Prelims Only | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution - historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Article 348(1)(a), Article 348 (2)
Why in the News?
A growing movement in India is advocating for use of regional languages in High Court proceedings to make justice more accessible to the common citizen.
Current Scenario: Regional Languages in High Courts
Out of India’s 25 High Courts, only 4 — Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, and Bihar — are authorized to use Hindi in their proceedings and legal documents.
BiharHC was the last High Court to receive authorization to use Hindi in 1972.
A litigant possesses the fundamental right to comprehend and engage in courtroom proceedings, under Article 19 and Article 21.
She/ He is entitled to present their case in a language they understand before the magistrate.
Additionally, the “Right to Justice” is explicitly recognized under Article 21 of the Constitution.
Despite these provisions, the use of regional languages in High Courts remains limited.
Constitutional Provisions for Regional Languages in Judiciary:
Provision
Details
Article 348(1) (a)
Language of Proceedings
English is the official language for proceedings in the Supreme Court, High Courts, and specified tribunals.
All records and ordersmust be in English.
Purpose
Ensures uniformity and consistency in legal proceedings and documentation at the highest judicial levels.
Scope
Applies to the Supreme Court, High Courts, and all authorities mentioned in Article 323A or Article 323B.
Article 348(2)
Use of Other Languages
The President may authorize the use of Hindi or any other regional language in addition to English.
Authorization is subject to conditions specified by the President.
Purpose
Allows for regional languages to be used in judicial proceedings, making the system more accessible to non-English speakers.
Scope
Can be applied in the Supreme Court, High Courts, and other authorities as mentioned in Article 323A or Article 323B.
PYQ:
[2021] Which one of the following in Indian polity is an essential feature that indicates that it is federal in character?
(a) The Independence of the judiciary is safeguarded.
(b) The Union Legislature has elected representatives from constituent units.
(c) The Union Cabinet can have elected representatives from regional parties.
(d) The Fundamental Rights are enforceable by Courts of Law.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Vision JK @2047
Why in the News?
The Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances & Pensions has presented the Vision J&K @2047 describing it as an integral part of Vision India @2047.
What is J&K @2047?
Vision J&K @2047 is a long-term strategic plan for Jammu and Kashmir (J&K).
It seeks to develop the region into a model of sustainable development, economic growth, and social harmony by the year 2047, coinciding with India’s 100th year of independence.
Key features of Vision J&K @2047:
Vision J&K @2047 focuses on restoring democratic governance through Assembly elections and establishing Zilla Parishads.
It aims to enhance infrastructure, create job opportunities, and drive economic development in the region.
Significant improvements in education and healthcare are planned, along with empowerment initiatives for women and minorities.
Governance reforms aim to enhance administrative efficiency and reduce bureaucratic hurdles.
Promotion of local industries and entrepreneurship is a key component to achieve economic self-sufficiency.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Rule 170 of Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 2018
Why in the News?
The Supreme Court has raised concerns over the AYUSH ministry’s notification, which advised state licensing authorities not to take action under Rule 170 of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act in the context of the ongoing case against Patanjali Ayurved.
Rule 170 of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 2018:
Details
What is it?
Rule 170 was introduced in 2018 to regulate the manufacture, storage, and sale of Ayurvedic, Siddha, and Unani medicines, focusing on controlling misleading advertisements in the AYUSH sector.
Requirements
• AYUSH drug manufacturers must obtain approval and a unique identification number from state licensing authorities before advertising their products.
• Required documentation includes textual references, rationale, indications for use, and evidence of safety, effectiveness, and quality.
Key Provisions
Prohibits advertisement of AYUSH products without prior state authority approval.
Advertisements may be rejected if they:
– Lack of contact details of the manufacturer.
– Contain obscene or vulgar content.
– Promote products for enhancing sexual organs.
– Feature endorsements from celebrities or government officials.
– Refer to government organizations.
– Convey false impressions or make misleading or exaggerated claims.
Rationale Behind
• Introduced following a parliamentary standing committee’s concerns about misleading claims in the AYUSH sector.
• Aims to ensure proactive measures by the AYUSH ministry against such advertisements.
Challenges
• AYUSH drug manufacturers are required to obtain licenses from drug controllers similar to allopathic medicines. • Unlike allopathic drugs, AYUSH drugs do not need to undergo Phase I, II, or III trials for approval.
PYQ:
[2019] How is the Government of India protecting traditional knowledge of medicine from patenting by pharmaceutical companies?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: India Semiconductor Mission
Why in the News?
The Union Cabinet has approved the proposal by Kaynes Semicon Pvt Ltd to establish a semiconductor unit in Sanand, Gujarat. This is the 5th semiconductorunit to be approved under the India Semiconductor Mission (ISM).
About India’s Semiconductor Mission (ISM):
Details
Launch Year
2021
Financial Outlay
₹76,000 crore
Backing by
Ministry of Electronics and IT (MeitY)
Objective
Develop a sustainable semiconductor and display ecosystem in India.
Primary Goal
Provide financial support to companies investing in semiconductor and display manufacturing and design ecosystem.
Leadership
Envisioned to be led by global experts in the Semiconductor and Display industry.
Components
Scheme for Semiconductor Fabs: Fiscal support to set up semiconductor wafer fabrication facilities.
Scheme for Display Fabs: Fiscal support for setting up TFT LCD/AMOLED display fabrication facilities.
Scheme for Compound Semiconductors / Silicon Photonics / Sensors Fab and ATMP/OSAT: 30% fiscal support for setting up compound semiconductors, silicon photonics, sensors fabs, and ATMP/OSAT facilities.
Design Linked Incentive (DLI) Scheme: Financial incentives and design infrastructure support for semiconductor design for ICs, chipsets, SoCs, systems & IP cores.
Vision
To develop India into a global hub for semiconductor and display manufacturing and design.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Digital Bharat Nidhi Rules, 2024
Why in the News?
The Centre has published the first set of rules under the Telecommunications Act, 2023 (44 of 2023), titled ‘Telecommunications (Administration of Digital Bharat Nidhi) Rules, 2024.’
AboutTelecommunications (Administration of Digital Bharat Nidhi) Rules, 2024:
Responsible for overseeing the implementation and administration of DBN
Key Focus Areas
• Enhancing telecommunication services in underserved and remote areas
• Promoting access to mobile and broadband services
• Improving telecom security
• Supporting next-generation telecom technologies
Target Beneficiaries
• Marginalized groups (e.g., women, persons with disabilities, economically weaker sections)
• Remote and underserved regions
Project Criteria
• Provision of telecom services and equipment
• Enhancing telecom security
• Improving access and affordability
• Promoting innovation, R&D, and indigenous technology
• Supporting start-ups
• Encouraging sustainable and green technologies
Funding Conditions
Entities receiving DBN funding must provide telecom services on an open and non-discriminatory basis
Vision Alignment
Aligned with Viksit Bharat (Developed India) by 2047
Sustainability Focus
Emphasizes the promotion of green technologies in telecommunications
PYQ:
[2019] In India, which of the following review the Independent regulators in sectors like telecommunications, insurance, electricity, etc.?
Ad Hoc Committees set up by the Parliament
Parliamentary Department Related Standing Committees
Finance Commission
Financial Sector Legislative Reforms Commission
NITI Aayog
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Digital Agriculture Mission
Why in the News?
The Union Cabinet has approved the “Digital Agriculture Mission” with a budget of ₹2,817 Crore, including ₹1,940 Crore as the central share.
AboutDigital Agriculture Mission
Category
Details
Historical Context
Originally planned for the financial year 2021-22 but delayed due to the Covid-19 pandemic.
Announced in the Union Budgets of 2023-24 and 2024-25.
Funding Breakdown
Total outlay: Rs 2,817 crore
• Rs 1,940 crore from the Centre
• Remaining amount from states and Union Territories (UTs)
Objective
To create Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) in the agriculture sector, similar to other e-governance initiatives like Aadhaar, DigiLocker, eSign, UPI, and electronic health records.
Major Components of DPI
1.AgriStack:
– A comprehensive digital platform integrating various agricultural services.
– Facilitates access to information, services, and benefits related to farming and agricultural practices.
– Centralizes agricultural data to improve accessibility and efficiency.
2.Krishi Decision Support System (DSS):
– Provides data-driven insights and recommendations for farmers.
– Assists in decision-making related to crop management, pest control, and resource optimization based on real-time data.
– Utilizes advanced analytics to enhance productivity and mitigate risks.
3.Soil Profile Maps:
– Detailed digital maps on a 1:10,000 scale covering approximately 142 million hectares.
– Provides comprehensive information about soil characteristics and health.
– Supports precision agriculture by offering targeted soil data for optimal crop planning.
Additional Component
Digital General Crop Estimation Survey (DGCES):
– A tech-based system to provide accurate estimates of agricultural production.
– Aims to offer reliable data for policy decisions, agricultural planning, and resource allocation.
Impact on Farmers
The mission will enable farmers to access a range of digital services, improve decision-making through data analysis, enhance productivity with detailed soil information, and provide accurate crop estimations to better manage agricultural practices.
Timeline
Rolled out across the country over the next two years (until 2025-26).
PYQ:
[2020] In India, the term “Public Key Infrastructure” is used in the context of:
(a) Digital security infrastructure
(b) Food security infrastructure
(c) Health care and education infrastructure
(d) Telecommunication and transportation infrastructure
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Unified Pension Scheme;
Mains level: Reason behind the need for a Unified Pension Scheme;
Why in the News?
The Union Cabinet approved a new Unified Pension Scheme for Central government employees, set to launch on April 1, 2025, benefiting 23 lakh employees.
What are the main features of the Unified Pension Scheme?
Assured Pension: Employees will receive half of their average basic pay from the last 12 months of service as a monthly pension, provided they have served at least 25 years. A minimum pension of ₹10,000 is guaranteed for those with at least 10 years of service.
Family Pension: Dependents will receive 60% of the government worker’s pension upon their demise (death of a person).
Inflation Adjustment: Pension incomes will be adjusted for inflation, similar to the dearness relief provided to current employees.
Lump Sum Superannuation Payout: A lump sum equivalent to 1/10th of an employee’s salary and dearness allowance for every six months of service, in addition to gratuity benefits.
Contributory Mechanism: Employees will contribute 10% of their salary to the pension pool, while the government will contribute 18.5%.
How is it different from the current pension system?
Old Pension Scheme (OPS): Provided an assured pension at 50% of the last drawn salary with no contributions required from employees.
It also offered an additional pension for pensioners above 80 years and adjustments based on Pay Commission recommendations.
National Pension System (NPS): Introduced in 2004, it was a defined contribution scheme with 10% contributions from both employees and the government, but without guaranteed pension amounts.
Unified Pension Scheme (UPS): Combines the assured pension model of OPS with the contributory mechanism of NPS, but with a higher government contribution (18.5%) and a guarantee of certain pension benefits.
Why did the government feel the need to bring about this change?
Employee Dissatisfaction with NPS: Government employees, especially those who joined post-2004 under the NPS, were dissatisfied with the uncertainty in pension incomes compared to their predecessors under the OPS.
Political and Electoral Considerations: The issue became politically sensitive, with opposition parties promising to revert to OPS in some states, prompting the central government to address these concerns.
Balancing Aspirations with Fiscal Prudence: The government aimed to find a middle ground that would satisfy employees while maintaining fiscal discipline.
How have government employees responded?
Positive Reception: Government employees have largely welcomed the UPS as it addresses concerns with the NPS by reintroducing assured pension benefits and increasing the government’s contribution, offering greater financial security in retirement.
Reservations: Despite the positive aspects, there are concerns about the continued contributory nature of the scheme and the absence of a commutation option, with employees seeking more clarity on these issues.
What will be the cost to the exchequer?
Immediate Costs: The UPS is expected to cost an additional ₹7,050 crore this year due to the higher government contribution and arrears for some employees.
Future Financial Impact: While the initial impact will be the additional 4.5% contribution from the government, the assured pensions will increase future government liabilities. However, economists believe this can be managed through higher revenue growth and can be compared to the impact of Pay Commission revisions.
Way forward:
Ensure Clear Communication and Transparency: The government should provide detailed guidelines and clarify any remaining ambiguities about the Unified Pension Scheme (UPS).
Plan for Long-Term Fiscal Sustainability: To manage the increased financial burden from the UPS, the government should incorporate these commitments into its fiscal planning, potentially exploring new revenue sources to maintain fiscal prudence while ensuring the long-term sustainability of the pension scheme.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: West Asia and North Africa (WANA)
Mains level: Conflict in Africa;
Why in the News?
The fight between the Sudan Armed Forces (SAF), led by General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF), led by General Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo, also known as Hemayti (“My Protector”), has caused severe destruction in Sudan.
Historical Background of Sudan
Civil Strife and Governance: Sudan has a history of civil strife, marked by 15 military coups and two civil wars since its independence in 1956, resulting in 1.5 million deaths and the secession of South Sudan in 2011. The conflict in Darfur has been particularly notable, involving the Janjaweed militia and leading to over 200,000 deaths and millions displaced.
Current Crisis Genesis: The ongoing conflict is rooted in the 30 years of autocratic rule by Omar Hassan al-Bashir, who was overthrown in 2019. The subsequent attempts to establish a civilian government failed, culminating in a military coup in October 2021, which led to the current armed conflict between the Sudan Armed Forces (SAF) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) starting on April 15, 2023.
Global Power Competition and Regional Powers Influence
Foreign Involvement: Sudan’s conflict has drawn significant foreign interest due to its strategic location and natural resources. Egypt supports the SAF, while Iran backs the SAF despite its rivalry with Egypt. The UAE has emerged as the primary supporter of the RSF, providing weapons and resources. Russia’s Wagner Group has also supported the RSF, while the Kremlin seeks a naval base in Port Sudan.
Geopolitical Dynamics: The conflict has created complex alliances, with countries like Chad and Libya also involved. Mercenaries from various regions, including South Sudan and Ukraine, have joined the fray, complicating the conflict further.
Sudan and Syria Issue:
Humanitarian Crisis: Sudan’s crisis is particularly acute due to its strategic location and resource wealth, leading to a massive displacement crisis, with over 10 million people displaced since April 2023
Parallel Conflicts: Both Sudan and Syria have experienced severe internal conflicts driven by authoritarian regimes, regional power plays, and foreign interventions, leading to widespread human suffering and instability.
India’s Strategic Considerations:
Economic Interests: India’s trade with Sudan reached $2,034 million in 2022-23, with a significant trade surplus. India has also invested heavily in Sudan’s oil sector, with cumulative investments worth $2.3 billion.
Historical Ties: India has maintained strong people-to-people ties with Sudan, including educational exchanges and medical tourism. President A.P.J. Abdul Kalam’s visit in 2003 reinforced these relations.
Humanitarian and Diplomatic Engagement: India evacuated its nationals early in the conflict, but the ongoing crisis may require continued diplomatic and humanitarian engagement to protect its broader interests in the region.
Way forward:
Strengthen Multilateral Diplomacy: India should collaborate with international bodies like the UN and the African Union to promote peace initiatives in Sudan, leveraging its neutral position to mediate and support conflict resolution efforts that safeguard regional stability and its strategic interests.
Expand Humanitarian and Development Aid: India can bolster its humanitarian assistance, focusing on essential services like healthcare and education, while also exploring opportunities for post-conflict reconstruction projects, ensuring long-term economic engagement and goodwill in Sudan.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Munich Agreement
Why in the News?
On September 1, 1939, German troops invaded Poland, sparking World War II. Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later, on September 3.
The Sudeten crisis
Background: The Sudeten crisis emerged from Hitler’s demand that the German-majority regions of Czechoslovakia, known as Sudetenland, be ceded to Germany. These regions, with a population of over three million German-speaking people, were part of Czechoslovakia after the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire post-World War I. Hitler aimed to incorporate Sudetenland into his vision of a “Greater Germany.”
German Occupation: Following the Munich Agreement, German troops occupied Sudetenland from October 1 to October 10, 1938. This occupation was part of Hitler’s broader plan for territorial expansion.
About the Munich Agreement and changes after that
Signatories: The Munich Agreement was signed on September 29-30, 1938, by Germany, France, Italy, and Great Britain. Czechoslovakia was not a party to the agreement but was pressured into accepting it by the signing powers.
Terms: The agreement allowed Germany to annex Sudetenland in exchange for a promise of peace. Great Britain’s Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain, who supported the agreement, famously declared it as “peace with honour” after returning from Munich.
Terms and Implementation:
Plebiscite: Some regions within Sudetenland were subject to a plebiscite for determining their fate.
Military Withdrawal: The Czechoslovak government was required to withdraw its military and police forces from Sudetenland and release Sudeten German prisoners within four weeks of the agreement.
Aftermath: Despite the Munich Agreement, Hitler violated the terms within six months by invading the rest of Czechoslovakia.
The Munich Agreement, intended to appease Hitler and maintain peace, ultimately failed and was seen as a significant misjudgment of dealing with expansionist totalitarian regimes.
Conclusion: The Munich Agreement, meant to appease Hitler by ceding Sudetenland to Germany, failed disastrously. Within six months, Hitler violated the agreement by invading the rest of Czechoslovakia, highlighting the dangers of appeasing expansionist totalitarian regimes.
Mains PYQ:
Q There arose a serious challenge to the Democratic State System between the two World Wars.” Evaluate the statement. (2021)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: C. Elegans Worm
Why in the News?
Researchers have discovered a mechanism in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans)worms that explains why fat loss slows down during fasting.
Fasting and Fat Metabolism
The brain is known to regulate fat production and breakdown in humans, other mammals, and model organisms like C. elegans.
In 2017, researchers identified FLP-7 hormone in the brain that triggers fat burning in the gut of C. elegans.
However, it was unclear how the gut communicates back to the brain, as C. elegans lacks sensory nerves in their intestines.
The study reveals that during fasting, the gut produces a form of insulin called INS-7, which signals the brain to halt fat burning.
Unlike traditional insulin, which activates insulin receptors, INS-7 blocks these receptors, leading to a cascade of events that stop the production of the fat-burning hormone FLP-7.
About Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans):
Details
Overview
A small, free-living nematode (roundworm) used as a model organism in biological research.
Size
Approximately 1 millimeter in length.
Habitat
Found in soil environments worldwide.
Reproduction
Primarily self-fertilizing hermaphrodites; males make up a small percentage and can mate with hermaphrodites.
Genome
First multicellular organism to have its genome fully sequenced; about 20,000 genes.
Chromosomes
Six chromosomes (five autosomes, one sex chromosome).
Body Plan
Approximately 1,000 cells in an adult hermaphrodite; transparent body allows for easy microscopic observation.
Lifespan
Around 2 to 3 weeks under laboratory conditions.
Research Contributions
Instrumental in discoveries related to apoptosis, RNA interference, gene regulation, and human diseases.
PYQ:
[2013] Improper handling and storage of cereal grains and oilseeds result in the production of toxins known as aflatoxins which are not generally destroyed by normal cooking process. Aflatoxins are produced by:
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Various schemes mentioned
Why in the News?
The Department of Social Justice and Empowerment has invited inputs to ensure that policies and initiatives regarding the LGBTQI+ community are inclusive and effective.
Who are the LGBTQ+?
It is an umbrella term used to refer to lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer and intersex.
LGBTQI+ people represent a subset of individuals among the broader category of sexual and gender diverse individuals.
Sexual orientation, gender identity and expression (SOGIE) is diverse and spans cultures across the world.
Various policy initiatives for LGBTQI+ Community:
Policy/Scheme
Details
Supreme Court Judgment on Section 377 (2018)
• Decriminalized consensual same-sex relations by ruling that Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code, which criminalized such acts, was unconstitutional.
• Affirmed the right to privacy and equality, marking a historic victory for LGBTQI+ rights in India.
Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act (2019)
• Grants legal recognition to transgender individuals, prohibits discrimination in education, employment, and healthcare, and mandates the establishment of a national and state-level transgender welfare board.
• Ensures protection of transgender rights, and access to welfare benefits, and facilitates legal recognition and equality.
National Portal for Transgender Persons (2020)
• An online platform launched by the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment for applying for a transgender certificate and identity card.
• Streamlines the legal recognition process, enabling transgender individuals to obtain official documentation more easily.
SMILE Scheme (2021)
• “Support for Marginalized Individuals for Livelihood and Enterprises” Central Sector scheme.
• Provides financial assistance and support for the livelihood and enterprise development of marginalized individuals and beggars, including members of the LGBTQI+ community.
PYQ:
[2023] Explain the constitutional perspectives of Gender Justice with the help of relevant Constitutional Provisions and case laws.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: About INS Arighaat;
Why in the News?
India’s second nuclear submarine, the Arighaat, was officially commissioned into the Indian Navy in Visakhapatnam, following rigorous trials conducted over the past few months.
Status of Navy’s Submarines in India:
Current Fleet: The Indian Navy’s submarine fleet includes two nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines (INS Arihant and INS Arighaat) and 16 conventional submarines. The Navy is also constructing two additional larger SSBNs.
Operational Readiness: The Navy is authorized to maintain a fleet of 18 submarines, but operational availability can be affected by maintenance and refitting schedules, with about 30% of the fleet typically under repair.
About the newly inducted INS Arighaat
INS Arighaat is a 6,000-tonne Arihant-class ballistic missile submarine, which will join its predecessor, INS Arihant, as a vital component of India’s nuclear triad.
The submarine can carry up to 12 K-15 SLBMs with a range of approximately 750 km or four K-4 SLBMs exceeding 3,500 km.
It is powered by an 83 MW pressurized light-water nuclear reactor, allowing it to remain submerged for extended periods without surfacing compared to the diesel-electric submarine.
It will enhance India’s nuclear deterrence, support strategic balance in the region, and play a crucial role in national security.
How does it significantly strengthen India’s nuclear triad?
Enhances Second-Strike Capability: With two nuclear submarines now operational, India can maintain a constant presence of a submarine patrolling its waters, ready to launch a nuclear strike at short notice in retaliation.
Expands Missile Reach: INS Arighaat is equipped with indigenously developed K-15 missiles with a range of over 700 km and long-lasting availability underwater due to a nuclear-powered engine without surfacing.
From the South China Sea, these submarines can potentially target locations in China, including its capital Beijing.
Both of this major developments will provide India with a more balanced and robust nuclear deterrent capability across all three domains – land, air, and sea.
Way forward:
Indigenous Submarine Development: Accelerate the development and commissioning of indigenous SSBNs (Submersible Ship Ballistic Missile Nuclear) and advanced SLBMs (Submarine-Launched Ballistic Missiles) to further strengthen India’s strategic autonomy and ensure sustained deterrence capabilities.
Strategic Partnerships and Modernization: Enhance collaboration with global naval powers for technology transfers and expertise while modernizing the current submarine fleet to ensure continued operational readiness and address emerging maritime security challenges.
Mains PYQ:
Q What are the maritime security challenges in India? Discuss the organisational, technical and procedural initiatives taken to improve maritime security. (UPSC IAS/2022)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Pacific Islands Forum (PIF);
Mains level: Importance of Taiwan for India;
Why in the News?
Pacific leaders endorsed a significant joint policing initiative and rejected attempts by China’s allies to marginalize Taiwan in the Pacific Islands Forum (PIF), held in Tonga.
(Note: India and Taiwan are not a member countries.)
Why are the countries sticking to Taiwan despite the pressure?
Reaffirmation of Taiwan’s Status: The Pacific Islands Forum (PIF) leaders reaffirmed Taiwan’s participation as a “development partner,” despite efforts from China and the Solomon Islands to sideline Taiwan.
Countries emphasize the importance of maintaining existing agreements from 1992 that recognize Taiwan’s role in the forum.
Support from Allies: Countries like New Zealand and the United States expressed support for Taiwan’s inclusion in the PIF, highlighting that any decision regarding the exclusion of parties should be made through consensus.
Resistance to Chinese Influence: Many nations recognize the strategic importance of Taiwan and its contributions against China’s increasing influence, leading them to uphold its involvement.
Significance of Taiwan for India:
Strategic Balance in the Indo-Pacific: Taiwan is a crucial player in the Indo-Pacific region, and India’s engagement with Taiwan serves as a counterbalance to China.
Economic and Technological Cooperation: Taiwan is a global leader in semiconductor manufacturing and advanced technology, areas where India seeks to enhance its capabilities.
People-to-People Ties and Education: Taiwan offers significant opportunities for Indian students and professionals in education and skill development.
For example, in 2018, the number of Indian students enrolled in Taiwanese universities reached 2,398, marking a 56% increase from the previous year.
Diversifying Supply Chains: In the wake of global disruptions due to COVID-19, India aims to diversify its supply chains. Taiwan’s expertise in manufacturing and electronics presents opportunities for India to reduce its dependence on other countries, particularly China, for critical components and technology.
What did the forum say on the Climate cash and French press?
Climate Finance Initiatives: The forum committed to organizing a “global pledging event” to raise funds for climate initiatives, with a goal of $500 million.
This decision was supported by UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres, who emphasized the urgent need for climate finance in the Pacific, which is disproportionately affected by rising sea levels.
Although not officially on the agenda, deep-sea mining generated significant discussion among forum members. A company backed by Nauru plans to scale up ocean mining operations, while other members, like Palau, called for a moratorium due to environmental concerns.
Concerns Over French Governance: The French government faced criticism during the forum for its handling of unrest in New Caledonia. A Pacific delegation is expected to conduct a fact-finding mission there, indicating ongoing tensions regarding French governance in the region and the need for improved oversight.
Conclusion: India should enhance diplomatic and economic ties with Taiwan by establishing formal mechanisms for regular dialogue and collaboration in areas such as technology, trade, education, and healthcare. This will reinforce strategic partnerships while respecting the “One China” policy framework.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Khelo India Scheme;
Mains level: Issue of Infrastructure related to sports;
Why in the News?
During his Independence Day address from the Red Fort this August, Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced India’s aspiration to host the 2036 Olympic Games, stating that preparations are already underway to realize this dream.
Issue of Sports Infrastructure in Some States:
Limited Olympic-Standard Facilities: Currently, only about 10.4% of India’s mapped sports infrastructure meets Olympic standards. This includes only 1,645 completed facilities out of 15,822 across the country.
State-Level Disparities:Tamil Nadu leads with nearly 390 Olympic-standard facilities, followed by Delhi with 161 and Odisha with 153. This highlights a significant disparity in sports infrastructure across different states.
The Gujarat government has earmarked Rs 6,000 crore for developing sports complexes in Ahmedabad.
Potential in the present state of Infrastructure:
Current Infrastructure Landscape: India’s sports infrastructure is still developing, with significant investments needed to meet international standards.
The Khelo India Scheme, launched in 2017, aims to enhance sports infrastructure and promote talent development, focusing on grassroots improvements.
Future Developments: Plans are underway to upgrade existing facilities and build new ones, particularly in states like Tamil Nadu and Gujarat, which have shown commitment to developing world-class sports venues.
Leveraging Existing Facilities: By utilizing existing sports infrastructure in states like Tamil Nadu, Delhi, and Odisha, India can advance a cost-efficient and eco-friendly bid for the Olympics. This strategy involves repurposing venues for public use post-games, ensuring lasting benefits.
Need for Collaborative Approach:
Multi-Stakeholder Involvement: A successful bid will require collaboration among various stakeholders, including state governments, sports associations, and the central government. A multi-stakeholder committee is essential to ensure that all voices are heard and that the bid reflects the country’s potential.
Building Consensus: The bid’s success hinges on building consensus both within India and with international stakeholders. This involves strategic planning and cooperation across political and territorial lines to present a unified front.
Significance for India:
Catalyst for Sports Development: Hosting the 2036 Olympics would necessitate significant investments in sports infrastructure across India. This would not only enhance existing facilities but also promote grassroots sports development through initiatives like the Khelo India Scheme.
Economic and Tourism Boost: The event is expected to generate substantial economic benefits, including job creation and increased tourism. The influx of international visitors and media attention would provide a platform to showcase India’s cultural heritage.
National Pride and Unity: The successful hosting of the Olympics would serve as a symbol of national achievement, fostering unity and pride among citizens.
Conclusion: India should prioritize the expansion and upgradation of sports infrastructure across all states, focusing on creating new Olympic-standard facilities while enhancing existing ones. Leveraging the Khelo India Scheme, investments should be directed towards grassroots development to ensure widespread access to quality sports venues.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Major Dhyan Chand and his contributions to hockey
Why in the News?
National Sports Day is celebrated on August 29 in India to honor the memory of “Major Dhyan Chand”, widely regarded as the first superstar of Indian hockey and arguably India’s first sporting superstar.
About MajorDhyan Chand:
Details
Birth
Born on August 29, 1905, in Allahabad, India
Olympic Achievements
Led India to three Olympic gold medals in 1928 (Amsterdam), 1932 (Los Angeles), and 1936 (Berlin).
Career Goals
Scored 33 goals in 12 Olympic matches, nearly averaging a hat-trick per game.
Signature Skill
Renowned for his exceptional dribbling and ball control.
Anecdotes
Famous for his stick work so effective that his hockey stick was checked for magnets;
Declined an offer from Adolf Hitler to change nationality after the 1936 Olympics.
National Recognition
In honour of his contributions, August 29 is celebrated as National Sports Day in India.
Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award was renamed the Major Dhyan Chand Khel RatnaAward in 2021.
It is the highest sporting award given by the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports for the spectacular and most outstanding performance in the field of sports by a sportsperson over four years.
The award comes with a cash prize of Rs 25 lakh.
The Khel Ratna Award was instituted in 1991-1992 and the first recipient was Chess legend Viswanathan Anand.
Winners: Leander Paes, Sachin Tendulkar, Dhanraj Pillay, Pullela Gopichand, Abhinav Bindra, Anju Bobby George, Mary Kom and Rani Rampal in 2020.
Legacy
Major Dhyan Chand National Stadium in New Delhi is named after him, underscoring his impact on Indian sports infrastructure.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Project NAMAN
Why in the News?
The Indian Army has launched the first phase of Project NAMAN, aimed at providing comprehensive support and services to Defence Pensioners, Veterans, and their families.
About Project NAMAN:
Details
Launched By
Army Wives Welfare Association (AWWA)
Purpose
To provide dedicated support and services to Defence Pensioners, Veterans, and their families.
Core Implementation
Centered on the SPARSH (System for Pension Administration Raksha) digital pension system, which streamlines pension-related processes.
Key Features
Establishment of Common Service Centres (CSCs) for offering SPARSH-enabled pension services, Government to Citizen (G2C) services, and Business to Consumer (B2C) services.
Initial Deployment
14 CSCs established across key locations in India including New Delhi (first center), Jalandhar, Leh, Dehradun, Lucknow, Jodhpur etc.
Expansion Plans
Approximately 200 centers are planned nationwide over the next 2-3 years.
Infrastructure Support
HDFC Bank provided the necessary IT infrastructure for the CSCs, while local military stations contributed essential physical infrastructure and facilities.
Community Impact
Enhances access to essential services for veterans and their families like grievance redressal and also provides entrepreneurial opportunities for Veterans and Next of Kin (NOKs), who manage the CSCs.
Support for Operators
Village Level Entrepreneurs (VLEs), selected from among the veterans or NOKs, manage each CSC.
Comprehensive training and a monthly monetary grant of ₹20,000 from HDFC Bank for the first 12 months to assist in stabilization.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Novel Nanopolymer
Why in the News
Researchers at the Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST) Mohali, have developed novel electrochemical and optical sensors using a new group of nano polymer materials.
About the Novel Nanopolymer:
Novel nanopolymers are innovative polymer materials that incorporate nanostructures or nanoparticles to impart unique properties.
They are prepared using various methods like vapor condensation, vacuum evaporation, electrospinning, and chemical synthesis to create nanofibers, core-shell structures, hollow fibers, and tubes with diameters down to a few nanometers.
Examples: Silicon nanospheres that are much harder than regular silicon, with hardness between sapphire and diamond, and bio-based N-heterocyclic poly(aryl ether ketone) with high biomass content and superior properties
Applications of Novel Nanopolymers:
Biosensors and optoelectronics utilizing the fluorescence and magnetic properties of nanoparticles.
Drug delivery, tissue engineering, and gene therapy using biodegradable nanoparticle systems.
Forensics for drug detection, fingerprinting, DNA analysis, and sensors.
High-temperature-resistant plastics with improved properties.
These are the Novel Nanopolymers developed by INST:
Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs)
2-dimensional (2D) Materials
Details
Crystalline materials with metal ions and organic ligands form porous structures.
Materials a few atomic layers thick with unique electrical, optical, and mechanical properties.
Surface Area
Extremely high (over 10,000 m²/g), ideal for adsorption.
High surface-to-volume ratio, enhancing interactions for sensing and energy storage.
Versatility
Customizable for gas storage, separation, catalysis, and sensing.
Functionalizable for bio-sensing and environmental monitoring.
Properties
High porosity and stability in harsh environments.
Excellent conductivity, flexibility, and strength, useful in electronics and optoelectronics.
Sensing Applications
Detects gases, toxins, and biomarkers with high sensitivity.
Detects gases, biomolecules, and pollutants quickly and efficiently.
Examples
Various MOFs designed for specific uses.
Includes graphene, MoS2, MXenes.
PYQ:
[2015] With reference to the use of nanotechnology in health sector, which of the following statements is/are correct?
1. Targeted drug delivery is made possible by nanotechnology.
2. Nanotechnology can largely contribute to gene therapy.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
Prelims Only | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution - historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: 22nd Law Commission
Why in the News?
The term of the 22nd Law Commission has ended, with its key report on the Uniform Civil Code still in progress.
About the Law Commission of India:
Details
Nature
Non-statutory body periodically constituted by the Government of India. It is an Executive Body.
Establishment
• First Commission During British India: Established in 1834 under the Charter Act of 1833, chaired by Lord Macaulay, Focused on the codification of laws like the Penal Code and Criminal Procedure Code.
• First Commission in Independent India: Established in 1955, chaired by M. C. Setalvad, then Attorney-General of India.
Primary Role
Advises the Ministry of Law and Justice on legal reform and reviews existing laws to suggest improvements and draft new legislation.
Recommendations are advisory and NOT binding on the government.
Composition
Headed by a Chairperson (usually a retired Supreme Court Judge or Chief Justice of a High Court),
4 full-time members (including a Member-Secretary), ex-officio members (Secretaries of the Departments of Legal Affairs and Legislative Department), and
Up to 5 part-time members.
Tenure
3 years, with provisions for reconstitution or extension as required by the government.
Key Functions
• Undertakes legal research.
• Review existing laws for reforms.
• Recommends repeal of obsolete laws.
• Suggest amendments and new legislations.
• Examines laws that affect the poor and marginalized.
Notable Recommendations by 22nd law Commission
• Uniform Civil Code.
• Amendments to the sedition law.
• Repeal of obsolete laws.
• Gender equality in personal laws.
• Improvements in judicial administration.
Reports Submitted
Over 277 reports on various legal issues including the implementation of international conventions, compulsory registration of marriages, etc.
Recent Activity
The 22nd Law Commission is focusing on issues like the Uniform Civil Code and amendments to the sedition law (Section 124A), among other legislative reforms.
PYQ:
[2014] The power to increase the number of judges in the Supreme Court of India is vested in:
