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RBI Notifications

CBDC pilot programmes for CPs, CDs likely: RBI

Prelims Only | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Indian Economy

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: CBDC, CPs, CDs;

Mains level: NA

Why in the news?

RBI Governor Shaktikanta Das unveiled plans for a pilot program targeting the wholesale segment of Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) focusing on commercial papers (CPs) and certificates of deposits (CDs).

What is Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC)?

CBDC is a legal tender to be issued by the central bank in digital form; like rupee notes or coins, which are in physical form.
It was announced in the Union Budget 2022-23.
Subsequently, the Government amended Section 22 of the RBI Act, 1934 through the Finance Bill 2022. [Ref].
Working of CBDC:
- Like fiat currency, it can also be exchanged between people. Simply, put it’s just like rupee (₹) notes but in digital form (e₹).
- However, unlike fiat currency that’s usually stored in banks and hence their liability, CBDC is a liability on the RBI’s balance sheet.
- That’s why one does not necessarily need to have a bank account to own a digital rupee.

About Commercial Papers (CPs) and Certificates of Deposits (CDs)

	Commercial Papers	Certificates of Deposits
Type of Instrument	Unsecured promissory note	Fixed-income financial instrument
Issuer	Large corporations, primary dealers, financial institutions	Scheduled Commercial Banks, All-India Financial Institutions
Maturity Period	1 to 364 days	3 months to 1 year (for SCBs), 1 to 3 years (for financial institutions)
Minimum Investment	Rs. 5 lakh or multiples thereof	Rs. 1 lakh or multiples thereof
Credit Rating Requirement	Minimum credit rating required (e.g., A-2) from recognized rating agencies	Typically issued by highly rated banks and financial institutions
Collateral	Unsecured	Not applicable
Purpose	Short-term funding for corporations	Short to mid-term investment for individuals and institutions
Interest Rate	Typically higher than bonds, fluctuates with market conditions	Typically fixed, higher than savings accounts, fluctuates with market conditions
Investment Eligibility	Individuals, banking companies, corporate bodies (registered or incorporated in India), NRIs, FIIs, etc.	Individuals, banking companies, other corporate bodies, NRIs, FIIs, etc.
Issuing and Paying Agent (IPA)	Only scheduled banks act as Issuing and Paying Agent	Not applicable
Trading	Actively traded in Over-the-Counter (OTC) market, reported on Fixed Income Money Market and Derivatives Association of India (FIMMDA) reporting platform	Not publicly traded
Dematerialized Holding	Can be held in dematerialized form through Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI)-approved depositories	Can be issued in dematerialized form through SEBI-approved depositories

With inputs from: https://www.indiainfoline.com

PYQ:

[2020] With reference to the Indian economy, consider the following statements:

‘Commercial Paper’ is a short-term unsecured promissory note.
‘Certificate of Deposit’ is a long-term instrument issued by the Reserve Bank of India to a corporation.
‘Call Money’ is a short-term finance used for interbank transaction.
‘Zero-Coupon Bonds’ are the interest-bearing short-term bonds issued by the Scheduled Commercial Banks to corporations.

Which of the pairs above is/are correctly matched?

(a) 1 and 2 only

(b) 4 only

(d) 2, 3 and 4 only

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Innovations in Biotechnology and Medical Sciences

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and the Science behind

Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: MRI and its working principle

Mains level: NA

Why in the news?

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) revolutionized medical diagnostics, offering non-invasive insights into soft tissues.
The pioneering efforts of Paul Lauterbur and Peter Mansfield led to its commercialization, earning them the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 2003.

What is MRI?

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive diagnostic procedure used to obtain detailed images of soft tissues within the body.
It is particularly valuable for imaging sophisticated structures like the brain, cardiovascular system, spinal cord, joints, muscles, liver, and arteries.
MRI is instrumental in diagnosing and monitoring various conditions, including cancer, neurological disorders (such as Alzheimer’s and stroke), and cardiovascular diseases.
Functional MRI (fMRI) can also assess brain activity by monitoring changes in blood flow.

Working Principle:

MRI utilizes the magnetic properties of hydrogen atoms (one proton with one electron around it), which are abundant in water and fat molecules found throughout the body.
The MRI machine generates a powerful magnetic field, aligning hydrogen atoms within the body.
Radiofrequency pulses are then applied, causing hydrogen atoms to absorb energy and emit signals.
These emitted signals are detected by sensors and processed by a computer to create detailed images of the body’s internal structures.

Components of an MRI Machine:

The MRI machine consists:

Superconducting Magnet: Large magnet (superconducting magnet) that produces a powerful and stable magnetic field.
Gradient Coils: Gradient magnets produce smaller magnetic fields with varying strengths and directions, allowing for precise imaging of specific body areas.
Radiofrequency Coils: This emit radiofrequency pulses to excite hydrogen atoms in the body. The frequency of pulse the ‘excess’ atoms have to absorb is called the Larmor frequency.
Detectors: It capture emitted signals from hydrogen atoms and convert them into image data for analysis.

Advantages of MRI:

High-Resolution Imaging: MRI offers high-resolution imaging with excellent tissue contrast, allowing for accurate diagnosis and treatment planning.
Versatile Viewing Angles: It can visualize structures from various angles without the need for repositioning, providing comprehensive information.
Safety and Non-Invasiveness: MRI scans are non-invasive and do not involve ionizing radiation, making them safe for repeated use.
Enhanced Image Quality: Contrast agents can enhance image quality by highlighting specific tissues or abnormalities.

Limitations of MRI:

High Costs: MRI machines are expensive to purchase and maintain, resulting in high healthcare costs for patients.
Requirement for Patient Stillness: Patients undergoing MRI scans must remain still for extended periods to prevent image distortion, which can be challenging for some individuals.
Discomfort or Anxiety: The strong magnetic fields and loud noises produced during MRI scans may cause discomfort or anxiety for patients.
Limitations with Metallic Implants: Certain metallic implants or objects can interfere with MRI scans, limiting their use in individuals with such implants.

PYQ:

[2020] With the present state of development, Artificial Intelligence can effectively do which of the following?

Bring down electricity consumption in industrial units
Create meaningful short stories and songs
Disease diagnosis
Text-to-Speech Conversion
Wireless transmission of electrical energy

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1, 2, 3 and 5 only

(b) 1, 3 and 4 only

(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

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Innovations in Biotechnology and Medical Sciences

Role of Fusobacterium in Colorectal Cancer

Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Fusobacterium nucleatum animalis (Fna)

Mains level: NA

Why in the news?

Researchers at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center in the US have identified specific subtypes of Fusobacterium nucleatum associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) tumors.
These subtypes, particularly Fusobacterium nucleatum animalis (Fna), have been found in relatively higher quantities in CRC tumors.

About Fusobacterium nucleatum

Fusobacterium nucleatum is a species of bacteria commonly found in the human mouth.
It is a gram-negative anaerobic bacterium, meaning it does not require oxygen for growth.
While typically residing in the oral cavity, it has been associated with various diseases and conditions, including periodontal diseases and colorectal cancer.

Association with Colorectal Cancer (CRC):

In cases of colorectal cancer (CRC), Fusobacterium nucleatum has been found within tumors in the gut.
Studies have shown that this bacterium can aid cancer cells in evading the immune system and promoting metastasis, or the spread of cancer to other parts of the body.
Its presence in CRC tumors has led to investigations into its potential role in the development and progression of colorectal cancer.

Impact:

Assisting cancer cells in evading the immune system.
Promoting inflammation and creating an environment conducive to tumor growth.
Facilitating metastasis by interacting with cancer cells and promoting their spread to other tissues.

PYQ:

[2013] Improper handling and storage of cereal grains and oilseeds result in the production of toxins known as Aflatoxins which are not generally destroyed by normal cooking process. Aflatoxins are produced by:

(a) Bacteria

(b) Protozoa

(d) Viruses

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Wildlife Conservation Efforts

Mass Coral Bleaching in Lakshadweep Sea

Prelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Marine heatwave, Coral Bleaching, Agatti Reef, DHW Indicator

Mains level: NA

The Agatti Reef is experiencing unprecedented mass coral bleaching.

Why in the news?

Extreme heatwaves along the Indian coast, coupled with marine heatwaves, have triggered Mass Coral Bleaching events in the Lakshadweep Sea.

Heatwaves Toll on Lakshadweep’s Coral:

Researchers from the ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI) conducted surveys across various Lakshadweep Islands.

- The Degree Heating Week (DHW) indicator in Lakshadweep has soared above 4 °C-weeks, as per the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).
  - This elevation in DHW levels poses a substantial risk of coral bleaching, posing a severe threat to the region’s marine ecosystems.
Should DHW surpass 12 °C-weeks, it could trigger an unprecedented biodiversity crisis, leading to multispecies mortality.

Prolonged marine heatwaves since October 2023 have inflicted substantial stress on the coral reefs, exacerbating bleaching phenomena.
- A marine heatwave is characterized by seawater temperatures exceeding a seasonally-varying threshold (often the 90th percentile) for at least 5 consecutive days.

Degree Heating Week (DHW) indicator: It is a measurement used to assess the accumulated thermal stress that corals experience over an extended period, which can lead to coral bleaching. This indicator is expressed in °C-weeks, reflecting the exposure of coral reefs to elevated sea surface temperatures.

Lakshadweep’s Coral Treasure: Agatti Reef

Agatti Island is part of the Lakshadweep archipelago, situated in the Arabian Sea.
The island is surrounded by extensive coral reefs, making it a popular destination for snorkeling and diving enthusiasts.
The coral reefs around Agatti Island are composed of various coral species, including branching corals like Acropora, table corals like Acropora Hyacinthus, and massive corals like Porites.
These corals form intricate reef structures that provide habitat and food for numerous marine organisms.

What causes Coral Bleaching?

When exposed to conditions like heat stress, pollution, or high levels of ocean acidity, the zooxanthellae start producing reactive oxygen species not beneficial to the corals.
So, the corals kick out the colour-giving algae from their polyps, exposing their pale white exoskeleton and leading to coral starvation as corals cannot produce their own food.
Severe bleaching and prolonged stress in the external environment can lead to coral death.

Back2Basics: Corals

Coral are made up of genetically identical organisms called polyps.
These polyps have microscopic algae called zooxanthellae living within their tissues in a mutualistic relationship.
The coral provides the zooxanthellae with the compounds necessary for photosynthesis.
In return, the zooxanthellae supply the coral with organic products of photosynthesis, like carbohydrates, which are utilized by the coral polyps for synthesis of their calcium carbonate skeletons.
Corals are marine invertebrates or animals which do not possess a spine.
They are the largest living structures on the planet.
Each coral is called a polyp and thousands of such polyps live together to form a colony, which grow when polyps multiply to make copies of themselves.
Coral reefs are also called the “rainforests of the seas”.

Types of Coral

Corals are of two types — hard corals and soft corals:

Hard corals extract calcium carbonate from seawater to build hard, white coral exoskeletons. Hard corals are in a way the engineers of reef ecosystems and measuring the extent of hard coral is a widely-accepted metric for measuring the condition of coral reefs.
Soft corals attach themselves to such skeletons and older skeletons built by their ancestors. Soft corals also add their own skeletons to the hard structure over the years. These growing multiplying structures gradually form coral reefs.

Conditions needed for Corals to Flourish

Extensive submarine platforms for the formation of colonies by the coral polyps (not more than 90m below sea level).
High mean annual temperature ranging 20-21 degree Celsius.
Clean sediment-free water because muddy water or turbid water clogs the mouths of coral polyps resulting into their death.
Oceanic salinity ranging between 27-30 ppt.
Ocean currents and waves, as they bring food supply for the polyps.

PYQ:

2014: Which of the following have coral reefs?

Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Gulf of Kachchh
Gulf of Mannar
Sunderbans

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1, 2 and 3 only

(b) 2 and 4 only

(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

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Innovations in Biotechnology and Medical Sciences

West Nile Fever Outbreak in Kerala

Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: West Nile Virus, Its host, Transmission;

Mains level: NA

Why in the news?

The Kerala government disclosed the re-emergence of West Nile fever cases in Thrissur, Malappuram, and Kozhikode districts.
West Nile fever was first detected in Kerala in 2011, with a fatal case recorded in 2019 involving a six-year-old from Malappuram.

What is West Nile Fever?

West Nile fever is caused by a West Nile Virus (WNV) transmitted through bites from infected Culex mosquitoes.
The WNV is a mosquito-borne, single-stranded RNA virus.
According to the WHO, it is a member of the flavi-virus genus and belongs to the Japanese Encephalitis antigenic complex of the family Flaviviridae.

How does it spread?

It is transmitted by infected mosquitoes between and among humans and animals, including birds, which are the reservoir host of the virus.
Mosquitoes become infected when they feed on infected birds, which circulate the virus in their blood for a few days.
The virus eventually gets into the mosquito’s salivary glands.
During later blood meals (when mosquitoes bite), the virus may be injected into humans and animals, where it can multiply and possibly cause illness.
WNV can also spread through blood transfusion, from an infected mother to her child, or through exposure to the virus in laboratories.
It is not known to spread by contact with infected humans or animals.

Symptoms of WNV infection:

The disease is asymptomatic in 80% of the infected people.
The rest develop what is called the West Nile fever or severe West Nile disease.
In these 20% cases, the symptoms include fever, headache, fatigue, body aches, nausea, rash, and swollen glands.

PYQ:

[2017] Consider the following statements:

1. In tropical regions, Zika virus disease is transmitted by the same mosquito that transmits dengue.

2. Sexual transmission of Zika virus disease is possible.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 only

(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Back2Basics: Type of Viruses

	Subtypes	Description	Examples
DNA Viruses	Herpesviruses	DNA viruses with a complex structure causing various diseases including cold sores, chickenpox, and mononucleosis.	HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV, EBV
	Papillomaviruses	DNA viruses associated with warts and certain cancers.	HPV
	Adenoviruses	DNA viruses causing a wide range of infections in humans.	Adenovirus types causing respiratory, gastrointestinal, and ocular infections
	Poxviruses	Large, complex DNA viruses responsible for diseases like smallpox.	Variola virus (smallpox), Vaccinia virus
RNA Viruses	Positive-Sense RNA Viruses	RNA viruses with genomes that can directly serve as mRNA, causing diseases like the common cold, Zika, and COVID-19.	Picornaviruses, Flaviviruses, Coronaviruses
	Negative-Sense RNA Viruses	RNA viruses requiring transcription into positive-sense RNA before translation, causing diseases like influenza and rabies.	Orthomyxoviruses, Paramyxoviruses, Rhabdoviruses
	Retroviruses	RNA viruses that use reverse transcriptase to integrate their genome into the host cell’s DNA.	HIV, HTLV
	Double-Stranded RNA (dsRNA) Viruses	RNA viruses with double-stranded RNA genomes causing gastroenteritis and other infections.	Reoviruses
	Single-Stranded RNA (ssRNA) Viruses with Ambisense Genome	RNA viruses with genomes containing both positive-sense and negative-sense RNA regions.	Arenaviruses, Bunyaviruses
	Single-Stranded RNA (ssRNA) Viruses with Segmented Genome	RNA viruses with genomes consisting of multiple segments, causing diseases like influenza and hemorrhagic fevers.	Orthomyxoviruses, Bunyaviruses
	Single-Stranded RNA (ssRNA) Viruses with Circular Genome	Satellite viruses with a circular RNA genome requiring helper viruses for replication.	Hepatitis Delta Virus (HDV)
Enveloped Viruses	Influenza Viruses	RNA viruses surrounded by a lipid envelope causing seasonal flu outbreaks.	Influenza A, B, C viruses
	Herpesviruses	Enveloped DNA viruses causing diseases like cold sores, chickenpox, and mononucleosis.	HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV, CMV
	Coronaviruses	Enveloped RNA viruses causing diseases like severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and COVID-19.	SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2
	HIV	Enveloped retroviruses responsible for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).	Human immunodeficiency virus
	Ebola Virus	Enveloped RNA virus causing severe hemorrhagic fever in humans.	Ebola virus
Non-enveloped Viruses	Adenoviruses	DNA viruses lacking a lipid envelope, causing various infections in humans.	Adenovirus types causing respiratory, gastrointestinal, and ocular infections
	Papillomaviruses	DNA viruses associated with warts and certain cancers, lacking an envelope.	HPV
	Noroviruses	RNA viruses causing gastroenteritis, lacking an envelope.	Norovirus
	Rotaviruses	RNA viruses causing severe gastroenteritis in infants and young children, lacking an envelope.	Rotavirus
Bacteriophages	T4 Bacteriophage	Viruses that infect bacteria, with a complex structure and lifecycle.	T4 bacteriophage
Bacteriophages	Lambda Phage	Temperate bacteriophage capable of lysogenic and lytic cycles in E. coli.	Lambda phage

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Forest Fires

Uttarakhand Forest Fires

DOMR Prelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Forest Fires as per FSI report

Mains level: NA

Why in the News?

Last week, three instances of forest fire were reported from the major forest belts in Uttarakhand.

The severity of the situation has prompted the deployment of Indian Air Force personnel and Mi-17 choppers, engaged in the critical operation of dousing the flames using the Bambi Bucket Method.

Causes of Wildfire:

Firstly, the general major causes of forest fires in Uttarakhand are continued dry weather and lack of moisture in the forests.
Secondly, according to the Forest Research Institute (FRI, 2019), 95% of forest fires are attributed to human activities.
The common human-induced causes include – Grazers setting fire to dry grass, Slash-and-burn agriculture, Unattended campfires, and Intentional arson.

Uttarakhand’s Forest Vulnerability:

As per the latest report from the Forest Survey of India (FSI), the Recorded Forest Area (RFA) in the State is 38,000 sq km of which 26,547 sq km is Reserved Forest, 9,885 sq km is Protected Forest, and 1,568 sq km is Unclassed Forests.
Highly flammable Chir Pine trees, covering extensive areas, increase the fire risk.
This risk is compounded by prolonged dry spells and excess biomass accumulation.
Additionally, the proximity of villages facilitates anthropogenic activities such as forest clearance and grazing.

Forest Fires in India: Recent Statistics

Odisha recorded 4,237 forest fires as compared to 1,499 between April 20 and 27 in 2023. Similarly, Chhattisgarh recorded 757 fires last year as compared to 2,116 this year, Jharkhand 633 as against 1,926 and Andhra Pradesh 527 as compared to 1,126 in 2023.
However, Uttarakhand has recorded the highest number of large forest fires in the country in the last seven days since April 28, according to the Forest Survey of India (FSI) data.

Mitigation Strategies

Localized Initiatives:

Effective measures to mitigate forest fire risks include controlled burning, biomass removal, prescribed burns, and enhanced surveillance using drones.
Community engagement and proactive involvement, as demonstrated in Kerala, provide valuable insights for forest fire management.

Government Initiatives:

The government has introduced measures such as a satellite-based fire alert system by the Forest Survey of India, aiding in early detection and response efforts.
Forest staff utilize various techniques, including counter-fires and fire beaters, to contain and manage forest fires effectively.

Wildfires Mitigating Strategies:

The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) outlines four strategies to prevent and manage forest fires:

Erecting watch towers for early detection,
Deploying fire watchers,
Engaging local communities, and
Establishing and maintaining fire lines.

The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) website distinguishes between two types of fire lines:

Kachha fire lines involve clearing undergrowth and shrubs while preserving trees to decrease the amount of available fuel.
Pucca fire lines are clear-cut areas that create a barrier between forest compartments or blocks to contain potential fire spread.

PYQ:

[2020] Examine the status of forest resources of India and its resultant impact on climate change.

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Global Geological And Climatic Events

Catatumbo Lightning: A Torrent of Current

Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Catatumbo Lightning

Mains level: NA

Why in the news?

Catatumbo lightning is a natural event seen over the Catatumbo River in Venezuela, where lightning strikes almost nonstop.

What is Catatumbo Lightning?

Catatumbo Lightning is an atmospheric phenomenon that occurs over the Catatumbo River in Venezuela.
It specifically occurs at the Catatumbo Delta, where the river meets Lake Maracaibo.
It is known as one of the world’s largest lightning displays.
This natural spectacle involves frequent and nearly continuous lightning strikes that illuminate the night sky, creating a mesmerizing light show.
Catatumbo Lightning is most prevalent during the wet season, typically from April to November.
The consistent and abundant lightning activity has earned the region the moniker “the lightning capital of the world.”

Factors behind Catatumbo Lightning

Weather Dynamics

Warm, moisture-laden air from the Caribbean Sea clashes with cooler air descending from the Andes mountains, creating a dynamic interplay of atmospheric forces.
This collision, accentuated by the local landscape, triggers rapid upward movement of warm air, leading to the formation of towering cumulonimbus clouds.

Electrical Charge Generation

Strong winds and temperature differentials within these clouds generate electrical charges.
Cumulonimbus clouds, towering over 5 km high, accumulate vast amounts of static electricity.

Lightning Discharge: When the electrical potential within the clouds reaches a critical level, it discharges in the form of lightning strikes.

Characteristics of Catatumbo Lightning

Catatumbo lightning occurs on approximately 160 nights annually, exhibiting a remarkable longevity.
At its peak, the phenomenon generates an astonishing average of 28 lightning strikes per minute.

PYQ:

[2013] During a thunderstorm, the thunder in the skies is produced by the

1. Meeting of cumulonimbus clouds in the sky

2. Lightning that separates the nimbus clouds

3. Violent upward movement of air and water particles

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 and 3

(d) None of the above produces the thunder

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New Species of Plants and Animals Discovered

Scintillating Sea Creatures and their Uniqueness

Prelims Only Species | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Scintillating Sea Creatures mentioned in the newscard

Mains level: NA

Why in the News?

“Scintillating” means sparkling or shining brightly, often used metaphorically to describe something lively, exciting, or brilliantly clever.

Species	Description	Notable Features	IUCN Status
Seahorses	Small, dragon-like creatures inhabiting tropical seas.	Vibrant colors and intricate camouflage Unique parenting style with male nurturing eggs	Status: Near Threatened
Mantis Shrimp	Colorful crustaceans found in tropical waters, known for hunting prowess.	Impressive stabbing or punching abilities Display familial bonds	Status: Least Concerned
Octopus	Highly intelligent marine creatures with a wise demeanor.	They have *three functioning hearts.* Venomous beaks and powerful suckers. Solitary nature, adept at camouflage	Status: Least Concerned Recently, marine scientists have discovered a new Octopus nursery off the coast of Costa Rica.
Starfish	Also known as sea stars, possess remarkable regenerative abilities. Starfish have *two stomachs* – the pyloric and the cardiac stomach.	Each arm contains vital organs. Starfish belongs to the phylum *Echinodermata group*. Echinodermata are so named owing to their spiny skin They have a unique feeding method involving stomach extrusion.	Status: The Sunflower sea star (Pycnopodia helianthoides) is Critically Endangered.
Hermit Crabs	Resourceful creatures use discarded shells for shelter.	They use *empty snail shells or other hollow objects* as a shelter for partial containment and protection of the body. Hermit crabs occur in *sandy- or muddy-bottomed marine waters* and occasionally on land and in trees.	Status: Least Concerned The majority of terrestrial hermit crab species worldwide have used trash as shells, according to a recent study by experts.

PYQ:

[2013] Consider the following animals

Sea cow
Sea horse
Sea lion

Which of the above is/are mammal/mammals?

(a) 1 only

(b) 1 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2 and 3

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Water Management – Institutional Reforms, Conservation Efforts, etc.

Shellfish Aquaculture for Water Remediation

Prelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Geukensia demissa

Mains level: NA

Why in the news?

Shellfish aquaculture using Geukensia demissa is emerging as a viable solution for mitigating excess nutrients and contaminants in coastal and estuarine waters.

About Geukensia demissa

Geukensia demissa is a species of mussel commonly known as the ribbed mussel or Atlantic ribbed mussel.
It is native to the Atlantic coast of North America, ranging from Nova Scotia in Canada to the Gulf of Mexico.
They inhabit intertidal and shallow subtidal areas, typically found in estuaries, salt marshes, and tidal flats.
They prefer areas with muddy or sandy substrates where they can burrow and anchor themselves.

Ecological Importance

Ribbed mussels play a vital role in estuarine ecosystems.

Water Filtration: They filter large volumes of water, helping to improve water quality by removing suspended particles and excess nutrients.
Key species of Food Chain: Additionally, their presence provides habitat and food for various other organisms, including small invertebrates and fish.
Organisms Filter: These mussels thrive in diverse habitats and possess the ability to filter bacteria, microalgae, and detritus laden with nutrients and contaminants.

Geukensia demissa: Experimental Deployment and Results

To assess the efficacy of G. demissa in purifying urban waters, a raft stocked with local ribbed mussels was deployed in an estuary near New York City.
Subsequent analysis revealed that the mussels exhibited robust health and accumulated significant amounts of local nitrogen isotopes, indicative of nitrogen removal from the water.
Based on the findings, it is estimated that a fully stocked raft could purify an average of 11,356 m3 of water daily and remove approximately 159 kg of particulate matter on a daily basis.
Moreover, upon harvesting, the mussels sequestered 62.6 kg of nitrogen in their tissues and shells, further enhancing the water quality.

PYQ:

[2011] Recently, “oil-zapper” was in the news. What is it?

(a) It is an eco-friendly technology for the remediation of oily sludge and oil spills

(b) It is the latest technology developed for under-sea oil exploration

(d) It is the latest technology to control the accidentally caused flames from oil wells

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Health Sector – UHC, National Health Policy, Family Planning, Health Insurance, etc.

[pib] May 5: World Pulmonary Hypertension Day

Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Pulmonary Hypertension, 75-25 Initiative

Mains level: NA

Why in the news?

Every year on May 5, pulmonary hypertension organizations and groups around the world participate in World Pulmonary Hypertension Day.

What is Pulmonary Hypertension?

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a condition characterized by high blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries, which are the blood vessels that carry blood from the heart to the lungs.
This elevated pressure in the pulmonary arteries can lead to various symptoms and complications, affecting the heart’s ability to pump blood effectively to the lungs and the rest of the body.

Here are some key aspects of pulmonary hypertension:

Causes:

Idiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (IPAH): In many cases, the exact cause of pulmonary hypertension is unknown, and it is referred to as idiopathic. IPAH is a subtype of PH without an identifiable cause.
Secondary Pulmonary Hypertension: PH can also develop secondary to other underlying conditions, including:
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
- Interstitial lung disease
- Sleep apnea
- Connective tissue diseases such as scleroderma and lupus
- Congenital heart diseases
- HIV infection
- Liver disease (cirrhosis)
Genetic Factors: Some forms of PH may have a genetic component, with mutations in certain genes predisposing individuals to the condition.

Features:

Symptoms: Symptoms of pulmonary hypertension may include:

1. - Shortness of breath, especially during physical activity
  - Fatigue
  - Chest pain or pressure
  - Dizziness or fainting spells
  - Swelling in the ankles and legs (edema)
  - Bluish lips or skin (cyanosis)

Diagnostic Tests: Diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension typically involves a combination of medical history review, physical examination, and diagnostic tests, including:

1. - Echocardiogram (ECG)
  - Right heart catheterization
  - Pulmonary function tests
  - Chest X-ray
  - CT scan or MRI of the chest
  - Blood tests

Treatment: Treatment for pulmonary hypertension aims to relieve symptoms, improve quality of life, and slow disease progression. Treatment options may include:

- Medications such as vasodilators, endothelin receptor antagonists, and prostacyclin analogs
- Oxygen therapy
- Pulmonary rehabilitation
- Surgery or a lung transplant in severe cases

Hypertension Control Initiatives in India:

India Hypertension Control Initiative (IHCI) (2017): It was launched to strengthen the hypertension component of National Programme for Prevention and Control of Non-Communicable Diseases (NP-NCD) in primary care public sector facilities in India
75/25 initiative (2023): Union Health Ministry announced the initiative- 75 million people with hypertension and diabetes to be put on Standard Care by 2025, through the Primary Health Centres (PHCs).

PYQ:

[2021] In the context of hereditary diseases, consider the following statements :

1. Passing on mitochondrial diseases from parent to child can be prevented by mitochondrial replacement therapy either before or after in vitro fertilization of egg.

2. A child inherits mitochondrial diseases entirely from mother and not from father.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 only

(d) Neither 1 nor 2

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Innovations in Biotechnology and Medical Sciences

Endosymbiotic Theory and Symbiogenesis

Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Endosymbiotic Theory, Nitrogen Cycle

Mains level: NA

Why in the news?

The endosymbiotic theory suggests that tiny structures in cells called mitochondria and chloroplasts were once independent bacteria.
A biologist named Lynn Margulis came up with the idea that cells merged with bacteria, challenging the usual belief that evolution happens mainly through genetic changes.

What is the Endosymbiotic Theory?

The endosymbiotic theory proposes that organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living bacteria engulfed by recipient cells.
American biologist Lynn Margulis introduced Symbiogenesis, challenging the Neo-Darwinist consensus on genetic mutations driving evolution.
Margulis’s Struggle:

Margulis’s manuscript on symbiogenesis faced rejection by academic journals before finally being published in The Journal of Theoretical Biology in 1967.
It took years for mitochondria and chloroplasts to be acknowledged as former free-living bacteria turned endosymbionts.

Recent Discoveries and Endosymbiotic Theory

Recent papers published in Science and Cell have reignited interest in the endosymbiotic theory.
The focus is on nitrogen fixation, crucial for proteins and DNA in living organisms.
Despite abundant atmospheric nitrogen, plants lack the means to utilize it efficiently.
Legumes host nitrogen-fixing bacteria in root nodules, aiding in ammonia production for plant use.

Evolution of Nitroplast

Cyanobacterium UCYN-A was found in marine algae, establishing a symbiotic relationship.
Nitroplast, a new organelle, co-evolved with its host cell, satisfying criteria for organelle classification.
Nitroplast integrates into host cell function and architecture, imports host cell proteins, synchronizes growth, and is inherited during cell division.
Nearly half of nitroplast proteins are derived from the host cell.

Nitrogen Cycle:

The nitrogen cycle is a crucial biogeochemical cycle that describes the transformation and circulation of nitrogen in various forms within ecosystems. It involves several key steps:

Nitrogen Fixation: This is the process by which atmospheric nitrogen (N2) is converted into ammonia (NH3) or nitrate (NO3-) ions, which are forms of nitrogen that plants can utilize. Nitrogen fixation can occur through biological, atmospheric, and industrial processes. In biological nitrogen fixation, certain bacteria like Rhizobium spp. in the root nodules of leguminous plants or cyanobacteria convert N2 into ammonia.
Ammonification: Ammonification is the process by which organic nitrogen compounds from dead organisms, feces, and other waste materials are converted into ammonia by decomposer organisms like bacteria and fungi during the decay process.
Nitrification: Nitrification is the biological oxidation of ammonia (NH3) or ammonium (NH4+) to nitrite (NO2-) and then to nitrate (NO3-) by nitrifying bacteria such as Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter. This process occurs in aerobic conditions and plays a crucial role in making nitrogen available to plants.
Assimilation: Plants and other organisms take up ammonia, nitrate, or organic nitrogen compounds from the soil to use them in synthesizing proteins, nucleic acids, and other vital nitrogen-containing compounds.
Denitrification: Denitrification is the process by which nitrate (NO3-) is converted back into nitrogen gas (N2) or nitrous oxide (N2O) by denitrifying bacteria under anaerobic conditions. This step completes the cycle by returning nitrogen to the atmosphere, closing the loop.
Ammonium Ionization: In soils and aquatic environments, ammonium ions (NH4+) may undergo ionization, converting to ammonia gas (NH3), which can volatilize and return to the atmosphere.

Significance of the Nitroplasts

Agriculture: Nitroplasts offer potential solutions for reducing the harmful effects of industrial ammonia production.
Biotechnology: Biotechnological applications may include engineering host cells and nitroplasts for efficient nitrogen fixation in plants.

PYQ:

[2021] In case of which one of the following biogeochemical cycles, the weathering of rocks is the main source of release of nutrient to enter the cycle?

(a) Carbon cycle

(b) Nitrogen cycle

(d) Sulphur cycle

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Global Geological And Climatic Events

Eta Aquariid Meteor Shower and how it can be spotted

Prelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 1: Geographical Features & Their Location

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Eta Aquariid Meteor Shower, Halley’s Comet

Mains level: NA

Why in the news?

The Eta Aquariid meteor shower, an annual event, will reach its peak on May 5 and 6.
This meteor shower is a result of Earth intersecting with the debris trail left by Halley’s Comet during its orbit.

Halley’s Comet

Halley’s Comet is a short-period comet visible from Earth every 75–79 years.
It was last seen in Earth’s skies in 1986 and was met in space by an international fleet of spacecraft. It will return in 2061 on its regular journey around the Sun.

What are Meteoric Showers?

Meteors, fragments of dust, rock and ice, are expelled from comets during their celestial orbits around the sun.
The Earth’s atmosphere heats these space rocks as they descend, leaving luminous streaks of gas in their way.
NASA’s records confirms existence of over 30 meteor showers annually.

Origin of Meteor Showers:

Meteor showers originate from comets, remnants of the solar system’s formation composed of dust, rock, and ice.
Comets orbit the Sun in highly elliptical paths, and as they approach, they heat up, releasing gases and dust to form a glowing head and a tail stretching millions of miles.
When Earth traverses through the debris left behind by comets along their orbital plane, we witness meteor showers.

About Eta Aquariids

Known for their rapid speed, Eta Aquariid meteors produce long, glowing tails lasting several minutes.
Observers in the Southern Hemisphere can witness approximately 30 to 40 meteors per hour during the peak, while those in the Northern Hemisphere may see around 10 meteors per hour.
They seem to originate from the Aquarius constellation, hence the name ‘Eta Aquariid.’

PYQ:

[2014] What is a coma, in the content of astronomy?

(a) Bright half of material on the comet

(b) Long tail of dust

(d) Two planets orbiting each other

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Modern Indian History-Events and Personalities

‘Hicky’s Bengal Gazette’: India’s First Newspaper

Prelims Only | History and Art & Culture | Mains Paper 1: Modern Indian History

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: 'Hicky’s Bengal Gazette' and related facts

Mains level: NA

Why in the news?

World Press Freedom Day, observed annually on May 3, underscores the significance of journalism in society, tracing its roots back to pivotal moments in history.
Hicky’s Bengal Gazette, founded by James Augustus Hicky in 1780, marked the inception of Indian journalism, serving as a platform for social discourse and political critique.

Who was James Augustus Hicky?

Born in Ireland in the 1730s, James Augustus Hicky ventured to India, then known as the “Jewel in the Crown of the British Empire“, in search of better opportunities.
Faced with initial setbacks, including debts that led to his imprisonment, Hicky demonstrated resilience by setting up a printing press within the jail premises.

Establishment of ‘Hicky’s Bengal Gazette’:

‘Hicky’s Bengal Gazette’ was the first newspaper ever published in India (indeed in Asia), with its inaugural edition released on January 29, 1780.
Hicky served as its founder-editor, aiming to cater primarily to the European community in Calcutta.
He initially focusing on local issues such as road repairs and maintenance.
The newspaper later delved into broader societal concerns, including government corruption and civic issues.
Despite its reputation for gossip and salacious content, the Gazette also published articles critical of the British East India Company and advocated for infrastructure development and sanitation improvements.
Hicky’s newspaper was printed once a week on Saturday, and retailed for Rs 1.
Its circulation was estimated to be around 400 copies per week, although possibly more.

Challenges and Legal Battles:

The Gazette faced legal challenges, including multiple libel lawsuits filed by prominent figures such as Governor General Warren Hastings in 1780s and missionary Johann Zacharias Kiernander.
He described Hastings in an article as being Robert Clive’s “miserable successor”.
Hicky’s bold stance against powerful figures, including scathing critiques of Hastings’ expansion policies, led to his imprisonment and financial ruin due to legal fees and penalties.
The publication was ceased on 30 March 1782.

Legacy and Impact:

Despite its eventual closure due to legal pressure and financial constraints, ‘Hicky’s Bengal Gazette’ left an indelible mark on Indian journalism.
Hicky’s pioneering efforts laid the groundwork for the development of a vibrant media landscape in India, inspiring subsequent generations of journalists and press pioneers.
The Gazette’s brief but impactful existence demonstrated the power of the press in advocating for societal change and holding the powerful to account.

PYQ:

[2020] The Vital-Vidhwansak, the first monthly journal to have the untouchable people as its target audience was published by:

(a) Gopal Baba Walangkar

(b) Jyotiba Phule

(d) Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar

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Women Safety Issues – Marital Rape, Domestic Violence, Swadhar, Nirbhaya Fund, etc.

Financial Relief in Domestic Violence Cases

Bills/Act/Laws Prelims Only | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Laws, Institutions & Bodies Constituted For The Vulnerable Sections

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: DV Act 2005 and its key provisions

Mains level: NA

Why in the news?

A recent question before the Supreme Court compelled it to deliberate on whether damages for domestic violence should be determined based on the injuries sustained by the victim or the perpetrator’s ability to pay.
The petitioner contested orders from the Bombay High Court and a trial court directing him to pay Rs 3 crore to his wife under Section 22 of the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005.

Domestic Violence Law: An Overview

The DV Act, 2005 aims to safeguard women’s rights by addressing violence within the family.
Key Features of the DV Act:

	Details
Background	Introduced in 2005 to address limitations in civil and criminal courts regarding domestic violence (under Section 498A of the Indian Penal Code).
Definitions of Violence	Includes physical, sexual, emotional, verbal, psychological, and economic abuse (Section 3). Even a single act of harm or injury qualifies as domestic violence.
Beneficiaries	Any woman in a domestic relationship (Section 2). Children can also file complaints, and any person can file on their behalf (Section 2).
Respondents	Adult male members in domestic relationships (Section 2). Relatives of the husband or male partner can also be respondents (Section 2).
Rights to Residence	Women cannot be denied access to resources during legal proceedings (Section 17).
Other Rights	Access to police, shelter, medical aid, and legal assistance. Can obtain various court orders, including protection, residence, and compensation orders (Section 18).
Remedial Measures	*Victims entitled to medical facilities, counseling, and shelter (Section 12).* Both parties may receive counseling as directed by the court (Section 14). *Respondents required to provide compensation for losses incurred by the victim (Section 20).* *Courts to order respondents to pay damages for injuries, including mental and emotional trauma, resulting from domestic violence (Section 22).*
Protection Officers	Appointment of officers in each district, preferably women, with necessary qualifications (Section 8).
Fixed Timeline	*All complaints must be heard and disposed of within 60 days (Section 12).*

PYQ:

[2022] Explore and evaluate the impact of ‘Work From Home’ on family relationships.

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Wildlife Conservation Efforts

Mapping: Garo Hills

Places in news Prelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 1: Geographical Features & Their Location

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Garo Hills

Mains level: NA

Why in the news?

Geological Survey of India (GSI) explorers have made a breakthrough, uncovering ancient fossils in Tolegre, South Garo Hills of Meghalaya.
It is speculated that the fossils could be linked to the genera Rhodocetus or Amulocetus (now extinct), considered ancestors of modern whales.

About Garo Hills

The Garo Hills, located in Meghalaya, are part of the Garo-Khasi range, one of the hill ranges in the northeastern region of India.
They are situated in the western part of Meghalaya, bordering Bangladesh to the south and west.
The terrain of the Garo Hills is rugged and hilly, characterized by dense forests, steep slopes, and deep valleys.
The Nokrek is highest Peak, which stands at approximately 1,415 meters (4,642 feet) above sea level.
The climate in the Garo Hills is typically humid subtropical, with heavy rainfall during the monsoon season, which usually lasts from June to September.
Numerous rivers and streams, including the Brahmaputra, Someshwari, and Jinjiram rivers crisscross this region.
The region is also known for its picturesque waterfalls, such as the Pelga Falls, located near Tura, the largest town in the Garo Hills.
The Nokrek National Park, located within, is recognized as a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve and is home to various endangered species, including the Asian elephant and the red panda.
The Garo Hills are inhabited predominantly by the Garo tribe, one of the major ethnic groups in Meghalaya.

PYQ:

[2013] Consider the following pairs:

1. Nokrek Bio-Sphere Reserve : Garo Hills

2. Logtak (Loktak) Lake : Barail Range

3. Namdapha National Park: Daphla Hills

Which of the above pairs is/are correctly matched?

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 and 3 only

(d) None

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Agricultural Sector and Marketing Reforms – eNAM, Model APMC Act, Eco Survey Reco, etc.

National Council for Agriculture and Rural Transformation (NCART): A New Vision for Agriculture Sector

Prelims Only | Economics | Mains Paper 3: Agriculture and related issues

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: NCART

Mains level: NA

Why in the news?

The Centre is contemplating the establishment of the National Council for Agriculture and Rural Transformation (NCART), envisioned as a federal body to formulate policies and programs for the agricultural sector.

What is NCART?

The NCART is a proposed federal body aimed at coordinating and driving actions in the agriculture sector in India.
It would have representation of both the Centre and States.
The idea for NCART has been proposed by the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare as part of its 100-day action plan for the new government.
It draws inspiration from the Goods and Services Tax (GST) Council.

Terms of Reference of NCART:

Policy Formulation: NCART is envisioned as an overarching federal body responsible for devising policies and programs to promote agricultural and rural development.
Coordination: One of the key objectives of NCART is to ensure coordinated actions across various stakeholders involved in the agriculture sector, including the central government, state governments, and other relevant entities.
Consultative Body: NCART is expected to include representation from both the central and state governments, similar to the Goods and Services Tax (GST) Council, to ensure a consultative approach in decision-making.
Legal Status: While the GST Council is a constitutional body, the exact status of NCART is yet to be finalized.

India’s Agriculture Expenses:

Despite agriculture being a state subject, the Centre has significantly increased budgetary allocations for the Agriculture Ministry.
Budgetary allocation for the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare surged from Rs. 27,662.67 crore in 2013-14 to Rs. 1,25,035.79 crore in 2023-24 BE.

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ISRO Missions and Discoveries

Moon occulting the Antares (Jyeshtha)

Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Awareness in various sc and tech fields

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Antares (Jyeshtha), Occultation

Mains level: NA

Why in the news?

The Bengaluru-based Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA) captured the moon passing in front of Antares, a bright red star.
Moon occasionally occults bright stars such as Antares and planets as it orbits the Earth once a month.

About Antares (Jyeshtha)

Antares is a red supergiant star also called ‘Alpha Scorpii,’ located in the constellation of Scorpius.
It is visible in the southern sky during the summer months in the northern hemisphere.
It is often referred to as the “heart of the scorpion” due to its location within the Scorpius constellation and its striking red color.
It is a massive star, with a diameter estimated to be around 700 times that of the Sun.
It has a relatively low surface temperature compared to other stars, which gives it its distinctive red color.
The distance to Antares from Earth is approximately 550 light-years, making it one of the closest red supergiant stars to our solar system.

What is Occultation?

An occultation is a total or a partial cut-off of the light of a celestial body due to its passage behind another body.
The finest example of an occultation is the solar eclipse.
Strictly speaking, it is not an eclipse, but a lunar occultation of the sun.

PYQ:

[2012] A person stood alone in a desert on a dark night and wanted to reach his village, which was situated 5 km East of the point where he was standing. He had no instruments to find the direction, but he located the pole-star. The most convenient way now to reach his village is to walk in the _______.

(a) Direction facing the pole-star

(b) Direction opposite to the pole-star

(d) Direction keeping the pole-star to his right

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Foreign Policy Watch: United Nations

[pib] 57th Session of the Commission on Population and Development (CPD57)

IOCR Prelims Only | International Relations | Mains Paper 2: Bilateral, Regional and Global Groupings and agreements involving India

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Commission on Population and Development (CPD)

Mains level: NA

Why in the news?

India’s Elected Women Representatives (EWRs) are participating in the Commission on Population and Development (CPD57) 57th session at the United Nations Headquarters in New York.

About Commission on Population and Development (CPD)

	Details
Establishment	Established by United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) resolution 18(IV) in 1946 to advise on population and development issues.
Mandate	Provides guidance and recommendations on population and development policies to ECOSOC and the UN General Assembly.
Membership	Comprises 47 member states elected by ECOSOC for 4-year terms, based on geographic representation and expertise.
Meetings	Holds annual sessions at the United Nations Headquarters in New York, typically in April.
Themes	Focuses each session on specific population and development themes, such as youth empowerment and gender equality.
Reports and Resolutions	Prepares reports and adopts resolutions containing recommendations for action by ECOSOC and the UN General Assembly.
Linkage to SDGs	Closely aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly Goal 3, 5, 10, and 17.
Regional Collaboration	Collaborates with regional commissions and expert groups to analyze population trends and develop strategies at regional and national levels.

PYQ:

[2017] What are the main functions of the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)? Explain different functional commissions attached to it.

[2017] With reference to the role of UN-Habitat in the United Nations programme working towards a better urban future, which of the statements is/are correct?

1. UN-Habitat has been mandated by the United Nations General Assembly to promote socially and environmentally sustainable towns and cities to provide adequate shelter for all.

2. Its partners are either governments or local urban authorities only.

3. UN-Habitat contributes to the overall objective of the United Nations system to reduce poverty and to promote access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1, 2 and 3

(b) 1 and 3 only

(d) 1 only

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Promoting Science and Technology – Missions,Policies & Schemes

[pib] 46th Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting (ATCM 46)

Prelims Only | Enviro & Biodiversity | Mains Paper 3: Conservation, Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Eia

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Antarctic Treaty

Mains level: NA

Why in the news?

The Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) will host the 46th Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting (ATCM 46) in Kochi, Kerala.

About Antarctic Treaty

	Details
Signing and Entry into Force	Signed on December 1, 1959 at Washington DC. Entered into force on June 23, 1961. 12 Initial Countries: Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Chile, France, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, the USSR, the UK, and the US.
Objective	Ensure Antarctica remains exclusively for peaceful purposes, free from international discord.
Key Provisions	Art. I: Antarctica shall be used for peaceful purposes only Art. II: Freedom of scientific investigation in Antarctica and cooperation Art. III: Scientific observations and results from Antarctica shall be exchanged and made freely available
Territorial Claims	Prohibits new territorial claims. Preserves existing territorial sovereignty claims.
Disarmament	Prohibits testing of nuclear weapons. Prohibits disposal of radioactive waste
Consultative Meetings	Annual Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings (ATCM) where member states discuss treaty implementation and cooperation
Environmental Protection	Promotes protection of Antarctic environment. Prohibits activities causing pollution or environmental damage
Mineral Resource Exploitation	Bans mining activities until at least 2048. Requires consensus for any review or modification
Membership	54 parties as of 2024. 29 Consultative Parties actively participate in decision-making. 25 Non-Consultative Parties. *India ratified the treaty in 1983.*
Madrid Protocol	Adopted in 1991. Entered into force in 1998. Strengthens environmental protection measures in Antarctic.

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ISRO Missions and Discoveries

Studies Suggest More Water Ice on Moon: ISRO

Prelims Only | Science Tech | Mains Paper 3: Achievements Of Indians In S&T

Note4Students

From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :

Prelims level: Water Ice on Moon

Mains level: NA

Why in the news?

A study has revealed evidence for enhanced possibility of sub-surface water ice occurrence in the polar craters of the Moon, according to ISRO.

Water Ice on Moon: ISRO’s Findings

The research indicates that the amount of sub-surface ice within the first few meters is significantly greater, about 5-8x more, than that found on the lunar surface.
Moreover, the study reveals that the Northern Polar region harbors twice as much water ice as the southern polar region.
It highlights the necessity of drilling to access this ice for future missions and sustained human presence on the Moon.

Origin of Water Ice:

The study validates the hypothesis that sub-surface water ice in lunar poles originated from out-gassing during volcanic activity in the Imbrian period.
It suggests that Lunar Mare Volcanism and preferential impact cratering govern the distribution of water ice on the Moon.

Methodology:

The research team utilized seven instruments aboard the NASA robotic spacecraft Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO), including radar, laser, optical, neutron spectrometer, ultra-violet spectrometer, and thermal radiometer. LRO hovers over Lunar South Pole.
These instruments provided crucial data to understand the origin and distribution of water ice on the lunar surface.

Significance of the findings

Accurate knowledge of water ice distribution and depth is vital for identifying suitable landing and sampling sites for future lunar missions.
The study supports ISRO’s future plans for in-situ volatile exploration on the Moon, aligning with its broader lunar exploration objectives.

PYQ:

Q. Discuss India’s achievements in the field of Space Science and Technology. How the application of this technology helped India in its socio-economic development? (2016)

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