Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: International Women's Day
Mains level: NA
In the news
- March 8 marks International Women’s Day (IWD), a global observance celebrating the social, economic, cultural, and political achievements of women.
- Rooted in historical movements for women’s rights, IWD serves as a reminder of the ongoing struggle for gender equality.
Try this PYQ from CSE Mains 2019:
Q. What are the continued challenges for Women in India against time and space? |
International Women’s Day: It’s Origin
- First National Woman’s Day: The precursor to IWD dates back to February 28, 1909, when the Socialist Party of America designated this day to honour the 1908 garment workers’ strike in New York City, where women demanded better working conditions and voting rights.
- First Wave Feminism: These protests were part of the broader First Wave Feminist movement, advocating for women’s suffrage, equal pay, and fundamental rights.
- Global Initiatives: The call for an International Women’s Day gained momentum at the Second International Conference of Working Women in 1910, where Clara Zetkin proposed the idea of a global day of celebration to press for women’s demands.
Historical Milestones
- Russian Influence: March 8 gained prominence globally due to protests by Russian women on February 23, 1917 (according to the Julian calendar), demanding an end to war and food shortages. This date aligned with March 8 on the Gregorian calendar, becoming the symbolic date for IWD celebrations.
- Role in Russian Revolution: Women’s participation in the 1917 protests played a pivotal role in galvanizing public opinion against the monarchy, ultimately leading to the Russian Revolution and the establishment of a communist state.
- Global Recognition: Over the years, IWD has garnered international recognition, with governments and organizations commemorating the day to honor women’s contributions to society and advocate for gender equality.
Evolution and Contemporary Significance
- Continued Advocacy: Despite progress, challenges persist, necessitating ongoing advocacy for women’s rights and gender equality.
- Global Celebration: IWD serves as a platform to celebrate women’s achievements and address areas needing improvement, such as leadership representation and gender-based violence.
- Policy and Recognition: Governments and organizations worldwide recognize IWD’s importance, with initiatives like Women’s History Month emphasizing women’s contributions throughout history.
- Ongoing Struggle: The fight for gender equality continues, reaffirming the significance of IWD as a rallying point for collective action and solidarity.
Conclusion
- International Women’s Day is a testament to women’s resilience and activism throughout history.
- From its grassroots origins to its global recognition today, IWD embodies the progress made and the challenges that remain in achieving gender parity.
- As the world celebrates the achievements of women past, present, and future, IWD serves as a beacon of hope and a call to action for a more inclusive and equitable world.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Nominated Members to Rajya Sabha
Mains level: Women Empowerment
What is the news?
- Noted author and philanthropist Sudha Murthy has been nominated to the Rajya Sabha by the President of India on International Women’s Day.
Nominated Members to Rajya Sabha
- 12 members are nominated to the RS by the President of India for six-year term.
- This is for their contributions towards arts, literature, sciences, and social services.
- This right has been bestowed upon the President according to the Fourth Schedule under Articles 4(1) and 80(2) of the Constitution of India.
Normal composition
- The present strength is 245 members of whom 233 are representatives of the states and UTs and 12 are nominated by the President.
- The Rajya Sabha is not subject to dissolution; one-third of its members retire every second year.
Constitutional provisions for nominated members
- 80(1)(a) of the Constitution of India makes provision for the nomination of 12 members to the Rajya Sabha by the President of India under provisions of Article 80(3).
- 80(3) says that the persons to be nominated as members must possess special knowledge or practical experience in respect of such matters as the following namely: Literature, science, art and social service.
Powers and privileges of such members
- A nominated member enjoys all the powers and privileges and immunities available to an elected Member of Parliament.
- They take part in the proceedings of the House as any other member.
- Nominated members are however not entitled to vote in an election of the President of India.
- They however have rights to vote in the vice presidential election.
- As per Article 99 of the Constitution, a nominated member is allowed six months’ time should he join a political party.
Try this PYQ from CSE Prelims 2013:
Consider the following statements:
- The Chairman and the Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha are not the members of that House.
- While the nominated members of the two Houses of the Parliament have no voting right in the presidential election, they have the right to vote in the election of the Vice President.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Post your answers here.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Health hazards of Skincare Products
In the news
- With the increasing trend of children’s interest in skincare products, concerns have been raised regarding their safety and long-term impact on children’s health.
- Influenced by social media and marketing, parents are seeking skincare routines for their children, often overlooking potential risks.
In this article, we explore the implications of early skincare practices on children and the necessity for regulatory measures to ensure their well-being.
Risks Associated with Children’s Skincare Products
- Vulnerability to Harm: Children’s skin is thinner, more delicate, and less developed than adults, making them more susceptible to adverse reactions from skincare products.
- Exposure to Toxicants: Behavioral patterns like hand-to-mouth activity increase the risk of ingesting harmful chemicals present in skincare products, posing health hazards.
- Biological Susceptibility: Rapid growth rate, developing tissues, and immature immune systems make children biologically more vulnerable to the toxicants present in skincare products.
Insights from Research
- Usage Patterns: Research indicates that up to 70% of children in the U.S. have used children’s makeup and body products, highlighting the widespread exposure to skincare products among children.
- Health Risks: Studies suggest that children’s prolonged exposure to makeup and body products may lead to adverse health effects due to their developing physiology and behavioural tendencies.
Toxins in skincare products can pose risks to health due to their potential adverse effects. Some common toxic ingredients found in cosmetics include:
- Polyacrylamide: Possible acrylamide contamination.
- PTFE: Possible PFOA contamination.
- Petrolatum: Possible PAH contamination.
- Formaldehyde: A known carcinogen.
- Paraformaldehyde: A type of formaldehyde.
- Methylene glycol: A form of formaldehyde
|
Regulatory Imperatives
- Medical Concerns: Dermatologists express concern over the unsupervised use of cosmeceuticals by children, emphasizing the potential harm caused by substances like steroids and hydroquinone present in skincare products.
- Need for Regulation: Regulatory measures are deemed essential to restrict the sale of skincare products containing harmful ingredients and protect children from inappropriate products.
Psychological Impact
- Unrealistic Standards: The promotion of flawless complexion as an ideal standard perpetuates unrealistic beauty standards among children, impacting their self-esteem and body image.
- Ethical Considerations: The ethical implications of targeting young consumers with skincare products, without adequate consideration of their long-term effects, warrant scrutiny and regulation.
Way Forward
- Prioritizing Safety: Parents are advised to prioritize safety, simplicity, and skin health when selecting skincare products for their children.
- Return to Basics: Dermatologists advocate for a return to basic skincare practices, including a healthy diet, proper cleansing, and moisturizing, to maintain children’s skin health.
- Functional Necessity: For child performers and those exposed to heavy makeup, gentle cleansing and hydration are recommended to counteract the effects of makeup and protect the skin’s integrity.
Conclusion
- As the children’s cosmetics market continues to grow, it is imperative to address the risks associated with early skincare practices and implement regulatory measures to safeguard children’s health and well-being.
- By prioritizing safety, simplicity, and skin health, parents can navigate the skincare maze for their children and foster a healthy relationship with skincare that values function over appearance.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Dalai Lama, Tibetan sects of Buddhism
Mains level: NA
In the news
- The question of reincarnation, typically seen as an esoteric concept, has significant political ramifications concerning the search for a successor to Tibet’s Dalai Lama.
- As the 88-year-old spiritual leader, Tenzin Gyatso, remains in good health, the anticipation surrounding his succession intensifies, particularly against the backdrop of historical and geopolitical tensions.
Who is the Dalai Lama?
- The Dalai Lama (a title) is the spiritual leader of Tibetan Buddhism.
- He is believed to be the reincarnation of the previous Dalai Lama and is regarded as an important figure not only in Tibet but also around the world.
- The Dalai Lama is traditionally both the political and spiritual leader of Tibet, but after China’s occupation of Tibet in 1950, he went into exile in India and since then has been primarily a spiritual leader.
- The current and 14th Dalai Lama is Tenzin Gyatso, who was born in Tibet in 1935 and has been in exile in India since 1959.
Brief Outline of Tibetan Buddhism
- Tibetan Buddhism became the predominant religion in Tibet by the 9th century AD, evolving from the Mahayana and Vajrayana traditions of Buddhism and incorporating many tantric and shamanic practices.
- It has four major schools: Nyingma, Kagyu, Sakya, and Gelug, with the Janang School being one of the smaller schools that grew as an offshoot of the Sakya School.
- Since 1640, the Gelug School has been the predominant school of Tibetan Buddhism, and the Dalai Lama belongs to this school.
Hierarchy and Reincarnation in Tibetan Buddhism
- The cycle of birth, death, and rebirth is one of Buddhism’s key beliefs.
- Tibet’s hierarchical system seemingly emerged in the 13th century, and it was around this time that the first instances of “formally recognizing the reincarnations of lamas” can be found.
- The Gelug School developed a strong hierarchy and instituted the tradition of succession through reincarnation, with the fifth Grand Lama of the school being conferred the title of Dalai Lama.
- Several procedures/tests are followed to recognize Tulkus (recognized reincarnations).
Key Issue: Chinese Interference
- Political Intrigue: The announcement of the Dalai Lama’s reincarnation sparks concerns about Chinese interference, as China seeks to control the succession process to assert dominance over Tibetan culture and politics.
- International Ramifications: The Dalai Lama’s reincarnation is not only a spiritual matter but also a geopolitical issue, with international stakeholders closely monitoring developments to safeguard Tibetan autonomy and cultural heritage.
Try this PYQ from CSE Prelims 2016:
Q.With reference to the religious history of India, consider the following statements:
- The concept of Bodhisattva is central to Hinayana sect of Buddhism.
- Bodhisattva is a compassionate one on his way to enlightenment
- Bodhisattva delays achieving his own salvation to help all sentient beings on their path to it.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 2 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: CBTC-Enabled Driverless Metro Train
Mains level: NA
In the news
- The Bengaluru Metro Rail Corporation Limited (BMRCL) is embarking on a significant milestone with the introduction of driverless trains equipped with cutting-edge technology.
- As the first of its kind in Bengaluru, these trains represent a leap forward in urban transportation infrastructure.
About CBTC-Enabled Driverless Metro Train
- Communication-Based Train Control (CBTC): The driverless metro trains are equipped with CBTC technology, enabling seamless communication between trains and control systems.
- Unattended Train Operations (UTO): The trains boast full automation, including tasks such as door operations and train movement, under Enhanced Supervision Capability from the Operations Control Centre (OCC).
- Enhanced Safety Measures: In addition to automation, the trains feature advanced safety protocols to ensure passenger well-being and operational efficiency.
Manufacturing and Design
- Manufacturers: The train coaches are manufactured by CRRC Nanjing Puzhen Co Ltd, in collaboration with Titagarh Rail Systems Ltd., as part of the Make In India Initiative.
- Technological Integration: These trains mark the first integration of artificial intelligence (AI) technology for track monitoring and safety enhancement.
- Customization for Bengaluru’s Needs: The design and manufacturing process have been tailored to address the specific requirements and challenges of Bengaluru’s urban environment.
Special Features
- AI-Powered Track Monitoring: AI algorithms analyze sensor data to detect anomalies and ensure track safety.
- Advanced Surveillance Systems: Front and rear-view cameras enable real-time monitoring of passenger activities and enhance security measures.
- Emergency Egress Device (EED): Equipped with a user-friendly emergency system to ensure passenger safety during unforeseen circumstances.
- Enhanced Passenger Comfort: The trains are designed with features aimed at enhancing passenger comfort and convenience during travel.
Safety Parameters
- Testing Protocol: The prototype trains undergo a series of static and dynamic tests, including signalling, collision detection, and obstacle avoidance.
- Statutory Approvals: Trials conducted by regulatory bodies such as the Research Designs and Standards Organisation (RDSO) and the Commissioner of Metro Rail Safety (CMRS) ensure compliance with safety standards.
- Stringent Quality Assurance: The safety testing process includes comprehensive checks and balances to verify the reliability and performance of the trains under various operating conditions.
Operational Considerations
- Transition Period: Initially, the trains will operate with a human train operator for a transitional period of at least six months.
- Gradual Rollout: Revenue operations will commence with a limited number of trains, gradually transitioning to full-scale driverless operations.
- Training and Skill Development: The transition to driverless operations will involve training programs and skill development initiatives for metro staff to ensure a smooth transition and operational efficiency.
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Why in the News?
India stresses the need for stringent monitoring during a recent review of the loan to Pakistan when the new PM Shehbaz Sharif seeking additional funding support from the IMF.
Background:
- Taking a tough stance, India has batted for “stringent monitoring” of any emergency funds provided by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to Pakistan, stressing that such funds must not be redeployed towards defense bills or repayment of loans from other countries.
- India’s position was put across to the IMF’s executive board during a recent review of an ongoing $3 billion short-term Stand-By Arrangement (SBA) granted to Pakistan by the Fund.
About International Monetary Fund (IMF):
- The IMF works to achieve sustainable growth and prosperity for all of its 190 member countries.
- It does so by supporting economic policies that promote financial stability and monetary cooperation, which are essential to increase productivity, job creation, and economic well-being.
- The IMF is governed by and accountable to its member countries.
Aims and Objectives:
- Furthering international monetary cooperation;
- Encouraging the expansion of trade and economic growth;
- Discouraging policies that would harm prosperity.
Functions of IMF:
- Policy Advice: As part of this process, which takes place at the global and regional levels, the IMF identifies potential risks and recommends appropriate policy adjustments to sustain economic growth and promote financial stability.
- Financial Advice: The IMF provides financial support to countries hit by crises to create breathing room as they implement policies that restore economic stability and growth. It also provides precautionary financing to help prevent crises. IMF lending is continuously refined to meet countries’ changing needs. The causes of crises can be domestic, external, or both.
- Domestic factors include inappropriate fiscal and monetary policies, which can lead to large current account and fiscal deficits and high public debt levels; an exchange rate fixed at an inappropriate level, which can erode competitiveness and result in the loss of official reserves, and a weak financial system. Political instability and weak institutions also can trigger crises.
- External factors include shocks ranging from natural disasters to large swings in commodity prices. With globalization, sudden changes in market sentiment can result in capital flow volatility. Both are common causes of crises, especially for low-income countries.
Significance of IMF monitoring:
- Essential in identifying risks that may require remedial policy adjustments.
- International cooperation on these efforts is critical in today’s globally integrated economy, in which the problems or policies of one country can affect many others.
- Focuses on individual countries or bilateral surveillance, and the global economy or multilateral surveillance.
Conclusion: There is uncertainty around Pakistan’s ability to quickly negotiate a new IMF program after the current one expires in April 2024 remains very high. Pakistan’s government liquidity and external vulnerability risks will remain very high until there is clarity on a credible longer-term financing plan
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Jim Corbett National Park
Mains level: Issues with Eco-Tourism
In the news
- The recent Supreme Court ruling on tiger safaris in Uttarakhand’s Jim Corbett National Park has ignited discussions on wildlife conservation and tourism development.
- The Court has condemned the unlawful felling of over 6,000 trees for constructing buildings under the guise of eco-tourism.
About Jim Corbett National Park
|
Details |
| Establishment |
Established on August 8th, 1936 (originally as Hailey National Park) |
| Location |
Uttarakhand State, Nainital region |
| Renaming |
Renamed as Ramganga National Park (1954–1955),
Later reverted to Corbett National Park |
| Total Area |
1,318.54 square kilometers (509.09 square miles) |
| Ecological Zones |
Dhikala, Bijrani, Jhirna, Sonanadi, Durgadevi, Dhela |
| Conservation Programs |
Included in Project Tiger (1973);
Part of World Wide Fund for Nature’s Terai Arc Landscape Program |
| Flagship Species |
Focus on Bengal tiger, Asiatic elephant, Great One-horned rhino |
| Geographical Features |
Ridges, streams, plateaus, ravines, grasslands, deciduous woods, pine forests |
| Importance |
Designated as Important Bird Area by Birdlife International;
Key role in wildlife conservation efforts |
Court’s Decision on Jim Corbett NP
- Petition against Captive Animal Holding: The Supreme Court addressed a petition opposing captive animal holding in the national park.
- Permitted Tiger Safaris: The Court allowed the establishment of tiger safaris in peripheral and buffer zones with specified conditions.
- Balancing Tourism and Ecosystem Preservation: The Court aimed to maintain a delicate balance between promoting tourism and preserving sensitive ecosystems within Jim Corbett National Park.
Impact of Tourism on Locals & Wildlife
- Tourism as a Livelihood: Locals rely on tourism for income, with transportation, tourist safaris, food centers, and accommodation facilities contributing significantly.
- Infrastructure and Conservation: Tourism infrastructure obstructs wildlife corridors, impacting conservation efforts. The phasing out of Dhikala tourism complex is deemed necessary to comply with legal requirements.
- Animal-Centric Approach: The Supreme Court emphasizes an animal-centric approach over tourist-centric policies to ensure conservation in national parks.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Kolkata Underwater Metro Tunnel
Mains level: NA
In the news
- Prime Minister inaugurated India’s first underwater metro tunnel in Kolkata, marking a significant milestone in infrastructure development.
Kolkata Underwater Metro Tunnel
- Kolkata- Howrah Link: Part of the Howrah Maidan-Esplanade section of Kolkata Metro’s East-West corridor.
- Distance and Speed: Covers a distance of 8 km under the Hooghly River, with a rapid travel time of just 45 seconds across a 520-metre stretch.
- Station Configuration: Three out of six stations will be underground, enhancing connectivity and convenience.
- Submerged Train Operation: Trains will traverse 26 meters below the river’s surface and operate 16 meters beneath the riverbed.
About Kolkata Metro: India’s First Rapid Transit System
- Overview: Kolkata Metro is India’s first operational rapid transit system, established in 1984, serving Kolkata and its metropolitan region.
- Network Length: It boasts four operational lines, totalling 59.38 km and comprising 48 stations, with three additional lines under construction.
- Infrastructure Mix: Utilizes a combination of underground, at-grade, and elevated stations with broad-gauge and standard-gauge tracks.
- Operation and Ownership: Managed by Metro Railway, Kolkata, and Kolkata Metro Rail Corporation.
- Project Financing: Funded for Rs 4,965 crore through a loan from the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA).
About Hooghly River
- The Hooghly River, also known as the Bhagirathi-Hooghly, is a distributary of the Ganges River in West Bengal, India.
- The river originates at Tribeni, where it splits from the main channel of the Ganges.
- The Hooghly River stretches for approximately 260 km (162 miles), making it a significant water body in the region.
- It served as a crucial trade route during the colonial era, fostering commerce and cultural exchange.
- It hosts iconic structures along its banks, including Howrah Bridge and Victoria Memorial, enrich Kolkata’s cultural landscape.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ayya Vaikundar and his teachings
Mains level: NA
In the news
- Tamil Nadu Governor R N Ravi sparked controversy with his recent remarks about Ayya Vaikundar, the 19th-century social reformer.
- At an event commemorating birth anniversary, the Governor portrayed him as an incarnation of Lord Vishnu, tasked with protecting Sanatan Dharma from the influence of the British government.
About Ayya Vaikundar (1809-1851)
- Born in 1809, Vaikundar is revered as a pioneer of social reform in southern Tamil Nadu.
- His teachings emphasized equality, fraternity, and the abolition of caste-based discrimination, challenging entrenched social hierarchies.
- Vaikundar’s initiatives, such as organizing community eateries for people of all backgrounds and advocating for shared water resources, aimed to dismantle caste barriers and promote inclusivity.
Contributions to Social Equality
- Community Initiatives: Vaikundar introduced revolutionary practices like Samapanthi-bhojana and Muthirikinarus to foster social cohesion and challenge caste-based segregation.
- Teachings: He believed in the concept of “pure love” (in Tamil, “piranthu”) as the ultimate goal of life. According to him, true love is selfless, unconditional, and pure, and it is the key to achieving inner peace and happiness.
- Scriptural References: His teachings are often rooted in Tamil scriptures such as the Tirukkural and the Nalayira Divya Prabandham. He interpreted these texts in a way that emphasized love, devotion, and spiritual growth.
- Community Practices: His followers engage in communal practices such as congregational worship, singing devotional songs (Nadai), and participating in spiritual gatherings known as “Ayyavazhi festivals.”
- Religious Reforms: He advocated for inclusive religious practices, such as Thottu Namam, which symbolized equality before divinity, regardless of caste.
- Educational Empowerment: He promoted education for lower castes, established community worship spaces, and simplified marriage customs to empower marginalized communities.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: MH 60R Seahawk
In the news
- The Indian Navy describes the commissioning of the MH-60R Seahawk squadron as a pivotal moment in India’s defense modernization journey.
About MH 60R Seahawk
- Maritime Variant: The MH-60R Seahawk is the maritime variant of the Black Hawk helicopter, procured through a 24-aircraft foreign military sales contract with the US government in February 2020.
- Operational Capabilities: It is designed for various operations including anti-submarine warfare, anti-surface warfare, search and rescue, and medical evacuation.
- Arsenal: These helicopters offer advanced weapons, sensors, and avionics suite tailored to India’s maritime security needs.
- Armament: Armed with AGM-114 Hellfire missiles, MK 54 torpedoes, and advanced precision weapons, the helicopters provide formidable firepower.
Significance
- Enhanced Blue-Water Capabilities: The commissioning enhances India’s blue-water capabilities, extending operational reach across vast maritime domains.
- Maritime Security: It aligns with the PM’s vision of ensuring security and growth for all in the region (SAGAR), reinforcing the Indian Navy’s dedication to fortifying maritime security.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Kulasekarapattinam, SHAR
Mains level: NA
In the news
- Prime Minister recently laid the foundation stone of ISRO’s second rocket launchport at Kulasekarapattinam.
- Costing Rs 986 crore, this facility, strategically located in Tamil Nadu’s Thoothukudi district, will primarily serve commercial, on-demand, and small satellite launches in the future.
About Kulasekarapattinam
- It will be second after Satish Dhawan Space Centre (Sriharikota Range (SHAR)), founded in Andhra Pradesh’s Sriharikota in 1971, with two launch pads.
- It will focus on the launch of Small Satellite Launch Vehicles (SSLVs) on a commercial basis.
- It would have the capacity to launch 24 satellites per year using a mobile launch structure.
- It strategic location helps save fuel for small rocket launches as the port can launch rockets directly south over the Indian Ocean without requiring crossing landmasses.
Need for such Facility
- Fuel Saving: This is unlike the existing launch site at the Satish Dhawan Space Centre, which adds more fuel requirements for launching into a polar orbit as rockets need to follow a curved path to the south to avoid Sri Lanka’s landmass.
- Unburdening SHAR: The opening of the space sector to private players necessitates a rise in commercial launches, prompting ISRO to build a second launchport to alleviate the burden on the Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) SHAR in Sriharikota.
- Dedicated Launch for Small Payloads: While SHAR handles larger missions, Kulasekarapattinam launchport will cater exclusively to smaller payloads, including those for commercial purposes and on-demand launches.
Geographical Advantages
- Strategic Location: Kulasekarapattinam provides a natural advantage for ISRO’s future launches, especially for the Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV), due to its geographical, scientific, and strategic positioning.
- Optimized Trajectory: The launch trajectory from Kulasekarapattinam enables a direct southward path for SSLVs, minimizing fuel consumption compared to launches from SHAR, which currently follow longer trajectories.
SSLVs: Purpose and Development
- Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV): SSLV is designed to launch small satellites weighing between 10 to 500kg into Low Earth Orbit, catering to commercial and on-demand launches.
- Mission Successes: SSLV-D1’s launch in August 2022 failed to achieve the intended orbit, but SSLV-D2’s success in February 2023 marked a significant milestone for ISRO’s SSLV program.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: MethaneSAT, GWP of Methane
Mains level: NA
In the news
- MethaneSAT, the latest addition to the space technology arsenal, promises to revolutionize the tracking and measurement of methane emissions globally.
- Launched aboard a SpaceX Falcon9 rocket, this innovative satellite is set to provide unparalleled insights into methane emissions, aiding in the fight against climate change.
Methane Emissions
- Methane, organic compound composed of carbon and four hydrogen atoms (CH4).
- Second-biggest anthropogenic contributor to global warming after carbon dioxide, 80 times more potent.
- Global Warming Potential (GWP) measures warming caused by substance relative to carbon dioxide over a century.
- Methane GWP100: 28, nitrous oxide 265, sulphur hexafluoride 23,500.
- Short-lived climate pollutant, breaks down in a few years unlike carbon dioxide.
- Sources: Cattle-farming, landfills, wastewater treatment, rice cultivation, industrial processes.
- Energy, agriculture, waste sectors primary emitters, responsible for 30% of global warming.
- Livestock emissions, including manure and gastroenteric releases, account for 32% of human-caused emissions.
- Global Methane Pledge: Launched at UN COP26 climate conference in Glasgow. Over 90 countries signed, led by United States and European Union (India not signed up).
|
Unraveling MethaneSAT
- MethaneSAT is an initiative of the Environmental Defense Fund (EDF), in collaboration with Harvard University, the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, and the New Zealand Space Agency.
- Equipped with a high–resolution infrared sensor and a spectrometer, MethaneSAT can detect methane concentrations as small as three parts per billion.
- With a wide-camera view of about 200 km by 200 km, MethaneSAT can identify both small and large emitters, filling critical data gaps.
Key Features
- Data Accessibility: MethaneSAT will provide its data for free in near real-time, empowering stakeholders and regulators to take timely action to curb methane emissions.
- Cloud Computing and AI: Google’s cloud-computing and AI technology will be used to analyze the vast amount of data collected by MethaneSAT, ensuring efficient processing and interpretation.
Significance of Methane Emission Monitoring
- Greenhouse Gas Impact: Methane, though invisible, is a potent greenhouse gas and a major contributor to global warming, second only to carbon dioxide.
- Health Hazards: Methane emissions also contribute to the formation of ground-level ozone, posing serious health risks and causing premature deaths.
- Fossil Fuel Operations: The bulk of human-caused methane emissions stem from fossil fuel operations, making it imperative to monitor and reduce these emissions.
Implications
- Global Impact: The launch of MethaneSAT aligns with the growing momentum for stringent methane management policies worldwide.
- Transparency: Publicly available data from MethaneSAT will hold governments and corporations accountable for their methane emission reduction commitments.
- Behavioral Change Challenges: While the data from MethaneSAT can drive awareness, behavioral changes among polluters are not guaranteed, highlighting the need for complementary regulatory measures.
Try this PYQ from CSE Prelims 2019:
Q.Consider the following:
- Carbon monoxide
- Methane
- Ozone
- Sulphur dioxide
Which of the above are released into atmosphere due to the burning of crop/biomass residue?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2, 3 and 4 only
(c) 1 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
Post your answers here.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Holistic Progress Card (HPC)
Mains level: NA
In the news
- The traditional report cards of students are undergoing a transformation with the introduction of the Holistic Progress Card (HPC) by the National Council for Educational and Research Training (NCERT).
- This innovative approach aims to evaluate not just academic performance but also various aspects of a child’s holistic development.
What is the Holistic Progress Card (HPC)?
- 360-Degree Evaluation: Departing from the conventional marks or grades-based assessment, the HPC adopts a comprehensive evaluation approach.
- Student-Centric Assessment: Students are actively engaged in the assessment process through class activities, allowing them to demonstrate diverse skills and competencies.
- Peer and Self-Assessment: Students participate in evaluating their own and their classmates’ performance, fostering self-awareness and peer collaboration.
Key Features of the HPC
- Classes Involved: The HPC was created for the foundational stage (Classes 1 and 2), preparatory stage (Classes 3 to 5), and middle stage (Classes 6 to 8). Efforts are currently underway to develop a similar framework for the secondary stage.
- Parameters of Evaluation: Besides academics, students are evaluated on self-awareness, relationships, problem-solving, emotional intelligence, and creativity. Students reflect on their progress after each activity by circling statements like “I learned something new,” “I expressed creativity,” or “I helped others.”
- Method of Evaluation:
- Self-Assessment: Included in the HPC for all students from Class 1 to Class 8. In middle school (Classes 6 to 8), students set academic and personal goals with specific timelines at the start of the year. The middle stage HPC also involves an “ambition card” where students list their goals for the year and areas for improvement, along with the skills and habits needed to achieve them.
- Parental Involvement: Parents provide feedback on homework completion, classroom engagement, and the child’s ability to balance screen time with extracurricular activities at home, thus connecting home and school.
- Peer Evaluation: Students evaluate their classmates’ participation in learning and engagement after each classroom activity.
Implementation and Adoption
- Rollout across States: The HPC has been sent to all states and Union Territories, with several already adopting it for Classes 1 to 8.
- Regional Customization: States have the flexibility to modify the HPC to suit their regional requirements while adhering to the overarching principles.
Rationale behind the Change
- Focus on Higher-Order Skills: The shift from rote memorization to higher-order skills evaluation aligns with the objectives of NEP 2020 and NCF SE.
- Promotion of Holistic Development: The HPC aims to communicate students’ strengths and areas of improvement, fostering self-esteem and self-awareness.
Benefits and Implications
- Comprehensive Evaluation: The HPC promotes a holistic assessment approach, encompassing academic achievements and critical skill development.
- Shift to Formative Assessment: By emphasizing formative assessment, the HPC encourages competency-based evaluation and continuous improvement.
- Insights for Teachers and Parents: Teachers and parents gain valuable insights into each student’s learning journey, enabling personalized support and guidance.
Conclusion
- The introduction of the Holistic Progress Card marks a significant step towards redefining student assessment in India.
- By prioritizing holistic development and competency-based evaluation, the HPC aims to nurture well-rounded individuals capable of thriving in a rapidly evolving world.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Women, Business and Law Index
Mains level: NA
In the news
- India’s ranking in the World Bank’s Women, Business and Law index saw a significant improvement, climbing to 113 out of 190 countries in the latest edition of the report.
- It is intriguing to know that none of the countries globally achieved a full score in the new index, indicating pervasive gender disparities in legal rights worldwide.
About Women, Business and Law Index
- The Women, Business and Law Index is a World Bank initiative aimed at measuring how laws and regulations impact women’s economic opportunity.
- The index provides objective and measurable benchmarks for evaluating global progress towards legal gender equality.
- Range from 0 to 100, where 100 denotes equal legal rights for men and women.
- The report assesses eight critical areas: mobility, workplace, pay, marriage, parenthood, entrepreneurship, assets, and pension.
- The 2024 edition marks the 10th iteration of the report.
India’s Performance
- Legal Rights Gap: Indian women now enjoy 60% of the legal rights granted to men, slightly below the global average of 64.2%.
- Regional Comparison: India outperformed its South Asian counterparts, where women typically have access to only 45.9% of the legal protections compared to men.
- Supportive Frameworks: India’s performance in establishing supportive frameworks fell short, with only 54.2% of the necessary frameworks in place.
- Policy Efforts: India aims to increase female labour force participation, which stood at 37% in 2022-23, significantly lower than many advanced economies.
- OECD Comparison: The female labour force participation rate in OECD countries exceeded 50% in 2022, highlighting the gap India seeks to bridge.
Try this PYQ from CSE Prelims 2015:
‘Global Financial Stability Report’ is released by which organisation?
(a) Organization for Economic Cooperation and development (OECD)
(b) World Economic Forum
(c) World Bank
(d) World trade Organization (WTO)
Post your answers here.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: INS Jatayu, Eight Degree Channel
Mains level: Read the attached story
In the news
- The Naval Detachment Minicoy will transition into INS Jatayu, an upgraded naval base, symbolizing India’s commitment to bolstering security infrastructure in the strategic Lakshadweep Islands.
- This development underscores the Indian Navy’s strategic imperative to fortify its presence in the region.
About INS Jatayu
- Upgrade to Naval Base: INS Jatayu will be elevated to a fully-fledged naval base, equipped with essential infrastructure such as an airfield and housing facilities.
- Strategic Location: Situated amidst vital Sea Lines of Communications (SLOCs), the Lakshadweep Islands hold immense strategic importance, serving as a gateway to the Indian Ocean.
- Enhanced Operational Capability: The transformation of Naval Detachment Minicoy into INS Jatayu signifies a significant augmentation of the Navy’s operational capabilities in the region.
- Geopolitical Dynamics: Against the backdrop of evolving geopolitical dynamics, particularly China’s increasing influence in the Indian Ocean Region, the establishment of INS Jatayu assumes greater significance.
A Strategic Asset: Lakshadweep Archipelago
- Geographical Context: Lakshadweep, comprising 36 islands, lies strategically between the Indian mainland and the Maldives, serving as a vital link in India’s maritime security architecture.
- Maritime Highways: Minicoy, in particular, is strategically positioned along key maritime highways, including the Eight Degree Channel and the Nine Degree Channel.
Future Prospects and Challenges
- Operational Implications: The establishment of INS Jatayu will bolster the Navy’s operational reach and responsiveness, enabling effective anti-piracy and anti-narcotics operations in the western Arabian Sea.
- Ecological Considerations: The fragile ecology of the island poses challenges for infrastructure development, necessitating meticulous planning and environmental clearances.
- Operational Expansion: The proposed airfield at INS Jatayu will facilitate operations for various aircraft, bolstering the Navy’s surveillance capabilities and extending its operational reach.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: ADITI Scheme, iDEX
Mains level: Read the attached story
In the news
- The recently launched ADITI scheme by the Union Minister of Defence marks a new era in promoting innovations in critical and strategic defence technologies.
About ADITI Scheme
- Scheme Objective: Acing Development of Innovative Technologies with iDEX (ADITI) is aimed at fostering innovations in critical and strategic defence technologies.
- Development Goals: The scheme targets the development of approximately 30 deep-tech critical and strategic technologies within the proposed timeframe.
- Eligibility Criteria: Start-ups can avail grant-in-aid of up to Rs 25 crore for their research, development, and innovation efforts in defence technology.
- Budget Allocation: ADITI is backed by a budget of Rs 750 crore spanning from 2023-24 to 2025-26.
- Framework: It operates within the iDEX (Innovations for Defence Excellence) framework under the Department of Defence Production, Ministry of Defence.
Features of the Scheme
- Bridge-building Initiative: ADITI aims to establish a ‘Technology Watch Tool’ to bridge the gap between the modern Armed Forces’ expectations and requirements and the capabilities of the defence innovation ecosystem.
- Incentives for Innovators: iDEX has been expanded to iDEX Prime, offering increased assistance from Rs 1.5 crore to Rs 10 crore, motivating young innovators to participate.
- National Transformation: Initiatives like ADITI, iDEX, and iDEX Prime are instrumental in propelling India towards becoming a knowledge society.
- Youth Empowerment: The scheme aims to nurture youth innovation, propelling the country forward in the realm of technology.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Cavum, Altocumulus Clouds
Mains level: Not Much
In the news
- Recently, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) shared mesmerizing images of Cavum clouds, also known as “hole-punch clouds” or “fallstreak holes,” as observed from space.
What are Cavum Clouds?
- Formation Process: Cavum clouds are formed when airplanes traverse through layers of altocumulus clouds, which are mid-level clouds containing supercooled water droplets (water below freezing temperature but still in liquid form).
- Adiabatic Expansion: As the aircraft moves through, a phenomenon called adiabatic expansion can occur, causing the water droplets to freeze into ice crystals.
- Creation of Holes: These ice crystals eventually become too heavy and fall out of the cloud layer, resulting in the formation of a hole in the clouds.
- Steep Angle Formation: Cavum clouds are typically formed when planes pass through at a relatively steep angle.
About Altocumulus Clouds
|
Details |
| Appearance |
Altocumulus clouds are mid-level clouds characterized by white or gray patches or layers. |
| Formation |
They form between 2,000 to 7,000 meters (6,500 to 23,000 feet) above sea level. |
| Composition |
Composed of water droplets and occasionally ice crystals. |
| Shape |
Usually appear as rounded masses or rolls. |
| Weather Patterns |
Often indicate fair weather, but can also precede thunderstorms or cold fronts. |
| Optical Effects |
They can create a halo effect around the sun or moon when thin enough. |
| Classification |
Altocumulus clouds are classified as “middle-level clouds” (based on their altitude in the atmosphere). |
| Associated Types |
Altocumulus castellanus: Towering altocumulus clouds indicating instability and potential storminess. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: GI Tags, Products mentioned
Mains level: NA
In the news
- In the past week, many Geographical Indications (GI) Tags were awarded across the states of India.
About GI Tag
- A GI is a sign used on products that have a specific geographical origin and possess qualities or a reputation that are due to that origin.
- Nodal Agency: Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), Ministry of Commerce and Industry
- India, as a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO), enacted the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999 w.e.f. September 2003.
- GIs have been defined under Article 22 (1) of the WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement.
- The tag stands valid for 10 years.
Recently Awarded GI Tags
[1] Narasapur Crochet Lace Craft:
|
Details |
| Technique |
Handcrafted crochet lace-making using fine threads |
| Design |
Intricate patterns and motifs inspired by nature and traditional motifs |
| Uniqueness |
Known for delicate and intricate designs, used in sarees, dress materials, and home decor |
| Economic Impact |
Provides livelihood to local artisans, enhances market value, protects against imitation |
| Recognition |
GI tag promotes cultural heritage, supports economic empowerment of artisans |
[2] Mukha Shilpa of Majuli:
|
Details |
| Origin |
Majuli, Assam, the world’s largest river island |
| Artform |
Traditional mask-making, also known as Mukha Shilpa |
| Material |
Made from eco-friendly materials like bamboo, clay, and cloth |
| Uniqueness |
Masks depict mythological characters, deities, and animals, preserving Assamese culture |
| Cultural Significance |
Used in traditional Sattriya dance forms, rituals, and festivals |
| Economic Impact |
GI tag promotes tourism, empowers local artisans, supports conservation efforts |
| Conservation Efforts |
Recognition boosts efforts to preserve and promote this ancient art form |
[3] Traditional Tribal Attire ‘Risa’:
|
Details |
| Origin |
Tripura, northeastern state known for rich tribal culture |
| Attire |
Traditional attire worn by Tripuri tribal women |
| Fabric |
Handwoven cotton fabric with vibrant colors and intricate designs |
| Uniqueness |
Unique weaving techniques and motifs representing tribal identity |
| Cultural Heritage |
Integral part of Tripuri culture, worn during festivals and ceremonies |
| Economic Impact |
GI tag enhances market visibility, supports livelihoods of weavers |
| Preservation Efforts |
Recognition promotes preservation and revival of traditional weaving techniques |
[4] Riyawan Garlic (Madhya Pradesh):
|
Details |
| Origin |
Riyawan village in Ratlam district, Madhya Pradesh |
| Variety |
Special type of garlic known for unique taste, aroma, and medicinal properties |
| Cultivation |
Grown organically in fertile soil and favorable climate |
| Uniqueness |
Distinct flavor and pungency, popular in culinary uses and Ayurvedic medicine |
| Health Benefits |
Rich in antioxidants, believed to have medicinal properties for various ailments |
| Economic Impact |
GI tag boosts local agriculture, provides economic opportunities to farmers |
| Quality Assurance |
Recognition ensures authenticity and quality, protects against imitation |
[5] ‘Chandi Tarakasi’ or Silver Filigree:
|
Details |
| Origin |
Cuttack, Odisha, renowned for centuries-old silver filigree craftsmanship |
| Craftsmanship |
Intricate art of twisting and curling thin silver wires to create delicate patterns and designs |
| Utility |
Used in jewelry, utensils, decorative items, and souvenirs |
| Uniqueness |
Unique designs reflecting Odia culture and heritage, passed down through generations |
| Artistic Value |
Prized for craftsmanship and artistic appeal |
| Economic Impact |
GI tag enhances market value, supports local artisans, promotes preservation of cultural heritage |
| Cultural Heritage |
Recognition promotes preservation and continuation of traditional art form |
Try this PYQ from CSE Prelims 2018:
Q.India enacted The Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999 in order to comply with the obligations to-
(a) ILO
(b) IMF
(c) UNCTAD
(d) WTO
Post your responses here.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Shanan Hydropower Project , Its Location
Mains level: Read the attached story
In the news
- A longstanding dispute between Punjab and Himachal Pradesh over the ownership of the Shanan hydropower project has escalated, leading to legal intervention by both parties.
- As the 99-year-old lease of the project expired on March 2, the Centre has issued orders to maintain status quo until a final decision is reached.
Shanan Hydropower Project and the Dispute
- Location: It is located on the Uhl River, a tributary of the Beas River, in Mandi district, Himachal Pradesh, India.
- British-era Lease: The 110-MW Shanan hydel project was leased to Punjab in 1925 by the then-ruler of Mandi, Raja Joginder Bahadur, under a 99-year lease agreement.
- Competing Claims: Himachal Pradesh contends that the project should revert to its control upon the expiry of the lease, citing historical and legal grounds for its claim.
- Economic Significance: The project has significant economic implications for both states, contributing to their power generation capacities and regional development.
Punjab’s Claims over the Project
- Historical Ownership: The project historically supplied power to undivided Punjab and Delhi before Independence, and it was allocated to Punjab during the reorganization of states in 1966.
- Legal Basis: Punjab asserts its legal control over the project under the provisions of the Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966, reinforced by a central notification issued in 1967.
- Utilization of Resources: Punjab argues that it has invested in the maintenance and operation of the project, making it a vital component of its energy infrastructure.
Legal Proceedings and Centre’s Intervention
- Supreme Court Petition: Punjab has filed a suit in the Supreme Court, seeking a permanent injunction against Himachal Pradesh from disturbing its lawful possession of the project.
- Interim Status Quo Order: The Centre, invoking its powers under relevant laws, has ordered the status quo on the project’s functioning until a final decision is made, emphasizing the public interest in maintaining stability.
- Legal Interpretation: The interpretation of historical agreements and legislative acts will be pivotal in determining the rightful ownership of the project.
Implications and Future Course of Action
- Interim Measure: The Centre’s order is an interim measure to prevent disruption in the functioning of the Shanan Power House until the dispute is resolved.
- Legal Framework: Both parties are expected to proceed further within the legal framework to settle the dispute, ensuring adherence to due process and fairness.
- Regional Cooperation: A collaborative approach between Punjab and Himachal Pradesh, facilitated by federal authorities, could lead to a mutually beneficial resolution and promote inter-state harmony.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Gangetic Dolphin, Project Dolphin
Mains level: NA
In the news
- The inauguration of the National Dolphin Research Centre (NDRC) in Patna marks a significant step towards the conservation of the Gangetic Dolphin.
- The NDRC aims to facilitate in-depth studies on various aspects of Gangetic dolphins, including behavior, survival skills, food habits, and mortality factors.
- Led by Bihar Chief Minister Nitish Kumar, this pioneering institute promises to advance scientific understanding and foster conservation efforts for this iconic species.
Key Facts about Gangetic Dolphin
|
Details |
| Discovery |
Platanista gangetica also known as the “Tiger of the Ganges,” was officially discovered in 1801. |
| Habitat |
Historically distributed in major river systems of India, Nepal, and Bangladesh, including the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna and Karnaphuli-Sangu. |
| Features |
- Essentially blind, hunts by emitting ultrasonic sounds.
- Frequently found alone or in small groups, usually with a calf.
- Females larger, give birth once every 2-3 years.
|
| Importance |
- Indicator of river ecosystem health.
- Designated National Aquatic Animal (2009) and State Aquatic Animal of Assam.
|
| Major Threats |
- Unintentional killing in fishing gear.
- Poaching for dolphin oil.
- Habitat destruction due to development and pollution.
|
| Protection Status |
- IUCN: Endangered
- CITES: Appendix I
- CMS: Appendix I
- Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972: Schedule I
|
| Government Initiatives |
|
Try this PYQ from CSE Prelims 2015:
Which one of the following is the national aquatic animal of India?
(a) Saltwater crocodile
(b) Olive ridley turtle
(c) Gangetic dolphin
(d) Gharial
Post your answers here.
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