Conservation Status |
- IUCN Red List: Endangered
- CITES: Appendix II
- Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Schedule 1
|
| Social Structure |
Lives in big, loosely organized groups with several breeding females |
| Factors Contributing to Decline |
Habitat loss, loss of prey, competition with other species, persecution due to livestock predation, disease transfer from domestic dogs |
| Significance |
Besides the tiger, it is the only large carnivore in India that is under IUCN’s ‘endangered’ category. |
|
PYQ:
[2019] Which of the following are in Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve?
(a) Neyyar, Peppara and Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuaries; and Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve
(b) Mudumalai, Sathyamangalam and Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuaries; and Silent Valley National Park
(c) Kaundinya, Gundla Brahmeswaram and Papikonda Wildlife Sanctuaries; and Mukurthi National Park
(d) Kawal and Sri Venkateswara Wildlife Sanctuaries; and Nagarjunasagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ashwagandha and its medicinal uses
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- Ashwagandha exports have surged by 8 times in the past six years, penetrating markets like the United States, Czech Republic, and Canada.
- The Ayurvedic industry in India has been growing at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 17%, with the industry size increasing from $3 billion in 2014 to $24 billion today.
- Gujarat, with about 850 Ayurvedic manufacturing units, ranks fourth in the country after Uttar Pradesh, Kerala, and Maharashtra.
- India leads in Ashwagandha production and export, with states like Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh emerging as key producers.
- The herb is exported primarily as extracts and has gained significant traction in the United States, where it competes with Chinese Ginseng.
|
What is Ashwagandha?
- Also known as Indian Ginseng or Withania somnifera, Ashwagandha belongs to a group of herbs known as ‘adaptogens’( best rejuvenating agent).
- It is available in various forms such as extracts, powder, and raw herbs, catering to domestic and international markets.
Medicinal Properties and Usage:
- In treatment of rheumatic pain, inflammation of joints, nervous disorders and epilepsy.
- Used as a tonic for hiccup, cold, cough, female disorders, as a sedative, in care of senile debility, ulcers, etc.
- Leaves are applied for carbuncles, inflammation and swellings. Leaf juice is useful in conjunctivitis.
- Bark decoction is taken for asthma and applied locally to bed sores.
- Ashwagandha and its extracts are used in the preparation of herbal tea, powders, tablets, and syrups.
Cultivation of Ashwagandha
- Ashwagandha-growing states: Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh.
- Being a hardy and drought-tolerant crop, Ashwagandha requires a relatively dry season throughout its growing period.
- It is grown as late rainy season (kharif) crop between 600-1200 m altitudes.
- It grows well in sandy loam or light red soil having pH 7.5 to 8.0 (alkaloid) with good drainage.
- Black soil or such heavy soil is suitable for cultivation.
With inputs from: https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/farm_enterprises/Farm%20enterprises_%20Ashwagantha.html
PYQ:
[2010] Consider the following statements:
- The Taxus tree is naturally found in the Himalayas
- The Taxus tree is listed in the Red Data Book.
- A drug called “taxol” is obtained from Taxus tree is effective against Parkinson’s disease
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 3 only |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: International Banking Institutions; Types of Inflation;
Mains level: NA
Why in the News?
The Asian Development Bank recently issued a cautionary note for India’s susceptibility to imported inflation due to potential rupee depreciation amidst escalating interest rates in the West.
What is Imported Inflation?
- Imported inflation refers to the increase in the prices of goods and services within a country caused by a rise in the cost or price of imports.
- This phenomenon occurs when factors such as a depreciating currency, higher import costs, or increased international prices lead to elevated expenses for imported goods and services.
- Consequently, producers may adjust their prices upward to offset these higher costs, resulting in inflationary pressures within the domestic economy.
- This idea connects with the theory of cost-push inflation, which means that when input costs go up, it can cause prices for final products to go up too.
Reason behind the imported inflation:
- Capital Flows: Increased interest rates in Western economies attract foreign investors seeking higher returns, leading to capital outflows from countries like India and potentially depreciating the Indian rupee.
- When a currency depreciates, local consumers require more of their domestic currency to procure foreign goods, consequently elevating import prices.
- Borrowing Costs: Indian businesses and the government may face higher borrowing costs for infrastructure projects and investments if they raise funds in foreign currency-denominated international markets.
- Inflationary Pressures: Capital outflows can pressure the Indian rupee, causing imported inflation as the cost of imported goods rises due to currency depreciation.
- Trade Competitiveness: Exchange rate fluctuations from Western interest rate changes affect India’s trade competitiveness, impacting exports, imports, and domestic consumption.
Back2Basics: Asian Development Bank (ADB)
|
Information |
| Establishment |
Established in 1966 as a result of the Conference on Asian Economic Cooperation held by the United Nations Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East. |
| Headquarters |
Manila, Philippines |
| Official Status |
Official United Nations Observer |
| Objectives |
- Reducing poverty in Asia and the Pacific through inclusive economic growth, environmentally sustainable growth, and regional integration.
- Providing Loans, technical assistance, and Grants.
- Offering “hard” loans on commercial terms primarily to middle income countries and “soft” loans with lower interest rates to poorer countries.
- Providing direct financial assistance to private sector companies for projects with clear social benefits.
- Maximizing development impact through policy dialogues, advisory services, and co-financing operations.
|
| Membership |
- 67 members, with 48 from the Asia and Pacific region.
- Admits members of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP) and non-regional developed countries.
|
| Funding |
- Japan and United States hold the largest proportion of shares at 15.607%.
- China holds 6.444%, India holds 6.331%, and Australia holds 5.786%.
|
| Sources |
- Bond issues on the world’s capital markets.
- Members’ contributions and retained earnings from lending operations.
- Repayment of loans.
|
PYQ:
[2021] With reference to Indian economy, demand-pull inflation can be caused/increased by which of the following?
- Expansionary policies
- Fiscal stimulus
- Inflation-indexing wages
- Higher purchasing power
- Rising interest rates
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1, 2 and 4 only
(b) 3, 4 and 5 only
(c) 1, 2, 3 and 5 only
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Arctic Region
Mains level: Distribution of resources; Arctic Region;
Why in the news?
The Indian government appears interested in capitalizing on seabed mining and resource exploitation in the Arctic
About Artice Region:
- The Arctic region is rich in energy resources, including oil, natural gas, and renewable energy sources such as wind, solar, hydro, geothermal, and tidal power.
- The Arctic covers an area of approximately 8 million square kilometers, with interests belonging to Denmark, Canada, Iceland, Finland, Russia, Norway, Sweden, and the United States
The reason behind the growing interest in the Arctic Region:
- Climate Change Concerns: India’s increased interest in the Arctic stems from scientific data revealing accelerated warming in the region.
- Trade Route Opportunities: India seeks to capitalize on the opening up of Arctic sea routes, particularly the Northern Sea Route, to enhance its trade efficiency.
- Geopolitical Considerations: India’s focus on the Arctic is also driven by geopolitical factors, including concerns over China’s expanding presence and Russia’s decisions regarding access to Arctic routes.
- Historical Engagement: India’s involvement in the Arctic dates back to 1920 with the signing of the Svalbard Treaty.
Indian Initiatives:
- Arctic Council: As an Observer in the Arctic Council, India actively participates in various working groups and expert meetings. India’s involvement in these discussions helps in understanding Arctic governance issues and contributes to the development of sustainable policies for the region.
- INS Himadri: In 2019, India launched its first scientific expedition to the Arctic with the INS Himadri, an ice-class research vessel. The expedition aimed to study climate change, oceanography, and marine biodiversity, furthering India’s expertise in polar research.
- PAME: India’s commitment to sustainable development in the Arctic is reflected in its engagement with Arctic Council initiatives like the ‘Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment’ (PAME).
|
Way Forward – Potential for Collaboration:
- Green Energy and Clean Industries: India’s current policy emphasizes cooperation with Arctic countries, particularly Norway, in green energy and clean industries. This aligns with India’s goal of positioning itself as a responsible stakeholder in global environmental initiatives.
- Transformational Partnership: Collaboration with Norway could be transformative for India, offering opportunities for increased participation in Arctic Council working groups
- Scientific Research and Environmental Protection: A partnership with Norway is expected to focus on scientific research, climate, and environmental protection. These areas align with India’s Arctic Policy pillars, emphasizing the importance of addressing environmental challenges through research and cooperation.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Climate Change;
Mains level: Climate Change; CO2 emissions;
Why in the news?
Aviation accounts for 2.5% of global CO2 emissions. But it has contributed around 4% to global warming to date
Year-wise Global Aviation demand, Energy Efficiency, and CO2 emissions
Global Co2 emissions from aviation
The reason behind Aviation accounts for 2.5% of global CO2 emissions:
- CO2 Emissions: When jet fuel burns, it releases carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere, much like any other combustion process. CO2 as a greenhouse gas has contributed around 4% to global warming to date.
- Non-CO2 effects: In addition to CO2, aircraft emissions also include other substances like nitrogen oxides, soot, water vapor, and sulfate aerosols. These substances interact with the atmosphere in various ways and can have different climate impacts. For example:
- Contrails: These are the visible trails of condensed water vapor and ice crystals that form behind aircraft in certain atmospheric conditions. Contrails can contribute to the formation of cirrus clouds, which can have a warming effect on the climate.
- Induced cirrus cloud formation: Aircraft can also induce the formation of cirrus clouds through their emissions, further contributing to warming.
Initiatives taken by the Indian Government:
- India is a Party to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), its Kyoto Protocol (KP) and the Paris Agreement (PA).
- As a Party to the UNFCCC, India periodically submits its National Communications (NCs) and Biennial Update Reports (BURs) to the UNFCCC which includes national Greenhouse Gas (GHG) inventory.
- The energy sector contributed 75%, Industrial Process and Product Use 8%, the agriculture sector 14%, and the waste sector contributed 3% of total greenhouse gas emissions in 2016.
- The Land Use Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) sector was the net sink and absorbed about 15% of the carbon dioxide in 2016.
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Way Forward:
- Transitioning to Alternative Fuels: Invest in Research and Development of sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs), such as biofuels, hydrogen, or synthetic fuels, which emit fewer CO2 emissions compared to conventional jet fuel.
- Improving Aircraft Efficiency: Encourage the adoption of more fuel-efficient aircraft and technologies, including advanced aerodynamics, lightweight materials, and efficient engines.
- Implementing Operational Improvements: Enhance air traffic management systems to optimize flight routes, reduce delays, and minimize fuel consumption during taxiing, takeoff, and landing.
Mains PYQs:
- Describe the major outcomes of the 26th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). What are the commitments made by India in this conference? (2021)
- Discuss in detail the photochemical smog emphasizing its formation, effects and mitigation. Explain the 1999 Gothenburg protocol. (2022)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Hydrocarbons;
Mains level: The extraction of Hydrocarbons;
Why in the news?
The geological processes, extraction methods, and environmental impact of hydrocarbon extraction.
BACK2BASICS
Where are Hydrocarbons located?
- Hydrocarbons originate from plant and animal fossils that were formed by the forces of temperature and weight over millennia.
- They are mostly found deep underground, in porous rock formations, such as sandstone, limestone, and shale. Hydrocarbons exist in Subterranean rock formations in various forms like natural gas, coal, crude oil, and petroleum, typically found in reservoirs.
- The primary source of hydrocarbons in underground rocks is kerogen, organic matter deposits originating from lakes, marine ecosystems, or terrestrial ecosystems.
- Different types of kerogen yield various hydrocarbon products such as waxy oils, oil and gas, light oils, gas, and coal.
- Petroleum geologists utilize tools and techniques from petroleum geology to evaluate these rocks, assessing factors like porosity and permeability.
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How Hydrocarbons are extracted?
The extraction of hydrocarbons, such as oil and gas, has several negative impacts on the environment:
- Damage to Marine Life and Ecosystems: The extraction process can lead to the release of toxic substances and chemicals, which can harm marine life and ecosystems. This can lead to the death of fish, birds, and other marine animals, as well as the destruction of habitats.
- Deforestation and Destruction of Flora: The search for hydrocarbon deposits often involves the clearing of large areas of land, which can lead to deforestation and the destruction of plant life. This can have a significant impact on local ecosystems and biodiversity.
- Water Pollution: The extraction process can lead to the contamination of groundwater and surface water.
- Destruction of Fertile Land: The extraction process can destroy fertile land, which can have serious consequences for agriculture and food production. This can lead to soil erosion, desertification, and the loss of biodiversity.
Renewable sources that can serve as alternatives for hydrocarbons include:
- Hydroelectricity: This is the most significant renewable energy source at 6% of the global total
- Solar Energy: Solar power is a promising renewable energy source that can be harnessed using solar panels to convert sunlight into electrical energy. The solar power development sector is the fastest-growing renewable energy sector in the U.S
- Wind Energy: Wind turbines can generate electricity from wind power, and this technology is becoming increasingly popular and efficient
- Biomass Energy: Biomass energy can be derived from organic materials such as wood, agricultural waste, and municipal solid waste.
- Geothermal Energy: Geothermal energy is generated and stored in the Earth’s crust. This energy source can be used for heating, cooling, and electricity generation
- Renewable Natural Gas (RNG): RNG is a pipeline-quality gas that can be utilized by utilities interchangeably with conventional natural gas. RNG can be produced from methane waste sources such as farm and landfills
Conclusion: Hydrocarbons, found in subterranean rock formations, are extracted using petroleum geology techniques. Extraction poses environmental risks like marine damage, deforestation, and water pollution. Renewable alternatives include hydroelectric, solar, wind, biomass, geothermal energy, and renewable natural gas.
Mains PYQ:
Q Do you think India will meet 50 percent of its energy needs from renewable energy by 2030? Justify your answer. How will the shift of subsidies from fossil fuels to renewables help achieve the above objective? Explain.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Passes related to Siachen Glacier
Mains level: Siachen Glacier is strategically important for India for several reasons Why in the News?
Why in the News?
April 13, 2024, marks the 40th anniversary of Operation Meghdoot, which was launched by the Indian Army to pre-empt Pakistan and occupy the Siachen Glacier in the Karakoram ranges.
The genesis of Operation Meghdoot
- Launched: April 13, 1984 (by the Indian Armed Forces);
- Aim: To seize control of the Siachen Glacier in Kashmir, marking the first assault in the world’s highest battlefield.
- It was a response to Pakistan’s Operation Ababeel.
- Indian troops, including the Kumaon Regiment and Ladakh Scouts, successfully gained control of critical peaks and passes like Sia La, Bilafond La, and Gyong La, along with the commanding heights of the Saltoro Ridge, giving India a strategic advantage in the region.
- Operation Meghdoot resulted in the first of its kind and the only army in the world to have deployed tanks and heavy ordnance at such high altitudes.
- The Siachen Glacier conflict arose due to a vague demarcation of territories in the Karachi Agreement of 1949, leading to both India and Pakistan claiming the barren heights and the glacier, which escalated tensions in the region.
Significance of Siachen Glacier:
- Preventing ingress from Pakistan and China: Siachen forms a hub between Shaksgam Valley, Karakoram Pass, and Aksai Chin, making it vital for India to prevent ingress not only from Pakistan but also from China.
- Maintaining the status quo: The Indian Army’s presence in the region has helped maintain the status quo and prevent any territorial changes that could compromise India’s security.
- Watershed and drainage: The Siachen Glacier acts as a watershed, with its melting waters being the main source of the Nubra River in the Indian region of Ladakh, which drains into the Shyok River and ultimately the Indus River, a major water source for Pakistan.
Recent developments on the Glacier
- Technological Advancements: The introduction of VSAT technology has revolutionized communication on the glacier, improving mobile and data connectivity for troops. This has enhanced real-time situational awareness and telemedicine capabilities.
- Improved Mobility and Logistics: The induction of Chinook heavy-lift helicopters, logistic drones, and All-Terrain Vehicles (ATVs) has significantly improved mobility across the glacier and the supply of essential provisions to remote posts, especially during winters. New logistics chains ensure the availability of fresh rations and vegetables for forward posts.
- Aircraft Support: Various aircraft from the Indian Air Force (IAF) operate in support of Operation Meghdoot, providing crucial support to troops in remote posts. Helicopters, including Chinook, remain a lifeline for troops.
- Enhanced Medical Facilities: Medical facilities in Partapur and Base Camp boast some of the best medical and surgical specialists in the country.
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Way forward:
- Continued Diplomatic Talks: India and Pakistan may continue to engage in diplomatic dialogues, potentially at higher levels, to discuss the demilitarization of Siachen and other related issues. These talks could aim to find common ground and address mutual concerns.
- Authentication of AGPL: India’s insistence on authenticating the Actual Ground Position Line (AGPL) as the first step towards demilitarization could remain a key sticking point. Efforts may be made to find a mutually acceptable way to verify and authenticate the AGPL.
- Involvement of Third Parties: Third-party mediation or involvement from international organizations could be explored to facilitate discussions and help build trust between India and Pakistan.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Exoatmospheric Interception, Iron Dome, Sling of David, Arrow
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
Israel successfully intercepted an Iranian missile outside Earth’s atmosphere using an Exoatmospheric kill vehicle.
Israeli Air-Defence Systems
Israel’s multi-layered air defence system, including Iron Dome, The Arrow, and David’s Sling, was activated in anticipation of the attack.
- IRON DOME: The short-range Iron Dome air defence system was built to intercept the kind of rockets fired by the Hamas in Gaza. Developed by state-owned Rafael Advanced Defense Systems with US backing, it became operational in 2011. Each truck-towed unit fires radar-guided missiles to blow up short-range threats like rockets, mortars and drones in mid-air.
- ARROW: The long-range Arrow-2 and Arrow-3 system, developed by Israel with an Iranian missile threat in mind, is designed to intercept ballistic missiles outside the earth’s atmosphere, using a detachable warhead that collides with the target. It operates at an altitude that allows for the safe dispersal of any non-conventional warheads.
- DAVID’S SLING: This mid-range system is designed to shoot down ballistic missiles fired from 100 km to 200 km away. Developed and manufactured jointly by Israel’s state-owned Rafael Advanced Defense Systems and the U.S. Raytheon Co, David’s Sling is also designed to intercept aircraft, drones and cruise missiles.
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What are Exoatmospheric Missiles?
- Exoatmospheric missiles, or anti-ballistic missiles (ABMs), operate beyond Earth’s atmosphere to intercept incoming ballistic missiles.
- They employ advanced sensors and guidance systems to detect, track, and destroy targets in space.
- Kinetic kill vehicles, like the Exoatmospheric Kill Vehicle (EKV), rely on high-speed collisions to neutralize threats.
- It travels at hypersonic speed.
Working Mechanism of Exoatmospheric Missiles:
- The EKV uses a solid rocket booster to propel itself into space.
- Advanced sensors and onboard computers identify and track incoming threats.
- Precise maneuvering allows the missile to navigate towards the target.
- Impact from a high-speed collision eliminates the threat without traditional warheads, enhancing speed and accuracy.
PYQ:
[2018] What is “Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD)”, sometimes seen in the news?
(a) An Israeli radar system
(b) India’s indigenous anti-missile programme
(c) An American anti-missile system
(d) A defence collaboration between Japan and South Korea |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Shrinkflation
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- As input prices turn inflationary, the FMCG (Fast-Moving Consumer Goods) segment faces the spectre of shrinking packs, impacting consumer choices and industry dynamics.
What are FMCGs?
- Fast-moving consumer goods, also known as consumer packaged goods, are products that are sold quickly and at a relatively low cost.
- Examples include non-durable household goods such as packaged foods, beverages, toiletries, candies, cosmetics, over-the-counter drugs, dry goods, and other consumables.
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What is Shrinkflation?
- Shrinkflation is a business practice where companies reduce the size or quantity of a product while keeping its price the same.
Causes for Shrinkflation:
- Cost Management: It helps companies manage rising production costs, such as raw materials or labor, without sacrificing profitability.
- Market Competition: In competitive markets, companies may use shrinkflation to maintain their market share by keeping their prices competitive.
Effects of Shrinkflation:
- Consumer Perception: If consumers notice the change, it can lead to negative perceptions of the brand, loss of trust, and reduced customer loyalty.
- Accuracy of Inflation Measurement: Shrinkflation complicates accurate measures of inflation since the price remains constant while the quantity decreases.
- Limitations: Companies can only implement shrinkflation discreetly and for a limited number of times before consumers become aware and react negatively. Overuse can damage brand reputation.
PYQ:
[2015] With reference to inflation in India, which of the following statements is correct?
(a) Controlling the inflation in India is the responsibility of the Government of India only
(b) The Reserve Bank of India has no role in controlling the inflation
(c) Decreased money circulation helps in controlling the inflation
(d) Increased money circulation helps in controlling the inflation |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Jiadhal River, Brahmaputra and its tributaries
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- Climate Change is disrupting Jiadhal River’s (Dhemaji district, Assam) tranquil flow, leading to unprecedented shifts in its course and causing upheaval for residents.
About Jiadhal River:
- It flows through the districts of Darrang, Udalguri, and Baksa in the northeastern state of Assam.
- It is also known Kumotiya River after flowing from Gogamukh.
- Origin: From the Hills of Bhutan, flows through the Assam Himalayas before meandering through the plains of Assam. It is formed by the confluence of several smaller streams.
- Major tributaries: Kolong River and the Daokao River.
- It eventually joins the Brahmaputra River near the town of Nalbari.
- It is known as the ‘Sorrow of Dhemaji’ for the heavy damage caused by annual floods and erosion.
Factors leading to changes in the Jiadhal River’s Course
- Erosion: Flowing water gradually wears away the riverbanks and bed, causing the river to meander and change course.
- Sediment deposition: Accumulation of sediment can create new channels or alter the flow pattern of the river.
- Human activities: Dams, channelization, urbanization, deforestation, and mining can disrupt natural river processes, leading to changes in flow and morphology.
- Climate change: Changes in precipitation, temperature, and glacier melt affect river flow patterns and behavior.
- Tectonic activity: Uplift, subsidence, and faulting influence river topography and drainage patterns, leading to adjustments in course and behavior.
PYQ:
[2017] With reference to river Teesta, consider the following statements:
1. The source of river Teesta is the same as that of Brahmaputra but it flows through Sikkim.
2. River Rangeet originates in Sikkim and it is a tributary of river Teesta.
3. River Teesta falls into Bay of Bengal at the border of India and Bangladesh.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Exercise DUSTLIK
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
Indian Army contingent departed for the 5th edition of Exercise DUSTLIK in Uzbekistan.
Exercise DUSTLIK
- Exercise DUSTLIK is an annual event alternating between India and Uzbekistan.
- It is named after Dustlik, a town in the Jizzakh region of Uzbekistan.
- The first edition of the exercise was held in 2019 near Tashkent.
- Previous edition held in Pithoragarh, India, in February 2023.
Objectives and Focus Areas:
- Focus on physical fitness, joint planning, and tactical drills.
- Emphasis on special arms skills and multi-domain operations.
- Tactical drills include establishing command posts, intelligence centers, heliborne operations, and room intervention.
- Incorporation of combat support arms and services besides Infantry.
- Opportunity to share Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures (TTPs) of joint operations.
- Strengthening interoperability and camaraderie between soldiers of both nations.
India’s bilateral exercises with Central Asian Countries
| Country |
Exercise |
| Kazakhstan |
Ex PRABAL DOSTYK, Ex KAZIND |
| Kyrgyzstan |
Ex KHANJAR |
| Mongolia |
Ex NOMADIC ELEPHANT |
| Tajikistan |
Ex Farkhor |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Easement Rights, Indian Easements Act, 1882
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- The Supreme Court observed that a claimant of an Easementary Right cannot claim an Easement by necessity if there exists an alternative way to access the property owned by the claimant, known as the ‘Dominant Heritage‘.
- The court referred to Section 13 of the Indian Easements Act, of 1882, which deals with easementary rights by necessity.
What is Easement Right?
- An Easement is a legal right to use someone else’s property for a specific purpose without possessing it.
- Essentially, it’s a permission or privilege granted by the owner of one property (the servient land) to someone else (the dominant land) to use the servient land in a particular way.
Legal backing for Easement Rights
- Section 13 of the Indian Easements Act, 1882, serves as the cornerstone in adjudicating easementary rights disputes.
- It mandates that such rights can only be claimed if no alternative access to the Dominant Heritage exists, providing clarity in legal proceedings.
- Understanding terms like ‘Dominant Heritage’ (represents the property for enjoyment) and ‘Servient Heritage‘ (property over which rights are sought) is crucial in comprehending easementary rights disputes.
Features of the Indian Easements Act, 1882:
- Definition of Easements: The law defines what an easement is and the different types, like rights of way (to pass through someone’s land), rights to light and air, and rights to use water.
- Acquisition of Easements: It explains how easements can be created. For example, by agreement between the parties or through long-time use.
- Rights and Liabilities: It outlines the rights and responsibilities of both the person who has the easement (the beneficiary) and the person who owns the land over which the easement exists (the servient owner). For instance, the beneficiary must not do anything to increase the burden of the easement, and the servient owner must not obstruct the use of the easement.
- Termination of Easements: It describes the circumstances under which an easement can come to an end. For example, if the purpose for which the easement was created ceases to exist, or if the beneficiary expressly gives up their right.
- Customary Easements: It recognizes certain easements that arise due to local customs or traditions.
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Back2Basics: Fundamental Rights vs. Legal Rights
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Fundamental Rights |
Legal Rights |
| Source |
Enshrined in the Indian Constitution, specifically Part III |
Derived from various sources such as Legislation, contracts, Judicial decisions, etc. |
| Enforcement |
Directly enforceable against the state through constitutional remedies like writ petitions under Article 32 |
Enforceable through the legal system, but may vary in enforceability depending on the nature of the right and available legal mechanisms |
| Scope |
Typically includes rights essential for the Protection of Individual Liberty, Equality, and dignity, such as the Right to Equality, Freedom of Speech, Right to Life and Personal Liberty, etc. |
Encompasses a wide range of rights recognized by law, including Property Rights, Contractual Rights, Tort Rights, Family Law Rights, Labor Rights, Consumer Rights, etc. |
| Nature |
Paramount and inviolable, subject to limited exceptions as prescribed by the Constitution |
Subject to limitations or restrictions imposed by law, and may be subject to changes or modifications through Legislative action or Judicial Interpretation |
| Examples |
Right to Equality, Right to Freedom of Speech, Right to Life and Personal Liberty, etc. |
Right to Property, Right to Contract, Right to sue for damages, Right to Vote, etc. |
PYQ:
[2018] What is the position of Right to Property in India?
(a) Legal right available to citizens only.
(b) Legal right available to Persons only.
(c) Fundamental Right available to citizens only
(d) Neither Fundamental Right nor Legal Right |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: The reason behind the Urbanisation is not a liberating force for Dalits
Why in the News?
The Indian cities have failed with the aspirations and expectations of the Dalit liberation movement in urbanization.
View of Ambedkar and Jyotirao Phule on Urbanisation:
- Urbanization as an Opportunity for Dalit Liberation: Both Ambedkar and Jyotirao Phule saw urbanization as an opportunity for Dalit liberation. They believed that the systems of caste oppression that were prevalent in Indian villages would weaken in cities.
- City Life as Liberating and Liberal: Phule admired city life for its liberal atmosphere and the opportunity it provided him to earn a living. Similarly, Ambedkar saw cities as places where one could become anonymous, breaking free from the constraints of caste-based identities.
- Transition from Caste to Class: Cities offered the potential for individuals to transition from a caste-based order to a class-based order. In cities, one’s status would be determined more by their accumulation of resources or capital rather than their caste background.
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Why Urbanisation is not a liberating force for Dalits?
- Extension of Caste in City: The logic of purity-pollution extends to the broader urban environment, where Dalits carry the stigma of their ghettoized identity into public spaces. This perpetuates the association of Dalit identity with impurity and reinforces caste-based discrimination.
- Meat as impure by the State: Governments impose Brahminical regulations on public spaces, reinforcing the perception of meat as impure. For example, it includes Regulations on meat shops and bans on meat-based street food in certain areas, often justified by citing religious sentiments.
- Secular and Religious Spaces: The state’s regulations to maintain purity in both secular and religious public spaces, even extending to what pedestrians can visually encounter.
- Poor Sanitation: A large-scale study also found that public services and access to Municipal Infrastructure such as clean drinking water are the worst in Dalit and Muslim ghettos
- Issue of Sacrifice Zone: Research in sacrifice zones regions marked for severe environmental pollution such as landfills shows that such areas are overwhelmingly inhabited by Dalits and Muslims.
- Statistics: A recent report by the ‘Housing and Land Rights Network’ on forced evictions in India also shows that Dalits and Muslims are the most impacted by slum demolition drives.
Suggestive Measures:
- Community Empowerment: Empower Dalit and Muslim communities through grassroots initiatives, community organizations, and advocacy groups.
- Awareness and Sensitization: Conduct awareness campaigns and sensitization programs aimed at challenging caste-based stereotypes and prejudices in urban society.
- Infrastructure Development: Prioritize investment in infrastructure development in Dalit and Muslim ghettos to improve access to basic amenities such as clean water, sanitation, healthcare, and education.
Conclusion: Urbanization hasn’t fulfilled Dalit liberation hopes. Ambedkar and Phule envisioned cities as liberating, but caste persists. Measures include community empowerment, awareness campaigns, and infrastructure development to combat discrimination and improve living conditions.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Reasons behind the Fertility levels dropping below one in many Asian nations
Why in the News?
Many countries in East and Southeast Asia are in the middle of a population crisis, with fewer births every year and record-low fertility rates.
- In March this year, several hospitals in China stopped offering newborn delivery services due to declining demand.
What is TFR?
Total Fertility Rate is a measure used in demography to represent the average number of children that would be born to a woman over her lifetime. |
TFR of Asian countries and India and Comparison with others:
Reasons behind the Fertility levels dropping below one in many Asian nations:
- Family Planning Measures: Countries like South Korea and Singapore have implemented stringent family planning policies, limiting the number of children couples are encouraged to have. For example, South Korea’s slogan in the 1980s, “Even two children per family are too many for our crowded country,” reflects the emphasis on controlling population growth.
- Career Opportunities for Women: With more opportunities for women to pursue careers, there has been a shift in priorities away from having children.
- Declining Marriage Rates: Dropping marriage rates contribute to lower fertility rates, as marriage traditionally correlates with childbearing. As fewer people get married or delay marriage, the window for childbearing narrows.
- Cost of Raising Children: The rising cost of raising a child is cited as a deterrent to having larger families. Financial considerations such as education, healthcare, and housing expenses may dissuade couples from having more children.
- Ideal fertility rate: The ideal fertility rate for a population to remain stable, assuming no immigration or emigration, is 2.1 children per woman. This rate is known as the replacement rate, and it ensures that each generation will replace itself.
Suggestive Measures to maintain an ideal Fertility Rate:
- Supporting Work-Life Balance: Implement policies that support work-life balance, such as flexible work schedules, parental leave, and affordable childcare, to encourage individuals to have children while pursuing their careers.
- Financial Incentives: Offer financial incentives or subsidies for families to alleviate the financial burden of raising children, making it more feasible for individuals to start families.
- Education and Awareness: Provide education and awareness programs on the benefits of having children at a younger age and the importance of family planning to help individuals make informed decisions about their fertility.
- Healthcare Support: Improve healthcare services related to fertility, pregnancy, and childbirth to ensure a safe and supportive environment for individuals considering starting a family.
Conclusion: Declining fertility rates in Asian nations prompt a population crisis due to stringent family planning, women’s career opportunities, declining marriage rates, and high child-raising costs. Need to take measures include work-life balance policies, financial incentives, education, and healthcare improvements to maintain an ideal fertility rate.
Mains PYQ
Q Critically examine whether growing population is the cause of poverty OR poverty is the mains cause of population increase in India.
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