Innovations in Sciences, IT, Computers, Robotics and Nanotechnology

Study revives South Korea Superconductivity claim

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Superconductivity, LK-99

Mains level: Read the attached story

Superconductivity

Introduction

What is Superconductivity?

  • Zero Resistance: Superconductivity occurs when a material offers almost zero resistance to the flow of electric current, enabling energy-efficient electrical appliances and lossless power transmission.
  • Magnetic Behavior: Superconductors also display fascinating behavior under magnetic fields, enabling technologies like MRI machines and superfast Maglev trains.

Exploring the Material LK-99

  • Apatite Structure: The Korean group utilized copper-substituted lead apatite, a phosphate mineral with unique tetrahedral motifs, to create LK-99.
  • Superconducting Behavior: LK-99 displayed essential superconducting properties, with almost zero resistance to current flow and sudden emergence of resistance above a critical current threshold.
  • Magnetic Resilience: LK-99 retained superconductivity even under the presence of a magnetic field until reaching a critical threshold.

Meissner Effect: Key Indicator of Superconductivity

  • Definition: The Meissner effect is a phenomenon where materials expel magnetic fields from their interior upon becoming superconductors.
  • Observation in Study: The researchers observed this effect in copper-substituted lead apatite, suggesting potential superconductivity.

Quest for Room-Temperature Superconductors

  • Significance: Discovering a material that is superconducting at room temperature and pressure (RTP) has immense scientific and commercial value.
  • Applications: RTP superconductors could revolutionize power transmission, medical diagnostics, computing, and more, due to their ability to conduct electricity without loss.

Hype and Controversies in Superconductivity Research

  • Past Controversies: The field has seen several disputes, including claims by Ranga Dias and a South Korean research group, which were later contested.
  • Impact of Hype: The lucrative potential of RTP superconductors has sometimes led to premature claims and controversies in the scientific community.

New Study: Methodology and Findings

  • Approach: The team synthesized LK-99 samples using advanced techniques and tested for signs of superconductivity beyond specific claims made by previous studies.
  • Direct Current Measurements: They conducted hysteresis experiments, applying and removing a magnetic field to observe the material’s response at various temperatures.

Understanding Hysteresis in Superconductors

  • Meissner Effect and DC Current: The Meissner effect is observable with direct current, as alternating current would disrupt the phenomenon.
  • Type I and II Superconductors: The study helps distinguish between these types based on how they respond to increasing magnetic field strength.

Challenges and Limitations of the Study

  • Small Superconducting Portions: The material’s superconducting sections were small, leading to a low critical magnetic field strength.
  • Interference Issues: The presence of cuprous sulphide interfered with molecular structure analysis using X-rays.

Way Forward: Verifying RTP Superconductivity

  • Potential for RTP Superconductivity: While the study suggests near-RTP superconductivity in LK-99, definitive observation is yet to be made.
  • Need for Further Research: Identifying the material responsible for superconductivity and refining synthesis techniques are crucial next steps.

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

The Crisis In The Middle East

Red Sea Crisis: Impact on Global and Indian Trade

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Red Sea

Mains level: Read the attached story

red sea

Introduction

  • Houthi Militia Attacks: Since November, attacks by the Houthi militia of Yemen have rendered the Red Sea, a crucial marine route via the Suez Canal, unsafe for cargo ships.
  • Alternative Route: This has led to a significant rerouting of cargo, with ships now taking the longer Cape of Good Hope route, affecting global trade and increasing costs.

About the Red Sea

Details
Location Between Africa (Egypt, Sudan, Eritrea, Djibouti) and Asia (Saudi Arabia, Yemen).
Connection Connects to the Indian Ocean via the Bab el Mandeb strait and the Gulf of Aden.
Length Approximately 2,250 km long.
Width Varies from 355 km at its widest point to 20 km at the Strait of Tiran.
Maximum Depth About 7,254 feet (2,211 m) in the central median trench.
Unique Features – One of the world’s saltiest bodies of water.

– Notable for its rich ecosystem, including extensive coral reefs.

Climate Generally hot and arid; surrounding desert and high evaporation rates contribute to its high salinity.
Economic Importance Major shipping route; oil-rich region with significant petroleum deposits on the sea’s borders.

Impact on Indian Trade

red sea

  • Shift in Shipping Routes: Following the attacks, about 90% of India’s western hemisphere cargo is being rerouted through the Cape of Good Hope.
  • Contractual Implications: The impact varies based on the type of buyer-seller contract, with some consignments being held up due to increased freight costs.
  • Freight Cost Surge: Freight costs have risen significantly, by up to six-fold in some cases, affecting all consignments, especially low-value, high-volume cargo and perishables.

Implications for India’s Imports

  • Increased Import Costs: The longer transit time and crisis could lead to costlier imports and necessitate better inventory management.
  • Effect on Fuel Prices: The crisis might impact plans to reduce fuel prices in India, given the country’s high dependence on crude oil and petroleum product imports.
  • Tanker Market Dynamics: Despite increased freight rates for affected routes, there hasn’t been a widespread rerouting of tankers.

Global and Indian Response

  • UN and US Stance: The UN condemned the Houthi attacks, and the US is seeking more support for ‘Operation Prosperity Guardian’ to ensure safe sea lanes.
  • India’s Monitoring: The Indian government is closely observing the situation, with the Commerce Secretary discussing potential impacts with officials and trade bodies.

Sector-Specific Impact

  • Commodities Most Affected: Sectors like chemicals, plastics, and petrochemicals are severely impacted due to their inability to absorb freight hikes.
  • Alternatives for High-Value Goods: For high-value, low-volume commodities, airlifting is an option, but most affected goods are large in volume.

Conclusion

  • Continued Uncertainty: The situation in the Red Sea presents ongoing challenges for global and Indian trade, with no immediate resolution in sight.
  • Adaptation and Monitoring: Businesses and governments are adapting to these changes, with a focus on monitoring developments and mitigating impacts.
  • Long-Term Implications: The crisis underscores the vulnerability of global trade routes to geopolitical conflicts and the need for diversified shipping strategies.

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

Economic Indicators and Various Reports On It- GDP, FD, EODB, WIR etc

First Advance Estimates of India’s GDP out

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: First Advance Estimates of GDP

Mains level: Read the attached story

advance estimate

Introduction

  • Growth Projection: India’s GDP is projected to grow by 7.3% in the financial year 2023-24, as per the First Advance Estimates (FAEs) released by the government.
  • Comparison with Previous Year: This rate is slightly higher than the 7.2% growth recorded in 2022-23.

What is Gross Domestic Product (GDP)?

  • Definition: GDP quantifies the total monetary value of all goods and services produced within a country’s borders in a specific time frame, typically annually.
  • Difference from GNP: GDP is distinct from Gross National Product (GNP), which measures the value of goods and services produced by a country’s nationals, regardless of the production location.

First Advance Estimates of GDP

  • Introduction and Timing: First introduced in the financial year 2016-17, the First Advance Estimates (FAE) are released at the beginning of January.
  • Nature of Estimates: They represent the initial official projections of GDP growth for the financial year, published before the year concludes.
  • Data Exclusion: Notably, the FAE do not include formal GDP data for the third quarter (October to December), which is released with the Second Advance Estimates (SAE) at the end of February.

Significance of FAE

  • Election Year Context: With Lok Sabha elections due in April-May, the FAEs gain additional significance, although a full-fledged Union Budget will not be presented this year.
  • Budgetary Relevance: The FAE are crucial for the Union Finance Ministry’s budgetary planning for the next financial year, as the SAE are published after the budget is finalized.
  • Focus on Nominal GDP: For budget-making, the emphasis is on nominal GDP (the observed variable), including both its absolute level and growth rate.
  • Real vs. Nominal GDP: Real GDP, adjusted for inflation, is a derived metric, whereas all budget calculations commence with nominal GDP.

GDP Growth Analysis

  • Real GDP Growth: The real GDP (adjusted for inflation) is expected to reach nearly Rs 172 lakh crore by March 2024.
  • Comparison with Modi’s Tenure: The GDP has grown from Rs 98 lakh crore at the start of Prime Minister Modi’s first term to almost Rs 140 lakh crore at the beginning of his second term.
  • Growth Rate Trends: The estimated 7.3% growth for 2023-24 is higher than most forecasts, indicating a strong economic recovery. However, there’s a noticeable deceleration in growth during Modi’s second term compared to the first.

Factors Driving India’s Growth

  • Private Final Consumption Expenditure (PFCE): Accounting for almost 60% of GDP, PFCE is expected to grow by 4.4% in the current year.
  • Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF): Investment spending, the second-largest growth engine, has grown by 9.3% this year.
  • Government Final Consumption Expenditure (GFCE): Government spending growth has been slower, at 3.9% in the current year.
  • Net Exports: The negative growth in net exports indicates a higher import-than-export rate, which has increased by 144% this year.

Concerns and Challenges

  • Private Consumption: Muted private consumption, especially in rural India, remains a concern.
  • Investment Spending: A significant portion of investment spending is still driven by the government, with private consumption remaining subdued.
  • Government Spending: Government spending growth has been relatively low in the second term of Modi’s government.
  • Net Exports: The negative growth in net exports, though a mild improvement over the two terms, still indicates an imbalance in trade.

Conclusion

  • Economic Recovery: The 7.3% growth rate suggests a robust economic recovery post-pandemic.
  • Balanced Growth: The need for balanced growth across all sectors, especially in boosting private consumption and investment, is critical for sustainable development.
  • Future Prospects: The ongoing economic policies and reforms will play a crucial role in shaping India’s growth trajectory in the coming years.

https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-economics/gdp-data-advance-estimates-9099092/

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

Languages and Eighth Schedule

Kannada Signboard Controversy and Vandalism in Bengaluru

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Mains level: Regional languages assertiveness

kannada

Introduction

  • Activists protested against non-Kannada signboards in Bengaluru, leading to vandalism across the city.

Kannada Signboards Issue

  • Demand for Kannada Signboards: The issue dates back to the early 2000s when Bengaluru emerged as a global IT hub. The then Chief Minister S.M. Krishna issued a circular in 2002 for Kannada signboards, which lacked legal backing.
  • Legal Challenges: Attempts to mandate Kannada signboards faced legal hurdles, with the High Court staying and striking down related rules in 2009 and 2014.

Recent Developments: Legislation and Protests

  • Kannada Language Comprehensive Development Act, 2022: The Act, passed by the State Legislature in 2022, mandates that 60% of signboards be in Kannada.
  • KRV’s Campaign: KRV campaigned for the implementation of this norm, leading to the protest and subsequent vandalism.
  • State Government’s Ordinance: The government plans to promulgate an ordinance to clarify the 60:40 rule for signboards and set a compliance deadline of February 28.

Impact on Commercial Establishments

  • Anxiety among Businesses: The new rule has caused concern among retailers, with fears of increased vigilante actions and financial burdens due to signboard changes.
  • Opposition from Retailers: The Retailers Association of India and other business groups have opposed the mandate, citing its impact on Bengaluru’s cosmopolitan nature and brand image.

Political Dynamics

  • Election Context: The issue has gained political significance ahead of the parliamentary polls, with both the Congress and BJP staking positions on the language issue.
  • Kannada as a Political Plank: Despite political consensus on promoting Kannada, the language has not been a successful political issue in the state.

Concerns over Bengaluru’s Image

  • Brand Bengaluru at Risk: The vandalism and language controversy could potentially harm Bengaluru’s reputation as a global investment destination.
  • Calls for Government Action: Industry leaders and civic activists have urged the government to take measures to restore confidence and preserve the city’s inclusive culture.

Conclusion

  • Need for Sensible Policy: The government faces the challenge of promoting Kannada while maintaining Bengaluru’s cosmopolitan and investor-friendly image.
  • Addressing Vandalism: Strong action against vandalism and a balanced approach to language policy are essential to prevent further damage to Bengaluru’s brand and social harmony.

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

Minority Issues – SC, ST, Dalits, OBC, Reservations, etc.

Secularism and Multiculturalism in India and Europe

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: NA

Mains level: Can be used as case study

Secularism and Multiculturalism

Introduction

  • Prof. Akeel Bilgrami, a distinguished professor from Columbia University, delivered a lecture at Madras Christian College in Tambaram.
  • His talk, titled ‘Gandhi in his time and ours: Reflections on Secularism and Multiculturalism’, explored the nuances of secularism in India and Europe.

Prof Bilgrami on Secularism

He emphasized on three commitments primarily on which Secularism is based:

  1. Freedom of Religion: The first commitment emphasizes the freedom of religious belief and practice.
  2. Constitutional Principles: The second commitment involves principles unrelated to religion, such as equality and freedom of speech, enshrined in the constitution.
  3. Meta-Commitment: The third commitment dictates that in case of a clash between the first two, the constitutional principles must take precedence.

Gandhi’s Perspective on Secularism

  • European Context: Gandhi viewed secularism as a doctrine to address the damage caused by religious majoritarianism in Europe.
  • Irrelevance to India: He believed that the issues secularism aimed to address in Europe were not present in India, making it irrelevant in the Indian context.
  • Nationalism and Anti-Imperialism: For Gandhi, nationalism was synonymous with anti-imperialism and inherently inclusive, contrasting with European forms of nationalism.

Distinguishing Secularisation from Secularism

  • Secularisation: Prof. Bilgrami described secularisation as a social process involving the loss of religious belief and changes in religious practices.
  • Secularism: In contrast, secularism is a political doctrine advocating for the separation of religion from politics.

Rejecting the Notion of ‘Indian’ Secularism

  • Misconception: Prof. Bilgrami dismissed the popular notion that ‘Indian’ secularism is about the acceptance of all religions.
  • Pluralism vs. Secularism: He clarified that the acceptance of all religions is more accurately described as pluralism, not secularism.

Conclusion

  • Deeper Understanding: Prof. Bilgrami’s lecture provided a deeper understanding of secularism and its application in different contexts.
  • Relevance to Contemporary India: His insights are particularly relevant in contemporary India, where secularism and multiculturalism continue to be subjects of intense debate and discussion.
  • Future Discourse: The lecture sets the stage for further discourse on how secularism should be interpreted and implemented in India’s diverse and multi-religious society.

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

Promoting Science and Technology – Missions,Policies & Schemes

India’s ‘Deep Tech’ Policy to get Cabinet nod

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Deep Tech

Mains level: Read the attached story

deep tech

Introduction

  • The Indian government is set to approve a new ‘deep tech’ policy. Following public comments on the draft released in July 2023, the final version of the policy is ready for Cabinet approval.

Understanding ‘Deep Tech’  

  • Definition and Scope: ‘Deep tech’ refers to startups that develop intellectual property based on new scientific breakthroughs, aiming for significant impact. Ex. AI, ML, Blockchain, Quantum Computing etc.
  • Startup India Data: As per Startup India, there are 10,298 startups in various sub-sectors of deep tech as of May 2023.
  • Exclusion Criteria: Businesses based on easily replicable ideas do not qualify as deep tech startups.

Draft National Deep Tech Startup Policy (NDTSP) 2023

  • Policy Goals: The NDTSP aims to address challenges in funding, talent acquisition, and scaling R&D operations for deep tech startups.
  • Strategic Approach: The policy is designed to promote innovation, economic growth, and societal development in the deep tech sector.

India’s Deep Tech Ecosystem

  • Global Ranking: India ranks third globally in the startup ecosystem, with over 3000 deep tech businesses.
  • Sectoral Expansion: These firms are expanding into areas like agriculture, life sciences, chemistry, aerospace, and green energy.

Policy Foundations and Prospects

  • Public Consultation: The draft policy was open for public feedback until September 15, after consultations with stakeholders in the deep tech ecosystem.
  • Key Pillars: The policy focuses on securing India’s economic future, progressing towards a knowledge-driven economy, bolstering national capability, and encouraging ethical innovation.

Policy Elements and Recommendations

  • Funding and Innovation: The policy proposes financial support through grants, loans, and venture capital, along with regulatory simplifications and academia-industry collaboration.
  • Talent Development: Emphasis on STEM education, training opportunities, and attracting international talent.
  • Infrastructure and Technology Access: Establishment of deep tech incubation centers, testing facilities, and shared infrastructure resources.
  • Public Procurement and Market Opportunities: Encouraging government agencies to adopt deep tech solutions and facilitating international market access.
  • Intellectual Property Protection: Establishing a uniform IP framework and implementing cybersecurity measures.

Conclusion

  • Transformative Potential: The NDTSP is poised to guide India’s deep tech landscape, fostering technological innovation and economic growth.
  • Measuring Success: The policy’s effectiveness will be gauged by its impact on startups, innovation depth, and societal transformation.
  • Democratizing Deep Tech: The strategy aims to make deep tech benefits accessible across society, leveraging research-driven breakthroughs for national advancement.

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

Labour, Jobs and Employment – Harmonization of labour laws, gender gap, unemployment, etc.

Maharashtra approves option for Old Pension Scheme

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Old Pension Scheme , NPS

Mains level: Read the attached story

pension

Introduction

  • The Maharashtra Cabinet has approved a proposal allowing certain state government employees to opt for the old pension scheme (OPS).
  • The option is extended to employees who joined the service after November 1, 2005, based on recruitment advertisements issued before that date.

Transition in Pension Schemes

  • Old Pension Scheme (OPS): The OPS guaranteed a pension of half the last basic salary plus dearness allowance after a minimum of 10 years of service, without employee contributions. It also provided family pension and Death cum Retirement Gratuity (DCRG).
  • New Pension Scheme (NPS): Introduced to address the growing pension bill, the NPS is a market-linked, participatory scheme requiring contributions from both employees and employers.

Background and Implementation of NPS

  • OASIS Project: Initiated in 1999, it led to the recommendation of the NPS by the Atal Bihari Vajpayee government in 2003.
  • Scheme Details: Employees contribute 10% of their basic salary, matched up to 14% by the employer. The funds are invested in PFRDA-regulated pension funds with market-linked returns.
  • Account Management: NPS provides a Permanent Retirement Account Number (PRAN) for lifelong account management.
  • State Adoption: All states except West Bengal have implemented the NPS. Some opposition-ruled states announced plans to revert to the OPS.

Rationale Behind NPS Adoption

  • Pension Debt Sustainability: The OPS was a fiscal burden without accumulated funds, whereas the NPS relies on accumulated funds.
  • Addressing Ageing Population: With increasing life expectancy, the OPS became unsustainable.
  • Preventing Early Retirements: The NPS encourages longer service due to its long-term investment fund ideology.
  • Investment and Flexibility: NPS offers flexible investment options and the freedom to switch investment options and fund managers.

Criticism of NPS

  • Market Risks: The exposure of retirement funds to market uncertainties raises concerns about old age security.
  • Pension Amount Concerns: There is no minimum pension guarantee, and pensions under NPS do not adjust for inflation.
  • Accountability Issues: Questions remain about the security of the invested corpus and accountability in market failures.

Conclusion

  • State Governments’ Challenge: Reverting to OPS requires careful consideration of financial implications on future generations.
  • Review and Strengthening of NPS: Measures such as introducing inflation-indexed annuities, assuring minimum returns, and ensuring timely registration and contributions can strengthen the NPS.
  • Balanced Approach: A nuanced approach is needed to balance fiscal sustainability with providing adequate social security to retirees.

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

Electoral Reforms In India

Debate on VVPAT Verification in Indian Elections

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: VVPAT

Mains level: Free and Fair Elections

vvpat

Introduction

  • Recent Developments: A political alliance, has requested a meeting with the Election Commission of India (ECI) to discuss and suggest changes regarding the use of Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT) machines.
  • Proposal: The alliance proposes that VVPAT slips be handed to voters to place in a separate ballot box, with 100% counting of these slips, to enhance trust in the electoral process.

What are VVPATs?

  • Function and Purpose: VVPAT machines, attached to EVMs, print a slip showing the voter’s choice, allowing voters to verify their vote for seven seconds before the slip drops into a secured box.
  • Development History: The concept emerged in 2010, leading to the creation of prototypes by Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) and Electronics Corporation of India (ECIL). After trials and feedback, the design was approved in February 2013.
  • Implementation: The Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961, were amended to incorporate VVPATs. They were first used in Nagaland’s Noksen Assembly constituency in 2013 and were implemented in all polling stations by the 2019 Lok Sabha elections.

Current VVPAT Slip Counting Protocol

  • EC’s Decision Process: In 2018, the ECI consulted the Indian Statistical Institute (ISI) to determine a statistically robust sample size for VVPAT slip verification.
  • Existing Protocol: Initially, VVPAT slips of one randomly selected polling station per Assembly constituency were counted. This was increased to five polling stations per Assembly seat after a Supreme Court judgment in 2019.
  • ISI Recommendation: The ISI suggested counting VVPAT slips from 479 EVMs to ensure a high confidence level that the proportion of defective EVMs is less than 2%.

Election Commission’s Stance

  • Current Verification Adequacy: The EC argues that the current practice of verifying VVPATs from five polling stations per Assembly seat exceeds the ISI’s recommendation.
  • Reliability Record: The EC highlights that in past elections, no cases of vote misattribution were detected in VVPAT checks, attributing discrepancies to human errors.
  • Concerns over Full Verification: The EC views 100% VVPAT verification as regressive, time-consuming, and prone to human error, akin to manual ballot voting.

Conclusion

  • Debate on Electoral Integrity: The discussion around VVPAT verification reflects ongoing concerns about ensuring electoral integrity and public trust in the voting process.
  • Challenges Ahead: Balancing the need for efficient electoral processes with the imperative of maintaining voter confidence remains a critical challenge for the ECI and political parties in India.

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

Skilling India – Skill India Mission,PMKVY, NSDC, etc.

Why is Upskilling necessary for the Rural Youth?

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: NA

Mains level: Read the attached story

upskill

Introduction

  • Trend of Urbanization: Despite the UN’s projection that nearly 50% of India’s population will reside in urban areas by 2047, many rural youths express a preference to stay in their villages.
  • Life Skills Collaborative Discussion: A group discussion revealed that rural youth aspire to remain in their villages, highlighting the need to focus on those who choose not to migrate to urban areas.

Rural Income Sources and Occupational Shifts

  • Primary Livelihood: Farming is the predominant source of income in rural areas, often supplemented by children working on family farms.
  • Agrarian Crisis Indicators: A significant shift from agriculture to non-farming jobs is occurring, with National Sample Survey Office data showing 34 million farmers moving to other sectors between 2004-05 and 2011-12.

Strategies to Control Migration

  • Vocational Training: Providing vocational training in rural areas is key to controlling migration. This training should focus on skills relevant to rural life, allowing youth to secure livelihoods within their communities.
  • Educational Aspirations: Most rural students’ aspirations are limited to opportunities within their village vicinity. Upskilling initiatives like Delhi’s ‘Skills On Wheel’ should be made accessible in rural areas.

Current State of Vocational Education in Rural India

  • Industrial Training Institutes: While these institutes aim to upskill rural populations, they often lack placement opportunities.
  • Lack of Skill Development Focus: Rural education currently does not emphasize skill development, which is crucial for the majority of youth who depend on schools for life skills.
  • LSC Voices 2023 Survey Findings: The survey revealed that two-thirds of youth aged 19-22 had never taken any vocational training, with only 5% enrolled in such courses.

Improving Rural Education

  • Tailored Education: Rural education should integrate technical and life skills, making them accessible through formal education.
  • International Examples: Mexico’s tele-schools and Bhutan’s well-being-infused curriculum offer valuable models. Tele-schools provide value-based education, improving attitudes and aspirations, which can benefit the local economy.
  • Indian Initiatives: Organizations like NIIT Foundation and Pratham Institute are providing upskilling opportunities in rural areas. Hybrid life skilling programs are offered, focusing on industry-specific skills and life skills.

Conclusion

  • Empowering Rural Youth: By offering skills in areas like agricultural mechanisation, pollution monitoring, nursing, and digital technologies, rural India can enhance employability in both traditional and non-traditional trades.
  • Creating a Dynamic Economy: Effective vocational training and education reforms can lead to a vibrant rural economy, where the aspirations of staying in villages are supported by sustainable livelihood opportunities.

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

ISRO Missions and Discoveries

Crucial Role of Karman Line in Space Defense Strategies

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Karman Line

Mains level: Read the attached story

Introduction

  • The Karman line, the theoretical boundary between Earth’s atmosphere and outer space, plays a crucial role in space defense and satellite communications.

Understanding the Karman Line

  • The Karman Line is an abstract boundary positioned at an altitude of 100 kilometers above sea level.
  • Its primary function is to establish the separation between Earth’s atmosphere and the vast expanse of space.
  • Although not universally accepted by all scientists and space explorers, the majority of countries and space organizations acknowledge this demarcation.
  • It was formally established in 1960s by the Federation Aeronautique Internationale (FAI), a body responsible for record-keeping.
  • Crossing the Karman Line designates an individual as an astronaut.

Potential Threats from Dominating the Karman Line

  • Anti-Satellite Weapons: Control over the Karman line could enable adversaries to deploy weapons targeting satellites, disrupting communication links.
  • Jamming and Interference: Adversaries might use systems to disrupt satellite communications, causing blackouts or degraded performance.
  • Hacking and Cyber-attacks: Unauthorized access to satellite systems could lead to data breaches or manipulation of communication signals.
  • Physical Interception or Tampering: The ability to physically reach satellites could allow adversaries to alter orbits, damage components, or eavesdrop on communications.
  • Space Debris and Kinetic Kill Vehicles: Creating debris or deploying kinetic kill vehicles could disrupt satellite networks.
  • Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) Weapons: EMPs could damage satellite electronics, rendering them inoperable.
  • Denial of Access to Space: Dominating the Karman line could enable adversaries to deny space access to certain countries or entities.
  • Spoofing and Deception: Manipulating satellite communication signals could mislead or deceive users.
  • Space-based Cyber-Physical Attacks: Combining cyber and physical methods could disrupt or manipulate satellite operations.
  • Policy and Regulatory Challenges: Dominance could lead to geopolitical challenges and affect international agreements related to space activities.

Historical Context and Recent Developments

  • First Breach by V-2 Missile: On June 20, 1944, the V-2 became the first object to breach the Karman line, marking a significant milestone in space exploration.
  • Superpower Dominance: Both the United States and the Soviet Union have historically sought to dominate space for military and reconnaissance purposes, leading to the development of anti-satellite weapons and ballistic missiles.

India’s Evolving Space Program

  • Shift in Focus: India’s space program has transitioned from a developmental focus to incorporating space for national security objectives, particularly in response to China’s counter-space capabilities.
  • Military and Security Considerations: India’s approach now includes robust launch capabilities, military satellites, and an emphasis on self-reliance and situational awareness.

Conclusion

  • Strategic Importance: The Karman line’s significance extends beyond scientific understanding to encompass crucial defense strategies in space.
  • Need for Vigilance and Cooperation: Nations must protect their space-based assets and collaborate internationally to address the multifaceted threats associated with dominating this critical boundary.
  • Future of Space Defense: As space becomes increasingly contested, understanding and securing the Karman line is vital for maintaining and defending capabilities in outer space.

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

Telecom and Postal Sector – Spectrum Allocation, Call Drops, Predatory Pricing, etc

Direct-to-Mobile (D2M) Technology in India

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Direct-to-Mobile (D2M) Technology

Mains level: Read the attached story

Direct-to-Mobile (D2M)

Introduction

  • The Telecommunication Engineering Centre (TEC) has identified significant challenges in implementing direct-to-mobile (D2M) technology, which allows streaming TV content directly to mobile phones without an internet connection.
  • The proposal for D2M has faced opposition from technology companies like Qualcomm, Samsung, Ericsson, Nokia, and telecom operators.

About Direct-to-Mobile (D2M) Technology

  • Direct-to-mobile (D2M) technology is a method of transmitting content directly to mobile devices using broadcast signals. Here are the key points to understand about D2M technology:
  • D2M uses broadcast networks, similar to those for TV and radio, to send content directly to mobile devices, bypassing traditional cellular or internet data networks.
  • This technology is efficient for delivering the same content to many users simultaneously, reducing the load on cellular networks and making it ideal for live events or popular broadcasts.
  • Mobile devices need to be equipped with specific hardware to receive and decode broadcast signals, which may require new standards in smartphone manufacturing.
  • D2M can offer high-quality video and audio streaming, as it doesn’t depend on the variable speed and stability of an internet connection.

Key Challenges Identified by TEC

  • Integration Issues: Integrating smartphones with D2M and digital terrestrial TV to mobile devices (DTT2M) technologies is a major challenge.
  • Infrastructure Requirements: Implementing technologies like Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) 3.0 (NextGen TV) may necessitate a new nationwide network for indoor coverage, adding complexity.
  • Increased Costs: The adoption of D2M technology could lead to higher costs for smartphone manufacturers and, consequently, higher phone prices.
  • Ecosystem and Viability Concerns: Challenges include the availability of a handset ecosystem, scalability, business viability, and spectrum requirements.

TEC’s Report and Consultation Findings

  • Device Ecosystem: Success in adopting D2M technology hinges on enabling service on mobile devices, particularly smartphones or tablets, and creating an open-market, low-cost device ecosystem.
  • Need for Compatible Standards: A standard compatible with existing mobile handsets is essential for cost-effectiveness and leveraging the existing ecosystem.
  • Offloading Broadcasting Traffic: The standard should facilitate offloading broadcasting traffic over phones and guide the design and manufacture of smartphones for direct broadcast signal reception.

Government’s Intent and Potential Uses of D2M

  • Convergence of Services: The government aims to explore the convergence of broadcasting and broadband services through D2M technology.
  • Direct Broadcasting Benefits: Users could receive terrestrial digital TV content on handsets, similar to FM radio. The technology could broadcast emergency alerts, public safety messages, and social services.
  • Traffic Offloading: Telcos could offload video content to broadcasting networks, reducing network congestion.

Global Context and Trials

  • Lack of Available Devices: Currently, no mobile devices support these broadcasting technologies or standards globally.
  • International Trials: Countries like the USA, Brazil, Mexico, and Canada are conducting trials for D2M technology.

Stakeholder Concerns and Consultation Feedback

  • Hasty Implementation Worries: Stakeholders expressed concerns about the government’s rushed approach to implementing a technology still in its early stages.
  • Telcos’ Revenue Concerns: Telecom operators are apprehensive about potential revenue losses from their data business if mobiles pick up signals from D2M technology.

Conclusion

  • Critical Factors: The success of D2M in India will depend on the development of a device ecosystem and the ability to broadcast to a vast number of open-market mobile devices.
  • Navigating Implementation Challenges: Addressing the identified challenges and considering stakeholder concerns will be crucial in determining the feasibility and success of D2M technology in India.

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

Promoting Science and Technology – Missions,Policies & Schemes

Indian Science Congress Postponement: Significance and Implications

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Indian Science Congress

Mains level: NA

Introduction

  • The Indian Science Congress, a significant annual event for scientists and science students in India, has been postponed from its usual start date of January 3.

About Indian Science Congress

Details
Headquarters Kolkata, West Bengal, India
Establishment 1914 in Kolkata
Annual Meeting First week of January
Membership More than 30,000 scientists
First Congress 1914 at the Asiatic Society in Calcutta
Recent Policy Change Speakers at future conferences to be vetted; scrutinizes content of talks due to past controversies
Notable Participants Prominent Indian and foreign scientists, including Nobel laureates
Genesis Initiated by British chemists Professor J. L. Simonsen and Professor P. S. MacMahon
Objectives Advance and promote science in India

Hold an annual congress

Publish proceedings and journals

Manage funds for science promotion

Perform acts conducive to these objectives

Sections, Committees, and Forums Grown from 16 sections in 2000 to 14 sections, including various scientific disciplines
International Interaction Represented in various foreign scientific academies/associations
Internal Challenges Discussions on corruption, need for transparency and overhaul of bureaucratic agencies

 

Historical Context and Importance

  • Consistent Occurrence: Held every year since 1914, except for 2021 and 2022 due to the Covid-19 pandemic, the 108th edition took place in Nagpur from January 3-7, 2023.
  • Prime Minister’s Involvement: Traditionally inaugurated by the Prime Minister, the congress is a key event in the PM’s calendar and is often their first public engagement of the New Year.

Reasons behind the Postponement

  • Funding Dispute: The postponement is a result of a disagreement between the Indian Science Congress Association (ISCA) and the Department of Science and Technology (DST) over alleged “financial irregularities” and funding withdrawal.
  • Venue Change and Withdrawal: The ISCA’s decision to move the event from Lucknow University to Lovely Professional University (LPU) in Jalandhar, which later withdrew its offer to host, contributed to the crisis.

Decline of the Indian Science Congress

  • Loss of Prestige: In recent years, the Congress has been criticized for promoting pseudoscience and failing to reflect advancements in science, leading to a decline in participation from top scientists and institutions.
  • Calls for Discontinuation: Some scientists have suggested discontinuing the event or withdrawing government support due to its diminishing scientific credibility.

Government’s Dilemma and Actions

  • Limited Influence: While the government funds the ISCA and the Congress, it has no direct role in the event’s organization, leading to challenges in addressing controversies.
  • Scaling Down Involvement: The government has reduced its involvement, such as no longer presenting awards at the inaugural session and limiting stage sharing with the PM.

Future of the Indian Science Congress

  • Potential for Resumption: ISCA general secretary Ranjit Kumar Verma expressed hope for organizing the congress before March 31, with possible attendance by the Prime Minister.
  • Continued Government Support: A government official indicated that financial support for future events might resume, despite disagreements over this year’s funding.

Way Forward

  • Alternative Scientific Forums: Scientists suggest creating alternative forums to discuss the latest scientific developments and foster scientific temper, similar to events in other countries.
  • Enhancing Indian Science: Such forums could increase the competitiveness of Indian science and encourage collaborative research with leading global institutions.

Conclusion

  • Assessing the Impact: The postponement of the Indian Science Congress reflects broader issues in India’s scientific community and the need for reform.
  • Opportunity for Revitalization: This situation presents an opportunity to revitalize scientific discourse in India, potentially leading to more impactful and globally recognized scientific forums.

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

Road and Highway Safety – National Road Safety Policy, Good Samaritans, etc.

Nationwide Transportation Strike: Protests against Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: NA

Mains level: Read the attached story

Strike

Central Idea

  • The nationwide transportation strike entered its second day, causing huge disruptions across the country.
  • The strike, involving truck, bus, and tanker drivers, is a protest against stringent regulations under the Bharatiya Nyay Sanhita (BNS) for hit-and-run cases.

Background of the Strike: BNS Provisions

  • Implementation of BNS: The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, which introduces tougher penalties for hit-and-run cases, has not yet been implemented.
  • Comparison with IPC: The new law replaces Section 304A of the Indian Penal Code, which had a lesser punishment for causing death by negligence.
  • Section 106 Controversy: Transporters are protesting Section 106 of the BNS, which increases punishment for rash and negligent driving to a maximum of 10 years.
  • Section 106(1) and 106(2): These sections provide for punishments in hit-and-run cases, with Section 106(1) offering a lesser sentence for those who report accidents.
  • Abiding to Supreme Court Observations: The increase in sentence duration to 10 years is based on the Supreme Court’s recommendations for stricter actions against reckless drivers who flee accident scenes.

Protesters’ Concerns and Demands

  • Fear of Unjust Punishments: Transport operators argue that the new law could lead to unfair punishments and expose drivers to mob violence.
  • Lack of Stakeholder Consultation: There is a sentiment that the law was passed without adequate discussion with relevant stakeholders.
  • Skepticism about Government Promises: All India Motor Transport Congress expressed doubts about the government’s assurances, predicting fuel shortages and driver protests.

Impact of the Strike

  • Widespread Disruptions: The strike has significantly impacted transportation, especially in northern states like Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, and others, as well as West Bengal, Odisha, and southern states.
  • Fuel Shortages: Long queues at petrol pumps have been reported, indicating a hit to fuel supply.

Conclusion

  • Continued Protests: Despite some transport bodies calling off the strike, others continue to protest, affecting transportation and fuel supply.
  • Need for Dialogue: The situation underscores the need for further dialogue between the government and transport stakeholders to address concerns and find a resolution.

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

RBI Notifications

India’s 1991 Crisis and the RBI Governor’s Role

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: BOP Crisis, LPG Reforms

Mains level: Read the attached story

S. Venkitaramanan, former Governor of the RBI

Central Idea

  • S. Venkitaramanan, former Governor of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), passed away, leaving behind a legacy of significant contributions.
  • His tenure is marked by crucial interventions during India’s economic crises and a commitment to open dialogue and innovative policies.

Navigating the Balance of Payments Crisis

  • Economic Turbulence in 1990: India faced a severe balance of payments crisis due to reduced remittances and increased oil prices.
  • Critical Measures: Under Venkitaramanan’s leadership, the RBI took bold steps, including pledging gold reserves, to avert a default on international payments.
  • Impact of Gold Pledging: This move, though criticized domestically, was crucial in maintaining India’s international credibility and financial stability.

Role in Economic Reforms

  • Import Compression Strategy: Venkitaramanan initiated a program of import compression, significantly reducing the current account deficit.
  • Foundation for Future Reforms: These measures laid the groundwork for the economic reforms introduced by the Narasimha Rao government and Dr. Manmohan Singh.

Challenges and Controversies

  • The Harshad Mehta Scam: Venkitaramanan’s tenure was marred by the securities scandal involving Harshad Mehta, overshadowing his earlier achievements.
  • Public Perception: Despite his significant contributions, the public memory often overlooks his role in steering India through economic turmoil.

Remarkable Openness and Inclusivity

  • Engagement with Diverse Opinions: Venkitaramanan was known for his openness to different viewpoints, engaging with economists and critics alike.
  • Innovative Approach to Policy Making: His willingness to consider varied perspectives contributed to more inclusive and effective economic policies.

Legacy in the RBI and Beyond

  • Establishment of the Development Research Group: Venkitaramanan’s vision led to the creation of this group, aiming to foster interaction between the RBI and independent economists.
  • Influence on Current Economic Policies: His belief in relying on India’s intellectual resources continues to influence the RBI’s approach, though challenges like inflation management persist.

Conclusion

  • Enduring Impact: S. Venkitaramanan’s tenure as RBI Governor was marked by courageous decisions and a commitment to intellectual openness.
  • Remembering His Contributions: While his term had its challenges, his role in safeguarding India’s economy and fostering a culture of dialogue and research within the RBI remains a significant part of his legacy.
  • Inspiration for Future Leaders: His approach to economic policy and management continues to serve as an inspiration for current and future leaders in the field.

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

Blockchain Technology: Prospects and Challenges

Virtual Digital Asset Regulation: Global Perspectives and Challenges

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Virtual Digital Assets (VDAs)

Mains level: Read the attached story

Central Idea

  • The Financial Intelligence Unit India (FIU IND) issued notices to offshore virtual digital asset service providers (VDA SPs) for non-compliance with the Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 (PMLA).
  • A request was made to the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology to block URLs of these entities.

About Virtual Digital Assets (VDAs)

  • Digital Value: Virtual Digital Assets are digital forms of value like cryptocurrencies and tokens. They are secured using cryptography and blockchain technology.
  • Intangible and Digital: These assets exist only in digital form and can be used for transactions, investments, or as a store of value.
  • Decentralized: They usually operate independently of central authorities, which makes them attractive but also prone to risks like money laundering. This has led to calls for regulation and oversight.

Premise of Non-Compliance with PMLA

  • Regulatory Changes in 2023: VDA SPs were brought under anti-money laundering and counter-terrorism financing regulations in March 2023.
  • Mandatory Compliance: These regulations required VDA SPs to register, verify client identities, and maintain records of financial transactions.
  • Non-Registration Issue: Non-compliant entities continued to serve Indian users without registration, evading the AML and CFT framework.

Purpose of PMLA Compliance

  • Monitoring Financial Transactions: The PMLA aims to track financial transactions to prevent money laundering and terror financing.
  • Selective Compliance Advocacy: Legal experts suggest that FIU IND should enforce compliance only on entities fitting the March 2023 notification parameters.
  • KYC Benefits: Adherence to KYC mandates is seen as beneficial for VDA SPs, addressing concerns about anonymity and unlawful use of crypto assets.

Global Efforts and Indian Enforcement

  • India’s Global Advocacy: India’s enforcement aligns with its global efforts for cryptocurrency regulation, including proposed frameworks by the IMF and the Financial Stability Board.
  • G-20 Influence: India’s role in the G-20 has been pivotal in advocating for global cryptocurrency regulation.

International Regulatory Landscapes

  • Dubai’s VARA Model: Dubai’s Virtual Assets Regulatory Authority (VARA) provides a comprehensive licensing framework, emphasizing consumer protection and AML-CFT compliance.
  • EU’s MiCA Regulation: The Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (MiCA) in the EU focuses on transparency, disclosure, and supervision, requiring service providers to be authorized.
  • U.S. Regulatory Framework: The U.S. lacks a comprehensive nationwide framework but covers digital assets under existing regulations like the Bank Secrecy Act.

Considerations in Regulating Virtual Digital Assets (VDAs)

  • Policy Options by BIS: The Bureau for International Settlements (BIS) outlines three policy options: outright ban, containment, and regulation.
  • Challenges of an Outright Ban: An outright ban may be unenforceable due to the pseudo-anonymous nature of crypto markets.
  • Containment Strategy: Containment involves controlling flows between crypto and traditional financial systems but may not address inherent vulnerabilities.
  • Regulatory Motivations: The motivation to regulate varies, with the need to ensure regulatory benefits outweigh costs.
  • Focus Areas for Emerging Markets: Emerging market economies (EMEs) need to define regulatory authority, scope of regulation, and fill data gaps to understand technology interconnections.

Conclusion

  • Balancing Act: Regulating virtual digital assets presents a complex balancing act between innovation, consumer protection, and financial stability.
  • Global Coordination: The varied approaches across jurisdictions highlight the need for global coordination and harmonization in VDA regulations.
  • India’s Proactive Stance: India’s recent actions reflect a proactive stance in aligning with global standards while addressing local concerns.
  • Future Challenges: As the virtual asset landscape evolves, regulators worldwide will continue to face challenges in adapting their frameworks to ensure effective oversight without stifling innovation.

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

North-East India – Security and Developmental Issues

How the Northeast was ‘invented’, 52 years ago?

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Read the attached story

Mains level: Not Much

Northeast India

Central Idea

  • On December 30, 1971, two pivotal laws were enacted, reshaping the administrative landscape of Northeast India.
  • These laws marked a transition from the traditional unit of Assam to the broader concept of ‘Northeast India’.

Formation and Composition of Northeast India

  • States in the Northeast: The region officially includes Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, and Tripura, under the North-Eastern Council.
  • Pre-Independence Structure: Before Independence, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland, and Mizoram were part of colonial Assam. Manipur and Tripura were princely states with British political officers, while Sikkim, under British paramountcy, became an independent country in 1947 and was annexed by India in 1975. Sikkim joined the North-Eastern Council in 2001.

Colonial Context and Frontier Province Dynamics

  • Assam as a Frontier Province: Colonial Assam was a frontier province in British India, akin to the North West Frontier Province (now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan).
  • Administrative Divisions: The province was divided into ‘settled districts’ (like present-day Assam and Sylhet in Bangladesh) and ‘excluded areas’ or ‘Hill areas’ (like modern-day Arunachal Pradesh and parts of Nagaland).

Post-Independence Security and Administrative Shifts

  • Unique Post-1947 Challenges: After 1947, the region’s borders became largely international, with a narrow land corridor connecting it to the rest of India.
  • Creation of Nagaland: The state of Nagaland was created in 1963, following the Sino-Indian War of 1962, as part of efforts to integrate the Naga people into the Indian state.

North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act of 1971

  • Statehood and Union Territories: Manipur and Tripura were elevated to statehood, Meghalaya was formed from Assam, and Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh were established as union territories, later becoming states in 1987.
  • Strategic Reorganization: This Act represented a strategic shift from the colonial frontier governance to a modern state structure.

Concept and Implications of ‘Northeast India’

  • Directional Naming and Identity: The term ‘Northeast India’ highlights the region’s distinct identity and its hierarchical relation to the Indian heartland.
  • Racial and Cultural Dimensions: The term ‘Northeasterner’ has often led to racial stereotyping and issues of identity and recognition.

Conclusion

  • Complex Administrative Evolution: The formation of Northeast India is a testament to the region’s complex history and the Indian state’s response to unique geopolitical challenges.
  • Continued Struggle for Recognition: Despite legislative milestones, Northeast India continues to face challenges in national integration, identity politics, and equitable development.

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

Innovations in Biotechnology and Medical Sciences

Evolution of Genomic Medicine: Research to Mainstream Healthcare

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Genomic Medicine

Mains level: Read the attached story

genomic medicine

Central Idea

  • Over the past two decades, genomics and the use of genetic information in healthcare have undergone significant transformations.
  • Once limited to major research centers, personal genome sequencing has become widely accessible, empowering individuals with detailed knowledge of their genetic makeup.

What is genome sequencing?

  • Genome sequencing is the process of determining the complete DNA sequence of an organism’s genome.
  • The genome is the entire set of genetic material (DNA in the case of most organisms) that provides the instructions for building, maintaining, and functioning of the organism.
  • Genome sequencing involves identifying the order of nucleotides (adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine) in an organism’s DNA.

Applications of Personal Genome Sequencing

  • Disease Risk Assessment: Personal genome sequencing can identify genetic variants associated with an increased risk of certain diseases, such as cardiovascular conditions, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders.
  • Pharmacogenomics: Personal genome sequencing helps predict how an individual will respond to specific medications, allowing for the customization of drug prescriptions based on genetic factors.
  • Cancer Genomics: Personal genome sequencing of cancer cells helps identify specific mutations driving tumor growth.
  • Rare Genetic Disorders: Personal genome sequencing is a powerful tool for diagnosing rare genetic disorders, particularly in cases where traditional diagnostic methods may be inconclusive.
  • Reproductive Health: Couples planning to have children can undergo personal genome sequencing to assess the risk of passing on genetic conditions to their offspring.
  • Forensic Identification: Personal genome sequencing can be used in forensics for human identification and the resolution of criminal investigations.
  • Research and Scientific Discovery: Aggregated personal genomic data from large populations contribute to ongoing research, advancing our understanding of the genetic basis of diseases and human biology.

Case Study: Iceland’s Genetics Research

  • Iceland’s Unique Demographics: Iceland’s historical demographic isolation and early initiation of population-level genome sequencing have made it a focal point in genetics research.
  • Research on Lifespan and Genetic Variants: A study in Iceland suggested that actionable incidental genetic variants could potentially improve lifespan, with significant findings related to cancer-related genotypes.

Future of Genome Sequencing and Healthcare

  • Increasing Accessibility: As genome sequencing becomes more accessible and affordable, regular population-scale sequencing and newborn sequencing initiatives are becoming more feasible.
  • Benefits for Population Health: Widespread implementation of these programs could provide medically actionable insights, enabling proactive and effective disease treatment and prevention.
  • Advancements in Technology: Current genome sequencing technologies, often referred to as second-generation sequencing, have limitations in handling repetitive sequences and resolving structural variations. Third-generation sequencing technologies, such as single-molecule sequencing, are expected to overcome these challenges and provide longer read lengths, improving the accuracy and completeness of genome sequences.

Conclusion

  • The advancements in genomics are paving the way for a more proactive and personalized approach to healthcare, with significant potential for disease prevention and management.

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

Telecom and Postal Sector – Spectrum Allocation, Call Drops, Predatory Pricing, etc

How Centre plans to regulate Content on OTT and Digital Media?

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: OTT Regulation

Mains level: Read the attached story

ott

Central Idea

  • The Centre’s new draft Broadcasting Services (Regulation) Bill, 2023, aims to revamp the regulatory framework for the broadcasting sector in India.
  • The Bill extends regulatory oversight from conventional television services to OTT platforms, digital content, and emerging technologies.

Key Provisions of the Draft Bill

  • Single Legal Framework: The Bill seeks to establish a unified legal structure for various broadcasting services, replacing the three-decade-old Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Act.
  • Mandatory Registration and Self-Regulation: It introduces mandatory registration for broadcasting services, the creation of content evaluation committees for self-regulation, and establishment of programme and advertisement codes.
  • Three-Tier Regulatory Mechanism: The Bill proposes a three-tier regulatory structure, including self-regulation by broadcasters, self-regulatory organizations, and a Broadcast Advisory Council.

Government’s Objectives and Concerns Raised

  • Ease of Doing Business: The government claims the Bill will enhance ease of doing business and update the regulatory framework to match the sector’s evolving needs.
  • Freedom of Speech Concerns: However, there are apprehensions about potential censorship and infringement on freedom of speech, especially for digital media.

Specifics of the Draft Bill

  • Intimation of Operations: The Bill requires formal registration or intimation to the government for broadcasting services, with exceptions for entities like Prasar Bharati.
  • Modern Broadcasting Definitions: It includes definitions for broadcasting, broadcasting networks, and network operators, encompassing internet broadcasting networks like IPTV and OTT services.
  • Content Quality and Accessibility: Broadcasters must adhere to yet-to-be-defined Programme and Advertisement Codes and classify their content for viewer discretion. The Bill also emphasizes accessibility for persons with disabilities.

Self-Regulation and Government Oversight

  • Content Evaluation Committees: Broadcasters must establish committees with diverse representation for content certification, except for shows exempted by the government.
  • Broadcast Advisory Council: An advisory council will oversee regulation implementation, with the power to make recommendations to the government.

Inspection, Seizure, and Penalties

  • Inspection Rights: The Centre and authorized officers can inspect broadcasting networks and services, raising concerns about government overreach.
  • Penalties for Non-Compliance: The Bill includes penalties like removal of shows, apologies, off-air periods, or cancellation of registration for non-compliance.

Concerns and Critiques

  • Digital Rights and Free Speech: Organizations like the Internet Freedom Foundation express concerns about the Bill’s impact on online free speech and creative expression.
  • Ambiguity and Rule-Making: The Bill’s numerous instances of “as may be prescribed” or “as notified by the Government” create uncertainty for stakeholders.
  • Impact on Digital Platforms: Experts highlight the need for careful consideration of the Bill’s impact on online content creators and the digital space’s dynamism.

Conclusion

  • The bill, represents a significant shift in India’s broadcasting sector regulation, aiming to encompass modern digital platforms while raising critical questions about content regulation, freedom of expression, and government oversight.

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

Women empowerment issues – Jobs,Reservation and education

Census postponed to October 2024

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Census of India

Mains level: Read the attached story

census

Central Idea

  • Initially planned for 2020, the Census exercise is now postponed to at least October 2024, considering the time required for preparatory activities post-boundary setting.
  • The delay also postpones the implementation of the law reserving 33% of seats for women in Parliament and State Assemblies, which is contingent on Census completion.

About the Census of India

  • The decennial Census of India has been conducted 16 times, as of 2021.
  • While it has been undertaken every 10 years, beginning in 1872 under British Viceroy Lord Mayo, the first complete census was taken in 1881.
  • Post 1949, it has been conducted by the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India under the Ministry of Home Affairs.
  • All the censuses since 1951 were conducted under the Census of India Act, 1948.
  • The last census was held in 2011, whilst the next was to be held in 2021.

Background of Women’s Reservation Delay

  • 128th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2023: Known as the Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam, this Act mandates one-third reservation for women, effective post-delimitation based on the latest Census.
  • Presidential Assent and Delimitation: The Act, receiving Presidential assent in September 2023, awaits the delimitation exercise, which depends on the new Census data.

Census Delays and COVID-19 Impact

  • Historical Consistency: India has conducted a Census every decade since 1881, with the latest phase initially set for April 2020.
  • COVID-19 Pandemic Disruption: The pandemic necessitated the postponement of the Census, leading to continued reliance on 2011 data for policy and subsidy decisions.
  • Lack of Clarity in Recent Notifications: Recent notifications have not specified reasons for the delay, moving away from earlier attributions to the pandemic.

Census Preparation and Questionnaire Status

  • Houselisting and Housing Schedule: The first phase questionnaire was notified in January 2020, including 31 questions.
  • Population Enumeration Phase: The second phase, with 28 finalized questions, awaits official notification.

Delay in Vital Statistics Reports

  • Non-Release of Recent Reports: The RGI and Census Commissioner’s office have not released reports on births, deaths, and causes of deaths for 2021, 2022, and 2023.
  • Importance of Vital Statistics: These reports are crucial for planning and evaluating health care, family planning, and educational programs.
  • Last Released Reports: The latest available reports cover up to the year 2020, including new codes for COVID-19 related deaths.

Conclusion

  • Evidence-based policymaking amidst delays: The extended timeline for the Census necessitates strategic planning to ensure accurate data collection and analysis.
  • Awaiting Women’s Reservation Implementation: The delay underscores the need for adaptive measures to implement the women’s reservation law effectively once the Census is completed.
  • Broader Implications for Governance: The postponement affects various aspects of governance and policy-making, highlighting the importance of timely and accurate demographic data.

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

Ministry of External Affairs : Important Updates

Strategy and Foreign Affairs for India in 2024

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: NA

Mains level: Factors shaping India's foreign policy

Central Idea

  • Contradiction in Global Aspirations: Despite calls for peace, 2023 witnessed the continuation and emergence of significant conflicts, notably between Russia and Ukraine, and in the Gaza Strip.
  • China’s Stance: Amidst its economic challenges, China’s aggressive posture remains a concern for the West and India, adding to the global tension.

2023: Strategic Realities and Challenges

Crisis in the Middle East: The Hamas attack disrupted efforts to normalize Israel-Arab relations, leading to a devastating response from Israel and derailing the reconciliation process.

  1. Stress in India-US Ties: Allegations of an Indian official’s involvement in an assassination plot have strained relations, with India promising to investigate if provided with information.
  2. Russia-Ukraine War Fatigue: The prolonged conflict sees the West grappling with funding challenges, while Russia, despite sanctions, maintains resilience, partly due to its closeness with China.
  3. India’s Maldives Challenge: The new government’s request for India to withdraw military personnel and terminate agreements reflects its proximity to China, complicating India’s strategic position.
  4. China, the Biggest Worry: The ongoing border standoff and China’s influence in the region, including its ties with Russia and the Maldives, continue to be India’s primary strategic concerns.
  5. G20 and Global South Positioning: India’s leadership in the G20 and its role in uniting the Global South reflect its aspiration to continue the legacy of Non-Alignment adapted to modern realities.
  6. Engagement in Kabul: India’s cautious engagement with the Taliban and coordination for consular services indicate a nuanced approach to Afghanistan, balancing security and diplomatic needs.

2024: Anticipating Challenges and Opportunities

  • Impact of Lok Sabha Elections: The election outcome will significantly influence India’s foreign policy, with a stronger mandate potentially leading to more assertive stances, while a weaker mandate might reflect coalition compulsions.
  • US & Canada Relationships: Navigating the complexities arising from the assassination plot allegations and maintaining robust ties with both nations will be crucial for India.
  • New Government in Pakistan: The post-election scenario in Pakistan might offer a window for re-engagement, depending on the political dynamics and India’s strategic choices.
  • Outcome in Bangladesh: India’s interest in the continuation of Sheikh Hasina’s government reflects security and connectivity priorities, with the opposition viewed with caution.
  • Continuing Deadlock with China: The border standoff and its potential escalation will be a critical factor in India’s security and diplomatic strategy, especially in an election year.
  • West Asia Dynamics: India’s evolving stance in the Israel-Hamas conflict and its implications for its position in the Global South will be closely watched, with a focus on balancing relations and principles.
  • Future of the War in Ukraine: India’s balancing act between its economic interests and international pressures, especially in its relationship with Russia, will continue to be a delicate matter.
  • Trade Pacts and Tech Partnerships: Finalizing trade agreements and enhancing tech partnerships with the West will be key areas of focus, with potential major developments expected in 2024.

Conclusion

  • Balancing Act: India’s foreign policy in the coming years will involve navigating a complex array of global conflicts, bilateral tensions, and internal political dynamics.
  • Strategic Posture: The outcomes of various global and regional conflicts, along with India’s own electoral politics, will shape its strategic and foreign policy posture, reflecting a blend of continuity and change.

Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024

Attend Now

JOIN THE COMMUNITY

Join us across Social Media platforms.

💥Mentorship New Batch Launch
💥Mentorship New Batch Launch