Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Bharatpol Portal
Why in the News?
Union Home Minister Amit Shah launched Bharatpol, a groundbreaking portal developed by the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI).
What is Bharatpol?
- Bharatpol is a unified digital platform designed to enhance collaboration between Indian law enforcement agencies and Interpol, which connects police forces across 195 member countries.
- It simplifies international police cooperation, replacing outdated modes of communication like letters and faxes with real-time digital tools.
- Goal: Equip Indian law enforcement agencies with modern technology and techniques to track fugitives and address global crime challenges.
- Why was it developed?
- Rising transnational crimes necessitate real-time international assistance.
- Facilitates faster investigations into crimes such as cybercrime, drug trafficking, organized crime, and online radicalization.
- Features of Bharatpol:
- Integrates CBI’s role as Interpol’s National Central Bureau (NCB-New Delhi)
- Simplified Request Mechanism
- Rapid Information Dissemination
- Utilization of Interpol Notices
- Capacity Building and Training
Modules of Bharatpol:
- Connect: Acts as a digital extension of Interpol’s NCB-New Delhi, ensuring seamless and secure communication between Indian agencies and Interpol.
- INTERPOL Notices: Simplifies the process of issuing and managing Interpol Notices, ensuring swift action on international alerts.
- References: Streamlines the use of global criminal data, enabling faster investigations.
- Broadcast: Allows real-time sharing of requests and updates from Interpol’s 195 member countries.
- Resources: Facilitates the exchange of documents, training materials, and capacity-building resources.
How does Bharatpol enhance Interpol’s functionality?
- Bharatpol extends Interpol’s reach in India, connecting local police to global law enforcement networks.
- It allows instant transmission of critical information, enhancing the efficiency of investigations and international cooperation.
- It simplifies the process for Indian agencies to access Interpol’s 19 databases on crimes, criminals, and stolen assets.
- It ensures a structured approach to tracking fugitives and resolving international cases.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Significance of NITI Aayog;
Why in the News?
NITI Aayog, the premier policy think tank of the Government of India, celebrates a significant milestone as it completes 10 years since its establishment.
What are the roles and functions of NITI Aayog?
NITI Aayog, established in 2015, serves as the premier policy think tank of the Government of India. Its primary roles and functions include:
- Policy Formulation: NITI Aayog is responsible for formulating strategic and long-term policies aimed at promoting sustainable development across various sectors.
- Coordination: It coordinates the efforts of central ministries, state governments, and other stakeholders to ensure effective implementation of government schemes and initiatives.
- Monitoring and Evaluation: The organization monitors the progress of various developmental programs and evaluates their effectiveness, particularly in relation to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
- Data Collection and Analysis: NITI Aayog collects and analyzes data to inform policy decisions, including the development of the SDG India Index which tracks progress across states.
What are the key differences between the Planning Commission and NITI Aayog?
| Feature |
Planning Commission |
NITI Aayog |
| Formation |
Established in 1950 |
Established in 2015 |
| Mandate |
Centralized planning and allocation of funds |
Policy advisory and coordination |
| Approach |
Top-down approach |
Bottom-up approach |
| Funds Allocation |
Had the power to allocate funds to states |
No fund allocation powers |
| Federalism |
Limited state participation |
Emphasis on cooperative federalism |
| Focus |
Five-year plans |
Dynamic and flexible strategy formulation |
| Structure |
Static, hierarchical |
Dynamic, with active participation from stakeholders |
Why did the Government replace the Planning Commission with NITI Aayog?
- Need for a Modern Approach: The Planning Commission’s top-down, centralized model was considered outdated in the context of India’s diverse and evolving socio-economic landscape.
- NITI Aayog was established to adopt a more flexible, bottom-up approach that encourages participation from states and local governments, reflecting the need for tailored solutions to regional challenges.
- Cooperative Federalism: NITI Aayog aims to foster cooperative federalism by promoting collaboration between the central and state governments.
- This contrasts with the Planning Commission, where states had limited input and were often treated as passive participants in the planning process.
- Focus on Strategic Input: NITI Aayog is designed to serve as a think tank that provides strategic guidance and policy recommendations rather than merely allocating resources. This shift allows for a more dynamic response to economic needs and aspirations of the populace.
- Enhanced Stakeholder Engagement: The establishment of NITI Aayog followed extensive consultations with various stakeholders, including state governments, domain experts, and the public. This inclusive approach is intended to ensure that policies are relevant and effective.
- Relevance in a Globalized Economy: With India’s integration into the global economy, there was a recognized need for an institution that could adapt to changing economic conditions and promote competitive federalism rather than a one-size-fits-all planning model.
What is the 2030 and 2035 NITI Aayog roadmap?
NITI Aayog has outlined a comprehensive roadmap aimed at achieving sustainable development goals by 2030 and establishing a long-term vision for 2035. This roadmap encompasses various sectors, including energy, health, and technology.
Goals for 2030
- Energy Transition: NITI Aayog aims to ensure that India meets 50% of its energy requirements from renewable sources by 2030. This includes achieving a non-fossil energy capacity of 500 GW and reducing carbon emissions by one billion tonnes during the same period.
- Public Health Enhancement: The focus is on strengthening public health surveillance systems to be more inclusive, covering non-communicable diseases and environmental conditions.
- Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): NITI Aayog is committed to aligning national policies with the SDGs, ensuring that developmental strategies are integrated with global sustainability targets, particularly in areas such as poverty alleviation, education, and gender equality.
Vision for 2035
- Long-term Economic Growth: The Vision Document for 2035 emphasizes creating a roadmap that focuses on economic growth while ensuring social equity and environmental sustainability. This involves leveraging technology and innovation to drive inclusive growth across various sectors.
- Energy Security: The 2035 vision includes comprehensive strategies for energy access, affordability, reliability, and security, addressing both current challenges and future needs in the energy sector.
- Artificial Intelligence (AI) Integration: NITI Aayog plans to harness AI technologies across sectors such as healthcare, agriculture, education, and urban infrastructure to improve efficiency and service delivery.
What are the challenges?
- Data Management: Effective implementation of the roadmap requires robust data collection and management systems to monitor progress accurately and inform policy decisions.
- Inter-State Disparities: Addressing inequalities among states in terms of resource allocation and development outcomes is crucial for achieving national goals.
- Funding and Resources: Securing adequate funding for ambitious projects aimed at renewable energy expansion, public health improvements, and technological advancements poses a significant challenge.
- Capacity Building: Developing the necessary skills and expertise within the workforce to implement new technologies and strategies effectively is essential for success.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Institutional Capacity: Enhance data infrastructure, governance frameworks, and inter-state coordination to address disparities and improve policy implementation.
- Foster Public-Private Collaboration: Leverage partnerships with the private sector to secure funding, drive innovation, and scale renewable energy, public health, and technology initiatives.
Mains PYQ:
Q How are the principles followed by NITI Aayog different from those followed by the erstwhile planning commission in India? (UPSC IAS/2018)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Education system;
Why in the News?
The latest guidelines from the University Grants Commission (UGC) mark a significant transformation in India’s higher education system.
What are the Draft Guidelines by UGC in 2025?
The University Grants Commission (UGC) has introduced new draft guidelines for undergraduate education in India, which include:
- Accelerated Degree Programmes (ADP): This allows students to complete their degrees faster by earning additional credits per semester. Students can opt for this after their first or second semester based on their academic performance. A three-year degree can be completed in five semesters, while a four-year degree can be finished in six or seven semesters.
- Extended Degree Programmes (EDP): This option enables students facing personal or academic challenges to extend their study duration, allowing them to take fewer credits per semester. There is no upper limit on the number of students who can enroll in EDP, unlike ADP, which may have a cap of 10% of the sanctioned intake.
What are the advantages of adapting new guidelines?
- Greater Flexibility: The new guidelines allow for biannual admissions, enabling students to enroll in higher education programs twice a year. This flexibility helps students who may have missed the initial admission cycle or face personal challenges, reducing the risk of losing an entire academic year.
- Multiple Entry and Exit Options: Students can now enter and exit programs as needed, which accommodates various life circumstances and promotes lifelong learning. This approach aligns with the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020’s emphasis on inclusivity and adaptability.
- Holistic Development: The guidelines promote multidisciplinary learning by allowing students to earn credits in skill development, apprenticeships, or other subjects outside their major discipline. This fosters a more well-rounded educational experience.
- Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL): The introduction of RPL allows individuals to gain formal recognition for skills and knowledge acquired through informal or experiential learning. This enhances career prospects and supports the integration of informal workers into the education system.
- Alignment with Global Standards: By adopting these flexible structures, Indian higher education can better align with international practices, improving student mobility both within India and abroad.
What are the challenges in adapting new guidelines?
- Administrative Complexity: Implementing these new guidelines requires significant changes to existing administrative structures and processes within higher education institutions (HEIs). This can be daunting for institutions already facing resource constraints.
- Quality Assurance Concerns: There are concerns about maintaining educational quality and rigor, especially in accelerated programs where the curriculum is compressed. This could lead to superficial understanding of key concepts among students.
- Equity Issues: Students from underprivileged backgrounds may struggle to navigate the new system without adequate support, potentially leading to higher dropout rates if they cannot keep pace with peers.
- Faculty Adaptation: Educators will need professional development to adjust to new pedagogical models that emphasize flexibility and interdisciplinary learning. The success of these reforms depends not only on student adaptation but also on faculty capability to support diverse learning needs effectively.
What are the practical issues?
- Curriculum Restructuring: Implementing these new formats requires significant changes to existing curricula and teaching methodologies, which could strain resources at many institutions.
- Administrative Frameworks: Institutions must develop robust systems for tracking student progress, managing credit transfers, and recognizing academic achievements effectively.
- Digital Divide: The shift towards digitalization in education could exacerbate inequalities among students from different socio-economic backgrounds if adequate support systems are not established.
- Faculty Development: Educators will need professional development to adapt to new teaching models that emphasize flexibility and interdisciplinary learning.
Way forward:
- Strengthen Institutional Capacity: Provide financial support, upgrade infrastructure, and streamline administrative systems to manage credit transfers, biannual admissions, and curriculum restructuring effectively.
- Ensure Inclusivity and Quality: Offer targeted support for underprivileged students, bridge the digital divide, and invest in faculty development programs to maintain educational quality and equity.
Mains PYQ:
Q National Education Policy 2020 is in conformity with the Sustainable Development Goal-4 (2030). It intends to restructure and reorient education system in India. Critically examine the statement. (UPSC IAS/2020)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Coffee cultivation in India
Why in the News?
India’s coffee exports in the 2024 calendar year witnessed a significant growth of 45% in dollar terms, reaching an all-time high of $1.684 billion, compared to $1.160 billion in 2023.
Coffee Production in India
- Coffee was introduced to India in 1600s by Baba Budan, who planted seven seeds in Chikmagalur, Karnataka.
- Karnataka is the largest producer, contributing 70% of the total, followed by Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
- Over 70% of India’s coffee production is exported, making India the 8th largest coffee exporter globally.
- Coffee thrives in tropical to semi-tropical climates with temperatures of 16°–28°C and annual rainfall of 150–250 cm.
- The plant grows best on well-drained slopes with laterite soils, especially in Karnataka.
- Major varieties cultivated include Arabica, Robusta, and Liberica. Arabica has a higher market value due to its mild aromatic flavor.
- The Coffee Board of India plays a crucial role in promoting the Indian coffee industry by focusing on export promotion, domestic market development, and improving production and quality standards.
Note:
- The Coffee Board of India was established in 1942 under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry.
- It is headquartered in Bangalore and consists of 33 members, including a Chairman appointed by the Government of India.
- Initially, it managed the pooled supply and marketing of coffee until 1995. After economic liberalization, coffee marketing became a private-sector activity.
|
Reasons for growth
- Coffee prices reached record highs in 2024 due to poor weather conditions in major coffee-producing nations like Brazil and Vietnam, leading to increased global demand for Indian coffee.
- The anticipated rollout of European Union Deforestation Regulation (EUDR) norms prompted advance purchases by European buyers, including roasters and traders, boosting demand for Indian coffee exports.
- A 37% increase in unit value per tonne enhanced the overall export revenue, driven by higher global prices and better quality of Indian coffee.
- Efforts to strengthen relationships with traditional buyers (e.g., Italy, Germany) while expanding to emerging markets (e.g., UAE) helped diversify export destinations and increase overall volumes.
PYQ:
[2010] Though coffee and tea both are cultivated on hill slopes, there is some difference between them regarding their cultivation. In this context, consider the following statements:
- Coffee plant requires a hot and humid climate of tropical areas whereas tea can be cultivated in both tropical and subtropical areas.
- Coffee is propagated by seeds but tea is propagated by stem cuttings only.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Rudra 1N System
Why in the News?
Bellatrix Aerospace, the Bengaluru-based space startup, has announced a significant milestone with the successful demonstration of its Rudra High-Performance Green Propulsion System during the PSLV C-60 mission, onboard the POEM-4 platform.
About Rudra 1N System:
- The Rudra 1N System is an advanced green mono-propellant propulsion system developed by Bellatrix Aerospace, a Bengaluru-based space technology start-up.
- It is a cutting-edge solution for space propulsion, designed to enhance efficiency, precision, and sustainability in satellite and space platform operations.
- Features and Significance:
- Demonstrated a 1.4-degree/sec disturbance on the Yaw axis and an 80-degree angular rotation during its operational tests, highlighting its precise manoeuvering capabilities.
- Utilizes a non-toxic, environmentally friendly propellant to minimize ecological impact during space missions.
- Offers a cleaner alternative to traditional chemical propulsion systems.
- Entirely designed and manufactured in-house, showcasing Bellatrix Aerospace’s technological independence.
- Suitable for a variety of satellite sizes and mission profiles, offering scalability.
About the PSLV Orbital Experimental Module (POEM-4)
- POEM-4 is a platform developed by ISRO that repurposes the spent 4th stage of the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) into a functional orbital laboratory.
- It enables cost-effective research in space by hosting various scientific and technological experiments in microgravity.
- It utilizes the fourth stage of the PSLV rocket as a stable microgravity testbed.
- It supports diverse experiments, such as studying plant growth, bacterial behavior, and other space phenomena.
- It thus maximizes the utility of what would otherwise become space debris.
- POEM-4 was launched aboard the PSLV-C60 rocket, also known as the SpaDeX (Space Docking Experiment) mission.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Net-Zero Banking Alliance (NZBA)
Why in the News?
Several major US banks have recently withdrawn from the Net-Zero Banking Alliance (NZBA), raising concerns about the banking sector’s commitment to combating climate change.
What is Net-Zero Banking Alliance (NZBA)?
- Established as a bank-led, UN-convened initiative, the NZBA commits members to align their lending, investment, and capital market activities with achieving net-zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2050.
- It is a part of the UNEP Financial Initiative’s Principles for Responsible Banking, serving as a climate accelerator.
- NZBA retains 142 members from 44 countries, with 80 European banks representing the majority of the alliance’s $64 trillion in assets.
- No Indian banks are signatory to this NZBA.
- Structural Mandate:
- Overseen by a Steering Group representing diverse geographies and business models.
- Supported by the UNEP FI Secretariat and governed under documents updated in August 2023 and March 2024.
- Commitments of Member Banks:
- Transition operational and portfolio emissions to align with net-zero pathways.
- Set 2030 targets (or sooner) within 18 months of joining and establish intermediate targets every five years.
- Publish annual reports on absolute emissions and emissions intensity.
What is the Net-Zero Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions Target by 2050?
- Net-zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 2050 refer to achieving a balance between the amount of GHGs emitted into the atmosphere and the amount removed or offset by natural or technological means.
- This target is critical for limiting global warming to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels, as outlined in the Paris Agreement.
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About the Glasgow Financial Alliance for Net Zero (GFANZ)
- The GFANZ is a global coalition of leading financial institutions committed to accelerating the transition to a net-zero economy and achieving net-zero GHG emissions by 2050.
- It was established in April 2021 in the lead-up to the COP26 climate summit in Glasgow.
- Membership comprises over 550 financial institutions across 50 countries.
- Includes banks, insurers, asset managers, and other financial players managing a combined $150 trillion in assets.
- It is chaired by Mark Carney, former Governor of the Bank of England and current UN Special Envoy for Climate Action and Finance.
- It is supported by global initiatives like the UN Race to Zero campaign and other financial alliances.
PYQ:
[2016] The term ‘Intended Nationally Determined Contributions’ is sometimes seen in the news in the context of:
(a) Pledges made by the European countries to rehabilitate refugees from the war-affected Middle East.
(b) Plan of action outlined by the countries of the world to combat climate change.
(c) Capital contributed by the member countries in the establishment of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank.
(d) Plan of action outlined by the countries of the world regarding Sustainable Development Goals. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Panch Pran
Why in the News?
Addressing NCC cadets in Delhi, Vice-President Jagdeep Dhankhar outlined a visionary roadmap for India’s development, rooted in five guiding principles known as PanchPran.
What is Panch Pran (Five Pillars of National Transformation)?
- The PanchPran, or five resolves, represent the core principles that aim to guide India’s progress toward becoming a globally admired nation.
- This framework integrates personal responsibility, traditional values, environmental sustainability, cultural pride, unity, and self-reliance to shape a stronger and more resilient nation.
- The 5 principles are:
- Social Harmony: Strengthens national unity by transforming India’s diverse cultures and traditions into sources of collective strength.
- Family Enlightenment: Emphasizes the role of families in nurturing patriotic and moral values, forming the foundation for a cohesive and enlightened society.
- Environmental Consciousness: Advocates for sustainable development through the conservation and protection of natural resources.
- Swadeshi: Promotes self-reliance and prioritization of indigenous products as part of the Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative.
- Civic Duties: Encourages citizens to actively contribute to the nation’s progress by fulfilling their civic responsibilities.
About National Cadet Corps (NCC)
- The NCC is the youth wing of the Indian Armed Forces with its headquarters in New Delhi.
- It is open to school and college students on voluntary basis as a Tri-Services Organisation, comprising the Army, the Navy and the Air Force.
- Cadets are given basic military training in small arms and drill.
- Officers and cadets have no liability for active military service once they complete their course.
- The NCC was formed in 1948.
- It can be traced back to the ‘University Corps’, which was created under the Indian Defence Act 1917, with the objective to make up for a shortage of personnel in the Army.
- The NCC is headed by the Director General (DG), an officer of 3-star rank.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Debate related to national anthem;
Why in the News?
Tamil Nadu Governor R.N. Ravi walked out of the Legislative Assembly without giving his opening address for the first session of the year, saying the National Anthem was not played before his speech. Last year, he also refused to read his address.
What is the practice followed in the TN Legislative Assembly during and after the Governor’s address?
- Governor’s Address Protocol: Traditionally, the Tamil Thai Vaazhthu (state anthem) is sung at the beginning of the Governor’s address, while the National Anthem is played at the end. This practice was established in July 1991 during the AIADMK government led by Jayalalithaa.
- Recent Incident: Governor R.N. Ravi walked out of the Assembly without delivering his address, citing that only the state anthem was played upon his arrival and not the National Anthem. He expressed that this constituted a disrespect to both the Constitution and the National Anthem.
Is singing the National Anthem mandatory on certain occasions?
- Constitutional Duty: Article 51(A)(a) of the Constitution includes respecting the National Anthem as a fundamental duty of every citizen. However, it does not make its singing or playing mandatory on specific occasions.
- Government Guidelines: The Ministry of Home Affairs’ Orders specify occasions when the National Anthem must be played, such as during civil and military investitures, parades, arrival/departure of the President or Governor, and ceremonial State functions.
- Judicial Clarifications: The courts have observed that while the National Anthem deserves respect, its singing or playing on all occasions is not mandatory unless explicitly specified.
- For instance, during cinema screenings, the Supreme Court ruled that playing the anthem is not obligatory but encouraged.
Can punishment be imposed if it isn’t played at official functions?
- Legal Provisions: The Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971 penalizes deliberate insult or contempt of the National Anthem with imprisonment up to 3 years, a fine, or both.
- Non-playing or non-singing of the anthem does not attract punishment unless it is a willful act of disrespect.
- Relevant Case Example: In 2019, the Madras High Court dismissed a petition seeking punishment for the non-playing of the National Anthem at an official function, citing the lack of a legal mandate to enforce its singing or playing on all occasions.
Why does the government make the national anthem on major government occasions?
- Fostering Unity and National Pride: Playing the National Anthem at significant government events reinforces a sense of collective identity, unity, and patriotism among citizens. It serves as a symbolic reminder of shared national values and aspirations, transcending regional, linguistic, and cultural differences.
- Respecting Constitutional Ideals: Mandating the National Anthem aligns with Article 51(A)(a) of the Constitution, which enshrines the fundamental duty of every citizen to respect the National Anthem.
- Its inclusion in major events underscores the importance of honouring national symbols and promoting a culture of respect and accountability in public life.
Way forward:
- Establish Uniform Protocols: The government should issue clear and consistent guidelines for playing the National Anthem at official events to avoid confusion and ensure uniformity across states and institutions.
- Promote Awareness and Respect: Conduct awareness campaigns emphasising the significance of the National Anthem as a unifying symbol, fostering voluntary respect and participation without compulsion or controversy.
Mains PYQ:
Q Discuss the essential conditions for exercise of the legislative powers by the Governor. Discuss the legality of re-promulgation of ordinances by the Governor without placing them before the Legislature. (UPSC IAS/2022)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: India USA relations;
Why in the News?
US National Security Advisor Jake Sullivan announced that the US is working to remove long-standing rules that have hindered nuclear cooperation between India’s top nuclear entities and American companies.
What are the legal barriers hindering India’s participation in nuclear manufacturing?
- 10CFR810 Authorization: This regulation, part of the US Atomic Energy Act of 1954, restricts US nuclear vendors from manufacturing nuclear equipment or conducting nuclear design work in India.
- While it allows for the export of equipment under strict safeguards, it prevents India from engaging in the manufacturing value chain and co-producing nuclear components for atomic power projects.
- Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act, 2010: This Indian legislation establishes a framework for compensating victims of nuclear accidents and allocates liability to equipment suppliers. This provision raises concerns among foreign companies, such as GE-Hitachi and Westinghouse, regarding potential financial exposure and liability risks, which deters investment in India’s nuclear sector.
How does Indian liability law impact the Indo-US nuclear deal?
- Liability Allocation: The Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act, 2010, establishes a framework that assigns strict liability to nuclear operators for damages resulting from nuclear incidents.
- This means that operators are primarily responsible for compensation, which is capped at ₹500 crore (approximately USD 60 million), with the central government liable for additional amounts up to 300 million Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) in case of higher damages.
- Right of Recourse: The Act provides operators with a right of recourse against suppliers, which means that operators can seek compensation from suppliers if they incur costs due to an accident.
- However, this right is not mandatory and is seen as an enabling clause, leading to concerns among suppliers about their financial exposure in the event of an incident.
- Insurance Challenges: The liability law’s structure creates significant challenges for foreign suppliers in obtaining insurance coverage. Many suppliers require a clear legal cap on liability to insure themselves against potential accidents.
- The open-ended nature of liability and the potential for significant financial exposure deter investment from companies like GE-Hitachi and Westinghouse, who are wary of entering a market where they could face unpredictable liabilities.
- International Standards Compliance: The Indian liability framework is viewed as an outlier compared to international norms, which typically channel all liabilities to operators rather than suppliers. This divergence complicates foreign participation in India’s nuclear sector and hinders the operationalization of agreements like the Indo-US nuclear deal.
What steps are being taken to enhance Indo-US cooperation in the nuclear sector?
- Removal of Regulatory Barriers: The US is finalizing steps to ease restrictions that have hindered nuclear collaboration since the 2005 deal, enabling closer ties between Indian entities and US private sector players.
- Facilitating Technology Transfer: The regulatory changes will support the transfer of US nuclear technology to India, boosting India’s clean energy expansion efforts.
- Strengthening the iCET Framework: Emphasis on the US-India Initiative on Critical and Emerging Technologies (iCET) to foster collaboration in nuclear technology and other high-tech sectors like AI and quantum computing.
- Addressing Liability Concerns: Discussions to resolve issues related to India’s nuclear liability laws aim to attract foreign suppliers and enhance investment opportunities in India’s nuclear energy sector.
Way forward:
- Policy Reforms for Liability Clarity: Amend India’s Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act to align with international norms by channelling liability solely to operators, reducing suppliers’ financial risks and encouraging foreign investment.
- Promote Joint Ventures and Technology Transfer: Facilitate joint manufacturing and R&D collaborations under the iCET framework, leveraging US expertise in light water reactor technology and India’s manufacturing capabilities to achieve shared clean energy goals.
Mains PYQ:
Q What is the significance of Indo-US defence deals over Indo-Russian defence deals? Discuss with reference to stability in the Indo-Pacific region. (UPSC IAS/2020)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Digital Governance;
Why in the News?
Recently, India has started a big effort to move towards digital governance which aims to make services better for citizens and improve the skills of government workers.
What are the key challenges facing the implementation of digital governance in India?
- Resistance to Change: Some segments of the government workforce are hesitant to adopt new technologies, leading to slow adaptation within bureaucratic structures. This resistance can hinder the overall effectiveness of digital initiatives.
- Digital Divide: There is a significant disparity in internet access and digital literacy between urban and rural areas. Many rural employees lack the necessary infrastructure and skills to engage with digital platforms, potentially leaving them behind in the digital transformation process.
- Incentive Structures: Current initiatives, such as the iGOT Karmayogi platform, risk becoming mere attendance trackers without meaningful outcomes. The lack of incentives for employees to apply new skills can undermine the effectiveness of training programs.
- Cybersecurity Risks: As government operations increasingly move online, the risk of data breaches and cyberattacks escalates. Ensuring robust cybersecurity measures is essential to protect sensitive information and build trust in digital governance.
- Need for Continuous Learning: The rapid evolution of technology necessitates ongoing training and upskilling opportunities for government employees to keep pace with new tools and platforms.
How can technology be leveraged to improve public service delivery and citizen engagement?
- Streamlined Workflows: Initiatives like e-Office digitize workflows, reducing reliance on paperwork and enhancing operational efficiency, which leads to faster service delivery.
- Enhanced Communication: Digital platforms facilitate real-time communication between government officials and citizens, improving transparency and responsiveness to public needs.
- Data-Driven Decision Making: Technologies such as data analytics enable informed decision-making by providing insights into citizen needs and service effectiveness.
- Citizen-Centric Platforms: Tools like MyGov allow for direct interaction between citizens and the government, fostering greater engagement and participation in governance processes.
- Online Procurement Systems: Platforms like the Government e-Marketplace (GeM) streamline procurement processes, making them more transparent and efficient.
What role does collaboration play in successful digital governance?
- Multi-Stakeholder Engagement: Effective digital governance requires collaboration among various stakeholders, including government bodies, NGOs, community leaders, and citizens, to ensure that diverse perspectives are considered.
- Capacity Building: Collaborative efforts in training and capacity building can help equip government employees with the necessary skills to navigate digital tools effectively.
- Sharing Best Practices: Partnerships with private sector entities can facilitate knowledge sharing and the adoption of innovative solutions that enhance public service delivery.
- Policy Development: Collaborative frameworks can aid in developing policies that address challenges such as the digital divide and cybersecurity threats, ensuring a comprehensive approach to digital governance.
- Feedback Mechanisms: Establishing channels for citizen feedback enhances accountability and allows for continuous improvement in digital governance initiatives.
Way forward:
- Strengthening Digital Infrastructure and Training: Invest in improving digital infrastructure, especially in rural areas, and provide continuous, targeted training to government employees to bridge the skill gap and ensure effective use of technology.
- Enhancing Collaboration and Incentives: Foster stronger collaboration between government, private sector, and communities while creating incentive structures that encourage employees to apply newly acquired skills, ensuring the tangible impact of digital governance initiatives.
Mains PYQ:
Q “The emergence of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (Digital Revolution) hasinitiated e-Governance as an integral part of government”. Discuss. (UPSC IAS/2020)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Panchayat Se Parliament 2.0
Why in the News?
Lok Sabha Speaker Om Birla inaugurated “Panchayat Se Parliament 2.0” which seeks to give insight into the Constitution and parliamentary procedures to over 500 women representatives from Panchayati Raj institutions from across the country.
About “Panchayat Se Parliament”
- The second edition of the program was organized by the National Commission for Women (NCW) in collaboration with the Lok Sabha Secretariat and the Ministry of Tribal Affairs.
- The program brought together 502 elected women representatives from Scheduled Tribes, hailing from 22 states and Union Territories across India.
- Objectives: The primary objectives of Panchayat Se Parliament 2.0 were to:
- Empower women representatives by enhancing their understanding of constitutional provisions, parliamentary procedures, and governance frameworks.
- Recognize the contributions of women leaders in areas such as education, rural development, and community welfare.
- The first edition of the program, Panchayat Se Parliament 1.0, was held in January 2024.
- It involved over 500 women sarpanches from across India and was organized by the National Commission for Women (NCW) in collaboration with the Lok Sabha Secretariat.
About National Commission for Women (NCW)
-
- The NCW is a statutory body formed on 31 January 1992 under the National Commission for Women Act, 1990, to address women’s issues.
- First Chairperson: Jayanti Patnaik.
- Constitutional Provisions: Articles 15(3), 14, and 21 provide gender-neutral safeguards.
- Objectives:
-
- Represent women’s rights in India and provide a platform for their concerns.
- Campaign topics: Dowry, politics, labor exploitation, police abuses, and equal representation in jobs.
- Composition:
-
- Chairperson: Nominated by the Central Government.
- Five Members: Experts from fields like law, education, health, and women’s welfare.
- Special Representation: One member each from Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
- Powers:
-
- Provide policy consultations.
- Issue summons and requisition public records.
- Receive evidence on affidavits and enforce attendance.
- Functions:
-
- Annual Reports: Submit reports on women’s safeguards.
- Investigation: Examine laws and constitutional protections.
- Scrutiny: Review laws and recommend amendments.
- Complaint Handling: Address rights violations and welfare laws.
- Development Assessment: Monitor progress at national and state levels.
- Systemic Improvements: Identify and resolve limitations in women’s welfare systems.
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PYQ:
[2017] Is the National Commission for Women able to strategize and tackle the problems that women face at both public and private spheres? Give reasons in support of your answer. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Nanopore-Based Tool
Why in the News?
Researchers at the University of California, have developed a nanopore-based diagnostic tool capable of detecting illnesses more quickly and accurately by analyzing signals from individual molecules.
What is the Nanopore-Based Tool?
- The Nanopore-Based Tool is a groundbreaking innovation developed by UC Riverside scientists for disease diagnostics.
- It leverages nanopores, which are tiny openings capable of detecting individual molecules like DNA and proteins.
- By measuring electrical signals generated as molecules pass through the nanopore, the tool enables ultra-sensitive and precise detection of illnesses.
How does it Work?
- Biological samples mixed with salts are introduced into the system.
- Salts dissociate into ions, creating a flow through the nanopore.
- As a DNA or protein molecule passes through the nanopore, it blocks the flow of ions.
- This blockage reduces the flow, creating electrical signals.
- The system measures the reduction in ion flow to identify the molecule.
- Advanced circuitry accounts for missed signals, ensuring precise detection.
- Nanopores filter out background noise, unlike traditional systems that require external filters, preserving critical data for accurate diagnostics.
Significance and Features of Nanopore Technology
- It helps detect infections within 24 to 48 hours, much faster than traditional methods.
- It is crucial for fast-spreading diseases, enabling timely intervention.
- It captures signals from single molecules, eliminating the need for large biological samples.
- It could revolutionize home testing and clinic-based diagnostics.
- It helps Identify subtle differences in proteins, aiding in personalized treatment plans.
- It promotes deeper understanding of how proteins impact health and disease.
- It paves the way for single-molecule protein sequencing, offering insights beyond DNA sequencing.
PYQ:
[2015] With reference to the use of nanotechnology in health sector, which of the following statements is/are correct?
1. Targeted drug delivery is made possible by nanotechnology.
2. Nanotechnology can largely contribute to gene therapy.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Key highlights of FAO Statistical Yearbook, 2024
Why in the News?
The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations has released its 2024 Statistical Yearbook, providing a comprehensive analysis of global agrifood systems.
Key Highlights from the Yearbook
- Economic Dimensions of Agriculture:
- Global agricultural value increased by 89% in real terms between 2000 and 2022, reaching $3.8 trillion.
- The proportion of the global workforce employed in agriculture dropped from 40% in 2000 to 26% in 2022, reflecting economic diversification.
- Food Security and Nutrition:
- In 2023, between 713 and 757 million people were undernourished, with a midpoint estimate of 733 million, marking an increase of 152 million since 2019.
- Obesity rates are rising, with over 25% of adults in the Americas, Europe, and Oceania classified as obese.
- Crop and Meat Production:
- Primary crop production grew by 56% from 2000 to 2022, reaching 9.6 billion tonnes, with staples like sugarcane, maize, wheat, and rice accounting for nearly half.
- Meat production rose by 55%, with chicken surpassing pork as the most produced meat globally in 2022.
- Agricultural Inputs:
- Pesticide use increased by 70% from 2000 to 2022, with the Americas accounting for half of global usage.
- Inorganic fertilizers reached 185 million tonnes in 2022, a 37% increase since 2000.
- Environmental Pressures:
- Greenhouse gas emissions from agrifood systems grew by 10% from 2000 to 2022, with livestock contributing 54% of farm-gate emissions.
- Water scarcity is a critical issue in regions like the Near East and North Africa, with countries withdrawing up to 40 times their renewable freshwater resources annually.
About Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
- The FAO is a specialized agency of the United Nations focused on eradicating hunger, improving nutrition, and ensuring food security worldwide.
- Established in 1945, the FAO is headquartered in Rome, Italy, and works in collaboration with member states, organizations, and communities.
- Mandate and Goals:
-
- Hunger Eradication: Reduce global hunger and malnutrition through sustainable agricultural practices.
- Agrifood System Development: Support member states in developing resilient and sustainable food systems.
- Data and Analysis: Provide accurate, timely, and high-quality statistical data for policymaking and monitoring.
- Key Functions:
-
- Research and Policy Recommendations: Conducts research to address pressing issues in agriculture and food systems.
- Capacity Building: Supports countries with training and resources for sustainable agriculture.
- Monitoring Global Trends: Publishes annual reports and statistical yearbooks to track trends and challenges in agrifood systems.
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PYQ:
[2017] Consider the following statements:
1. The Standard Mark of Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) is mandatory for automotive tyres and tubes.
2. AGMARK is a quality Certification Mark issued by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: UJALA scheme
Why in the News?
The UJALA (Unnat Jyoti by Affordable LEDs for All) scheme, launched on January 5, 2015 has completed a decade of remarkable success.
About UJALA Scheme:
| Launch Details |
- Launched on 5th January 2015 by PM Narendra Modi.
- Originally called the Domestic Efficient Lighting Programme (DELP).
- Aims to promote energy-efficient LED appliances in households.
- Recognized as the world’s largest zero-subsidy domestic lighting initiative.
|
| Structural Mandate and Implementation |
- Implemented by Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL) under the Ministry of Power.
- Competitive bidding ensures reduced prices for LED appliances.
- LED appliances distributed via DISCOMs and designated centers.
- Real-time e-procurement and transparency audits ensure accountability.
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| Significant Features |
- Affordability: LED prices significantly lower than market rates (e.g., ₹70 per bulb, ₹220 per tube light).
- Energy Efficiency: LEDs consume 90% less energy than incandescent lamps (ICLs) and 50% less than CFLs.
- Cost Savings: Reduced electricity bills and lower annual ownership costs.
- Market Transformation: Sale of over 407 crore LED bulbs in India.
- Environmental Impact: Reduction in carbon emissions, aligning with India’s climate goals.
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PYQ:
[2021] With reference to street lighting, how do sodium lamps differ from LED lamps?
- Sodium lamps produce light in 360 degrees but it is not so in the case of LED lamps.
- As street lights, sodium lamps have a longer lifespan than LED lamps.
- The spectrum of visible light from sodium lamps is almost monochromatic while LED lamps offer significant colour advantages in street lighting.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 3 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: HMPV and its causes
Why in the News?
Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) has recently become a topic of widespread discussion in India, fueled by sensational media reports. These reports claim the emergence of a “new dangerous virus” from China, leading to unnecessary public panic and misinformation.
What is Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV)?
- Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a respiratory virus that primarily causes mild to moderate respiratory infections.
- It belongs to the Paramyxoviridae family, the same group of viruses that includes respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and parainfluenza.
- HMPV was first identified in 2001 and has been circulating globally for decades.
- Most infections are mild and self-limiting, but HMPV can cause severe illness in vulnerable groups such as:
- Elderly individuals.
- Young children (especially under five years).
- Immunocompromised individuals or those with chronic illnesses.
- Transmission:
- Spread primarily through respiratory droplets, direct contact with contaminated surfaces, or close contact with infected individuals.
- Diagnosis:
- Advanced PCR-based respiratory panels can detect HMPV. However, these tests are not routinely performed unless required in vulnerable patients or during hospital outbreaks.
Symptoms and Treatment for HMPV:
- HMPV symptoms overlap with those of other respiratory viruses like influenza and RSV.
- Mild Symptoms: Runny nose; Sore throat; Cough; Fever; Fatigue.
- Severe Symptoms (in vulnerable populations): Bronchitis; Wheezing; Pneumonia; Difficulty breathing; Hypoxia in extreme cases.
- No Specific Antiviral or Vaccine: Unlike flu and RSV, there is no targeted antiviral therapy or vaccine for HMPV.
- Supportive Care: Rest and hydration; Over-the-counter medications to manage fever and pain (e.g., acetaminophen or ibuprofen).
- For Severe Cases: Hospitalization may be required for oxygen therapy, nebulization, or other supportive measures.
Present Scenario- Global and National:
- HMPV is one of the leading causes of respiratory infections worldwide, following influenza and RSV.
- Studies indicate HMPV accounts for 5-10% of respiratory infections in children and vulnerable adults annually.
- The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) recently reported two HMPV cases in Karnataka involving babies with a history of bronchopneumonia.
- These are the first cases identified using PCR diagnostic tools after a surge in HMPV cases in China.
PYQ:
[2022] In the context of vaccines manufactured to prevent COVID-19 pandemic, consider the following statements:
1. The Serum Institute of India produced COVID-19 vaccine named Covishield using mRNA platform.
2. Sputnik V vaccine is manufactured using a vector-based platform.
3. COVAXIN is an inactivated pathogen-based vaccine.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Issues in the education system;
Why in the News?
Recently, the Union government revised the Rules of the Right to Education Act, 2009, permitting schools to retain students in Classes 5 and 8 if they fail to meet the promotion criteria based on a year-end examination.
What led to the amendment of the Right to Education Act, 2009 Rules?
- Significant Learning Gaps: Surveys, including the Annual Status of Education Report (ASER), revealed alarming deficiencies in foundational skills among students. For example, a substantial percentage of Class 5 students were unable to read at their grade level, indicating a pressing need for intervention.
- Declining Academic Performance: National Achievement Surveys showed a downward trend in student performance as they progressed through grades, with average scores dropping significantly from Class 3 to Class 8. This decline raised concerns about the effectiveness of the no-detention policy.
- Impact of COVID-19: The disruptions caused by the pandemic exacerbated existing learning gaps, prompting educational authorities to reconsider policies that may have contributed to inadequate learning outcomes.
- Ineffective Implementation of Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation (CCE): The original intent of the RTE Act included CCE to assess students continuously. However, its poor implementation led to many schools neglecting assessments altogether, resulting in automatic promotions without evaluating students’ actual learning.
What are the new rules?
- Rollback of No-Detention Policy: The amendment effectively rolls back the no-detention policy that was a fundamental aspect of the RTE Act, which previously mandated that no child could be held back until completing elementary education (Classes 1 to 8). This policy aimed to reduce dropout rates by promoting students regardless of their academic performance.
- Promotion Criteria: Under the new rules, students in Classes 5 and 8 can be detained if they do not pass their year-end exams. However, they will be given a second chance through a re-examination after receiving two months of additional teaching.
- Implementation of Continuous Evaluation: The amendment is intended to support better evaluation practices by allowing for regular assessments rather than relying solely on final examinations. This aims to ensure that students are adequately prepared before advancing to higher grades.
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What have schools been allowed to do?
- Detaining Students: Schools can now hold back students in Classes 5 and 8 if they fail to meet the promotion criteria after a year-end examination. This marks a departure from the previous no-detention policy that prohibited such actions until the completion of elementary education.
- Re-Examination Opportunities: If a student does not pass the initial examination, they are given an opportunity for a re-examination within two months after receiving additional instruction. If they still do not meet the criteria after this second chance, they can be detained in their current class.
- Monitoring and Support: The rules require class teachers to identify learning gaps and provide specialized support to students who are at risk of being held back. The head of the school is also mandated to monitor the progress of these students.
- Competency-Based Assessments: The examinations and re-examinations are intended to be competency-based, focusing on holistic development rather than rote memorization.
- Implementation Across Central Schools: This amendment applies to around 3,000 central schools, including Kendriya Vidyalayas and Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalayas, extending the option for detention beyond state-run schools.
Is there something wrong with the appraisal system?
- Poor Implementation of Continuous Evaluation: The original aim of continuous and comprehensive evaluation (CCE) was undermined by inadequate resources and training for teachers. Many schools failed to conduct meaningful assessments, leading to automatic promotions without evaluating students’ actual learning outcomes.
- Lack of Accountability: The previous no-detention policy created an environment where accountability for student performance diminished. Teachers often did not engage in effective monitoring or support for students struggling academically, resulting in significant learning gaps.
- Focus on Final Examinations: The shift towards allowing detention may lead to a renewed emphasis on final examinations rather than continuous assessment throughout the academic year, potentially reversing some of the progressive educational practices intended by the RTE Act.
Who should be made accountable?
- Teachers: Teachers should be held accountable for their students’ learning outcomes. They are crucial in identifying learning gaps, providing necessary support, and ensuring that all students receive adequate attention and instruction.
- School Administrators: School heads and administrators must monitor student progress and implement effective teaching strategies. They are responsible for creating an environment that encourages accountability among teachers and supports student learning.
- Education Authorities: Government bodies and education authorities at both state and national levels should be accountable for implementing educational policies effectively.
- Parents and Communities: Engaging parents and local communities in the educational process can enhance accountability.
- Policymakers: Lawmakers and policymakers must be accountable for creating a robust framework that supports quality education. This includes adequate funding, resource allocation, and the establishment of clear standards and expectations for schools.
What are some of the best ways to test a child’s learning? (Way forward)
- Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation (CCE): Implement regular assessments through a mix of formative (ongoing, classroom-based) and summative (end-of-term) evaluations to track progress across cognitive, emotional, and social domains.
- Skill-Based Assessments: Focus on grade-appropriate competencies in reading, writing, and arithmetic through practical tasks, quizzes, and interactive activities, rather than relying solely on rote-based exams.
- Individualized Feedback Mechanisms: Use assessments that provide personalized insights into a child’s strengths and weaknesses, allowing for tailored remedial interventions to address specific learning gaps.
Mains PYQ:
Q The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009 remains indadequate in promoting incentive-based system for children’s education without generating awareness about the importance of schooling. Analyse. (UPSC IAS/2022)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Logistics Ease Across Different States (LEADS) 2024 report;
Mains level: Significance of LEADS;
Why in the News?
The Logistics Ease Across Different States (LEADS) 2024 report, released by the Union Minister, outlines key objectives and performance metrics aimed at enhancing India’s logistics sector.
What are the Aims and Objectives of Logistics Ease Across Different States (LEADS)?
- The primary aim is to improve logistics efficiency across states and union territories (UTs), thereby facilitating trade and reducing transaction costs essential for economic growth.
- States are encouraged to collaborate with the private sector to develop action plans that attract investments in logistics.
- Emphasis is placed on promoting green logistics and adopting sustainable practices in logistics operations.
- The report advocates for the integration of advanced technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), and Data Analytics to enhance operational efficiency.
- There is a focus on workforce inclusivity and skill development to boost the logistics sector’s capabilities.
LEADS 2024 evaluates logistics performance based on four key pillars:
- Logistics Infrastructure: Assessment of physical infrastructure supporting logistics activities.
- Logistics Services: Evaluation of the quality and efficiency of logistics services available.
- Operating and Regulatory Environment: Analysis of the regulatory framework affecting logistics operations.
- Sustainable Logistics: Newly introduced pillar focusing on environmental sustainability within the logistics sector.
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Key Performance Highlights of 2024
-
- Coastal Group Achievers: Gujarat, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Odisha, Tamil Nadu.
- Landlocked Group Achievers: Haryana, Telangana, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand.
- North-Eastern Group Achievers: Assam, Arunachal Pradesh.
- Union Territories Achievers: Chandigarh, Delhi.
- Fast Movers and Aspirers:
-
- Fast Movers include states like Andhra Pradesh, Goa (Coastal); Bihar, Himachal Pradesh (Landlocked); Meghalaya, Mizoram (North-Eastern).
- Aspirers include Kerala, West Bengal (Coastal); Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand (Landlocked); Manipur (North-Eastern).
What is the role of Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) and skill development in transforming India’s logistics sector as per the recommendations in the LEADS 2024 report?
Role of Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs)
- Enhancing Infrastructure and Efficiency: The report advocates for leveraging PPPs to improve logistics infrastructure and services. By collaborating with private entities, states can enhance operational efficiency, reduce costs, and attract investments essential for developing robust logistics frameworks.
- Facilitating Multi-Modal Hubs: PPPs are encouraged to establish multi-modal logistics hubs, which can streamline operations and improve last-mile connectivity. This approach aims to create an integrated logistics network that enhances trade facilitation across regions.
- Promoting Transparency and Accountability: The involvement of private partners in logistics projects is expected to promote transparency through competitive bidding processes, thereby ensuring better governance and accountability in project execution.
Role of Skill Development
- Workforce Inclusivity: The report highlights the importance of skill development initiatives aimed at fostering inclusivity within the workforce. By enhancing the skills of workers, particularly women, the logistics sector can benefit from a more diverse talent pool.
- Adoption of New Technologies: Skill development programs are crucial for equipping the workforce with knowledge about advanced technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Data Analytics. This technological proficiency is essential for improving operational efficiencies and adapting to evolving industry demands.
- Boosting Sector Competitiveness: By focusing on skill enhancement, the logistics sector can increase its competitiveness on a global scale. A well-trained workforce can lead to improved service delivery, innovation, and overall productivity within the sector.
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Way forward:
- Strengthen Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs): Foster collaboration between states and the private sector to develop multimodal logistics hubs, enhance last-mile connectivity, and improve infrastructure transparency through competitive bidding processes.
- Promote Sustainability and Skill Development: Integrate green logistics practices, adopt advanced technologies (AI, ML), and implement comprehensive skill development programs to create an inclusive and efficient logistics ecosystem.
Mains PYQ:
Q What is the significance of Industrial Corridors in India? Identifying industrial corridors, explain their main characteristics. (UPSC IAS/2018)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Rupee depreciation;
Why in the News?
In the last week of December 2024, the rupee dropped below 85 against the U.S. dollar, hitting a new low of 85.81. The rupee fell by about 3% in 2024, continuing its long-term decline against the dollar.
What has caused the currency to depreciate?
- Exit of Foreign Investors: A significant driver of the rupee’s depreciation has been the exit of foreign portfolio investors (FPIs) from Indian markets. In 2024, FPIs pulled out substantial amounts from equities, leading to increased selling pressure on the rupee.
- Widening Trade Deficit: India’s trade deficit has widened due to high imports, particularly of crude oil and gold, compared to its exports. This increased demand for foreign currencies (like the U.S. dollar) to pay for these imports has contributed to the rupee’s weakening.
- Monetary Policy Differences: The Reserve Bank of India’s relatively looser monetary policy compared to the U.S. Federal Reserve has resulted in higher inflation rates in India. This inflation differential makes Indian assets less attractive to foreign investors, further reducing demand for the rupee.
- Global Economic Factors: Geopolitical tensions, such as the Russia-Ukraine war and rising global crude oil prices, have created volatility in the markets, leading to capital outflows from emerging markets like India.
- The other reason is that the strengthening U.S. dollar amid higher U.S. bond yields has made investments in the U.S. more attractive compared to India.
What could be the impact of Rupee depreciation?
- Increased Import Costs: A weaker rupee raises the cost of imports, particularly for essential goods such as crude oil, fertilizers, and edible oils. This increase in import bills can lead to a higher overall trade deficit, which reached an all-time high of $37.8 billion in November 2024, exacerbating economic vulnerabilities.
- Inflationary Pressures: The rising costs of imported goods contribute to inflation, making everyday goods more expensive for consumers. This can lead to higher living costs and reduced purchasing power, as seen with the increased prices of food and fuel due to higher import expenses.
- Impact on Economic Growth: The combination of rising inflation and increased costs can dampen economic growth. Higher import bills can create upward pressure on interest rates, making borrowing more expensive and potentially slowing down investment and consumption.
Why made the central bank to intervene?
- Stabilizing Currency Value: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) intervened in the forex market to stabilize the rupee and prevent excessive volatility that could disrupt economic stability. By selling dollars from its reserves, the RBI aimed to support the rupee’s value against the dollar.
- Preventing Inflationary Pressures: A depreciating rupee increases the cost of imports, particularly essential commodities like crude oil, which can exacerbate inflation domestically. The RBI’s intervention seeks to mitigate these inflationary pressures by maintaining a more stable exchange rate.
- Maintaining Investor Confidence: By actively managing the currency’s value, the RBI aims to instill confidence among investors regarding India’s economic stability and attractiveness as an investment destination. This is crucial for sustaining foreign investment inflows and supporting economic growth.
Way forward:
- Diversify Export Markets and Reduce Dependence on Imports: India should focus on enhancing its exports to non-traditional markets while exploring alternatives to reduce dependence on high-cost imports, especially crude oil and gold.
- Monetary Policy Coordination and Strengthening Fundamentals: The RBI should work towards aligning its monetary policy with global trends while ensuring domestic inflation remains under control.
Mains PYQ:
Q How would the recent phenomena of protectionism and currency manipulations in world trade affect macroeconomic stability of India? (UPSC IAS/2018)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Issues related to health care;
Why in the News?
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) like heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and cancer are rising sharply in India which causing a heavy financial burden. In 2022, NCDs accounted for 65% of all deaths.
Why should India shift its focus from curative to preventive healthcare?
- Improved Health Outcomes: Preventive healthcare allows for early detection and management of health issues, which can lead to better overall health, a higher quality of life, and potentially increased lifespan.
- Early diagnosis helps mitigate serious complications associated with chronic diseases like diabetes, heart disease, and cancer.
- Cost Savings: Investing in preventive care can significantly reduce healthcare costs. By preventing illnesses or catching them early, individuals can avoid expensive treatments and hospitalizations.
- Reduced Burden on Healthcare Systems: With a proactive approach to health, the pressure on India’s already strained healthcare infrastructure can be alleviated. Preventive care can help manage the rising incidence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), which accounted for about 65% of deaths in 2022.
- Economic Productivity: A healthier population contributes to increased productivity. Chronic illnesses often lead to absenteeism and reduced work capacity, which can negatively impact economic growth.
- Addressing Rising Disease Burden: The growing prevalence of NCDs in India necessitates a shift toward preventive measures. With many individuals facing disease burdens earlier in life, focusing on prevention can help manage these conditions more effectively and sustainably.
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How can India effectively shift its focus from curative to preventive healthcare?
- Strengthening Early Intervention: Enhancing the capabilities of Ayushman Health and Wellness Centres to facilitate targeted screenings and early interventions is crucial. This can involve using data analytics to identify high-risk populations and provide tailored preventive care services.
- Encouraging Regular Screenings: Promoting regular health screenings, especially for individuals aged 40-60, can help identify conditions early. Collaborating with private health providers and insurers to offer subsidized screening programs can make preventive care more accessible.
- Policy Incentives: Revising tax deductions for preventive health checks can incentivize individuals to prioritize their health. Increasing the limit from ₹5,000 to ₹15,000 under Section 80D of the Income Tax Act can encourage more people to undergo comprehensive health assessments.
What role do technology and innovation play in enhancing preventive healthcare accessibility?
- AI and Digital Health Solutions: The integration of AI-enabled imaging modalities and telemedicine can enhance the accessibility of preventive healthcare services. These technologies can facilitate lower-cost screenings and improve diagnostic accuracy, especially in underserved areas.
- Health Data Management: The National Digital Health Mission (NDHM) can play a pivotal role in managing health data effectively, enabling better tracking of health trends and facilitating targeted interventions based on population health analytics.
- Wearable Health Devices: The use of wearable devices for monitoring vital signs and health metrics can empower individuals to take proactive steps in managing their health, leading to earlier detection of potential health issues.
What are the expected economic and health outcomes of prioritizing preventive care?
- Reduced Healthcare Costs: By prioritizing preventive care, India could significantly lower the overall financial burden on individuals and the healthcare system.
- Early diagnosis and intervention can prevent the escalation of diseases that require expensive treatments.
- Improved Health Outcomes: A focus on preventive healthcare is likely to lead to better health outcomes, including reduced morbidity and mortality rates associated with non-communicable diseases (NCDs). This shift can enhance the quality of life for many individuals.
- Economic Resilience: Investing in preventive healthcare can contribute to economic stability by reducing productivity losses associated with chronic diseases. A healthier population is more productive, which can drive economic growth and reduce the financial strain on households.
Way forward:
- Expand Preventive Care Infrastructure: Strengthen health centers with early screening capabilities, utilize data analytics to identify high-risk groups, and collaborate with private providers to offer affordable preventive services.
- Incentivize Preventive Health Practices: Revise tax benefits for health check-ups and promote the use of technology, such as wearable devices and telemedicine, to increase accessibility and awareness of preventive healthcare.
Mains PYQ:
Q The increase in life expectancy in the country has led to newer health challenges in the community. What are those challenges and what steps need to be taken to meet them? (UPSC IAS/2022)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Indus Valley Script
Why in the News?
In a landmark announcement, Tamil Nadu CM M.K. Stalin offered a $1 million prize to anyone who successfully deciphers the ancient Indus Valley Script.
Recent Efforts and Theories
- Bahata Ansumali Mukhopadhyay’s Theory:
- Suggests the script served commercial purposes, such as trade permits and tax stamps.
- Highlights its practical use rather than religious or literary functions.
- Asko Parpola’s Dravidian Hypothesis:
- Proposes a logo-syllabic system, where pictograms represent words or phonetic rebuses.
- Links the script to Dravidian languages, challenging Sanskrit-based interpretations.
- Tamil Nadu’s Keezhadi excavations also draw parallels to IVC practices.
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About the Indus Valley Civilization (IVC)
- The Harappan Civilization, also known as the Indus Valley Civilization, flourished between 2600 BCE and 1900 BCE, with earlier settlements dating back to 3200 BCE.
- The origins of this civilisation are traced back to Mehrgarh in Balochistan, which dates to 7000 BCE.
- It is considered one of the three earliest civilizations, alongside Egypt and Mesopotamia.
- The civilization covered over 1.5 million sq. km, stretching across modern-day India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan.
- Remains of the civilization include:
- Well-planned cities with a grid layout, intersecting streets, and fortified structures.
- Advanced drainage systems with underground sewers and covered drains, showing a strong emphasis on hygiene.
- Granaries, warehouses, and dockyards, indicating the presence of structured trade and food storage mechanisms.
- The discovery of seals made of steatite, often engraved with animals and an un-deciphered script, suggesting a sophisticated administrative system.
- Craftsmanship in pottery, bead-making, terracotta figurines, metal artefacts, and weaving.
- Water management systems such as reservoirs, wells, and baths, indicating an advanced understanding of hydraulic engineering.
- Two ASI archaeologists were credited with the discovery:
- Daya Ram Sahni excavated Harappa in 1921-22, discovering seals, pottery, and beads.
- Rakhal Das Banerji began excavating Mohenjo-daro in 1922, finding similar items such as seals and copper objects.
- John Marshall noticed the similarity between the objects found at Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, despite the sites being 640 km apart.
What were the Artifacts and Sculptures found at the site?
- The IVC is renowned for its remarkable artifacts and sculptures, reflecting its advanced culture and daily life.
- Key finds include seals with animal motifs and inscriptions, terracotta figurines of animals and mother goddesses, and intricately crafted beads and ornaments made of gold, silver, and semi-precious stones.
- Iconic sculptures like the bronze “Dancing Girl” and steatite “Priest-King” highlight artistic sophistication.
- Practical items like pottery, toys, and tools demonstrate technological advancement and societal organization.
- These discoveries shed light on the civilization’s trade, religious beliefs, and aesthetic achievements.
PYQ:
[2013] Which of the following characterizes/characterize the people of Indus Valley Civilization?
1. They possessed great palaces and temples.
2. They worshipped both male and female deities.
3. They employed horse-drawn chariots in warfare.
Select the correct statement/statements using the codes given below.
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1, 2 and 3
(d) None of the statements given above is correct |
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