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  • Equity concerns in the 16th Finance Commission award

    Why in the News

    The 16th Finance Commission has retained the size of the tax pool for States but reshaped the grants that equalise between them. The tension is between fiscal efficiency and the constitutional intent of equity across unequal States.

    What is the Finance Commission?

    1. Constitutional body: The Finance Commission is set up under Article 280 every five years to recommend the sharing of taxes between the Union and the States.
    2. Vertical devolution: It fixes the share of central taxes that goes to States as a whole.
    3. Horizontal devolution: It sets the formula distributing that share among individual States.

    What has the 16th Finance Commission changed?

    1. Pool unchanged: Vertical devolution stays at 41% of the divisible pool.
    2. Grants cut: Revenue Deficit Grants and most sector and State specific grants are eliminated.
    3. Grants share halved: Grants in aid fall from 19.4% to 8.3% of transfers.
    4. New weight: A 10% GDP contribution weight is added and the income distance weight is trimmed.

    Why do the changes raise equity concerns?

    1. Rewarding the rich: A GDP contribution weight favours already prosperous States.
    2. Removing the equaliser: Revenue Deficit Grants had cushioned States that cannot meet committed expenditure.
    3. Constitutional intent: Grants in aid under Article 275 are meant to lift weaker States, not shrink.

    “[2023] Consider the following :
    1. Demographic performance
    2. Forest and ecology
    3. Governance reforms
    4. Stable government
    5. Tax and fiscal efforts
    For the horizontal tax devolution, the Fifteenth Finance Commission used how many of the above as criteria other than population area and income distance?
    (a) Only two
    (b) Only three
    (c) only four
    (d) All five

  • GST must be fuelled by domestic production, not inflation or imports

    Why in the News

    Record monthly Goods and Services Tax collection was driven more by imports and price rise than by domestic output. The tension is between a headline revenue high and a weak production base underneath it.

    What is the Goods and Services Tax (GST)?

    1. Indirect tax: The Goods and Services Tax (GST) is a destination based tax on the supply of goods and services, in force since July 2017.
    2. Dual structure: It has a Central component and a State component, with an Integrated GST (IGST) on inter state and import transactions.
    3. Council: Rates are set by the GST Council, a federal body of the Union and States.

    What does the latest collection actually show?

    1. Headline figure: July GST touched Rs 2.11 lakh crore, up 15.4% year on year.
    2. Import driven: Integrated GST (IGST) on imports grew 26.9%, against just 4.5% for the domestic component.
    3. Price effect: Rupee depreciation and high Wholesale Price Index manufacturing inflation of 7.18% inflated the nominal figure.

    Why is the revenue base narrow?

    1. Geographic concentration: Collection is heavily skewed toward a handful of industrialized or consumption-heavy regions. Only 16 States and Union Territories were above the national average collection.
    2. Weak domestic demand: Sluggish home production limits the tax base.
    3. Inflation illusion: A rising nominal collection can mask flat real activity. Rising nominal collection numbers can be deceptive, as high wholesale price inflation and currency depreciation artificially inflate transaction values.

    Conclusion

    Strong collection numbers are being read as growth when they partly reflect imports and inflation. A broad based GST 3.0 must widen the domestic production base rather than lean on price rise.

    Back2Basic

    GST 2.0

    Launched in 2025, GST 2.0 is a major overhaul of India’s indirect taxation system. It simplifies the multi-tier structure into core merit (5%) and standard (18%) slabs, eliminates the old 12% and 28% categories for most items, and introduces a 40% demerit rate for luxury and sin goods.

    Key Tax Slab Changes

    1. Nil / 0%: Life and health insurance, basic food staples (UHT milk, paneer, Indian breads), and 33 life-saving medicines.
    2. 5% (Merit Rate): Common household essentials, agricultural machinery (tractors, harvesters), gym/fitness services, and handicrafts.
    3. 18% (Standard Rate): Consumer durables (TVs, ACs), small cars, two-wheelers, and cement.
    4. 40% (Demerit Rate): Luxury cars, aerated drinks, pan masala, and tobacco products

    PYQ Relevance

    [UPSC 2019] Enumerate the indirect taxes which have been subsumed in the goods and services tax (GST) in India. Also, comment on the revenue implications of the GST introduced in India since July 2017.

    Linkage: The PYQ examines the revenue implications of GST and its impact on India’s indirect tax system. The article evaluates GST revenue quality, showing that recent collections are driven more by imports and inflation than broad-based domestic economic growth.

  • India may charge gas users to fund planned $42 billion fuel reserves, sources say

    Why in the News

    India proposed to fund an enlarged strategic fuel reserve through a small charge on cooking gas and natural gas. The move exposes the trade off between building energy insurance and raising the household fuel bill.

    What is a Strategic Petroleum Reserve?

    1. Emergency stockpile: A strategic petroleum reserve is a government held store of fuel to cushion supply shocks and price spikes.
    2. Current cover: India’s existing reserves hold crude oil at underground sites managed by the Indian Strategic Petroleum Reserves Limited (ISPRL).
    3. New feature: For the first time the buffer would extend beyond crude to cover LNG and LPG.

    How would the new reserve be funded?

    1. LPG charge: A levy of about Rs 1.29 per kg on cooking gas is proposed.
    2. Gas charge: A levy of about Rs 1.43 per standard cubic metre on natural gas is proposed.
    3. Annual pool: The charges would raise close to $1.5 billion a year.
    4. Cover target: The reserve would hold roughly two months of crude and LNG and six weeks of LPG.

    Why does energy security drive this now?

    1. Import dependence: India imports about 90% of its crude and is the third largest oil importer.
    2. Chokepoint risk: Disruption at the Strait of Hormuz has already forced diversification of LNG sources.
    3. Price volatility: A larger buffer reduces exposure to sudden price surges.

    Conclusion

    The proposal marks a shift from a crude only buffer to a broader fuel insurance system, paid for by consumers. The next milestone is the formal notification of the levy and the reserve’s expansion plan.

    Back2Basics

    Cooking gas and Natural gas

    Cooking gas (Liquefied Petroleum Gas or LPG) and natural gas (Piped Natural Gas or PNG) differ primarily in chemical composition, how they are stored, and how they are delivered to homes.

    Key Differences in Composition and Properties

    1. Chemical Makeup: Cooking gas (LPG) is made of propane and butane (C₃H₈ and C₄H₁₀), while natural gas is primarily methane (CH₄).
    2. Energy Output: LPG has a higher calorific value, meaning it produces more heat per unit and cooks food faster than natural gas.
    3. Behavior in Leaks: LPG is heavier than air and settles near the floor during a leak, whereas natural gas is lighter than air and rises/disperses quickly upward.

    PYQ Relevance

    [UPSC 2025]“Energy security constitutes the dominant kingpin of India’s foreign policy, and is linked with India’s overarching influence in Middle Eastern countries.” How would you integrate energy security with India’s foreign policy trajectories in the coming years?

    Linkage: The PYQ examines the role of energy security in shaping India’s foreign policy and strategic interests. The article highlights India’s plan to expand strategic fuel reserves to reduce import risks and strengthen long-term energy security.

  • RBI Monetary Policy Committee holds the repo rate at 5.25%

    Why in the News

    The Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has kept the policy repo rate unchanged at 5.25%, balancing inflation risks against the need to support economic growth amid global uncertainties.

    What is the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC)?

    • Statutory body: Constituted under the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 (amended in 2016).
    • Composition: Six members:
      • Three RBI members: Governor (Chairperson), Deputy Governor in charge of Monetary Policy, and one RBI nominee.
      • Three external members: Appointed by the Central Government.
    • Decision-making: Each member has one vote; in case of a tie, the Governor has a casting vote.
    • Mandate: Maintain Consumer Price Index (CPI) inflation at 4%, with a tolerance band of 2% to 6%.

    What did the MPC decide?

    • Repo rate unchanged: Retained at 5.25%.
    • Policy stance: Continues to remain neutral.
    • Liquidity corridor:
      • Standing Deposit Facility (SDF): 5.0%
      • Marginal Standing Facility (MSF): 5.5%
      • Bank Rate: 5.5%
    • Growth outlook: Real GDP growth projected at 6.7%.
    • Inflation outlook: CPI inflation rose to 4.4% in June 2026, crossing the 4% target after remaining below it for 16 months.

    Why did the MPC maintain the status quo?

    • Global uncertainties: Rising crude oil prices and geopolitical tensions in West Asia pose inflation risks.
    • Monsoon concerns: An El Nino driven deficient monsoon could increase food inflation.
    • Data dependent approach: The MPC prefers to wait for clearer inflation and growth signals before changing policy rates.

    Back2Basics: Reserve Bank of India (RBI)

    • Established: 1935 under the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934.
    • Functions: Monetary authority of India, Banker to the Government, Banker to banks, Regulator and supervisor of the banking system, and Manager of foreign exchange reserves.
    • Major monetary policy instruments: Repo Rate, Standing Deposit Facility (SDF), Marginal Standing Facility (MSF), Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR), Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR), Open Market Operations (OMOs)

    “[2017] Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC)?
    1. It decides the RBI’s benchmark interest rates.
    2. It is a 12-member body including the Governor of RBI and is reconstituted every year.
    3. It functions under the chairmanship of the Union Finance Minister.
    Select the correct answer using the code given below:
    (a) 1 only
    (b) 1 and 2 only
    (c) 3 only
    (d) 2 and 3 only

  • [5th August 2026] The Hindu OpED: Jammu and Kashmir: the elusive quest for Statehood

    PYQ Relevance
    [UPSC 2016]     To what extent is Article 370 temporary? Discuss future prospects.
    Linkage: The PYQ directly tests the constitutional character of Article 370 that this article’s central event revolves around. Now after its abrogation the theme extends to statehood demand of J&K.

    Mentor’s Comment

    August 5, 2026, marks seven years since Jammu and Kashmir’s special status under Article 370 was revoked; August 9 will mark seven years since it lost Statehood. Seven years on, the promised trade-off of temporary central control for security and economic growth remains unfulfilled, even as the Lieutenant-Governor’s unaccountable powers have expanded further.

    Has the trade-off of temporary central control for security and economic growth delivered its promised outcomes?

    1. No formal emergency, emergency-scale measures: The 2019 actions were accompanied by troop deployment, detention of over 5,000 political leaders and cadre, curfew, and a communications blockade, without any emergency being formally declared.
    2. Violence has spread, not receded: Terrorist attacks continued in 2025 at Pahalgam in April and Delhi’s Red Fort in November, and violence spread to previously dormant areas such as Poonch-Rajouri and adjoining districts.
    3. Economic convergence has reversed: J&K’s per capita income as a share of the national average fell from 79.9% in 2013-14 to 76.6%, per the J&K Economic Survey 2025-26, a decline of 3.3 percentage points.
    4. Unemployment remains structurally high: Overall unemployment is close to twice the national average; graduate unemployment stands at 23.9%.
    5. Peaceful response met with intensified control: Kashmiris responded to the Pahalgam attack with peace marches and candlelit demonstrations, but the Union Home Ministry responded with the most militarised Amarnath Yatra in J&K’s history, routine PSA and UAPA charges, summons to over 2,000 people after a single incident, near-continuous curfews, and the highest number of internet shutdowns of any region in the country since 2019.

    What made the process of revoking Article 370 and Statehood constitutionally unprecedented?

    1. Executive fiat over Article 370: Article 370 was hollowed out through executive action; the Governor later stated he was directed by the Union Home Minister to sign.
    2. Legislative fiat over Statehood: Statehood was removed through Parliament without consulting J&K’s people or its elected political leadership.
    3. First such downgrade since 1956: J&K became the first State since Delhi in 1956 to lose Statehood.
    4. Basic structure implications: Together, the two actions represent a departure from constitutional principles and the basic structure of the Union.
    5. Treated as an exception, not a precedent: The actions were framed as specific to a conflict-ridden J&K rather than examined as part of a broader strain on India’s constitutional democracy.

    Why have judicial and administrative checks failed to restore accountable government in J&K?

    1. Prolonged judicial deference: The Supreme Court allowed the Union’s security-justification argument to stand unchallenged for four years before weakly recommending that Statehood be restored “as soon as possible.”
    2. No timeline since: Three years after that recommendation, the Court has not heard petitions seeking a definite restoration timeline.
    3. No test of necessity: At no point has the Court examined the Union’s measures against constitutional or pragmatic standards of necessity.
    4. Six-month limit bypassed: The Constitution caps emergency conditions at six months, yet J&K has remained under emergency-like conditions for seven years without formal invocation.
    5. Lieutenant-Governor holds core powers: Under the 2024 Transaction of Business Rules, the Lieutenant-Governor, an appointee, controls the administration, police, and government prosecutors, despite J&K having had an elected government since 2024.
    6. Powers still expanding: The Lieutenant-Governor has since been granted emergency powers over telecommunications.
    7. High Court strictures without reform: The J&K High Court has repeatedly criticised the police’s misuse of draconian laws, without this leading to institutional reform.

    Why is the security-driven justification for prolonged unaccountable rule fundamentally flawed?

    1. Moral flaw: The claim that subjugation is a means to a desirable end conceals the fact that subjugation is a repugnant end in itself, never a legitimate means.
    2. Pragmatic flaw: Subjugation breeds disaffection, which expresses itself as violence once peaceful means of expression are disallowed, a pattern India has already experienced under colonial rule.
    3. Empirical failure confirms the flaw: The continued rise and spread of violence, alongside declining economic indicators, demonstrates that the justification has failed on its own practical terms.
    4. Judicial non-scrutiny entrenches the flaw: The absence of any judicial test of the argument’s utility has allowed it to function as a durable substitute for accountable governance rather than a genuinely temporary emergency measure.

    What would it take for J&K to move from unaccountable control to democratic accountability?

    1. Constitutional design points to elected government: The Constitution recognises an elected administration as the only structure capable of delivering accountability.
    2. Downstream institutions depend on it: An independent legislature, institutional oversight, autonomous bodies, and a free media all require an elected administration to develop.
    3. Civil society space is conditional: Civil society gains room to push for reform under an elected administration that it lacks under an appointed one.
    4. Renewed political campaign: J&K’s National Conference has renewed the campaign for Statehood restoration, earlier pursued only fitfully by the Congress, now framed explicitly around accountability.
    5. A record of “ugly firsts”: J&K has been the first State to see wide use of semi-lethal pellet guns (2016), the first to lose special status and Statehood (2019), and the first to undergo a communal delimitation altering Jammu’s demography through additional Hindu-majority constituencies (2022).
    6. A possible “positive first”: The 2024 State election produced a majority for the pluralist National Conference-Congress alliance despite the delimitation exercise, showing that engineered political outcomes can be overcome through the ballot; Statehood restoration would be a fitting next “first.”

    Conclusion

    Seven years of Central rule in Jammu and Kashmir have not delivered the promised improvements in security or economic development. Instead, power has become concentrated in the Lieutenant Governor, reducing the role of the elected government. The argument that prolonged Central control is necessary for security is flawed because it weakens democratic accountability and can increase public alienation. Restoring Statehood remains the constitutional path to accountable governance, but it requires timely political and judicial action rather than indefinite delay.

  • SpaceX Falcon 9 upper stage set to strike the Moon, exposing gaps in space law

    Why in the News

    A spent SpaceX Falcon 9 upper stage is expected to impact the Einstein Crater on the Moon on 5 August 2026. The event provides a rare scientific opportunity while highlighting gaps in international laws governing lunar activities and space debris.

    What is the Outer Space Treaty?

    • The Outer Space Treaty (1967) is the foundation of international space law.
    • Governs activities in outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies.
    • Prohibits national sovereignty claims over outer space (Article II).
    • Requires exploration for the benefit of all countries and peaceful purposes.

    What is a Controlled Source Impact?

    • An impact where the mass, speed, and trajectory of the object are known beforehand.
    • Helps scientists accurately study:
      • Crater formation.
      • Lunar dust (ejecta) behaviour.
      • Surface composition.

    What is ATLAC?

    • Action Team on Lunar Activity Consultation (ATLAC) is a United Nations (UN) working group.
    • Works on developing norms for: Lunar landing coordination, Lunar dust mitigation, and Space debris management.

    Why is the Impact Significant?

    • Rare opportunity to study the Moon through a known artificial impact.
    • Improves understanding of lunar dust, crucial for future lunar missions and habitats.
    • Similar to NASA’s Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS) Mission (2009), which confirmed the presence of water ice.

    Challenges

    • No treaty specifically regulates lunar debris or spent rocket stages.
    • No legal protection for lunar heritage sites (e.g., Shiv Shakti Point).
    • Increasing commercial and national missions raise collision risks.
    • Slow consensus-based UN rule-making.

    Chandrayaan-3

    • Launched by: Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) in 2023.
    • Achievement: First soft landing near the Moon’s south pole; India became the 4th country to achieve a soft landing on the Moon.
    • Shiv Shakti Point: Name of the Vikram lander’s landing site.
    • Components: Vikram Lander and Pragyan Rover.

    [2009] India has recently landed its Moon Impact Probe (MIP) on the Moon. Among the following countries, which one landed such probe on the Moon earlier?

    (a) Australia

    (b) Canada

    (c) China

    (d) Japan.

  • New study finds global warming is accelerating, with the 1.5 degree Celsius breach projected by 2030

    Why in the News

    A study in the journal Geophysical Research Letters reports evidence that global warming is accelerating, not merely continuing. After removing natural noise from five temperature datasets, the authors find the last decade warmed faster than any previous decade on record, and project the 1.5 degree Celsius threshold being breached by 2030.

    What is the 1.5 degree Celsius threshold?

    1. Paris target: Under the Paris Agreement, 2015, countries agreed to hold warming well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit it to 1.5 degrees Celsius.
    2. Why 1.5 matters: Beyond 1.5 degrees Celsius, risks of extreme heat, sea level rise, and ecosystem collapse rise sharply, making it the central guardrail of climate policy.

    What are aerosols and the masking effect?

    1. Aerosols: Aerosols are tiny particles from sources such as burning fossil fuels that reflect sunlight and exert a cooling effect on the atmosphere.
    2. How cooling works: Light-colored particles bounce sunlight back into space and help make clouds brighter, which lowers temperatures.
    3. The cooling mask: This pollution has acted like an invisible shield, hiding a portion of the total heat trapped by greenhouse gases
    4. Unmasking: As pollution controls cut aerosols, their cooling effect fades and the full warming from greenhouse gases is felt, an effect the study describes as a disappearing cooling mask.

    Why is measuring acceleration difficult?

    1. Noisy temperatures: Global temperatures fluctuate year to year because of natural factors like volcanic eruptions and changes in solar activity. (Volcano noise includes the seismic vibrations, audible sounds, and infrasound produced by subsurface magma movement, degassing, and eruptions. Solar noise refers to intense bursts of radio waves and energetic emissions naturally broadcast by the Sun.)
    2. Masked trend: These events can temporarily hide the underlying human caused warming, making it hard to prove the rate itself is rising.

    How did the study establish acceleration?

    1. Multiple datasets: The authors analysed five major global temperature datasets to avoid relying on any single record.
    2. Statistical subtraction: They used statistical methods to remove the influence of volcanic and solar noise, isolating the human driven trend.
    3. High confidence: After removing the noise, they were more than 98% certain the jump in warming rate was real rather than a short lived fluctuation, dating the change to around 2015.
    4. Timing: This change or acceleration in the rate of warming was identified to have begun around
      2015 .

    Why does the faster pace matter?

    1. Shrinking timeline: Under the earlier, slower rate, the world expected more time before breaching 1.5 degrees Celsius, and the accelerated pace brings the breach forward to 2030.
    2. Twin drivers: Greenhouse gas emissions remain the primary cause, while falling aerosol pollution adds to the acceleration.

    What are the challenges to limiting warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius?

    1. Continued emissions growth: Global carbon dioxide emissions remain near record highs, driven by fossil fuel use in power, industry, and transport.
    2. Aerosol paradox: Cutting air pollution saves lives but removes a cooling effect, accelerating near term warming.
    3. Shrinking carbon budget: The remaining budget consistent with 1.5 degrees Celsius is small and shrinks with every year of high emissions.
    4. Slow energy transition: Renewable growth has not yet displaced fossil fuels fast enough to cut absolute emissions.
    5. Feedback loops: Melting ice, thawing permafrost, and forest loss release additional carbon and reduce reflectivity, reinforcing warming.
    6. Finance and equity gaps: Developing countries lack the finance and technology transfer needed to decarbonise while meeting development needs.

    Conclusion

    The study reframes the problem from steady warming to an accelerating one, advancing the likely 1.5 degree Celsius breach to 2030. The central unresolved issue is that cleaning the air removes a cooling shield, so only deep and sustained cuts in greenhouse gases can slow the pace.

    Back2Basics:

    Paris Agreement

    1. Adopted: 2015 at the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP21), entering into force in 2016.
    2. Convening body: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
    3. Core goal: Limit warming well below 2 degrees Celsius, pursuing 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre industrial levels.
    4. Mechanism: Nationally Determined Contributions, updated every five years, with a global stocktake to assess collective progress.

    PYQ Relevance

    [UPSC 2022] Discuss global warming and mention its effects on the global climate. Explain the control measures to bring down the level of greenhouse gases which cause global warming, in the light of the Kyoto Protocol, 1997.

    Linkage: The question examines the causes, impacts and mitigation of global warming through international climate frameworks. The article adds recent evidence that global warming is accelerating, highlighting the need for faster emission cuts to achieve Paris Agreement goals.

  • National Board for Wildlife clears the Panari hydropower project in the Panna Ranipur tiger corridor

    Why in the News

    The Standing Committee of the National Board for Wildlife (NBWL) recommended wildlife clearance for the 1,800 MW Panari Pumped Storage Hydropower Project in the Panna-Ranipur Tiger Corridor, despite concerns that it could fragment a critical wildlife corridor.

    How does a Pumped Storage Hydropower Project (PSH) work?

    • Uses two reservoirs at different elevations.
    • During low electricity demand, water is pumped to the upper reservoir.
    • During peak demand, water is released to generate electricity.
    • Acts as a grid-scale energy storage system for renewable energy.

    What is the Panna-Ranipur Tiger Corridor?

    • Connects Panna Tiger Reserve (Madhya Pradesh) with Ranipur Tiger Reserve (Uttar Pradesh).
    • Facilitates movement of tigers, leopards, and sloth bears.
    • Ensures genetic exchange and healthy wildlife populations.
      • A wildlife corridor is a natural passage connecting fragmented habitats, enabling movement, migration, breeding, and genetic exchange among wildlife populations.

    Why was the Project Cleared?

    • NBWL Standing Committee approved it based on recommendations of:
      • National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA)
      • Wildlife Institute of India (WII)
    • Clearance is subject to mitigation measures.

    Concerns

    • Corridor fragmentation affecting wildlife movement.
    • Increased human-wildlife conflict.
    • Loss of habitat connectivity and genetic diversity.
    • Cumulative impacts of multiple infrastructure projects.

    Mitigation Measures

    • Construction of three 30-metre-wide wildlife overpasses.
    • Relocation of muck dumping and project facilities outside the corridor.
    • Realignment of project infrastructure to reduce habitat disturbance.

    Back2Basics: Panna Tiger Reserve

    1. Designation: Tiger reserve and UNESCO Biosphere Reserve, in Madhya Pradesh.
    2. Location: Panna and Chhatarpur districts, on the Vindhyan ranges along the Ken River.
    3. Distinction: Site of a successful tiger reintroduction after its tiger population was lost around 2009.
    4. Linked project: Adjoins the Ken Betwa river linking project, India’s first interlinking of rivers.

    “[2020] Among the following Tiger Reserves, which one has the largest area under ‘Critical Tiger Habitat’?
    (a) Corbett
    (b) Ranthambore
    (c) Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam
    (d) Sunderbans

  • Supreme Court extends the 10 km mining buffer to all wetland conservation reserves

    Why in the News

    The Supreme Court clarified that its ban on mining within a 10 km radius of the Asan Conservation Reserve (a Ramsar Site) applies to all Wetland Conservation Reserves across India unless approved by the Standing Committee of the National Board for Wildlife (NBWL) and the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC).

    What is a Conservation Reserve?

    • A protected area category created under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 (through the 2002 Amendment).
    • Covers government-owned land adjacent to National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries.
    • Protects habitats and wildlife corridors with community participation.

    What is an Eco-Sensitive Zone (ESZ)?

    • A buffer area notified under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 around National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries.
    • Restricts activities such as mining, industries, and large-scale construction to reduce ecological impacts.

    Supreme Court Ruling

    • Extended the 10 km mining restriction to all Wetland Conservation Reserves.
    • Recognized wetlands as a distinct ecologically sensitive category.
    • Mining within the buffer requires approval from the NBWL Standing Committee and MoEFCC.

    Why is the Ruling Significant?

    • Protects wetlands from mining and habitat degradation.
    • Recognizes the importance of catchment areas for wetland health.
    • Ensures uniform protection for wetland conservation reserves across India.

    Challenges

    • Incomplete mapping and notification of wetlands.
    • Encroachment and land-use change.
    • Pollution and eutrophication.
    • Weak enforcement by State Wetland Authorities.
    • Development pressures from mining and infrastructure projects.

    Value Addition

    Ramsar Convention

    • International treaty for the conservation and wise use of wetlands.
    • Adopted in 1971 at Ramsar, Iran.
    • India became a Contracting Party in 1982.

    Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2017

    • Regulate conservation and management of notified wetlands.
    • Implemented through State Wetland Authorities.

    Back2Basics

    National Board for Wildlife (NBWL)

    • Statutory body under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.
    • Chairperson: Prime Minister.
    • Standing Committee examines projects affecting protected areas.

    Asan Conservation Reserve

    • Location: Dehradun, Uttarakhand.
    • Ramsar Site: Since 2020 (Uttarakhand’s first Ramsar Site).
    • Formed by the Asan Barrage at the confluence of the Asan and Yamuna rivers.
    • Important wintering habitat for migratory birds.

    “[2019] Consider the following statements:
    1. Under Ramsar Convention, it is mandatory on the part of the Government of India to protect and conserve all the wetlands in the territory of India.
    2. The Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2010 were framed by the Government of India based on the recommendations of Ramsar Convention.
    3. The Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2010 also encompass the drainage area or catchment regions of the wetlands as determined by the authority.
    (a) 1 and 2 only
    (b) 2 and 3 only
    (c) 3 only
    (d) 1, 2 and 3

  • Supreme Court orders SOPs against digital arrest cyber fraud and mule accounts

    Why in the News

    The Supreme Court directed the Centre, States, and Union Territories to implement Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) within four weeks to curb digital arrest cyber fraud, including freezing mule accounts, strengthening grievance redressal, and improving cybercrime coordination.

    What is a Digital Arrest Scam?

    • A cyber fraud where scammers impersonate police or enforcement agencies through video/audio calls.
    • Victims are falsely told they are under “digital arrest” and coerced into transferring money.

    What is a Mule Account?

    • A bank account used to receive and transfer proceeds of cyber fraud.
    • Often opened by unsuspecting or paid individuals.
    • Banks can impose temporary debit holds to prevent fraudulent withdrawals.

    What is the Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C)?

    • A nodal agency under the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) for coordinating India’s response to cybercrime.
    • Operates the National Cyber Crime Reporting Portal (NCRP) and the 1930 Cyber Helpline.

    Supreme Court Directions

    • Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to issue SOPs for temporary debit holds on mule accounts.
    • States/UTs to operationalise:
      • State Cyber Crime Coordination Centres.
      • e-Zero FIR mechanism.
    • Strengthen grievance redressal, money restoration, and public awareness.

    Challenges

    • Cross-border cybercrime networks.
    • Rapid movement of funds through mule accounts and cryptocurrencies.
    • Weak inter-agency coordination.
    • SIM spoofing and fake identities.
    • Low public awareness, especially among the elderly.

    Value Addition

    e-Zero FIR

    • Enables registration of a cybercrime complaint without jurisdictional barriers.
    • The complaint is later transferred to the appropriate police station.

    Citizen Response to Financial Cyber Fraud

    • Call 1930 immediately.
    • Report the incident on the National Cyber Crime Reporting Portal (NCRP).
    • Early reporting increases the chances of freezing fraudulent transactions.

    Back2Basics: Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C)

    • Parent Ministry: Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA).
    • Established: 2020.
    • Key Components:
      • National Cyber Crime Reporting Portal (NCRP).
      • 1930 Financial Cyber Fraud Helpline.
    • Mandate: Coordinate law enforcement, banks, telecom operators, and other stakeholders to prevent and investigate cybercrime.

    “[2017] In India, it is legally mandatory for which of the following to report on cyber security incidents?
    1. Service providers
    2. Data Centres
    3. Body corporate
    (a) 1 only
    (b) 1 and 2 only
    (c) 3 only
    (d) 1, 2 and 3