Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Nafithromycin
Why in the News?
The Ministry of Science & Technology has launched Nafithromycin, India’s first indigenous antibiotic to combat drug-resistant infections.
About Nafithromycin:
|
Details |
| About |
• It was developed with the support of the Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council (BIRAC), a unit under the Department of Biotechnology, to combat antimicrobial resistance (AMR).
• It aims to treat Community-Acquired Bacterial Pneumonia (CABP) caused by drug-resistant bacteria.
( Awaiting final approval from CDSCO for manufacturing and public use.) |
| Features |
• Developed over 14 years of clinical trials in the U.S., Europe, and India.
• 10 times more effective than azithromycin. (3 doses to combat Drug-Resistant Pneumonia)
• Minimal side effects, no significant drug interactions, and food-independent. |
| Significance |
• It targets both typical and atypical pathogens.
• It addresses a global health issue, especially CABP, contributing to over 2 million deaths annually.
• Offers a more effective, faster, and safer treatment for drug-resistant pneumonia.
• Demonstrates successful public-private collaboration between the government and Wockhardt Pharmaceuticals.
• A cost-effective solution for treating resistant infections in low-resource settings. |
PYQ:
[2019] Which of the following are the reasons for the occurrence of multi-drug resistance in microbial pathogens in India?
- Genetic predisposition of some people
- Taking incorrect doses of antibiotics to cure diseases
- Using antibiotics in livestock farming
- Multiple chronic diseases in some people
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 and 2
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1, 3 and 4
(d) 2, 3 and 4 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: King Cobra and its distinct species
Why in the News?
A 12-year study by researchers from the Kalinga Centre for Rainforest Ecology has revealed that the king cobra, previously believed to be a single species, actually comprises four distinct species.
Important facts related to King Cobra:
|
Details |
| About |
• Scientific Name: Ophiophagus hannah.
• It is the largest Venomous Snake; Reaches up to 18 feet (5.5 meters).
• Venom is Neurotoxic, affecting the nervous system. |
| Re-categorization |
Kalinga Centre for Rainforest Ecology identified the species as:
- O. Hannah (Northern),
- O. bungarus (Sunda),
- O. kaalinga (Western Ghats), and
- O. salvatana (Luzon).
Species differ by 1-4% genetically, justifying their reclassification. |
| Habitat and Behavioural Features |
• Found in tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions ( India, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, and the Philippines)
• Solitary and territorial, with a diet of snakes, lizards, birds, and rodents.
• Mating occurs annually during monsoon, with females laying up to 40 eggs in nests.
• Raises and spreads its hood when threatened, appearing larger.
• Vital in controlling snake populations and maintaining ecological balance. |
| Conservation Status |
- IUCN Red List: Vulnerable.
- CITES: Appendix II.
- Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972: Schedule II.
|
PYQ:
[2010] King Cobra is the only snake that makes its own nest. Why does it make its nest?
(a) It is a snake-eater and the nest helps attract other snakes
(b) It is a viviparous snake and needs a nest to give birth to its offspring
(c) It is an oviparous snake and lays its eggs in the nest and guards the nest until they are hatched
(d) It is a large, cold-blooded animal and needs a nest to hibernate in the cold season |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Project Veer Gatha 4.0
Why in the News?
Over 1.76 crore school students participated in Project Veer Gatha 4.0, sharing creative tributes to the bravery and sacrifice of Armed Forces personnel.
About Project Veer Gatha:
|
Details |
| About |
• Launched in 2021 to honor the acts of bravery and selfless sacrifice of Gallantry Awardees.
• 1.76 crore students from 36 states and UTs participated.
• Conducted annually since its inception, with increasing participation:
• First Edition (2021): 8 lakh students, Second Edition (2022): 19.5 lakh students, Third Edition (2023): 1.36 crore students. |
| Aims and Objectives |
• Instill patriotism and national pride among students.
• Spread awareness about the heroic contributions of Gallantry Awardees.
• Foster creativity through various forms of artistic expression.
• Promote national unity and pride across India’s diverse school system.
• Enhance knowledge about unsung heroes and military heritage. |
| Features of the Program |
• Creative content submissions, including poems, paintings, essays, and videos.
• 100 national-level winners annually, with a ₹10,000 cash prize and recognition by the Ministry of Education and Ministry of Defence.
• District and state awards for outstanding students.
• Educational outreach programs by the Ministry of Defence to engage students.
• Digital submission via the MyGov portal, making the process inclusive and easy for wide participation.
• Focus on both famous Gallantry Awardees and unsung heroes. |
PYQ:
[2024] Operations undertaken by the Army towards upliftment of the local population in remote areas to include addressing of their basic needs is called:
(a) Operation Sankalp
(b) Operation Maitri
(c) Operation Sadbhavana
(d) Operation Madad |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: D’Cunha Committee and its recommendations
Why in the News?
The commission, headed by retired High Court judge John Michael D’Cunha, has released a report investigating the irregularities in the procurement and management of COVID-19 resources in Karnataka.
Key Findings:
- Among the major concerns are the procurement of ventilators under the PM CARES Fund and the inflated prices of PPE kits.
- The report has raised alarms over the unnecessary procurement of ventilators and the questionable pricing of PPE kits sourced from Chinese companies.
|
What is the D’Cunha Committee?
- It was formed in August 2023 to investigate the alleged irregularities in COVID-19 procurements and management of medical supplies during the tenure of the erstwhile government in Karnataka.
- It was headed by retired High Court judge John Michael D’Cunha.
- It was tasked with examining the procurement processes and the disbursement of funds under various schemes, particularly the PM CARES Fund, and identifying administrative lapses and corruption.
Recommendations given by the Committee:
- Investigate Ventilator Procurement: Recommend a probe into the procurement of 130 ventilators on March 22, 2020, under questionable circumstances, despite similar supplies under PM CARES.
- Review Undelivered Ventilators: Recommended action on payments made for ventilators that were undelivered or partially delivered.
- Scrutiny of Price Variations: Called for an investigation into the vast price differences for ventilators, ranging from ₹5 lakh to ₹16.25 lakh.
- Probe PPE Kit Purchases: Suggested further inquiry into inflated prices for PPE kits bought from Chinese firms despite cheaper local alternatives.
- Formation of SIT: Recommended setting up a Special Investigation Team (SIT) for further probe into the Karnataka Medical Supplies Corporation Ltd. (KSMSCL).
- Enhance Transparency: Urged improved procedures to ensure accountability in future procurements.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Balance of Payment;
Why in the News?
India’s ongoing trade deficit, where imports exceed exports, is often viewed as a sign of weakness in Indian manufacturing.
What is the nature of India’s trade deficit?
- Trade Deficit in Goods: As of October 2024, India recorded a merchandise trade deficit of $27.1 billion, which narrowed from $31.5 billion in the same month the previous year.
- Net Exporter of Services: India has established itself as a significant player in the global services market, with services exports constituting a substantial portion of its overall trade.
- In FY 2023-24, India’s services exports amounted to approximately $309 billion, contributing significantly to offsetting the goods trade deficit
- Foreign Capital Inflows: The trade deficit is often viewed positively as it correlates with India’s ability to attract foreign investment.
- For instance, India’s current account deficit was about 1.1% of GDP in June 2024, indicating that capital inflows are necessary to balance this outflow.
- Current Account Balance: The current account deficit (CAD) reached approximately $9.7 billion in the April-June 2024 quarter, reflecting the need for capital inflows to support economic growth and stability.
- India’s current account deficit has been maintained at around 2% of GDP, which is generally considered manageable within the context of its economic growth and investment strategies.
|
Why do we hold reserves?
- Cushion Against Economic Shocks: Reserves are held as a safeguard against potential economic disruptions, such as sudden spikes in oil prices that could worsen the current account deficit.
- For Cost Management: While holding reserves incurs costs (e.g., lower returns on reserves compared to returns on foreign investments), they are essential for maintaining economic stability and investor confidence.
- Optimal Level of Reserves: India aims to maintain adequate reserves without excessive accumulation. This involves balancing the need for emergency funds against the costs associated with holding those reserves.
What are the Steps taken by the Government?
- Make in India Initiative: Launched in 2014, this initiative aims to boost domestic manufacturing by encouraging both foreign and domestic companies to manufacture their products in India.
- It focuses on sectors such as electronics, automobiles, and pharmaceuticals to increase production capabilities, reduce dependency on imports, and enhance export competitiveness.
- Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme: Introduced in 2020, the PLI scheme provides financial incentives to manufacturers across various sectors, including electronics, textiles, and pharmaceuticals.
- This program is designed to attract investments, promote local manufacturing, and increase exports by enhancing the global competitiveness of Indian products.
|
What strategies can mitigate the effects of the trade deficit? (Way forward)
- Boosting Domestic Demand: Encouraging greater domestic consumption can help increase manufacturing output. Rising domestic demand can lead to higher production levels without necessarily increasing imports.
- Enhancing Export Competitiveness: Focusing on sectors where India has a comparative advantage, such as pharmaceuticals and automobiles, can help increase export volumes and reduce the trade deficit.
- Diversifying Import Sources: Reducing reliance on specific countries for imports (e.g., crude oil) by diversifying sources can help stabilize import costs and mitigate fluctuations in global prices.
- Investing in Manufacturing Capabilities: Strengthening domestic manufacturing through policies supporting local industries can reduce import dependency and enhance export capacity.
Mains PYQ:
Q Craze for gold in India has led to a surge in the import of gold in recent years and put pressure on the balance of payments and the external value of the rupee. In view of this, examine the merits of the Gold Monetization scheme. (UPSC IAS/2015)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Should packaged food content be labelled?
Why in the News?
A report by the Access to Nutrition Initiative (ATNi), a global non-profit, reveals that food and beverage companies generally sell less healthy products in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) than in high-income countries (HICs).
What does the report published by the Access to Nutrition Initiative state?
- Lower Health Ratings in LMICs: The report assessed 52,414 products from 30 of the world’s largest food and beverage manufacturers. It found that products sold in LMICs had an average Health Star Rating (HSR) of 1.8, whereas those in HICs averaged 2.3. This indicates that the portfolios of these companies are less healthy in poorer markets.
- Healthier Product Sales: Only 30% of the assessed companies have a strategy to price their healthier products affordably for lower-income consumers. This lack of accessibility contributes to dietary issues in these regions.
- Micronutrient Data Availability: The report highlighted that micronutrient data were available for a smaller proportion of products in LMICs compared to HICs, complicating efforts to address nutritional deficiencies.
- Call for Action: The ATNi challenges companies to derive at least 50% of their sales from healthier products by 2030, a target that only a small fraction currently meets.
How does a Health Star rating system work?
-
- The Health Star Rating (HSR) system is a front-of-pack labeling initiative that rates food products on a scale from 0.5 to 5 stars based on their nutritional profile.
- The rating is calculated by assessing:
-
- Risk Nutrients: Total energy, saturated fat, sugars, and sodium.
- Positive Nutrients: Protein, fiber, fruits, vegetables, nuts, and legumes.
- A score above 3.5 stars is considered healthier, while lower scores indicate less healthy options. This system allows consumers to easily compare similar products and make informed dietary choices.
|
Why have non-communicable diseases become so common in India?
Non-communicable diseases have become increasingly prevalent in India due to several factors:
- Dietary Shifts: There has been a significant increase in the consumption of highly processed foods that are high in sugars and fats, contributing to obesity and diabetes.
- According to the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), unhealthy diets account for over 56% of the total disease burden in India.
- Affordability Issues: More than 50% of Indians cannot afford a healthy diet, exacerbating nutritional deficiencies alongside rising obesity rates.
- Lifestyle Changes: Reduced physical activity and urbanization have also played roles in this epidemic, leading to a dual burden of undernutrition and obesity.
Can front-of-pack labelling help?
Front-of-pack labeling could significantly influence consumer behavior and public health outcomes:
- Effectiveness of Warning Labels: Studies from countries like Chile and Mexico show that mandatory warning labels on sugary beverages have led to decreased consumption. This suggests that clear labeling can help consumers make healthier choices.
- Need for Mandatory Policies: Activists argue that voluntary measures taken by companies have been insufficient. They advocate for mandatory regulations on front-of-pack labeling to effectively communicate nutritional information related to high sugar, fat, and sodium content.
Conclusion: The Access to Nutrition Initiative report emphasizes the urgent need for healthier food portfolios in LMICs (Low- and Middle-Income Countries), equitable pricing, and front-of-pack labeling to combat non-communicable diseases. These steps align with SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being), promoting healthier lives globally.
Mains PYQ:
Q Can the vicious cycle of gender inequality, poverty and malnutrition be broken through microfinancing of women SHGs? Explain with examples. (UPSC IAS/2021)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Air Pollution; Climate Change; Urbanization and it’s Challenges;
Why in the News?
The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) recorded an average AQI of 494 (Severe plus category) for Delhi where the different scales and methods explain the gap.
The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) recorded an average AQI of 494 (Severe plus category) for Delhi where the different scales and methods explain the gap.
A study by the Centre for Science and Environment reveals that:
- Vehicular emissions are the largest contributor to Delhi’s air pollution, accounting for 51.5% of the city’s pollution;
- Neighbouring districts add 34.97 %,
- Farm fires contribute 8.19%, and
- Dust particles make up 3.7 % of the total air pollution in the city.
What is the AQI Crisis in North India and What is the role of Climatic Conditions?
- Northern India, particularly Delhi, is currently facing a severe air quality crisis, characterized by record-breaking Air Quality Index (AQI) levels. The AQI in many areas has exceeded 500, categorizing it as “severe-plus,” which poses significant health risks and limits visibility due to thick smog.
- This year, despite a relatively pollution-free October and early November, the second week of November brought a sudden spike in toxic particulate matter, primarily PM2.5.
- Weather Patterns: Inversions and stagnant air conditions have contributed to the accumulation of pollutants. The presence of a thick pollution blanket at around 500 meters above ground level has been linked to adverse local impacts when combined with regional emissions from stubble burning and other sources.
- External Pollution Sources: The increase in pollution levels due to significant contributions from external sources, including emissions from nearby states like Punjab and Haryana.
What are the challenges in Monitoring AQI?
- Inconsistent Data Reporting: There is confusion regarding AQI readings, with some private agencies reporting values exceeding 1,000 while official figures cap at 500. This discrepancy arises from differences in how pollutant concentrations are converted to AQI values based on less stringent national guidelines compared to WHO standards.
- Dependence on External Data: India’s reliance on satellite data from NASA for monitoring fires and pollution limits its ability to independently assess air quality. There is a need for more localized monitoring using Indian satellites that can provide continuous coverage.
- Lack of Comprehensive Frameworks: Current monitoring systems do not adequately account for regional cooperation or comprehensive frameworks that address transboundary pollution issues effectively. This lack of coordination complicates efforts to manage air quality across state lines.
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Why does India need a sustainable and health-centric framework?
- Long-Term Strategies: Efforts must go beyond immediate fixes and focus on sustainable practices that consider the interconnectedness of air quality management and climate change adaptation. This includes integrating scientific research into policy-making and resource allocation.
- Public Health Prioritization: A health-centric approach should prioritize the well-being of citizens by implementing measures that reduce exposure to harmful pollutants, particularly for vulnerable populations such as children and the elderly.
- Multidisciplinary Solutions: Addressing air quality issues necessitates collaboration across various sectors, including transportation, urban planning, and public health. This multidisciplinary approach can foster innovative solutions tailored to local contexts while addressing broader climatic challenges.
Conclusion: Northern India’s AQI crisis highlights the urgent need for sustainable, health-centric air quality management. The government should address the pollution through multidisciplinary solutions aligned with SDG 3 (Good Health) and SDG 13 (Climate Action), ensuring healthier lives and climate-resilient communities for future generations.
Mains PYQ:
Q Describe the key points of the revised Global Air Quality Guidelines (AQGs) recently released by the World Health Organisation (WHO). How are these different from its last update in 2005? What changes in India’s National Clean Air Programme are required to achieve revised standards? (UPSC IAS/2021)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Coffee Board of India
Why in the News?
The Coffee Board of India has launched a 10-year roadmap with a goal to double the country’s coffee production and coffee exports by 2034.
About Coffee Board of India:
|
Details |
| About |
• Coffee cultivation in India began with the planting of 7 seeds of coffee during 1600 AD by saint Baba Budan, in the courtyard of his hermitage in Chikmagalur, Karnataka.
• Until 1995, marketed the pooled supply of coffee.
• Post-1995, coffee marketing became a private-sector activity due to economic liberalisation. |
| Structural Mandate |
• Managed by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, established in 1942, headquartered in Bangalore.
• Comprises 33 members, including a Chairman appointed by the Government of India. |
| Functions of Coffee Board |
• Enhancement of production, productivity & quality.
• Export promotion for achieving higher value returns for Indian Coffee.
• Supporting the development of the domestic market. |
| Coffee Industry in India – Imports/Exports |
• Karnataka is the largest producer (70%), followed by Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
• India exports over 70% of its coffee production.
• India is the 8th largest coffee exporter (FAO) globally (by volume).
• Coffee exports peak from March to June. |
| Agro-climatic Conditions |
• It is a tropical plant which is also grown in semi-tropical climate.
• 16° – 28°C temperature, 150-250cm rainfall and well-drained slopes are essential for its growth.
• Low temperature, frost, dry weather for a long time and harsh sunshine are harmful for its plant.
• Coffee plants grow better in the laterite soils of Karnataka in India.
• Major Varieties Cultivated: Arabica, Robusta and Liberica.
• Arabica has high market value than Robusta coffee due to its mild aromatic flavor. |
PYQ:
[2010] Though coffee and tea both are cultivated on hill slopes, there is some difference between them regarding their cultivation. In this context, consider the following statements:
- Coffee plant requires a hot and humid climate of tropical areas whereas tea can be cultivated in both tropical and subtropical areas.
- Coffee is propagated by seeds but tea is propagated by stem cuttings only.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Chancay Port Project, OBOR
Why in the News?
The Chancay Port was inaugurated in Peru by Chinese President Xi Jinping.
About Chancay Port Project:
- The Chancay Port Project was inaugurated in Peru as part of a new land-sea corridor linking China with Latin America.
- It is funded under Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), with a total cost of $3.6 billion.
- The port can accommodate vessels up to 18,000 TEUs (twenty-foot equivalent unit), the largest shipping vessels in the world.
- Ownership: 60% of the port is owned by China Ocean Shipping (Group) Company (COSCO), with the remaining stake held by a local company.
- It is expected to generate $4.5 billion annually for Peru, equivalent to 1.8% of the country’s GDP.
- Key Exports: The port will handle exports like copper, blueberries, soybeans, and lithium from the lithium triangle (Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina).
|
Geo-strategic Location:
- Proximity to Lima: Located 78 km north of Lima, Peru’s capital, in the small fishing town of Chancay.
- Natural Deep-Water Port: Chancay is a natural deep-water port, ideal for accommodating large vessels.
- Trade Gateway: Positioned strategically to facilitate trade between South America and Asia, reducing transit time for goods between the two continents.
- Alternative to North America: It eliminates the need for Latin American exports to transit through ports in North America, offering a more direct route to Asia.
Why it is a concern for USA?
- Chinese Influence in Latin America: The US has traditionally viewed Latin America as its sphere of influence. The Chancay Port increases China’s economic and geopolitical presence in the region.
- Strategic Gateway for China: The port strengthens China’s access to critical resources in South America, including lithium and copper, raising concerns about China’s growing dominance in the region.
- US Trade Routes Disruption: The port reduces transportation time between Latin America and Asia, which could disrupt existing US trade routes and diminish its role as a trade facilitator.
PYQ:
[2017] What is the importance of developing Chabahar Port by India?
(a) India’s trade with African countries will enormously increase.
(b) India’s relations with oil-producing Arab countries will be strengthened.
(c) India will not depend on Pakistan for access to Afghanistan and Central Asia.
(d) Pakistan will facilitate and protect the installation of a gas pipeline between Iraq and India. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: ‘Bhu-Neer’ Portal, CGWA
Why in the News?
The ‘Bhu-Neer’ Portal was digitally launched by Minister of Jal Shakti, during the India Water Week 2024.
About the ‘Bhu-Neer’ Portal:
|
Details |
| About |
• Centralized platform for managing groundwater withdrawal permits.
• Developed by the Central Ground Water Authority (CGWA) and National Informatics Centre (NIC).
• Aims to regulate groundwater usage across India efficiently, ensuring transparency and sustainability. |
| Features and Provisions |
• User-friendly interface with PAN-based single ID, NOC with QR code, and streamlined processes.
• Improved version compared to its predecessor, NOCAP.
• Ensures groundwater compliance and promotes sustainable practices. |
| Implementation |
• The portal is live and accessible for groundwater queries, tracking, and payments.
• Open to both project proponents and the general public for groundwater-related services. |
Back2Basics: Central Ground Water Authority (CGWA)
- It has the mandate of regulating groundwater development and management in the country.
- It is constituted under the Environment (Protection) Act of 1986.
- CGWA issues advisories, public notices and grant No Objection Certificates (NOC) for groundwater withdrawal.
|
PYQ:
[2020] Consider the following statements:
1. 36% of India’s districts are classified as “overexploited” or “critical” by the Central Ground Water Authority (CGWA).
2. CGWA was formed under the Environment (Protection) Act.
3. India has the largest area under groundwater irrigation in the world.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 2 only
(d) 1 and 3 only |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: High-Altitude Sickness
Why in the News?
The tragic death of a trekker scaling Garur Peak in Uttarakhand, underscores the dangers of high-altitude sickness in the Himalayas.
What is High-Altitude Sickness?
- Causes: High-altitude sickness, or Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS), occurs when the body struggles to acclimatise to elevations above 8,000 feet (2,400 metres) due to reduced oxygen levels.
- Symptoms: Early signs include headache, nausea, fatigue, and shortness of breath. If untreated, it may escalate to:
- High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE): Fluid in the lungs, causing breathing difficulties.
- High-Altitude Cerebral Edema (HACE): Fluid in the brain, leading to confusion, hallucinations, and coma.
Prevention and Treatment
- To prevent AMS, experts recommend a slow ascent with rest days every 3-4 days above 3,000 meters and avoiding sleeping elevation increases of more than 500 meters per day.
- Medications:
- Acetazolamide: Aids acclimatisation.
- Dexamethasone: Reduces severe inflammation.
- Nifedipine: Prevents HAPE in high-risk individuals.
Note: Medications are not foolproof and are to be taken under medical guidance.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Impact of EU’s CBAM policy;
Why in the News?
India has called protectionist policies like the EU’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM), Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive, and Deforestation Regulation as “unfair” and “unjust”.
What is CBAM (Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism)?
- CBAM (Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism) is a proposed policy by the European Union (EU) aimed at addressing carbon leakage, ensuring that imported goods face a similar carbon cost as those produced within the EU.
- The mechanism requires companies that export goods to the EU from non-EU countries to purchase carbon certificates, reflecting the carbon emissions involved in the production of these goods.
- This is intended to create a level playing field for EU industries that have to meet strict carbon emissions regulations.
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How will the CBAM impact India’s key industries and overall trade?
- Disruption to Trade: CBAM could significantly affect India’s exports to the EU, especially sectors like iron, steel, aluminum, cement, and fertilizers, which account for a large portion of India’s trade with the EU.
- Increased Export Costs: The new requirements under CBAM, such as carbon emission certificates, will likely increase production costs for industries, making them less competitive in the global market.
- Risk to Iron and Steel Industry: As iron and steel make up 76.83% of India’s exports affected by CBAM, this sector could face the greatest challenge in terms of compliance and potential cost increases.
- Economic Strain on Developing Economies: The additional burden of having to meet emissions standards without corresponding support or time for transition may lead to economic difficulties for India’s industries.
What strategies can India employ to effectively challenge the CBAM?
- Coordination with Other Developing Countries: India should align its arguments with other developing economies to present a unified stance, ensuring a coordinated response to the EU-CBAM that reflects shared concerns.
- Arguing for Adequate Time for Adaptation: India can argue that developing nations should be given sufficient time to adapt to the CBAM, similar to the EU’s phased climate targets, to avoid disproportionate burden.
- Revenue Sharing: India can advocate for the EU to share the revenues generated from CBAM with non-EU countries to support capacity building, technology transfer, and emission reduction initiatives in developing nations.
- Equity-Based Accounting (EBA) Proposal: India can push for a more equitable framework for emission reductions, suggesting the adoption of an EBA that takes into account historical contributions to climate change, trade benefits, and the developmental needs of nations.
- Highlighting the CBAM’s Discriminatory Nature: India should emphasize that CBAM imposes an unjust transfer of climate responsibilities to developing countries without considering their economic realities or historical emissions.
What role does International cooperation play in addressing the challenges?
- Global Coordination on Climate Action: India should work with other developing countries to demand a more inclusive global framework for addressing climate change, ensuring that the impacts of mechanisms like CBAM are shared equitably.
- Technology and Knowledge Sharing: International cooperation can facilitate the transfer of green technologies, which would help developing nations meet emissions targets without stifling their economic growth.
- Addressing Historical Responsibilities: Cooperation with other nations can strengthen calls for addressing historical emissions and providing the necessary financial resources to developing countries to adapt to climate policies like CBAM.
- Leveraging Multilateral Platforms: India can use international platforms such as the UNFCCC and COP discussions to engage with other nations and challenge policies that disproportionately affect developing economies.
Conclusion: India should actively engage with other developing countries and form a coalition to present a unified front against the discriminatory nature of CBAM. This could involve joint lobbying at international forums such as the UNFCCC and COP summits.
Mains PYQ:
Q Describe the major outcomes of the 26th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). What are the commitments made by India in this conference? (UPSC IAS/2021)
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Trade and ties; USA-China Trade war;
Why in the News?
After the election of the USA, Prez Donald Trump plans to impose tariffs of up to 60% on Chinese imports and 10% on EU imports to address the U.S.-China trade deficit and reduce unfair subsidies.
What are the economic impacts of imposing tariffs on Chinese imports?
The imposition of tariffs, particularly those proposed by the U.S. on Chinese imports, can have domestic and international economic consequences.
- Increased Domestic Prices: Tariffs raise the cost of imported goods, leading to higher prices for U.S. consumers. This can contribute to domestic inflation, especially if tariffs are applied broadly across consumer goods.
- Impact on Trade Deficit: While tariffs may help reduce the trade deficit by discouraging imports, they can also lead to a rise in domestic production costs, which might not fully offset the increased prices for consumers.
- Shifts in Consumption: Tariffs may shift consumer preferences away from imported goods towards domestically produced items. This could boost local industries and potentially increase domestic supply, helping to moderate inflation if production meets demand.
- Global Trade Relations: The introduction of tariffs can provoke retaliatory measures from affected countries, leading to trade wars that can disrupt global supply chains and negatively impact international trade dynamics.
How might China respond to increased tariffs?
- Retaliatory Tariffs: Historically, China has imposed tariffs on U.S. goods in response to American tariffs. This could include targeting products from politically sensitive regions or sectors in the U.S. to maximize political impact.
- Currency Manipulation: China may allow its currency, the yuan, to depreciate, making its exports cheaper and counteracting the effects of U.S. tariffs.
- Increased Domestic Support: The Chinese government could implement fiscal stimulus measures to bolster domestic industries affected by U.S. tariffs, including subsidies for exporters and incentives for local production.
- Diversification of Trade Partners: China might further diversify its trade by strengthening ties with other countries and participating in regional trade agreements that exclude the U.S., reducing its reliance on American markets.
Do tariffs achieve their intended goals?
- Trade Balance Improvement: While tariffs are designed to improve the trade balance by reducing imports, their success is contingent upon consumer behaviour and whether domestic producers can meet demand without significant price increases.
- Political Ramifications: Retaliatory actions from China can undermine the intended benefits of tariffs, leading to a cycle of escalation that may harm both economies. The political fallout from these actions can also influence U.S. domestic politics, particularly if key industries are adversely affected.
- Long-Term Economic Impact: The long-term economic impact may be limited if countries like China successfully adapt through measures such as currency adjustments or finding alternative markets for their goods.
How can India benefit from it?
- Market Diversification: India can capture U.S. market share by exporting goods as American buyers seek alternatives to Chinese imports.
- Supply Chain Shift: India can attract companies relocating production from China, leveraging its manufacturing policies and workforce.
- Boost in FDI: Heightened U.S.-China tensions may increase Foreign Direct Investment in India as firms diversify investment destinations.
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Way forward:
- Strengthen Manufacturing and Exports: Enhance domestic production capabilities through schemes like PLI and focus on exporting goods demanded by the U.S., such as electronics, textiles, and pharmaceuticals.
- Attract Global Investments: Improve ease of doing business, offer tax incentives, and promote India as a reliable alternative to China for global supply chains and FDI inflows.
Mains PYQ:
Q The USA is facing an existential threat in the form of China, that is much more challenging than the erstwhile Soviet Union.” Explain. (UPSC IAS/2021)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Impact of Russia-Ukraine war;
Why in the News?
Exactly 1,000 days ago, world history took a dramatic turn when Russia initiated a full-scale military invasion with the goal of eradicating Ukrainian statehood, culture, and nationhood.
How has Ukraine demonstrated resilience against Russian aggression?
Ukraine has demonstrated remarkable resilience against Russian aggression since the full-scale invasion began on February 24, 2022. Key factors contributing to this resilience include:
- National Unity: The unification of the Ukrainian people under President Volodymyr Zelenskyy has been crucial. This collective spirit has galvanized both military and civilian efforts to resist Russian advances, leading to significant victories such as the defense of Kyiv and the liberation of the Kharkiv and Kherson regions.
- Military Strength: Throughout the conflict, the Ukrainian armed forces have transformed into one of the strongest military forces globally. Their ability to repel invaders and conduct successful counteroffensives has been widely recognized and admired internationally.
- International Support: Ukraine has received substantial military, financial, and humanitarian aid from allies worldwide. This support has been instrumental in sustaining its defense efforts and rebuilding initiatives.
- Cultural and Moral Resolve: The war has fostered a strong sense of identity among Ukrainians, who view their struggle as not only for survival but also for European values and democracy. This moral clarity strengthens their resolve against oppression.
What are the human and economic costs of the conflict for the whole world?
- Human Costs: Thousands of civilians, including 600 children, have died. Over eight million people have left Ukraine, and 3.6 million are still displaced. Russia has taken more than 20,000 children, many of whom are still missing or in captivity.
- Economic Costs: Ukraine has lost over $400 billion, and it will need $500 billion to rebuild and $35 billion to clear landmines. The war has affected global supply chains and caused inflation worldwide.
How can Ukraine in seeking peace and rebuilding?
- Diplomatic Efforts: Ukraine continues to engage in diplomatic initiatives aimed at securing international support for its sovereignty and territorial integrity.
- President Zelenskyy emphasizes that neutrality is not an option countries must choose sides in this conflict.
- Reconstruction Plans: As rebuilding begins, Ukraine aims to restore its infrastructure while implementing reforms that demonstrate resilience and commitment to democratic values. This effort is supported by international partners who provide financial assistance1.
- Cultural Restoration: Protecting cultural heritage is a priority, with initiatives underway to restore damaged institutions and memorialize those lost during the conflict. This cultural revival is integral to national identity and unity moving forward.
What opportunity does India have from this conflict? (Way forward)
- Strengthening Diplomatic Influence: India can play a key role in diplomatic efforts by supporting Ukraine’s sovereignty and promoting peace talks, which enhances its global standing as a peacebuilder.
- Economic and Trade Opportunities: As Ukraine seeks reconstruction, India can explore investment and trade opportunities in rebuilding efforts, especially in sectors like infrastructure, agriculture, and technology.
- Cultural and Educational Collaboration: India can collaborate with Ukraine in preserving cultural heritage and restoring educational institutions, fostering cultural exchanges and strengthening bilateral ties.
Mains PYQ:
Q What is the significance of Indo-US defence deals over Indo-Russian defence deals? Discuss with reference to stability in the Indo-Pacific region. (UPSC IAS/2020)
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Electric Vehicle policy;
Why in the News?
The Telangana government has decided to completely waive road tax and registration fees for people buying electric vehicles.
What are the key features of Telangana’s EV policy?
- 100% Road Tax and Registration Fee Exemption: Electric two-wheelers, four-wheelers, and commercial vehicles (such as taxis, autorickshaws, electric light goods carriers, and buses) will be exempt from road tax and registration fees for the entire lifetime of the vehicle.
- Exemption for Telangana State Road Transport Corporation (TSRTC): The exemption will apply to electric vehicles operated by TSRTC and buses owned by industries used for employee transport (not commercial purposes).
- Validity Period: The exemption will be valid for two years, up to December 31, 2026, regardless of the number of vehicles registered.
- Promotion of EV Awareness: The government is focused on spreading awareness about electric vehicle usage to reduce pollution levels and make Hyderabad pollution-free.
- Support for Charging Infrastructure: Manufacturers of electric vehicles are encouraged to take the initiative in establishing charging stations to ensure convenience for users.
How will the government support the EV push?
- The government will provide exemptions from road taxes and registration fees for various categories of electric vehicles to make them more affordable for consumers.
- A meeting of the concerned departments (Transport, Home, HMDA, etc.) will be convened to ensure effective coordination and implementation of the EV policy.
- Government representatives studied the policies of other states to come up with a policy tailored to Telangana’s needs, reflecting the best practices for EV adoption.
India’s New Electric Vehicle Policy 2024:
- Duty Reduction: A customs duty of 15% is now applicable on imported EVs priced at $35,000 or above, significantly lower than the previous rates of 70-100%. This reduced rate will last for five years.
- Import Limits and Investment Requirements: The policy allows for a maximum of 8,000 imported EVs per year, contingent on manufacturers investing at least ₹4,150 crore (approximately $500 million) in local production. There is no upper limit on investment, encouraging substantial financial commitments in the sector.
- Local Manufacturing Mandate: Companies must establish operational facilities within three years and achieve a minimum domestic value addition (DVA) of 25% by that time, increasing to 50% by the fifth year. This aims to enhance local manufacturing capabilities.
- Increased Import Allowance for Larger Investments: If a manufacturer invests over $800 million, they can import up to 40,000 EVs, still capped at 8,000 per year, with the option to carry over unused limits.
- Bank Guarantees: A bank guarantee is required, which will be returned only upon meeting the DVA target and investment criteria.
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Why special EV Policy is needed?
- Environmental Goals: The EV policy is part of an effort to reduce pollution levels in Telangana, especially in Hyderabad, to prevent the city from facing pollution issues similar to those in New Delhi.
- Lack of Implementation in the Past: Although the previous government introduced an EV policy for 2020-30, it was not implemented effectively. The new policy addresses this gap and actively promotes EV adoption.
- Growing Need for Awareness and Infrastructure: The policy also aims to spread awareness about EVs and address infrastructure challenges, such as the availability of charging stations, which are crucial to making electric vehicles a viable alternative.
- Encouraging Wider Adoption: The policy aims to increase the percentage of electric vehicles in the state (currently 5 out of every 100 vehicles are EVs) by offering financial incentives and creating an ecosystem that supports EV users.
Conclusion: Expanding and improving the availability of EV charging stations across the state is crucial to ensure the seamless adoption of electric vehicles, especially in urban areas and key highways.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: World Toilet Day, 2024
Why in the News?
- World Toilet Day, celebrated every year on November 19, is an official United Nations observance aimed at raising awareness of the global sanitation crisis and promoting action for safe toilets worldwide.
- 2024 Theme: “Sanitation for Peace” – highlights the role of sanitation in promoting peace, security, and resilience.
About World Toilet Day
- It is celebrated each year on November 19 to raise awareness about global sanitation issues.
- It became an UN-recognized day in 2013 to emphasize the importance of safe sanitation under SDG 6.
- It was first proposed by Jack Sim of the World Toilet Organization in 2001.
- Purpose: To address the health, dignity, and environmental challenges linked to inadequate sanitation.
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Significance and Global Collaborations
- Public Health: Prevents waterborne diseases; 1,000 child deaths daily linked to unsafe sanitation (WHO).
- UN Initiatives: UNICEF, WHO, and UN-Water work with countries to improve WASH (water, sanitation, hygiene) facilities.
- NGO Support: Organizations like World Toilet Organization and WaterAid implement sanitation projects and awareness.
- International Partnerships: Programs like Sanitation and Water for All (SWA) unify governments and NGOs for sanitation solutions.
India’s Policies and Successes
- Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM):
- SBM-Grameen: Over 11.73 crore household toilets built; 5.57 lakh villages ODF.
- SBM-Urban: 63.63 lakh household toilets constructed; 4,576 cities ODF.
- Jal Jeevan Mission: Aims to provide piped drinking water to rural households, supporting sanitation.
- Women’s Safety Campaigns: Programs like Hamara Shauchalay: Hamara Samman link sanitation to dignity, especially for women.
- Waste Management: SBM Phase II focuses on sustainable waste management and sanitation systems.
PYQ:
[2024] Consider the following statements regarding World Toilet Organization:
- It is one of the agencies of the United Nations.
- World Toilet Summit, World Toilet Day and World Toilet College are the initiatives of this organization, to inspire action to tackle the global sanitation crisis.
- The main focus of its function is to grant funds to the least developed countries and developing countries to achieve the end of open defecation.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 2 only
(b) 3 only
(c) 1 and 2
(d) 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Guru Ghasidas-Tamor Pingla Tiger Reserve
Why in the News?
The Indian government has notified Guru Ghasidas-Tamor Pingla Tiger Reserve in Chhattisgarh as the country’s 56th Tiger Reserve, now recognized as the third-largest tiger reserve in India.
Largest Tiger Reserves in India:
- First: Nagarjunasagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve, Andhra Pradesh
- Second: Manas Tiger Reserve, Assam
- Third: Guru Ghasidas-Tamor Pingla Tiger Reserve, Chhattisgarh
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About the Guru Ghasidas-Tamor Pingla Tiger Reserve (TR):
|
Details |
| Location |
• Located across Manendragarh-Chirmiri-Bharatpur, Korea, Surajpur, and Balrampur districts of Chhattisgarh.
• Total area: 2,829.38 sq. km.
• Core area: 2,049.2 sq. km (Guru Ghasidas National Park + Tamor Pingla Wildlife Sanctuary).
• Buffer area: 780.15 sq. km. |
| Regional Significance |
• Contiguous with Sanjay Dubri Tiger Reserve in Madhya Pradesh forming a 4,500 sq. km landscape.
• Connected to Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve (west) and Palamau Tiger Reserve (east). |
| Biodiversity |
• 753 species documented by Zoological Survey of India.
• 230 bird species.
• 55 mammal species, including several threatened species. |
| Landscape |
• Located within the Chota Nagpur Plateau and partly in the Baghelkhand Plateau.
• Features dense forests, streams, and rivers, providing a rich habitat for tigers and diverse fauna. |
PYQ:
[2020] Among the following Tiger Reserves, which one has the largest area under “Critical Tiger Habitat”?
(a) Corbett
(b) Ranthambore
(c) Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam
(d) Sunderbans |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Dead Sea, Salt Chimneys
Why in the News?
Researchers have identified unique salt chimneys on the Dead Sea floor.
Key facts about the Dead Sea:
|
Details |
| Location |
• Located between Jordan and Israel, with the eastern shore in Jordan and the western shore in Israel.
• The southern half of the western shore belongs to Israel, and the northern half is in the West Bank.• Divided by Al-Lisan peninsula into two basins: the northern basin is deep (400 m), and the southern basin is shallow (< 3 m). |
| Geographical Features |
• 430.5 meters below sea level, the Earth’s lowest land-based feature.
• Length: 50 km, Width: 15 km at its widest point.
• Surrounded by the Judaea hills (west) and Transjordanian plateaus (east). |
| Salinity and Density |
• Salinity: 34.2%, almost ten times saltier than ordinary seawater, making it the fourth saltiest water body in the world.
• Density: 1.240 kg/L, which allows people to float easily. |
| Inlets and Outlets |
• Main inlet: Jordan River.
• No outlet, water loss occurs primarily through evaporation.
• High salinity and harsh climate result in no life except for algae and microorganisms. |
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About the Salt Chimneys
- Salt chimneys are tall, chimney-like structures made of crystallized salt, recently discovered on the Dead Sea floor.
- They are found by researchers from the Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ) during an underwater survey.
- These chimneys range from 1 to over 7m in height.
- Formation Process:
- Groundwater from surrounding aquifers flows through old salt deposits around the Dead Sea basin, dissolving halite (salt) and carrying it as brine.
- Despite being saline, the brine is less dense than the Dead Sea water due to its high salinity, causing it to rise as a plume from the lake bed.
- When this brine contacts the colder Dead Sea water, it rapidly crystallizes, forming chimney structures that can grow several centimeters in height each day.
Potential Role in Sinkhole Forecasting
- Thousands of sinkholes have appeared near the Dead Sea in recent decades; understanding chimney formation may aid in preventing future collapses in vulnerable areas.
- Researchers have linked the formation of salt chimneys to underground cavities, which are often the precursors to sinkholes.
- The location of these chimneys may help predict areas at high risk for sinkhole formation, offering a way to monitor and mitigate potential hazards.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Italy-India Joint Strategic Action Plan
Why in the News?
India and Italy signed an ambitious 5-year ‘joint strategic action plan 2025-2029’ that would include cooperation in space sector, critical technology, research, co-production of military equipment and widening the ambit of economic cooperation.
Key Focus Areas of the Joint Strategic Action Plan:
|
Details |
| Political Dialogue |
• Regular high-level meetings and reciprocal visits.
• Annual bilateral consultations between foreign ministries to discuss mutual interests. |
| Economic Cooperation |
• Boosting trade, market access, and investments in sectors like transportation, agriculture, pharmaceuticals, and green technologies.
• Promoting industrial partnerships and mutual investments. |
| Connectivity |
• Collaborating on sustainable transport initiatives.
• Enhancing maritime and land infrastructure, participating in the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEEC). |
| Science, Technology, IT, Innovation |
• Cooperation in emerging technologies like Artificial Intelligence (AI), telecommunications, and digital services.
• Innovation, research collaborations, and exchange programs for scientific growth. |
| Space Sector |
• Collaboration between the Italian Space Agency (ASI) and the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) in Earth observation and lunar science.
• Facilitating mutual commercial space collaborations. |
| Energy Transition |
• Technology summits in renewable energy.
• Cooperation in green hydrogen, biofuels, and energy efficiency.
• Collaboration in global energy alliances like the International Solar Alliance (ISA) and Global Biofuels Alliance. |
| Defence Cooperation |
• Joint defence consultations and staff talks.
• Co-development of defence platforms and equipment.
• Negotiating a Defence Industrial Roadmap. |
| Security Cooperation |
• Capacity-building in cybersecurity and counter-terrorism.
• Regular exchanges and sector-specific talks in multilateral forums. |
Significance of the Plan:
- Time-Bound Initiatives: It outlines specific, time-bound initiatives to ensure measurable progress and accountability.
- Mutual Growth: By focusing on co-development and co-production, the plan aims to leverage the strengths of both nations for mutual economic and technological advancement.
- Strategic Alignment: The collaboration in areas like defence, energy transition, and space signifies a strategic alignment of interests, enhancing regional and global stability.
- Cultural and People-to-People Ties: Emphasizing cultural exchanges and academic collaborations strengthens the social fabric and mutual understanding between the two countries.
PYQ:
[2016] With reference to the ‘Trans-Pacific Partnership’, consider the following statements:
1. It is an agreement among all the Pacific Rim countries except China and Russia.
2. It is a strategic alliance for the purpose of maritime security only.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Infrastructure issues related to Urban Local Bodies;
Why in the News?
The CAG found that urban local bodies in 18 states, serving 241 million people, face a 42% gap between income and spending, with just 29% used for development work.
What are the key findings of the report?
- Resource-Expenditure Gap: Urban local bodies (ULBs) in 18 states face a 42% gap between their income and expenditure, with only 29% of spending directed toward development work.
- Revenue Dependence: ULBs generate only 32% of their revenue independently, relying heavily on Union and state government funds; they collect just 56% of their property tax demand.
- Staff Shortages and Limited Recruitment Powers: ULBs operate with an average 37% staff vacancy rate, and 16 states provide them with limited or no recruitment autonomy.
- Incomplete Implementation of the 74th Amendment: While 17 out of 18 functions have been devolved on average, compliance remains weak. Critical areas like urban planning and fire services are the least devolved.
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What are the implications of the resource-expenditure gap?
- Reduced Development Expenditure: With only 29% of expenditure directed toward programmatic and development work, the quality and quantity of essential urban services such as sanitation, housing, and infrastructure suffer.
- Increased Dependence on Grants: Only 32% of urban local bodies’ (ULBs) revenue comes from their own sources, making them overly reliant on state and Union government transfers. This undermines their fiscal autonomy.
- Poor Service Delivery: Insufficient resources hinder the ability of ULBs to meet growing urban demands, exacerbating issues like inadequate housing, poor waste management, and insufficient public health services.
- Impact on Urban Planning: The resource crunch constrains investment in urban planning and critical services like fire safety, leading to unplanned growth and vulnerabilities.
How does the 37% staff vacancy rate impact government operations?
- Operational Inefficiency: Vacant positions lead to delays in service delivery, poor maintenance of urban infrastructure, and inefficiencies in governance.
- Overburdened Workforce: Existing staff must take on additional responsibilities, potentially leading to burnout and reduced productivity.
- Limited Capacity for Resource Mobilization: Staff shortages in tax collection departments result in only 56% of property tax demand being realised, reducing revenue potential.
- Weak Local Governance: Insufficient personnel to handle devolved functions hampers the implementation of policies and schemes meant for urban development.
What are the Urban Local bodies?
- The establishment and functioning of ULBs are governed by the 74th Amendment to the Constitution of India, enacted in 1992.
- This amendment provides a constitutional framework for urban self-governance and outlines the powers and responsibilities of ULBs, which include various functions related to public health, sanitation, urban planning, and infrastructure development.
- ULBs are categorized into three main types: Municipal Corporations (for large cities), Municipalities (for smaller towns), and Nagar Panchayats (for transitional areas).
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What measures can be taken to improve resource mobilisation and management? (Way forward)
- Enhancing Own Revenue Generation: ULBs should focus on improving their revenue generation capabilities, particularly in property tax collection where they currently realize only 56% of demand.
- Implementing technology-driven solutions like GIS for property assessments could enhance collection efficiency.
- Financial Management Training: Providing training for ULB officials on financial management could improve budgeting practices, ensuring that funds are allocated more effectively towards development projects.
- Strengthening Autonomy: Empowering ULBs with greater autonomy over recruitment and financial decisions would enable them to respond more effectively to local needs and improve service delivery.
- Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs): Encouraging partnerships with private entities can help leverage additional resources for urban development projects while sharing risks associated with large-scale investments.
- Community Engagement Initiatives: Involving citizens in budgetary processes can increase transparency and accountability, potentially leading to better resource allocation aligned with community priorities.
Mains PYQ:
Q Analyse the role of local bodies in providing good governance at local level and bring out the pros and cons merging the rural local bodies with the urban local bodies. (UPSC IAS/2024)
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