From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA); Molecular Clock Theory; Oparin-Haldane Hypothesis; Miller-Urey Experiment.
Why in the News?
The origin of life on Earth remains one of the world’s most enduring mysteries.
Numerous competing theories exist, but none have conclusive proof.
A significant concept in understanding the origin of life is the Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA).
What is the Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA)?
Researchers believe that all life forms— the Bacteria, the Archaea, and the Eukarya —originated from a single cell known as the last universal common ancestor (LUCA).
It is suggested to have been a “cellular organism that had alipid bilayer and used DNA, RNA, and protein“.
There is a lack of clarity about direct fossil evidence of LUCA.
However, the shared features of modern genomes provide significant insights into this ancient ancestor.
LUCA and the Molecular Clock:
The molecular clock theory was proposed by molecular biologist Emile Zuckerkandl and biochemist Linus Pauling in the 1960s and later refined by biologist Motoo Kimura.
The theory allows scientists to reconstruct the evolutionary timeline.
According to the theory, the rate at which mutations are addedor removed from a population’s genome is proportional to the rate of acquiring new mutations, which is constant.
By calibrating the molecular clock with known events, such as the emergence of the first mammals or the age of certain fossils, researchers can estimate the time between evolutionary events.
Recent Research Findings on LUCA’s Age and Genome
Researchers at the University of Bristol and Exeter estimate that LUCA originated around 4.2 billion years ago, nearly 1 billion years earlier than previously thought.
They obtained evidence from the 3.3 km deepCandelabra’ hydrothermal vent on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
LUCA had a small genome of about 2.5 million bases encoding 2,600 proteins, sufficient for survival in a unique niche.
Its metabolites may have created a secondary ecosystem for other microbes.
The presence of immunity genes in LUCA suggests it had to defend against viruses.
Evidence Verification using Miller-Urey Experiment
In 1952, Stanley Miller and Harold Urey conducted an experiment at the University of Chicago, simulating lightning strikes on a mixture of methane, ammonia, and water, which resulted in the formation of amino acids.
This demonstrated that complex organic compounds could arise from inorganic compounds under the right conditions.
Which is older: LUCA or fossils?
LUCA’s estimated origin at 4.2 billion yearspredates the earliest fossil records by almost 1billion years.
Fossil records from the Pilbara Craton in Australia suggest life emerged around 3.4 billion years ago, but the study pushes this date back.
Alternative Theories:
(1) Extraterrestrial Origin
Another prominent theory suggests that meteorites from space could have brought the building blocks of life to Earth.
This theory is supported by various discoveries.
In August 2019, French and Italian scientists reported finding 3.3 billion-year-old extraterrestrial organic material.
Japan’s Hayabusa 2 mission to the asteroid Ryugu detected more than 20 amino acids, further supporting the possibility of an extraterrestrial origin for the building blocks of life.
(2) Oparin-Haldane Hypothesis
In the 1920s, Alexander Oparin and J.B.S. Haldane independently proposed theories regarding the origin of life.
They suggested that life originated from a “primordial soup” in a prebiotic environment on the young Earth.
This concept is now known as the Oparin-Haldane hypothesis.
PYQ:
[2012] Which one of the following sets of elements was primarily responsible for the origin of life on the Earth?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: World Heritage Young Professionals Forum
Why in the News?
India is hosting the UNESCO’s World Heritage Committee meeting for the first time in New Delhi.
Theme: “World Heritage in the 21st Century: Building Capacities and Exploring Opportunities for Youth.”
About the World Heritage Young Professional Forum
The World Heritage Young Professionals Forum is an initiative by UNESCO to engage young professionals in the field of heritage conservation.
The first World Heritage Young Professionals Forum was organized in 1995.
The primary aim is to engage young professionals in heritage conservation and management through capacity building, networking, and awareness-raising.
Back2Basics: UNESCO World Heritage Sites
Description
UNESCO World Heritage Sites
Landmarks or areas selected by UNESCO for their cultural, historical, scientific, or other significant value, legally protected by international treaties.
Importance
World Heritage Sites represent collective and preservative interests of humanity, signifying remarkable accomplishments and intellectual history.
Selection Criteria
Sites must be already-classified landmarks, unique and significant culturally or physically, such as ancient ruins, historical structures, cities, monuments, etc.
Conservation
World Heritage Sites require practical conservation to protect them from risks like trespassing, uncontrolled access, or administrative negligence.
World Heritage Committee
Selects and monitors World Heritage Sites, manages the World Heritage Fund, and provides financial assistance. Composed of 21 states parties elected for a four-year term.
Membership
India is not a member of the World Heritage Committee.
PYQ:
[2014] Consider the following international agreements:
The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
The World Heritage Convention
Which of the above has / have a bearing on the biodiversity?
Prelims Only | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution - historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Quota for Locals; Constitutional provisions invoked.
Why in the News?
The Karnataka Cabinet has approved a bill mandating that industries, factories, and other establishments appoint local candidates in 50% of management positions and 75% in non-management positions.
The bill was cleared in a Cabinet meeting chaired by the Chief Minister.
Key features of the Bill:
Definition of a Local Candidate:
Born in Karnataka
Domiciled in Karnataka for 15 years
Proficient in speaking, reading, and writing Kannada
Passed a required test by the nodal agency
Educational Requirements:
Must have a secondary school certificate with Kannada as a language, or
Pass a Kannada proficiency test specified by the nodal agency
Training and Relaxation Provisions:
Industries and establishments must train local candidates within three years if qualified locals are unavailable
Establishments can apply for relaxation if local candidates are insufficient
The government’s decision on relaxation applications is final
Local candidates must constitute at least 25% in management and 50% in non-management positions
Non-compliance penalties range from ₹10,000 to ₹25,000
Do you know?
The Punjab and Haryana High Court earlier quashed the Haryana State Employment of Local Candidates Act, 2020, which mandated 75% reservation for state domiciles in the private sector jobs.
This decision was made because the State had overstepped its legislative authority and imposed undue restrictions on private employers.
Background and Rationale:
Long-pending Demand:
The bill has been passed in response to longstanding demands for 100% job reservation for Kannadigas.
Earlier in July, Kannada organizations organized rallies in parts of the State, demanding immediate implementation of the Sarojini Mahishi Report.
Sarojini Mahishi Report:
The Sarojini Mahishi report, submitted in 1984 by Mahishi, former Union Minister and the first woman MP from Karnataka, included 58 recommendations.
The report recommended 100% reservation for locals in group C and D jobs in Central government departments and public sector undertakings (PSUs) in Karnataka.
Reservation for Locals in Jobs: Constitutionality Check
Provision
Potential Violation
Article 14
Guarantees equality before the law and equal protection of the laws.
Reservation for locals could create unequal opportunities for non-locals, violating the principle of equality.
Article 15
Prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth.
Reserving jobs for locals based on place of birth or domicile status may constitute discrimination against non-locals.
Article 16
Ensures equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters relating to employment or appointment to any office under the State.
Though it allows reservation for backward classes, it does not explicitly extend this provision to private employment, making mandatory quotas for locals potentially unconstitutional.
Article 19
Guarantees the freedom to move freely throughout the territory of India.
Imposing local reservations could restrict the free movement of people seeking employment opportunities across states, infringing upon their freedom of movement and residence.
PYQ:
[2017] One of the implications of equality in society is the absence of:
Next Generation Aviation Professionals (NGAP): Addresses anticipated aviation professionals shortage
No Country Left Behind (NCLB): Assists states in implementing ICAO standards and policies
Publications and Resources
Annexes to the Chicago Convention: SARPs across civil aviation domains
ICAO Journal: Quarterly publication
Global Aviation Safety Plan (GASP) and Global Air Navigation Plan (GANP): Strategic documents for aviation safety and navigation improvements.
Regional Offices
Seven offices in Bangkok, Cairo, Dakar, Lima, Mexico City, Nairobi, and Paris
Standards
Annex 1: Personnel Licensing
Annex 6: Operation of Aircraft
Annex 8: Airworthiness of Aircraft
Annex 17: Security
Annex 19: Safety Management
Global Impact
Harmonizes international aviation policies and procedures
Contributes to safe, secure, and sustainable growth of global air transport
About Asia Pacific Ministerial Conference on Civil Aviation
The conference aims to strengthen regional collaboration and develop a future-focused vision for the region, emphasizing innovation and safety.
The inaugural conference took place in February 2018 in Beijing.
39 member states of the UN aviation safety body, the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO), from the Asia Pacific region are expected to attend.
The conference focuses on making aviation travel sustainable, resilient, and adaptive to the changing needs of a globally interconnected community.
This region accounts for 33.41% of global flight departures, the highest of any region worldwide.
Passenger numbers are expected to increase from 4.5 billion this year to 11.5 billion by 2050.
PYQ:
[2014] International civil aviation laws provide all countries with complete and exclusive sovereignty over the airspace above their territory. What do you understand by ‘airspace’ What are the implications of these laws on the space above this airspace? Discuss the challenges which this poses and suggest ways to contain the threat.
Mains level: ISRO; Present Scenario of Satellites in India;
Why in the News?
After the ambitious Next Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV) was finalized in June 2024, ISRO Chairman S. Somanath stated its launch capability exceeded demand threefold, highlighting a need for robust domestic market demand for launch vehicles.
What is the present scenario of Satellites in India?
India operates a diverse fleet of satellites with applications in Communications, Remote Sensing, Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT), Meteorology, Disaster Management, Space-based internet, Scientific missions, and Experimental missions.
India currently has four main launch vehicles: the Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV), the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV), the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV), and the Launch Vehicle Mark-III (LVM-3), capable of launching satellites up to four tonnes to geosynchronous orbit.
For satellites weighing more than four tonnes, India relies on foreign launch vehicles, such as Europe’s Ariane V and SpaceX’s Falcon 9, to meet its heavy payload requirements.
India has been actively involved in significant space missions like Chandrayaan 3 (a lunar mission) and Aditya L1 (a mission to study the Sun), showcasing its growing capabilities in space exploration.
Existing Demand-Driven Model in India – Before and After
Before (Supply-Driven Model)
The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) primarily built and launched satellites based on its assessments and planned missions without waiting for specific customer demands.
After launching satellites, ISRO would then look for customers who needed the services provided by the satellites, which sometimes led to underutilization or delayed utilization of satellite capabilities.
The space sector was heavily government-controlled, with limited involvement and investment from private players
There was less emphasis on educating potential customers about the benefits and applications of space-based services, leading to lower demand from various sectors.
After 2020 (Demand-Driven Model)
The Space sector reforms 2019-2020 encouraged greater private sector participation, fostering innovation, competition, and commercialization in the Indian space industry.
Satellites are now built and launched based on confirmed customer demands, ensuring that each satellite has a predefined purpose and user base before it is sent into space.
The market demand for satellite services is validated and secured before the construction and launch phases, leading to better alignment of resources and higher utilization rates.
Major Three Limitations Associated at Present Time:
Limited Launch Vehicle Capability: Currently, the Indian launch vehicles have restricted payload capacities, necessitating multiple launches for larger missions, increasing costs and complexity.
Demand-Supply Mismatch: Transitioning from a supply-driven to a demand-driven model faces challenges, including the need to educate potential customers and create a robust private sector ecosystem.
Economic and Technological Constraints: High costs of developing and maintaining launch vehicles and satellites, coupled with the early stages of implementing cost-effective reusable technologies, and insufficient infrastructure and investment.
Way forward:
Enhance Launch Vehicle Capacity: Invest in research and development to upgrade existing launch vehicles like GSLV and LVM-3 to increase payload capacity, reducing dependence on foreign launch providers.
Strengthen Market Engagement and Education: Expand outreach programs to educate potential customers across sectors about the benefits and applications of satellite-based services.
Promote Private Sector Participation: Facilitate a conducive regulatory environment to attract private investments and foster innovation in satellite manufacturing and launch services.
Mains PYQ:
Q India has achieved remarkable successes in unmanned space missions including the Chandrayaan and Mars Orbiter Mission, but has not ventured into manned space missions. What are the main obstacles to launching a manned space mission, both in terms of technology and logistics? Examine critically. (UPSC IAS/2017)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Neighbouring countries; China;
Mains level: Impact of China's Policy on Indian Market;
Why in the news?
China’s Communist Party commenced and formulated a strategy for achieving self-reliant economic growth amidst heightened National security concerns and restrictions on American technology access.
What are the plenums of the Chinese Communist Party?
The Chinese Communist Party holds a major congress twice a decade, where members of the Central Committee are elected. In between the party congresses, the Central Committee holds seven plenums attended by all its current members.
The plenums are numbered from 1st to 7th, with each focusing on different aspects:
1st, 2nd, and 7th plenums typically focus on power transitions between Central Committees.
4th and 6th plenums generally center on party ideology.
3rd plenums have historically focused on long-term economic reforms.
5th plenums are associated with deliberations for the country’s five-year development plans.
What are the major decisions taken at these meetings?
Chinese govt is planning to take measures to restore and expand domestic consumption, focusing on sectors like automobiles, real estate, and services.
Reforms are also planned to transform the mechanisms of economic development by making the domestic market and technological innovation the main drivers of growth and emphasis on advancing the “New Development Pattern“ adopted in the 14th Five-Year Plan (2021-2025)
Provisions that provided relaxation of restrictions on home purchases and funding curbs on property developers in some cities are incorporated to boost the struggling real estate market.
Focus on advancing science and technology sectors like Artificial Intelligence, Green Energy and Electric Vehicles under the “New Quality productive Forces” initiative
What are the expected implications shortly for regional trade and politics?
Trade and Economic Relations: Policies discussed at plenums can impact China’s trade strategies on economic reforms, market regulations, and industrial policies could influence trade volumes, tariffs, and investment flows.
Changes in China’s economic policies could include shifts in investment patterns, and infrastructure projects linked to China’s Belt and Road Initiative.
Security Dynamics: Discussions on National security policies and Military strategies can impact regional security dynamics, especially India’s Arunachal Pradesh region influencing alliances, defense postures, and regional stability.
Conclusion: The Indian Government needs to watch its ‘Neighbourhood First’ Policy very effectively keeping its stance assertive rather than passive this time.
Mains PYQ:
Q China is using its economic relations and positive trade surplus as tools to develop potential military power status in Asia’, In the light of this statement, discuss its impact on India as her neighbor. (UPSC IAS/2017)
Explained | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution - historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: What is a Money Bill?
Mains level: Present challenges to Money Bill
Why in the News?
CJI D.Y. Chandrachud has accepted the plea to list petitions challenging the passage of contentious legislation in Parliament as Money Bills.
This has given rise to the expectation that the matter could be heard and decided before Chandrachud demits office in November this year.
Presently, the three key issues are referred to the 7-judge bench in the Supreme Court:
Amendments made post-2015, like the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) through Money Bills, giving the Enforcement Directorate wide powers, were valid or not.
Whether the passage of the Finance Act of 2017 as a Money Bill to alter appointments to 19 key judicial tribunals was valid or not
In the Aadhaar case, the Supreme Court had in 2018 upheld the Aadhaar Act as a valid Money Bill.
However, in 2021, Justice D.Y. Chandrachud (who was then a part of the bench) had dissented, saying the larger questions on Money Bills should be decided first before reviewing the Aadhaar judgment.
Now, the current Chief Justice D.Y. Chandrachud has agreed to list the petitions challenging the use of the Money Bill route by the Centre to pass contentious amendments, indicating he will constitute a 7-judge Constitution Bench to hear this matter.
What is a Money Bill?
A Money Bill is a specific type of financial legislation that exclusively deals with matters related to taxes, government revenues, or expenditures.
It is defined under Article 110 of the Indian Constitution.
Every Money Bill is a Finance Bill but every Financial Bill is not a Money Bill: A Financial Bill can cover a broader range of financial issues, whereas a Money Bill is specifically limited to the matters mentioned in Article 110 of the Constitution. Therefore, while every Money Bill is a Financial Bill, not every Financial Bill is a Money Bill.
Key provisions of the Money Bill:
Article 110(1)(a): Imposition, abolition, remission, alteration, or regulation of any tax
Article 110(1)(b): The regulation of borrowing by the government or giving of any guarantee by the government or the amendment of the law for any financial obligations undertaken by the government
Article 110(1)(c): Custody of the Consolidated Fund or the Contingency Fund of India, the payment of money into or the withdrawal of money from any such Fund.
Article 110(1)(d): Appropriation of money out of the Consolidated Fund of India
Article 110(1)(e): Declaration of any expenditure to be expenditure charged on the Consolidated Fund of India or the increase of the amount of any such expenditure
Article 110(1)(f): Receipt of money on account of the Consolidated Fund of India or the public account of India or the custody or issue of such money or the audit of the accounts of the Union or of a State
Article 110(1)(g): Any matter incidental to any of the matters specified in sub-clauses (a) to (f).
What are the present challenges associated with the Parliament?
Circumvention of the Rajya Sabha: The government is accused of misusing the Money Bill provision to evade scrutiny of the Bill by the Rajya Sabha where it was numerically weaker as compared to the Lok Sabha where it enjoyed pre-eminence.
Contentious Amendments passed as the Money Bill: Aadhaar Act, 2016; amendments to the Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002; amendments to the Foreign Contributions Regulations Act, 2010; Finance Act, 2017 which brought about changes in the mode of appointment of judicial tribunals; electoral bonds scheme brought through Finance Act, 2017.
For example, the Finance Act of 2017, passed as a Money Bill, altered the appointment processes for judicial tribunals, which was seen as an attempt to extend executive control over these institutions.
The Supreme Court has been involved in multiple such cases questioning the classification of certain bills as Money Bills. For instance, the Rojer Mathew case and the Aadhaar case (K. Puttaswamy case)
Finality of the Speaker’s Decision: The Lok Sabha Speaker’s decision to certify a bill as a Money Bill has been contested. The judiciary has debated whether this decision is final or subject to judicial review.
Way forward:
Need for strengthening Judicial Oversight: Establish clear guidelines and criteria for the classification of bills as Money Bills, ensuring they strictly adhere to the provisions outlined in Article 110 of the Constitution.
Requires the Reinforcement of Legislative Procedures: Enhance the role of the Rajya Sabha in the legislative process by ensuring that all significant amendments, especially those affecting governance structures or individual rights, undergo thorough scrutiny in both houses of Parliament.
Mains PYQ:
Q The Indian Constitution has provisions for holding joint session of the two houses of the Parliament. Enumerate the occasions when this would normally happen and also the occasions when it cannot, with reasons thereof. (UPSC IAS/2017)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Federal issues and Internal security;
Mains level: Naxalism in India;
Why in the News?
The Maharashtra state government has introduced a comprehensive new legislation – Maharashtra Special Public Security (MSPC) Bill, 2024, to address the growing incidence of Naxalism in urban areas.
The Maharashtra government claims that Naxalism is no longer limited to remote rural areas, but has now spread its influence to urban centers through “frontal organizations”.
The government argues that existing laws like the Unlawful Activities Prevention Act (UAPA) and Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Act are not sufficient to effectively control these urban Naxal organizations.
Key provisions drafted under the MPSC Bill, 2024:
Declaration of Unlawful Organizations
The bill empowers the state government to declare any organization as “unlawful” under Section 3.
An advisory board of three qualified individuals (current/former/qualified High Court judges) will review such decisions as per Section 4.
Definition of Unlawful Activities
The bill defines “unlawful activities” in broad terms, including “activities threatening public order, peace, and tranquility” (Section 2(f)(i)), “interference with law administration and public servants” (Section 2(f)(ii)), and “encouraging disobedience to law and institutions” (Section 2(f)(iv)).
Cognizable and Non-Bailable Offences
All offences under this law will be cognizable and non-bailable, and will be investigated by a police officer not below the rank of a Sub-Inspector as per Section 9.
Punishments
Members of Unlawful Organizations: Imprisonment up to 3 years and fines up to Rs 3 lakh (Section 10)
Non-members Contributing or Aiding Unlawful Organizations: Imprisonment up to 2 years and fines up to Rs 2 lakh (Section 11)
Management or Promotion of Unlawful Organizations: Imprisonment up to 3 years and fines up to Rs 3 lakh (Section 12)
Committing, Abetting, or Planning Unlawful Activities: Imprisonment up to 7 years and fines up to Rs 5 lakh (Section 13)
Seizure and Forfeiture
The District Magistrate or Commissioner of Police can notify and take possession of any place used for unlawful organization activities (Section 14). The government can also forfeit money and assets intended for unlawful organizations (Section 15).
Legal Review
An advisory board must review the declaration of unlawful organizations within six weeks and submit a report within three months (Section 4). The High Court can review government actions through revision petitions (Section 7).
Why it is being seen as a threat to civil liberty:
Vague Definitions of Unlawful Activities: The bill defines “unlawful activities” in broad and vague terms, including “activities threatening public order, peace, and tranquility” and “encouraging disobedience to law and institutions” in Section 2(f)(i) and (iv).
Excessive Powers Granted to the State: The bill allows the state government to unilaterally declare an organization as “unlawful” without adequate judicial oversight in Section 3. It also empowers District Magistrates and Police Commissioners to grant permission for prosecution, bypassing the courts in Section 9.
Threat to Civil Liberties and Press Freedom: The bill’s broad provisions in Sections 2(f) and 8 could be used to criminalize activities such as reporting on administrative failures or the plight of citizens, as seen in other states with similar laws. This poses a threat to press freedom and the right to freedom of expression.
Lack of Transparency and Public Consultation: The bill was tabled hastily, with the draft not made available for public scrutiny and objections, as noted by civil society members.
Potential for Misuse and Abuse: Given the vague definitions in Section 2(f) and excessive powers granted to the state in Sections 3, 8 and 9, the bill has a high potential for misuse and abuse against political opponents, activists, and journalists, turning Maharashtra into a “police state”.
Way forward:
Consultative Process: The Maharashtra government should engage in a consultative process with legal experts, civil society organizations, and stakeholders to refine the bill’s provisions, ensuring they align with constitutional principles and international human rights standards.
Safeguarding Rights: Introduce safeguards such as judicial oversight in the process of declaring organizations unlawful, ensuring that fundamental rights like freedom of expression and assembly are protected while addressing legitimate security concerns effectively.
Mains PYQ:
Q Naxalism is a social, economic and developmental issue manifesting as a violent internal security threat. In this context, discuss the emerging issues and suggest a multilayered strategy to tackle the menace of Naxalism. (2022)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: CDSCO; Tirzepatide and its working.
Why in the News?
India’s apex drug regulator Central Drug Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO) gave preliminary approval to the drug Tirzepatide.
Tirzepatide is known to have assisted in weight control treatment among diabetic patients.
About Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO):
CDSCO is India’s national regulatory body for cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and medical devices.
It serves a similar function to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of the US or the European Medicines Agency of the European Union.
The Indian government has announced its plan to bring allmedical devices, including implants and contraceptives under a review of the CDSCO.
Within the CDSCO, the Drug Controller General of India (DCGI) regulates pharmaceutical and medical devices and is positioned within the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.
The DCGI is advised by the Drug Technical Advisory Board (DTAB) and the Drug Consultative Committee (DCC).
Mandate and Responsibilities:
Drug Approval: CDSCO is responsible for the approval of new drugs and clinical trials.
Standards Enforcement: Ensures standards of drugs and medical devices through various acts such as the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940.
Import and Export: Regulates the import and export of drugs and medical devices in India.
Licensing Authority: Issues licenses for the manufacture, sale, and distribution of drugs in India.
Surveillance: Conducts drug quality surveillance and monitors adverse drug reactions.
Diabetes Drug for Weight Loss
In 2017, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved a drug called Ozempic for managing type 2 diabetes.
The active ingredient, semaglutide, was later noted for causing weight loss, which led to its off-label use for treating obesity.
This usage became popular on social media, influencing further developments.
What is Tirzepatide?
Tirzepatide is the main component of Eli Lilly’s drugs, Mounjaro and Zepbound.
It’s important to note here that Mounjaro is the brand name for diabetes, while Zepbound is for weight loss.
How does it work?
There is a dual action involving two hormones:
(1) Regulation of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1):
GLP-1 is a hormone that regulates appetite and calorie intake through effects on the brain and digestive tract.
Both semaglutide and tirzepatide function as polypeptides that enhance the body’s levels of GLP-1.
The higher levels of GLP-1 trigger satiety, the feeling of fullness, reducing the desire to eat.
Unlike semaglutide, tripeptide also increases levels of GIP, the other hormone involved.
Promising Global Trials
Global clinical trials for tirzepatide(Zepbound) have shown significant results, with the highest dosage leading to an average weight loss of 20.9% over 72 weeks.
The approval in India is due on further post-marketing surveillance (Phase IV trials) to monitor the drug’s side effects and its effectiveness across India’s diverse population.
Long-term side effects:
Cardiovascular risks like increased heart rate and potential blood pressure elevation.
Gastrointestinal effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, and constipation. Endocrine concerns involve thyroid C-cell tumours in MEN syndrome patients.
Other issues include kidney problems, eye complications, mental health impacts, and long-term risks like pancreatic enzyme elevation and gallbladder problems.
Why under-consideration in India?
India has the world’s second-highest number of people with type 2 diabetesand high obesity rates.
A study in Lancet in 2023 estimated that 101 million people in India — 11.4 per cent of the country’s population — are living with diabetes.
As per the World Obesity Federation Atlas, around 11 per cent of Indian adults will be obese by 2034.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: IGST; MRO industry of India.
Why in the News?
The government has implemented a uniform Integrated Goods and Services Tax (IGST) rate of 5% on all aircraft and aircraft engine parts.
Background:
Prior to the implementation of GST in 2017, the taxation of aircraft and aircraft parts was complex, with different central and state taxes being levied.
Under the pre-GST regime, aircraft parts attracted a range of taxes, including excise duty, VAT, and additional customs duties, leading to a cascading effect and higher costs for the aviation industry.
IGST Harmonization for MRO Boost:
This move is aimed at boosting Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul (MRO) activities in India.
Previously, GST rates on aircraft components varied between 5%, 12%, 18%, and 28%, causing several issues.
MRO Industry in India
The Indian MRO industry is projected to become a $4 billion industry by 2030.
Currently, India represents only 1% of the global MRO market, which is worth US$45 billion.
The industry is divided into airframe maintenance, engine maintenance (50-55% of work value), components maintenance, and line maintenance (weekly checks).
Commercial airlines spend 13-15% of their revenues on maintenance, primarily outsourcing heavy maintenance.
What is Integrated Goods and Services Tax (IGST)?
The IGST is a component of the GST system in India.
It is levied by the central government on:
Inter-state /UT supply of goods and services;
Imports of goods and services;
Supply of goods and services to/by SEZ units;
Deemed exports (certain transactions where goods supplied do not leave the country but are treated as exports under GST law).
IGST is calculated by adding the applicable Central GST (CGST) and State GST (SGST) rates.
One thing to remember in IGST is that the importing state gets the accrued benefit of taxes.
Rationale for the Uniform 5% IGST Rate
Simplification of Tax Structure: A uniform 5% IGST rate on aircraft and engine parts simplifies tax compliance and eliminates classification complexities.
Cost Efficiency: A lower IGST rate reduces overall tax burden on aviation industry, enhancing affordability of aircraft acquisition and maintenance.
Global Alignment: Aligns India’s tax policy with global standards, fostering competitiveness and attractiveness for international aviation investments.
Promotion of Aviation Services: Encourages aircraft leasing and MRO activities, supporting India’s aspiration to become a hub for these services.
PYQ:
[2017] What is/are the most likely advantages of implementing ‘Goods and Services Tax (GST)’?
It will replace multiple taxes collected by multiple authorities and will thus create a single market in India.
It will drastically reduce the ‘Current Account Deficit’ of India and will enable it to increase its foreign exchange reserves.
It will enormously increase the growth and size of economy of India and will enable it to overtake China in the near future.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: ICAR; One scientist, One product’ Scheme.
Why in the News?
The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) is set to launch its ‘One Scientist-One Product’ program. This initiative aims to enhance research in agriculture and animal husbandry.
About the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)
ICAR is an autonomous organisation under the Department of Agricultural Research and Education (DARE), Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare.
It is headquartered in New Delhi.
ICAR was formerly known as the Imperial Council of Agricultural Research.
It was established in 1929 as a registered society under the Societies Registration Act, 1860 on the basis of the report of the Royal Commission on Agriculture.
Functions of ICAR:
Its primary mandate is to coordinate agricultural education and research in India and provide leadership in agriculture and allied sectors.
It is the apex body for coordinating, guiding and managing research and education in agriculture including horticulture, fisheries and animal sciences in the entire country.
Structure and Organization:
ICAR operates under the Department of Agricultural Research and Education (DARE), Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Government of India.
It consists of a network of research institutes, national bureaus, project directorates, and agricultural universities across the country.
The council is governed by a Governing Body and an Executive Committee, which oversee its functioning and activities.
ICAR confers prestigious awards, such as: the Rafi Ahmed Kidwai Award, the Borlaug Award, and the Hari Om Ashram Trust Award, to recognize excellence in agricultural research and education.
Significant feats achieved by ICAR:
Bio-fortified Coverage: In 2023-24, approximately 16 million hectares are cultivated with bio-fortified crop varieties.
Crops Mentioned: This includes wheat, rice, pearl millet, lentil, and mustard.
Climate Resilience: The deployment of climate-resilient technologies has boosted production, even in abnormal years.
Variety Release: From 2014-15 to 2023-24, ICAR has released 2,593 high-yielding varieties, including 2,177 climate-resilient and 150 bio-fortified varieties.
What is the “One Scientist One Product” Scheme?
The “One Scientist One Product” initiative is a strategic research plan launched by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR).
It aims to enhance agricultural productivity by assigning specific research targets to individual scientists within the organization in the next 5 years.
Key Objectives of the Scheme:
Target-Oriented Research: Each scientist is given a specific target to develop a product. For example- seed variety, technology, research paper, or a conceptual model.
Avoiding Duplication: The initiative ensures that efforts are not duplicated by carefully mapping and assigning unique research targets to each scientist.
Regular Monitoring: Progress will be monitored every three months at the official level and twice a year by the researchers themselves.
Implementation Details:
All 5,521 scientists of ICAR have been registered under this scheme.
At the beginning of each year, scientists must identify and inform about the product they aim to develop.
While the focus is on individual contributions, there will be instances where a product will be developed by a group of scientists.
Long-Term Goals:
Product Development: The initiative is part of a broader plan to release 100 new seed varieties across various crops within the government’s 100-day plan.
Climate-Resilient Crops: A significant target is to increase the area under climate-resilient paddy seeds to 25% of the total kharif acreage, up from the current 15%.
Announcement of New Crop Varieties
Event Details: ICAR will announce the release of 323 new crop varieties during a function in Delhi. The new releases include cereals, oilseeds, forage crops, and sugarcane.
Variety Breakdown: Among these, there are 289 climate-resilient varieties and 27 bio-fortified varieties.
Upcoming Initiatives: ICAR aims to develop 100 new seed varieties and 100 farm technologies within 100 days as part of a national 100-day action plan.
Progress in Bio-fortification and Climate Resilience
ICAR reports significant progress in the adoption of bio-fortified crop varieties, with a total area of 16 million hectares under these varieties.
The organization emphasizes the success of its climate-resilient technologies, noting enhanced production even during years with abnormal weather conditions.
PYQ:
[2018] With reference to the Genetically Modified mustard (GM mustard) developed in India, consider the following statements:
GM mustard has the genes of a soil bacterium that give the plant the property of pest-resistance to a wide variety of pests.
GM mustard has the genes that allow the plant cross-pollination and hybridization.
GM mustard has been developed jointly by the IARI and Punjab Agricultural University.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Additional National Security Advisor (ANSA)
Why in the News?
A new Additional National Security Advisor (ANSA) was appointed on July 1, 2024, marking the first time this position has been filled. The ANSA will assist the National Security Advisor (NSA) in managing the country’s national security affairs.
Recent Controversies about the NSA’s Role
Recent controversies involving R&AW and the Agniveer initiative have brought the NSA’s role back into focus.
Questions remain about the ideal background for the NSA and the prioritization of experience in internal versus external security.
National Security Advisor (NSA):
The NSA is the senior official on the National Security Council of India.
The post was created on 19 November 1998 by the Government of Atal BihariVajpayee.
He/ She is also the chief adviser to the Prime Minister of India on national security policy and international affairs.
Ajit Doval is the current NSA, and has the same rank as a Union Cabinet Minister.
The NSA receives all intelligence (RAW, IB, NTRO, MI, DIA, NIA) reports and co-ordinates them to present before the Prime Minister.
The NSA serves at the discretion of the Prime Minister of India.
About the National Security Council of India:
NSC is an executive government agency tasked with advising the Prime Minister’s Office on matters of national security and strategic interest.
The 3 tier structure of the NSC comprises:
Strategic Policy Group (SPG),
National Security Advisory Board (NSAB) and
National Security Council Secretariat.
All aspects of national security are deliberated upon by the National Security Council (NSC), the apex body.
Members: Ministers of Home Affairs, Defence, External Affairs, Finance and Deputy Chairman of the NITI Aayog.
The NSA is its Secretary.
Changes in the National Security Architecture
Previous Structure
New Structure
Additional National Security Advisor (ANSA)
The position was consistently vacant
New ANSA appointed for the first time
NSA’s Role
NSA had a more operational role
NSA’s role is now more advisory, focusing on strategic policy and advisory outfits
Reporting Structure
CDS, service chiefs, and Union secretaries reported to NSA and their respective ministers
CDS, service chiefs, and Union secretaries continue to report to NSA and their ministers; however, ANSA now acts as a gatekeeper
Size of NSA’s Organization
Smaller organization with no ANSA
Larger organization with an ANSA and three deputy NSAs
Daily Security Briefings
Directly by NSA
Unclear if briefings will be by NSA, ANSA, or both
Communication Chain
Direct communication between mid-level unit heads and NSA
ANSA acts as an intermediary between mid-level unit heads and NSA, adding a bureaucratic layer
Ministerial Reporting
NSA interacted with Union ministers and Prime Minister
Ministerial bosses also interact directly with respective secretaries, causing potential turf issues
Speculations and Future Roles
Speculations about the continuity and succession of the current NSA
Ongoing speculations about the future role and potential succession by the newly appointed ANSA
Internal Security Management
NSA handled internal security along with other duties
ANSA now specifically responsible for internal security management and threat analysis
Overall Security Strategy
NSA managed both strategic advisory and operational aspects
Separation of strategic advisory role (NSA) and operational internal security role (ANSA)
Issues with the re-structuring:
Bureaucratic Layering: The introduction of the ANSA adds an additional bureaucratic layer, potentially slowing down decision-making.
Turf Issues: Potential conflicts between the NSA and the Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister, especially regarding convening meetings.
Lack of clarity in Roles: Uncertainty about whether the NSA or ANSA will conduct daily security briefings, leading to possible communication confusion.
Ministerial Reporting Dynamics: Challenges for ministers in managing secretaries’ dual reporting lines to both the NSA and their respective ministers.
Operational Efficiency: The NSA’s shift to a more advisory role might affect the operational efficiency in handling immediate security threats.
Future of the NSA
There is speculation about the future of the incumbent NSA, Ajit Doval, and whether his elevation is a precursor to retirement.
Questions arise about whether ANSA Rajinder Khanna will succeed Doval or if an outsider will be appointed.
PYQ:
[2021] Analyse the multidimensional challenges posed by external state and non-state actors, to the internal security of India. Also discuss measures required to be taken to combat these threats.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: EEG and its working
Why in the News?
This year marks the 100th anniversary of the first human electroencephalography (EEG) by German physiologist Hans Berger.
Historical Development of EEG
The development of EEG started with Richard Caton in 1875, who first noticed electrical signals in the brains of animals.
His work was expanded by Adolf Beck and later by Vladimir Pravdich-Neminsky, who recorded the first EEG of a dog.
Hans Berger was the first to record these signals from a human brain in 1924.
What is EEG?
EEG stands for electroencephalography. “Electro” means electricity, “encephalo” refers to the brain, and “graphy” means recording.
It tracks the electrical activity in the brain that happens when neurons, the brain’s cells, move tiny charged particles.
This helps doctors tell if the brain is working normally or not.
Doctors use EEG to diagnoseepilepsy, check how deep a person is under anesthesia, study sleep patterns, and even confirm if a person has passed away.
Understanding Volume Conduction
Volume conduction explains how the brain’s electrical signals move through different layers like skin and bone to reach the electrodes on the scalp.
The signals that electrodes pick up need to be cleaned up from any distortions caused by these layers or other noises before doctors can read them accurately.
How does an EEG Test Works?
Neurons interact with their surroundings and sometimes push ions around.
This movement creates waves of electrical activity.
Electrodes on the head detect these waves and measure how strong they are, which is then recorded as an EEG.
Setting up an EEG involves putting gel on the head and placing electrodes accurately, which can be affected by things like having thick hair.
What EEG Can and Can’t Show?
Strengths: EEG is very good at catching fast changes in the brain’s electrical activity, which is helpful for immediate observations.
Limitations: It mainly detects signals from the surface of the brain and is better at picking up signals from certain types of cell parts than others.
Pinpointing exactly where the brain an activity started can be difficult.
Cost and Accessibility
EEG is simple and affordable compared to other methods like MRI.
It’s portable, doesn’t use large equipment, and is safe.
PYQ:
[2015] With reference to ‘Near Field Communication (NFC) Technology’, which of the following statements is/are correct?
1. It is a contactless communication technology that uses electromagnetic radio fields.
2. NFC is designed for use by devices which can be at a distance of even a metre from each other.
3. NFC can use encryption when sending sensitive information.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: U.S. Secret Service
Mains level: What is the difference between SPG and US secret services?
Why in the News?
During a campaign rally in Butler, Pennsylvania, Donald Trump was the target of an apparent assassination attempt.
The suspected gunman, identified as 20-year-old Thomas Matthew Crooks, fired up to eight shots from an AR-15-style rifle before being killed by a Secret Service sharpshooter.
What is the U.S. Secret Service?
The U.S. Secret Service is a federal law enforcement agency under the Department of Homeland Security. It was originally established in 1865 to combat counterfeiting of U.S. currency.
After the assassination of President William McKinley in 1901, the Secret Service was given the additional responsibility of protecting the President.
About the Protective Mission:
The Secret Service is tasked with protecting the President, Vice President, President-elect, Vice President-elect, and their immediate families.
It also protects former Presidents and their spouses (unless remarried), as well as major presidential and vice presidential candidates within 120 days of a general election.
The Secret Service provides physical security for the White House, the Vice President’s residence, and foreign diplomatic missions in Washington D.C.
It secures major events designated as National Special Security Events, like the State of the Union address and presidential inaugurations.
What is the difference between SPG (Special Protection Group) and the US Secret Service?
Dimensions
India’s SPG
US Secret Service
Mandate and Origins
The SPG was formed in 1988 to provide proximate security to the Prime Minister of India
The U.S. Secret Service was established in 1865 to combat currency counterfeiting.
Scope of Protection
The SPG is mandated to provide security only to the serving Prime Minister and their immediate family.
The U.S. Secret Service protects the President, Vice President, their families, presidential/vice-presidential candidates, and former Presidents and their spouses for life.
Tenure and Resignation
SPG personnel have a fixed 6-year tenure and are not allowed to resign during their deputation.
U.S. Secret Service agents can resign freely and may be assigned to protective details for 3-5 years before being transferred.
Coordination with Foreign Agencies
When the Indian PM visits the U.S., the SPG takes a backseat while the U.S. Secret Service takes over primary security responsibilities.
The U.S. Secret Service coordinates with foreign agencies to protect visiting heads of state, including the Indian PM.
Operational Differences
The SPG has an unblemished record, while the U.S. Secret Service has lost one President (John F. Kennedy) to assassination.
SPG personnel are drawn from various paramilitary forces, while the Secret Service has its own dedicated agents.
Conclusion: While both the SPG and the U.S. Secret Service are elite protective agencies with distinct mandates, origins, and operational structures, they each play critical roles in safeguarding their respective leaders.
Mains PYQ:
Q Indian government has recently strengthed the anti-terrorism laws by amending the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, (UAPA), 1967 and the NIA Act. Analyze the changes in the context of the prevailing security environment while discussing the scope and reasons for opposing the UAPA by human rights organisations. (UPSC IAS/2019)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: CBI; Delhi Special Police Establishment (DSPE) Act, 1946.
Mains level: Functions and Powers of CBI;
Why in the News?
The Supreme Court upheld the West Bengal government’s suit, which accuses the Union government of “Constitutional overreach” by using the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) to register and investigate cases in the state, despite the state’s withdrawal of general consent on November 16, 2018.
Background
In November 2018, the West Bengal government withdrew its “general consent” that allowed the CBI to conduct investigations within the state.
However, the CBI continued to register FIRs and conduct investigations in West Bengal, leading the state government to file an original suit in the Supreme Court under Article 131 of the Constitution.
The suit accused the Union government of “constitutional overreach” by allowing the CBI to operate in West Bengal despite the withdrawal of general consent.
Key highlights of the verdict:
Solicitor-General Tushar Mehta argued the CBI’s independence from the Union government, but the Supreme Court pointed to the DSPE Act’s provisions.
It highlighted the Act’s requirement for Central government control over CBI’s establishment and administration, except for cases under the Prevention of Corruption Act, which the CVC oversees.
Is the CBI an Independent Agency or Under Union Government Control?
The Supreme Court ruled that the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) is not entirely independent.
The CBI is constituted, administered, and has its powers extended under the Delhi Special Police Establishment (DSPE) Act, 1946.
The central government exercises superintendence over the CBI, particularly for offenses other than those under the Prevention of Corruption Act, where the Central Vigilance Commission has superintendence.
Therefore, the Union government is vitally concerned with the CBI’s functions and operations.
Does the CBI Need the State’s Permission to Carry Out Investigations in Its Territory?
The CBI derives its powers from the DSPE Act, of 1946.
According to Section 6 of this Act, the CBI requires the state government’s consent to extend its investigation beyond the Union Territories.
The Supreme Court has ruled that although the CBI is under the administrative control and superintendence of the Union government, this does not negate the requirement of state consent for investigations as per the DSPE Act.
There are two types of consent – General consent and Specific consent.
When a state gives general consent, the CBI does not need to seek permission for every case.
However, if the general consent is withdrawn, the CBI needs to seek specific case-by-case consent from the state.
Several opposition-ruled states have withdrawn their general consent for CBI investigations, which has hampered the CBI’s ability to freely investigate cases of corruption involving central government employees in those states.
The states that have withdrawn are- Mizoram, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and then states of Punjab, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Kerala, and Jharkhand (2020).
Telangana, Tamil Nadu, and Meghalaya withdrew general consent in 2022.
However, the withdrawal of general consent does not affect pending CBI investigations or cases where a court has ordered a CBI probe. The CBI can also approach a local court to obtain a search warrant to conduct investigations in states that have withdrawn consent.
Note: In total, 10 states have withdrawn general consent to the CBI as of 2022. This has significantly limited the CBI’s ability to freely investigate cases in these states without seeking prior permission.
Way Forward:
Strengthening Federal Cooperation: Establish a clear institutional framework that promotes cooperation and coordination between the central and state governments regarding CBI investigations.
Legal and Administrative Reforms: Consider amending the DSPE Act to provide more clarity on the roles and powers of the CBI and the requirements for state consent.
Jurisdictional Overview and Federal Character:
The CBI operates within the context of India’s federal structure, which grants states certain powers and autonomy. The need for state consent limits the CBI’s jurisdiction, as it cannot conduct investigations in states without their general consent.
Powers and Jurisdiction of CBI
Offenses against Central Government Employees: The CBI has jurisdiction to investigate crimes committed against employees of the central government, such as bribery, corruption, or misconduct cases involving central government officials.
Interstate and International Cases: The CBI can investigate cases that have inter-state or international ramifications, including organized crime, terrorism, human trafficking, money laundering, and other offenses that require a nationwide or global perspective.
Specific Offences Listed in the Delhi Special Police Establishment Act: The CBI can investigate offenses specified in the Delhi Special Police Establishment Act, including offences under the Prevention of Corruption Act, crimes related to the violation of certain central laws, and cases referred to the CBI by the courts or the central government.
Mains PYQ:
Q The jurisdiction of the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) regarding lodging an FIR and conducting probe within a particular State is being questioned by various States. However, the power of the States to withhold consent to the CBI is not absolute. Explain with special reference to the federal character of India. (UPSC IAS/2021)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Disability rights
Mains level: Effectiveness of Disability law
Why in the News?
On July 8, the Supreme Court issued guidelines against stereotyping and discriminating persons with disabilities in visual media, prompted by a plea to ban Aaankh Micholi.
Background:
The Supreme Court’s guidelines came in response to a plea filed by activist Nipun Malhotra challenging the alleged insensitive portrayal of differently-abled individuals in the Film ‘Aaankh Micholi’.
The petitioner argued that the film contained derogatory references and stereotyping of persons with disabilities.
Key Highlights of the Supreme Court Ruling:
Avoiding Derogatory Language: The court asked creators to avoid words like “cripple”, “spastic”, “afflicted”, “suffering”, and “victim” as they contribute to negative self-image and perpetuate discriminatory attitudes.
Accurate Representation: The court said stereotyping differently-abled persons in visual media and films must end, and creators should provide an accurate representation of disabilities rather than mocking or mythifying them.
Involvement of Persons with Disabilities: The court asked creators to practice the principle of “nothing about us, without us” and involve persons with disabilities in the creation and assessment of visual media content.
Training and Collaboration: The court emphasized the need for training programs for writers, directors, producers, and actors to sensitize them on the impact of portrayals on public perceptions.
What are the laws which grant disability rights?
Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act (RPwD Act), 2016: This is the primary legislation that comprehensively addresses the rights and entitlements of persons with disabilities in India. It replaced the earlier Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection of Rights and Full Participation) Act, of 1995.
The National Trust Act, 1999: It provides legal support to persons with autism, cerebral palsy, mental retardation, and multiple disabilities. It focuses on enabling guardianship and providing support to those who may not have guardians.
Rehabilitation Council of India Act, 1992: Regulates the training of rehabilitation professionals and promotes research in rehabilitation and special education.
Mental Healthcare Act, 2017: While primarily focusing on mental health issues, this Act also includes provisions related to the rights and treatment of persons with mental disabilities.
Are the laws governing the ‘Rights of Differently-abled’ persons being implemented properly?
Implementation Gaps: There are significant gaps between the provisions laid out in laws like the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (RPwD) Act, 2016, and their actual implementation on the ground. Many disabled persons continue to face barriers to accessing their entitlements and rights.
Awareness and Sensitization: There is a lack of awareness among the general public, as well as within government bodies and institutions, about the rights and needs of persons with disabilities.
Infrastructure and Accessibility: Despite legal mandates for accessibility in public places, transportation, and buildings, implementation remains uneven.
Employment Opportunities: While laws mandate employment quotas for persons with disabilities in government and private sectors, these quotas are often not met.
What is the way forward?
Enhanced Monitoring and Accountability: Implement regular audits and monitoring mechanisms to ensure compliance with disability rights laws at all levels of governance and across sectors.
Need to Increase Awareness and Sensitization: Launch nationwide awareness campaigns targeting both the general public and stakeholders within government and private sectors to promote understanding of disability rights.
Mains PYQ:
Q The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 remains only a legal document without intense sensitisation of government functionaries and citizens regarding disability. Comment. (UPSC IAS/2022)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: India-Russia Bilateral Ties;
Mains level: Benefits of Internationalization of the Rupee;
Why in the News?
New Delhi aims to boost trade with Moscow to $100 billion by 2030, but India faces a $57 billion trade deficit due to strong oil imports from Russia.
Background
India’s trade with Russia has been skewed since the onset of the Ukraine war in 2022. Russia has become India’s top oil supplier, while Indian exports to Russia have struggled, resulting in a large trade deficit.
The trade deficit in the bilateral trade stood at $57 billion in FY24, with a total trade value of $66 billion. This deficit is primarily driven by India’s significant oil imports from Russia.
Why is the widening trade gap with Russia benefiting the Yuan?
Increase in Balanced Trade with China: Unlike India, China has been able to maintain a more balanced trade relationship with Russia since the Ukraine war began in 2022.
China’s exports to Russia have surged, with shipments increasing by 47% year-on-year to $111 billion in 2023.
95% of trade between China and Russia is conducted in domestic currencies, making the yuan the most popular currency in the Russian stock market.
Increase in volatility of Rubble and Rupee: Unlike the yuan, both the Indian rupee and Russian ruble have experienced considerable volatility, complicating trade in domestic currency.
The yuan’s relative stability compared to the rupee and ruble has made it a more attractive currency for settling Russia-India trade
Reluctance of Private Banks: The Indian private banks have been reluctant to facilitate trade with Russia due to fears of Western sanctions.
Most Indian private banks have significant business interests in Western countries and fear their branches could face sanctions if they engage with Russia.
As Russia prefers the yuan for payments, India’s limited exports to Russia have hindered the use of the rupee in bilateral trade.
What are the benefits of the Internationalisation of the Rupee?
Reduced Dependence on USD: Internationalizing the rupee would reduce India’s reliance on foreign currencies like the US dollar for international trade and financial transactions.
This would enhance India’s economic sovereignty and reduce exposure to currency fluctuations.
Enhanced Trade Efficiency: Using the rupee for international transactions can simplify trade processes and reduce transaction costs.
Internationalization of the rupee would eliminate the need for currency conversions, reducing transaction costs and simplifying cross-border trade.
Mitigating Risks: Protection from currency volatility not only reduces the cost of doing business but also enables better growth of business, improving the chances for Indian businesses to grow globally
Increased Global Influence: A widely accepted rupee would boost India’s economic and political influence on the global stage.
How can India internationalize the rupee?
The Reserve Bank of India permitted settling trade using the rupee through its circular in July 2022.
Trade invoicing: For the rupee to be recognized as an international currency, it needs to be increasingly used for trade invoicing.
Trade invoicing refers to the process of issuing invoices for goods or services exchanged between international trading partners. It includes detailing the terms of sale, such as prices, quantities, payment terms, and currencies used for settlement.
Increase Rupee Turnover: The rupee needs to achieve a global forex turnover share of around 4% to be regarded as an international currency, up from the current 1.6%.
Government Support: Strengthening industrial cooperation and addressing banking sector concerns can promote the use of the rupee.
Challenges involved:
Banking Sector Reluctance: Private banks are hesitant to facilitate trade with Russia due to fear of Western sanctions.
Rupee Settlement Mechanism: Indian exporters face difficulties using the rupee settlement mechanism due to the absence of a Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for banks.
Note: A Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for banks is a formal document outlining step-by-step instructions for routine processes and activities to ensure consistency and compliance.
Currency Volatility: Both the ruble and the rupee have experienced considerable volatility, complicating trade in domestic currencies.
International Sanctions: Private banks’ significant business interests in Western countries make them wary of facilitating trade with Russia.
How are Russia and India planning to boost trade?
Both countries have decided to eliminate non-tariff and tariff barriers in trade.
Negotiations for a trade deal with the Russia-led Eurasian Economic Union (EEU) could ease the flow of Indian products into the EEU.
Cooperation in manufacturing sectors like transport engineering, metallurgy, and chemicals.
Implementation of joint projects in priority areas and expanding reciprocal trade flows of industrial products.
Discussions on a Migration and Mobility partnership agreement to facilitate trade and movement between the two countries.
Way Forward
Enhanced Banking Support and Infrastructure: Develop a robust Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for banks to facilitate smoother implementation of the rupee settlement mechanism for trade with Russia.
Strategic Economic Diplomacy: Strengthen bilateral economic ties through high-level diplomatic engagements to mitigate banking sector reluctance and enhance trust between Indian and Russian financial institutions.
Mains PYQ:
Q Craze for gold in Indian has led to surge in import of gold in recent years and put pressure on balance of payments and external value of rupee. In view of this, examine the merits of Gold Monetization scheme. (UPSC IAS/2015)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ratna Bhandar of Puri Jagannath Temple; Architectural features.
Why in the News?
After 46 years, the sacred treasury of Shree Jagannath Temple, Puri, known as Ratna Bhandar, was reopened amid years of legal battles, controversies, and debates.
About the Ratna Bhandar
The Ratna Bhandar stores the gold and jewels offered by devotees to the deities Lord Jagannath, Lord Balabhadra, and Goddess Subhadra.
It is located adjacent to the prayer hall on the north side of the temple.
It consists of two sections: the ‘Bhitar Bhandar’ (Inner Treasury) and the ‘Bahar Bhandar’ (Outer Treasury), with the last inventory in 1978 noting significant amounts of gold and silver items in both chambers.
Legend says, Odisha’s King Anangabhima Dev (1211 to 1238) donated 2.5 lakh madhas of gold to prepare jewellery for the almighty.
The Odisha government passed the Jagannath Temple Act, 1952 to have a greater role in the temple’s management, which included maintaining an inventory of the offerings in the Puri collectorate’s Record Room.
Recent Developments:
The safety of the Ratna Bhandar is managed by the Temple’s Committee, chaired by the titular ‘King of Puri’ and includes IAS officers and other state-appointed members.
Originally, keys to the Ratna Bhandar were held by the Puri royal family, temple committee, and collectorate, with significant changes in ownership and access protocols over the years due to legal rulings.
The recent reopening involved breaking the locksof the inner chamber as they could not be opened traditionally, following strict procedures.
About Jagannath Puri Temple
The Jagannath Temple is an important Vaishnavite temple dedicated to Jagannath, a form of Sri Krishna in Puri in Odisha.
The present temple was rebuilt from the 10th century onwards, on the site of an earlier temple, and begun by Anantavarman Chodaganga Deva, the first king of the Eastern Ganga dynasty.
The Puri temple is famous for its annual Ratha Yatra, or chariot festival, in which the three principal deities are pulled on huge and elaborately decorated temple cars.
Its Architecture:
With its sculptural richness and fluidity of the Oriya style of temple architecture, it is one of the most magnificent monuments of India.
The huge temple complex covers an area of over 400,000 square feet and is surrounded by a high fortified wall.
This 20 feet high wall is known as Meghanada Pacheri.
Another wall known as kurma bedha surrounds the main temple.
The temple has four distinct sectional structures, namely:
Deula, Vimana or Garba griha (Sanctum sanctorum) where the triad deities are lodged on the ratnavedi (Throne of Pearls). In Rekha Deula style;
Mukhashala (Frontal porch);
Nata mandir/Natamandapa, which is also known as the Jagamohan (Audience Hall/Dancing Hall), and
Bhoga Mandapa (Offerings Hall)
PYQ:
[2012] The Nagara, the Dravida and the Vesara are the:
(a) Three main racial groups of the Indian subcontinent
(b) Three main linguistic divisions into which the languages of India can be classified
(c) Three main styles of Indian temple architecture
(d) Three main musical Gharanas prevalent in India
Significance: Marks the location where Buddha attained enlightenment.
UNESCO Status: World Heritage Site since 2002.
Historical Importance: One of the four holy sites related to Buddha’s life (Enlightenment).
Original Construction: Built by Mauryan Emperor Ashoka around 260 BCE.
Reconstruction: Reconstructed in brick during the late Gupta period (5th or 6th centuries).
Archaeological Finds: Indicates a site of veneration since the Mauryan period; Vajrasana (Diamond Throne) dated to the third century BCE.
Main Temple Structure: Dates from the 6th century CE, incorporates parts from 2nd or 3rd century CE.
Architectural Features: Two large shikhara towers, the largest over 55 meters high; influenced Jain, Hindu, and Buddhist architecture globally.
Materials: Made mostly of brick covered with stucco.
Bodhi Tree: A direct descendant of the original tree under which Buddha attained enlightenment.
Traditional Accounts: Describes 7 weeks Buddha spent meditating after enlightenment at various spots within the complex.
Decline and Revival: Declined after the Huna and early Islamic invasions; revived under the Pala Empire (8th-12th century); declined again after 12th century CE invasions by Turk armies.
Ratna Bhandar of Jagannath Puri Temple
Location: Puri, Odisha
Significance: Important Vaishnavite temple dedicated to Jagannath, a form of Sri Krishna
History: Rebuilt from the 10th century onwards, begun by Anantavarman Chodaganga Deva, first king of the Eastern Ganga dynasty
Annual Event: Famous for its annual Ratha Yatra (chariot festival) where three principal deities are pulled on huge, elaborately decorated temple cars
Architecture: Oriya style of temple architecture; complex covers over 400,000 square feet, surrounded by a high fortified wall (Meghanada Pacheri); main structures include Deula (Sanctum sanctorum), Mukhashala (Frontal porch), Nata mandir/Natamandapa (Audience Hall/Dancing Hall), Bhoga Mandapa (Offerings Hall)
Ratna Bhandar:
Context: The sacred treasury of Shree Jagannath Temple, Puri, known as Ratna Bhandar, was reopened after 46 years amid legal battles and controversies
Contents: Stores gold and jewels offered by devotees to the deities Lord Jagannath, Lord Balabhadra, and Goddess Subhadra
Location: Adjacent to the prayer hall on the north side of the temple.
Sections: Consists of two sections: the ‘Bhitar Bhandar’ (Inner Treasury) and the ‘Bahar Bhandar’ (Outer Treasury)
Historical Significance: Legend says Odisha’s King Anangabhima Dev (1211 to 1238) donated 2.5 lakh madhas of gold to prepare jewelry for the deities
Management: Safety managed by the Temple’s Committee chaired by the titular ‘King of Puri’; keys held by the Puri royal family, temple committee, and collectorate with changes over the years
Recent Developments: Reopened by breaking the locks of the inner chamber due to inability to open traditionally, following strict procedures
Also in news:World Heritage Young Professional Forum
India is hosting the UNESCO’s World Heritage Committee meeting for the first time in New Delhi.
Theme: “World Heritage in the 21st Century: Building Capacities and Exploring Opportunities for Youth.”
The World Heritage Young Professionals Forum is an initiative by UNESCO to engage young professionals in the field of heritage conservation.
The first World Heritage Young Professionals Forum was organized in 1995.
The primary aim is to engage young professionals in heritage conservation and management through capacity building, networking, and awareness-raising.
PYQ:
[2012] The Nagara, the Dravida and the Vesara are the:
(a) Three main racial groups of the Indian subcontinent
(b) Three main linguistic divisions into which the languages of India can be classified
(c) Three main styles of Indian temple architecture
(d) Three main musical Gharanas prevalent in India
Takaaki Kajita, a Nobel laureate has supported India’s pursuit of a neutrino lab.
Despite numerous obstacles, Kajita believes that the India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO) project, which would rank as one of the largest basic science projects in the country, is still worth pursuing.
Who is Takaaki Kajita?
Takaaki Kajita is a Japanese physicist who was awarded the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physics for discovering the oscillations of neutrinos from one flavour to another, which proved that those subatomic particles have mass.
He shared the prize with Canadian physicist Arthur B. McDonald.16 May 2024
About India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO):
Details
Location
INO Peak near Theni, Tamil Nadu, India
Objective
Study atmospheric neutrinos and provide precise measurements of neutrino mixing parameters
Project Scope
One of the largest experimental particle physics projects in India
Initial Completion Date
Originally planned for 2015
Key Equipment
Iron Calorimeter (ICAL) Detector, designed to probe Earth matter effects on neutrino propagation and determine neutrino oscillation parameters.
50,000 tonnes, the world’s largest magnet, four times larger than CERN’s CMS detector magnet
Research Goals
Neutrino Oscillation Parameters: Unambiguous and precise determination using atmospheric neutrinos.
Matter Effects: Study through electric charge identification to determine the sign of mass differences.
CP Violation: Investigate charge-conjugation and parity violations in the leptonic sector.
CPT Violation: Possible studies of charge-conjugation, parity, and time-reversal violations.
Kolar Events: Study possible identification of very-high-energy neutrinos and multi-muon events in Kolar Gold Fields.
Historical Discussions
Initial discussions in 1989, formal collaboration in 2001, and MoU signed in 2002
Current Status
Construction stalled as of July 2021 due to local opposition and environmental concerns; ongoing legal and governmental deliberations
What is Neutrinos?
Neutrinos,often referred to as “ghost particles,” are subatomic particles with nearly zero mass and no electric charge.
Other issues in space:
Last week, ISRO Chairman S Somanath expressed the possibility of engaging with the asteroid Apophis during its close approach to Earth at a distance of 32,000 km in 2029.
What is Apophis?
Apophis is classified as a near-Earth asteroid (NEA), specifically a Potentially Hazardous Asteroid (PHA) due to its size and proximity to Earth’s orbit.
Apophis is approximately 335 meters (1,100 feet) in diameter, making it one of the larger near-Earth asteroids.
Discovered in 2004, Apophis initially posed a 2.7% chance of colliding with Earth, raising alarms due to its size (about 450 m wide).
Subsequent observations ruled out immediate collision risks in 2029, 2036, and 2068, but it will pass close to Earth in 2029 at 32,000 km.
PYQ:
[2010] India-based Neutrino Observatory is included by the planning commission as a mega-science project under the 11th Five-year plan. In this context, consider the following statements:
Neutrinos are chargeless elementary particles that travel close to the speed of light.
Neutrinos are created in nuclear reactions of beta decay.
Neutrinos have a negligible, but non-zero mass.
Trillions of Neutrinos pass through the human body every second.
