From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: CAR-T Cell Therapy
Why in the News?
The Department of Biotechnology (DBT) has been a key supporter of research projects focusing on CAR T-cell therapies for cancers.
AboutCAR T-Cell Therapy:
What is it?
Acronym for Chimeric Antigen Receptor T–Cell Therapy;
Innovative immunotherapy in which T-cells (a type of white blood cell) are genetically modified to express a receptor (CAR) that targets specific proteins on cancer cells.
T-cells are part of the immune system and help identify and eliminate infected or cancerous cells.
Objective of the Therapy
To treat blood cancers, especially B Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (B-ALL) and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (B-NHL).
Aimed at patients whose disease relapsed or was resistant to conventional treatments (chemotherapy, radiation).
Specifically targets CD19, a protein found on the surface of B-cells, which includes cancerous B-cells.
Implementation and Structural Mandate
Developed jointly by Indian Institute of Technology (IIT-Bombay) and Tata Memorial Center (TMC), Mumbai since 2015.
Approved by DCGI (Drug Controller General of India) in March 2021 for Phase 1 trials in children and adults with relapsed B-ALL and B-NHL.
Supported by academic grants from Department of Biotechnology and government agencies.
Trials were conducted at Tata Memorial Center (TMC), and other hospitals.
Future Scope for Phase II
Phase 1 Trials: Conducted from 2021 to 2023 on children and adolescents with B-ALL and adults with B-NHL, with promising results matching international standards in terms of efficacy and safety.
Phase 2 Trials: Have been approved and are currently ongoing. These trials will expand on the efficacy and long-term safety of the therapy, including larger cohorts of patients.
Future Scope: Holds the potential for expanding to other cancers, such as Multiple Myeloma, Glioblastoma, and Hepatocellular Carcinomas, based on continued research and results from Phase II trials.
PYQ:
[2022] Which one of the following statements best describes the role of B cells and T cells in the human body?
(a) They protect the environmental allergens body.
(b) They alleviate the body’s pain and inflammation.
(c) They act as immuno-suppressants in the body.
(d) They protect the body from diseases caused by pathogens.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National TB Elimination Programme (NTEP)
Why in the News?
The Union Ministry of Health has re-strategized the National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme (NTEP) under the 100-Day TB Elimination Campaign to reduce TB cases and mortality through targeted interventions and a multi-pronged approach.
Menace of TB in India:
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), India accounted for 26% of global TB cases and deaths in 2023.
The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) conducted a National TB Prevalence Survey in 20 states, reporting 312 TB cases per lakh population.
The TB incidence rate decreased by 17.7%, from 237 per 100,000 in 2015 to 195 per 100,000 in 2023.
Similarly, TB-related deaths have declined by 21.4%, from 28 per lakh population in 2015 to 22 per lakh population in 2023.
About the National TB Elimination Programme (NTEP):
Details
About
Former Name: Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP)
Objective: To eliminate tuberculosis (TB) as a public health issue in India by 2025, as per PM Modi’s 2018 target.
Focus Areas: Early detection, complete treatment, prevention, and strengthening TB care and control services.
Key Components of NTEP:
Universal Drug Susceptibility Testing (UDST): Early detection of drug-resistant TB.
Free Diagnosis and Treatment: Provided for all TB patients across India.
Nikshay: A case-based web-enabled TB information system for monitoring and case management.
Private Sector Engagement: Involving private healthcare providers for standardized care.
Objectives under the National Strategic Plan
100-Day TB Elimination Campaign is an intensified effort launched to fast-track the detection and treatment of tuberculosis (TB) cases across the country.
Eliminate TB as a public health problem by 2025.
Achieve Universal Access to quality TB care.
Prevent the emergence of drug-resistant TB through early diagnosis and appropriate treatment.
Reduce the burden of TB through preventive interventions and awareness campaigns.
Ensure better case management through Nikshay, a case-based monitoring system.
6. Engage with the private sector to ensure standardized and quality TB care.
Steps taken by Govt
Universal Drug Susceptibility Testing (UDST): Early detection of drug-resistant TB.
Free Diagnosis and Treatment: Provided for all TB patients.
Nikshay System: Web-enabled case-based monitoring and management system for TB patients.
Private Sector Engagement: Ensuring standardized TB care by involving private healthcare providers.
National TB Prevalence Survey: Conducted to assess the TB burden in 20 states.
Enhanced Diagnostic Facilities: Including genetic and molecular tests for early detection.
Targeted Interventions for Vulnerable Populations: Focus on high-risk groups, including children and marginalized populations.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: INS TUSHIL
Why in the News?
INS Tushil, a multi-role stealth guided missile frigate, is set to be commissioned by the Indian Navy at Kaliningrad, Russia.
AboutINS Tushil:
Details
INS Tushil is a multi-role stealth guided missile frigate, part of the Krivak III class (Project 1135.6).
It is the seventh in the series of Krivak III frigates, following the Talwar-class ships (three built at Baltiysky Shipyard in St. Petersburg) and the Teg-class ships (three built at Yantar Shipyard in Kaliningrad).
Development of INS Tushil:
Built at Yantar Shipyard in Kaliningrad, Russia.
Contract signed in Oct 2016 between Indian Navy, JSC Rosoboronexport, and Government of India.
Indian team of specialists from the Warship Overseeing Team monitored the construction.
Extensive trials, including Factory Sea Trials, State Committee Trials, and Delivery Acceptance Trials, were conducted in 2024.
Special Features
Speed of over 30 knots
Stealth design with advanced radar-absorbing features.
Equipped with guided missiles, advanced weapon systems, and radars.
Enhanced combat capabilities with a focus on anti-surface and anti-air warfare.
Helicopter deck for operations.
Significance
Boosts India’s naval capabilities in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR).
Part of an ongoing effort to modernize the fleet with advanced technologies.
Strengthens India-Russia defence ties.
Will be key in maritime security and regional defense, especially in contested waters.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Hornbill Festival
Why in the News?
This year’s edition of the Hornbill Festival has sparked a significant public debate regarding the relaxation of Nagaland’s liquor prohibition law, a subject that has been contentious for over three decades.
What is Hornbill Festival?
The Hornbill Festival is a celebration held every year from 1 – 10 December, in Kohima, Nagaland.
The festival was first held in the year 2000.
It is named after Indian hornbill(Buceros bicornis), the large and colourful forest bird which is displayed in the folklore of most of the state’s tribes.
Festival highlights include the traditional Naga Morungs exhibition and the sale of arts and crafts, food stalls, herbal medicine stalls, flower shows and sales, cultural medley – songs and dances, fashion shows etc.
It is a platform for showcasing the major cultural festivals of 14 recognised Naga tribes, each with its unique traditions and practices.
About Great Indian Hornbill:
IUCN Status: Vulnerable (upgraded from Near Threatened in 2018), CITES: Appendix I
Known as great pied hornbill, it is one of the largest hornbill species.
Can live up to 50 years in captivity.
Primarily fruit-eating, but also preys on small mammals, reptiles, and birds.
Revered in many tribal cultures and rituals due to its size and colour.
Found mainly in India, especially in the Western Ghats and Nilgiris.
Nilgiris North Eastern Range supports some of the highest densities of nesting birds.
Known as ‘forest engineers’ or ‘farmers of the forest’, they play a key role in seed dispersal of tropical trees, indicating the health and balance of their forest ecosystems.
What is the Nagaland Liquor Total Prohibition (NLTP) Act 1989?
The NLTP Act is a law enacted by the Government of Nagaland that prohibits the production, sale, and consumption of alcohol in the state.
The Act is one of the most stringent liquor prohibition laws in India, and its core features are as follows:
Key Features of NLTP Act 1989:
Complete Ban on Alcohol: The NLTP Act bans the production, sale, and consumption of all forms of alcoholic beverages, including beer, wine, and spirits. This includes both local (like rice beer) and commercial alcohol.
Exceptions: There are some exceptions under the law, such as alcohol being allowed for medical or scientific purposes and in certain regulated settings, like special licenses for non-local tourists during specific events (e.g., the Hornbill Festival).
Support from Religious Groups: The Act has received strong support from Christian church bodies, which constitute a majority in the state, as they view alcohol consumption as morally unacceptable and harmful to community life.
Role of Alcohol in the Hornbill Festival:
The Hornbill Festival is often seen as an exception to the state’s liquor prohibition.
Thutse (local rice beer) is traditionally consumed during the festival, and according to academic Theyiesinuo Keditsu, the Hornbill Festival is the only time in the year when the state permits the open sale and consumption of alcohol, including Thutse.
PYQ:
[2016] In which of the following regions of India are you most likely to come across the ‘Great Indian Hornbill’ in its natural habitat?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National Library Mission
Why in the News?
The Union Minister for Culture and Tourism has provided information regarding the National Mission on Libraries (NML) Scheme in Rajya Sabha.
AboutNational Mission on Libraries (NML):
Establishment
Launched in 2012 by the Ministry of Culture to implement National Knowledge Commission (NKC, 2005) recommendations on library and information sciences development.
Objectives
To modernize public libraries, create a digital database, enhance library staff competence, and promote equitable library access, especially in backward areas.
Structural Mandate
Nodal Agency: Raja Rammohun Roy Library Foundation (RRRLF), Kolkata to oversee and coordinate efforts. (It is an autonomous body under the Ministry of Culture.)
Key Components:
1.National Virtual Library of India (NVLI): Digital resources, census of libraries, and reading habit studies. 2.Model Libraries: 6 Ministry libraries, 35 state central libraries, 35 district libraries, and 629 district libraries with network connectivity. 3.Library Survey: A survey of 5,000 libraries for infrastructure, resources, and usage data. 4.Capacity Building: Training programs for improving skills and knowledge of library staff.
PYQ:
[2015] India’s Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL) which has a database containing formatted information on more than 2 million medicinal formulations is proving a powerful weapon in country’s fight against erroneous patents. Discuss the pro and cons of making the database available publicly available under open source licensing.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National Cooperative Policy
Why in the News?
The Union Minister of Cooperation has provided crucial information regarding India’s National Cooperative Policy to the Lok Sabha.
The new National Cooperative Policy is almost ready and will be announced in 2-3 months.
Update regarding the New National Cooperative Policy:
Details
National Level Committee Formation
• A 48-member National Level Committee was formed under the chairmanship of Shri Suresh Prabhakar Prabhu.
• The committee includes experts from the cooperative sector, representatives from National, State, District, and Primary level cooperative societies, and officers from Central Ministries/Departments.
• The task of the committee was to formulate the New National Cooperation Policy for the development of the cooperative sector in India.
• 17 meetings and 4 regional workshops were conducted across the country to finalize the draft report of the policy.
Aims and Objectives
• Revitalize the cooperative sector and enhance its efficiency at national, state, district, and primary levels.
• Strengthen the cooperative movement in India by creating a structured policy that fosters growth and sustainability.
• Establish financial viability and governance mechanisms for cooperatives.
• Ensure cooperative federalism by allowing state cooperatives to function autonomously, avoiding undue centralization.
Features of the Policy
• The policy adopts an inclusive approach, including all levels of cooperatives from district to primary.
• Close collaboration with State Governments to promote the cooperative sector and implement cooperative federalism.
• The draft policy was developed after extensive consultations, ensuring broad public and expert participation.
Provisions under the Policy
• Strengthening Cooperative Structure: Set up District Central Cooperative Banks (DCCBs) and district milk producers’ unions in all uncovered districts. NABARD will prepare an action plan for this.
• Expansion of Multipurpose PACS: New multipurpose PACS, primary dairy/fishery cooperative societies will be established in uncovered Panchayats/villages across India within the next five years.
PYQ:
[2011] In India, which of the following have the highest share in the disbursement of credit to agriculture and allied activities?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Kumbh Mela
Why in the News?
The 2025 Maha Kumbh Mela will take place in Prayagraj from January 13 to February 26.
AboutKumbh Mela
Details
A major pilgrimage and festival in Hinduism, occurring four times in twelve years at different locations in India. It attracts millions of pilgrims for spiritual purification.
Types of Kumbh Mela:
Kumbh Mela: Regular festival, celebrated every 12 years at one of the four locations.
Maha Kumbh Mela: The largest, celebrated once every 12 years at Prayagraj (confluence of Ganges, Yamuna, and Sarasvati).
Ardh Kumbh Mela: Held every 6 years in Prayagraj (half of the full Kumbh Mela).
Purna Kumbh Mela: Held when a complete 12-year cycle is completed.
Locations: Kumbh Mela rotates between four cities:
Haridwar (on the banks of the Ganges),
Prayagraj (confluence of the Ganges, Yamuna, and the mythical Sarasvati river),
Ujjain (on the banks of the Shipra River),
Nashik (on the banks of the Godavari River).
Key Rituals:
Shahi Snan (Royal Bath) – A ritual where pilgrims in Akharas (processions) bathe in the holy river.
Worship and Prayers – Pilgrims offer prayers along riverbanks, attend spiritual discourses, and perform fire rituals.
Religious Processions – Several religious processions involving saints, gurus, and devotees take place.
Community Prayers and Spiritual Discourses – Saints and religious leaders conduct spiritual teachings for the devotees.
Significance and Features
Spiritual Significance: Considered a sacred event for Hindus, aimed at spiritual cleansing, salvation, and liberation from the cycle of rebirth (Moksha).
Cultural Unity: It is a remarkable event showcasing India’s unity and diversity, where millions of people from across the world come together.
Mass Gathering: It holds the Guinness World Record for the largest peaceful gathering, with millions of pilgrims attending the event. In 2019, Kumbh Mela witnessed the largest peaceful public gathering ever recorded, with around 120 million people.
Pilgrimage Tourism – The Kumbh Mela also significantly boosts local tourism, with a major influx of national and international pilgrims, contributing to local and national economies.
UNESCO Recognition – Kumbh Mela was recognized as an Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO in 2017.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR)
Why in the News?
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) began its three-day monetary policy review.
There is increasing speculation that the RBI may announce a cut in the Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) to ease liquidity pressures.
What is Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR)?
CRR is the percentage of a bank’s total deposits that it must maintain as liquid cash with the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) as a reserve.
It is a tool used by the RBI to manage inflation and check excessive lending by banks.
It serves as a safety net during times of banking stress, ensuring banks have enough liquidity for day-to-day operations.
As of now, the CRR is set at 4.5% of a bank’s Net Demand and Time Liabilities (NDTL).
Banks do not earn interest on the amount they maintain as CRR with the RBI.
CRR Requirements for Different Types of Banks:
Scheduled Commercial Banks (SCBs): Includes Public Sector Banks (PSBs), Private Sector Banks (PVBs), Regional Rural Banks (RRBs), Small Finance Banks (SFBs), Payments Banks, Primary (Urban) Co-operative Banks (UCBs), State Co-operative Banks (StCBs), and District Central Co-operative Banks (DCCBs).
Non-Scheduled Co-operative Banks & Local Area Banks: They must maintain CRR with themselves or with the RBI.
Restrictions on CRR Funds
Banks cannot lend the funds held as CRR to corporates or individual borrowers.
The money held under CRR cannot be used for investment purposes by the bank.
No Interest is earned on the funds maintained as CRR by banks with the RBI.
What isIncremental CRR (I-CRR)?
Introduced temporarily on August 10, 2023, to absorb surplus liquidity in the banking system.
Banks were required to maintain 10% I-CRR on the increase in their NDTL between May 19, 2023, and July 28, 2023.
The I-CRR was implemented from August 12, 2023, and applied during periods of excess liquidity in the financial system.
Impacts of Declining CRR on the Economy
Positive Impacts:
Increased Bank Liquidity: A reduction in CRR frees up more funds for banks, improving credit availability and promoting investment and consumption.
Stimulus for Economic Growth: With more funds to lend, businesses can secure loans more easily, boosting economic activity and encouraging growth across sectors.
Lower Interest Rates: As banks have more liquidity, they may lower interest rates on loans, making credit cheaper and encouraging investment and consumer spending.
Negative Impacts:
Potential Inflationary Risks: Increased lending and spending can raise demand, which, if not matched by supply, can lead to inflationary pressures in the economy.
Asset Bubbles: Excess liquidity may result in overvalued assets like stocks or real estate, creating the risk of unsustainable price increases and potential market instability.
PYQ:
[2010] When the Reserve Bank of India announces an increase of the Cash Reserve Ratio, what does it mean?
(a) The commercial banks will have less money to lend
(b) The Reserve Bank of India will have less money to lend
(c) The Union Government will have less money to lend
(d) The commercial banks will have more money to lend
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: World Wildlife Conservation Day
Why in the News?
World Wildlife Conservation Day (December 4) reminds us to focus on preserving and protecting the critically endangered species in India and globally.
The theme for this year is “Connecting People and Planet: Exploring Digital Innovation in Wildlife Conservation”.
World Wildlife Conservation Day: Key Facts
Observed annually on December 4th.
Purpose: Raise awareness about the importance of wildlife conservation and the protection of endangered species and their habitats.
It was established in 2012 by the UN, coinciding with the anniversary of the 1948 signing of CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species).
It supports global efforts for wildlife conservation, aligns with SDG 15 (life on land) and SDG 14 (life below water).
Aims for India’s Critically Endangered Species
As of 2022, 73 species in India are classified as critically endangered, meaning they are at highest risk of extinction in the wild.
The number of critically endangered species has risen from 47 in 2011, partly due to better data availability and monitoring.
India has 9 critically endangered mammal species, out of which 8 are endemic (found only in specific regions within India).
These include: Kashmir Stag (Hangul), Malabar Large-spotted Civet, Andaman Shrew, Jenkin’s Shrew, Nicobar Shrew, Namdapha Flying Squirrel, Large Rock Rat, and Leafletted Leaf-nosed Bat.
Though these animals receive significant attention for tourism purposes, they are only three of the critically endangered species in India.
Lions: Asiatic lions in the Gir Forest are critically endangered.
Tigers: Bengal tigers are also listed as critically endangered.
Cheetahs: They are also part of India’s endangered wildlife.
Great Indian Bustard is a bird facing significant threats due to power lines in Rajasthan.
PYQ:
[2014] The most important strategy for the conservation of biodiversity together with traditional human life is the establishment of:
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Marburg Virus
Why in the News?
An outbreak of Marburg Virus (Bleeding Eyes) disease (MVD) has killed and infected many in Rwanda.
Location of Rwanda
AboutMarburg Virus:
Overview
• Causes Marburg Virus Disease (MVD), also known as Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever.
• Belongs to the filovirus family (same as Ebola).
• Discovered during outbreaks in 1967 in Marburg and Frankfurt, Germany.
• Case Fatality Rate ranges from 24% to 88%, depending on the strain and treatment effectiveness.How does it spread?• Animal to Human Transmission: Spread primarily from Rousettus bats, especially Egyptian fruit bats found in caves or mines.
• Human to Human Transmission: Spread through direct contact with blood and bodily fluids (saliva, vomit, feces, semen, and breast milk). Also transmitted indirectly through contaminated surfaces or clothing.
Symptoms and Treatment
• Early signs include fever, headache, muscle aches, chills, nausea, vomiting, and severe diarrhoea.
• Progresses to bleeding from various body parts, and death typically occurs 8-9 days after symptoms due to blood loss and organ failure.
• No approved vaccine or antiviral treatment. Supportive care includes hydration, symptom management, and blood transfusions. Experimental vaccines are being studied.
Why is it a Global Concern?
• High Fatality Rate: MVD’s case fatality rate (24%-88%) makes it one of the deadliest diseases.
• Spread: Ongoing outbreaks, primarily in Africa, but now affecting Rwanda and Tanzania.
• Public Health Threat: Human-to-human transmission and rapid spread pose significant challenges.
• Economic Impact: Outbreaks disrupt local economies, healthcare systems, and global trade due to travel restrictions and quarantine measures.
PYQ:
[2015] Among the following, which were frequently mentioned in the news for the outbreak of Ebola virus recently?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Windfall Gains Tax
Why in the News?
With global oil prices stabilizing and domestic fuel supply improving, the government has decided to scrap the windfall gains tax, ensuring more predictable taxation for the oil industry.
What isWindfall Tax?
A windfall tax is a levy imposed on companies experiencing unexpected profits due to external factors like market shifts or crises.
In India, it was introduced on July 1, 2022, targeting domestic crude oil production and exports of diesel, petrol, and ATF.
The tax aimed to capture windfall profits and ensure adequate domestic fuel supply amid rising global prices after Russia’s invasion of Ukraine.
The tax was imposed as Special Additional Excise Duty (SAED) on crude oil, and Additional Excise Duty (AED) or Road and Infrastructure Cess (RIC) on fuel exports.
Initially, the tax was Rs 23,250 per tonne on crude oil, Rs 13 per litre on diesel exports, and Rs 6 per litre on petrol and ATF exports.
The tax was regularly reviewed based on global oil price fluctuations.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA)
Why in the News?
A recent study published in the ‘Nature’ has shown that Extrachromosomal DNA(ecDNA)ispresent in approximately 50% of cancer types, playing a significant role in tumor evolution and genetic heterogeneity.
What is ecDNA?
Details
• ecDNA stands for extrachromosomal DNA, which is small, circular DNA found in the nucleus of cells, separate from regular chromosomes.
• Forms when DNA breaks off from chromosomes, often due to damage or errors in cell division.
• Can carry extra copies of oncogenes, which promote cancer growth.
• Initially thought to be unimportant, recent studies show it plays a major role in cancer.
How ecDNA Contributes to Cancer and Drug Resistance
• Helps Tumors Grow: ecDNA contains extra copies of oncogenes that help cancer cells grow faster and become more aggressive.
• Drug Resistance: The extra oncogenes make the cancer harder to treat with standard drugs by producing more harmful proteins.
• Faster Tumor Evolution: ecDNA allows cancer cells to evolve rapidly, making them more resistant to treatments like chemotherapy and enabling the tumor to grow even when drugs are used.
How ecDNA Challenges Genetics Laws?
Mendel’s Law says that genes on different chromosomes are inherited independently, meaning they are passed on randomly to the next generation.
ecDNA breaks this rule by grouping genes together and passing them on as a cluster during cell division.
This allows cancer cells to inherit beneficial genes more easily and helps the tumor grow faster.
Unlike regular chromosomes, which are distributed randomly during cell division, ecDNA is passed on together as a package.
This process gives cancer cells an advantage by making sure they inherit helpful genetic combinations that support cancer growth and resistance to drugs.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD)
Why in the News?
The ICIMOD has launched Air Quality Dashboard for Indo-Gangetic Plain.
ICIMOD Air Quality Dashboard: Important Features
The dashboard provides real-time and forecasted air quality data for the region.
It uses a combination of ground sensor data and satellite imagery to give a comprehensive view of air pollution across local, sub-regional, and regional scales.
A dynamic timelapse powered by the Weather Research and Forecasting model with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) tracks the spread of PM2.5 across the region.
This model highlights the spread of pollution from hotspots like Lahore, New Delhi, and Kolkata.
It provides two-day forecasts, allowing communities, policymakers, and researchers to anticipate air quality conditions and take proactive measures.
Aboutthe International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD):
Details
A regional intergovernmental learning and knowledge-sharing centre founded in 1981.
Idea of creating ICIMOD was first discussed at the International Workshop in December 1974.
8 regional member countries of the Hindu Kush Himalaya (HKH) region: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal, and Pakistan.
HKH region encompasses mountain ranges, including the Hindu Kush, Himalayas, and Tibetan Plateau, extending from northern Afghanistan to Myanmar.
Structural Mandate
Headquartered in Khumaltar, Lalitpur, and Kathmandu Valley, Nepal.
ICIMOD also has a Knowledge Park in Godavari, Lalitpur exhibiting ICIMOD’s research and field applications.
Country offices in Afghanistan and Pakistan.
Functions and Powers
Collaborates with national and international scientific institutions, government agencies, donor agencies, and the private sector, both within the region and globally.
Key Role: Promotes partnerships among regional member countries to secure a better future for the people and environment of the HKH region.
PYQ:
[2012] When you travel in Himalayas, you will see the following:
Deep gorges
U-turn river courses
Parallel mountain ranges
Steep gradients causing land sliding
Which of the above can be said to be the evidence for Himalayas being young fold mountains?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 1, 2 and 4 only
(c) 3 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Gandhamardan Hills
Why in the News?
The Odisha government has clarified that it will not allow bauxite mining in the Gandhamardan hills after concerns arose when the Adani Group’s subsidiary acquired 112 acres of land near the hills.
AboutGandhamardan Hills:
Geographical Features
Situated in the western part of Odisha, spread across the Bargarh and Bolangir districts.
Covers an area of 190 square kilometers.
Dense forests and hill slopes.
Plays a crucial role in sustaining the livelihoods of local communities.
Mines and Minerals Found
Bauxite: Primary ore of aluminum.
Graphite: Used in industrial applications.
Manganese: Important for steel manufacturing.
Significance
Cultural Sites:
1. Nrusinghanath Temple: A major pilgrimage site dedicated to Lord Nrusingha, a half-lion, half-human incarnation of Lord Vishnu.
2. Harishankar Temple: Dedicated to Lord Shiva and Vishnu, set amidst picturesque surroundings.
Hiuen Tsang described the hill shrine as a Buddhist heritage site named Parimalagiri in his chronicles.
– Flora: Rich in medicinal plants.
– Fauna: Rich biodiversity, including diverse wildlife species.
Dasycarpa and spiderpeucetia harishankarensis are endemic to this hill.
The 14th Asia-Oceania Meteorological Satellite Users’ Conference (AOMSUC-14) will take place from December 4-6, 2024, in New Delhi.
AboutAOMSUC:
Details
What is it?
• It is a conference focused on the use of meteorological satellite data for weather forecasting, climate monitoring, and disaster risk management.
• First AOMSUC was held in Beijing, China in 2010.• Held annually across various locations in the Asia-Oceania region, becoming a significant event for meteorological satellite applications.
• Participants: WMO, NASA, ESA, JAXA, and other leading space organizations.
Aims and Provisions
• Collaboration: Facilitate regional cooperation in the use of satellite data.
• Weather & Climate Monitoring: Improve forecasting and monitoring of climate patterns.
• Disaster Management: Enhance early warning systems for extreme weather events.
• Capacity Building: Provide training, workshops, and knowledge-sharing opportunities for local meteorologists and satellite data users.
• Data Sharing: Promote satellite data sharing across countries.
Significance
• Regional Cooperation: Promotes stronger collaboration between Asia-Oceania countries, helping to address shared meteorological challenges.
• Improved Forecasting: Facilitates the improvement of satellite data usage for more accurate weather forecasts and better disaster risk reduction strategies.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Rabi Cropping Seasons
Why in the News?
Due to high October temperatures and shortages of di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) fertiliser, the planting of key Rabi (winter-spring) crops such as wheat, mustard, and chana (chickpea) has been slower than usual.
LowRabi Sowing this Year
The Rabi (winter-spring) season is key for crops like wheat, mustard, and chana.
Sowing began in October and continues through November-December.
As of November 8, 2024, sowing progress includes:
Wheat: 41.30 lakh hectares (down from 48.87 lakh hectares last year)
Mustard: 49.90 lakh hectares (down from 50.73 lakh hectares last year)
Chana: 24.57 lakh hectares (down from 27.42 lakh hectares last year)
Reasons Behind:
High October Temperatures: 0.68°C above normal temperatures delayed sowing and caused poor germination, especially in jeera and other spices.
Fertiliser Shortage: A shortage of DAP fertiliser hindered the timely planting of crops.
Delayed Start of Sowing: Farmers, particularly in Uttar Pradesh, began sowing later than usual (from October 20-22 instead of mid-October).
About Rabi Cropping Season in India:
Rabi crops are generally sown in mid-November, once the monsoon rainshave receded.
These crops grow using the rainwater that has percolated into the soil or with the help of irrigation systems.
The harvesting of Rabi crops generally occurs from April to May.
Major Rabi Crops:
Wheat: The largest and most important Rabi crop in India.
Barley: Grown mainly in North and Central India.
Mustard: An essential oilseed crop grown across various regions.
Sesame: Grown in many states but harvested early.
Peas: Harvested early, with a market peak from January to March (especially in February).
Agronomic Features:
Rabi crops rely heavily onirrigation and residual moisture from the previous monsoon season.
Excessivewinter rainfall can harm Rabi crops but benefits the kharif crops grown later.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: North Eastern Tea Association (NETA)
Why in the News?
The North Eastern Tea Association (NETA) has appealed to Ministry of Commerce and Industry seeking permission for tea producers to sell their products through both private sales and public auction systems.
A gazette notification issued on February 26, 2024 has mandated that 100% of dust teas must be sold through public auctions.
AboutNorth Eastern Tea Association (NETA)
Details
• NETA is an association of tea producers headquartered in Golaghat, Upper Assam.
• Established in 1981.
• A key constituent of the Joint Forum and the Consultative Committee of Plantation Associations (CCPA), Assam Valley branch.
• Focuses on promoting the interests of its members and enhancing the tea industry in Assam.
Structural Mandate
• Presence: Strong presence in Golaghat, Assam.
• Role: Represents tea producers and plays a pivotal role in the development of Assam’s tea industry.
• Mandate: Advocates for improvements in the tea industry, assists with policy suggestions, and provides guidance on the development of the tea sector.
Powers and Functions
• Advisory Role: Provides expert opinions and advice to the government of Assam and its members on issues related to the tea industry.
• Policy Advocacy: Urges for changes in government policies to improve the tea industry, e.g., suggesting the relocation of the Tea Board of India’s headquarters to Guwahati.
• Industry Growth: Encourages high-quality tea production and advises growers to enhance the quality of tea to attract international buyers.
• Small Tea Grower Representation: Advocates for amendments to the definition of Small Tea Growers, proposing that those holding up to 50.6 hectares of land be recognized as small growers.
• Government Relations: Provides suggestions to the government for improving and scaling up the tea industry in Assam.
PYQ:
[2022] Consider the following States:
Andhra Pradesh
Kerala
Himachal Pradesh
Tripura
How many of the above are generally known as tea-producing States?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Arittapatti Biodiversity Heritage Site
Why in the News?
The Tamil Nadu CM has requested the Prime Minister to cancel the tungsten mining rights in Madurai, citing concerns for the Arittapatti biodiversity heritage site.
AboutArittapatti Biodiversity Heritage Site:
Details
• First BHS in Tamil Nadu.
• Notified for its ecological and historical significance.
Geological Features
• Surrounded by a chain of seven hillocks (inselbergs) which act as a watershed.
• Watershed feeds 72 lakes, 200 natural springs, and 3 check dams.
• Historic Anaikondan tank built during the Pandiyan kings in the 16th century.
Flora and Fauna
• Home to 250 species of birds, including Laggar Falcon, Shaheen Falcon, and Bonelli’s Eagle.
• Hosts species like Indian Pangolin, Slender Loris, and pythons.
Cultural Significance
• Presence of megalithic structures, rock-cut temples, Tamil Brahmi inscriptions, and Jain beds.
• These features highlight the site’s historical and cultural heritage.
Back2Basics:Biodiversity Heritage Site (BHS)
A BHS is a well-defined, ecologically sensitive area that is recognized for its high biological diversity.
Key Features:
High Biodiversity: These sites host a variety of wild and domesticated species, including rare, threatened, and keystone species.
Ecological Fragility: BHS areas are considered ecologically fragile and are crucial for maintaining local ecosystems.
Community Involvement: BHS areas are managed by local communities and society to conserve biodiversity.
BHS are declared under Section 37(1) of the Biological Diversity Act, 2002, and the State Government can notify such areas in consultation with local bodies.
The Nallur Tamarind Grove in Bengaluru, Karnataka, was the first Biodiversity Heritage Site in India, declared in 2007.
Protection Measures:
The creation of a BHS does not necessarily restrict activities but aims to conserve and manage the biodiversity within these areas for long-term sustainability.
PYQ:
[2020] With reference to India’s biodiversity, Ceylon frogmouth, Coppersmith barbet, Gray-chinned minivet and White-throated redstart are:
![[pib] Maha Kumbh Mela, 2025](https://d18x2uyjeekruj.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/123440263_830927117657028_1327487884602532791_n.jpg)
