Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: CCO and its Functions
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
The Coal Controller’s Organisation (CCO) recently held inspections of Coal Mines to ensure the accuracy of Coal class and grade declarations.
Coal Sector in Indian Economy:
- The Indian coal sector is one of the 8 core sectors contributing heavily to the economic development of India.
- In India, there are 4 grades of coal available: Lignite, Bituminous, Sub-Bituminous, and Anthracite, and out of which Anthracite is the highest grade of coal.
- More than 70% of Coal reserves in India are mainly found in the South-Central region i.e. in Orissa, Chhattisgarh, and Jharkhand.
- India is the second-largest producer of Anthracite globally after China.
- The mining sector accounts for more than 2% contribution to the total GDP of India.
- India, had a global share of Coal production nearly 9%.
- India’s share of coal in major imports in FY 2023 was estimated at 8%.
- India exports coking coal to neighboring countries, including Nepal, Bangladesh, and Bhutan.
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About Coal Controller’s Organisation (CCO)
- The CCO was established in 1975 under the Coal Mines (Conservation and Development) Act, 1974.
- It operates under the Ministry of Coal.
- It is headquartered in Kolkata and field offices at Dhanbad, Ranchi, Bilaspur, Nagpur, Sambalpur, Kothagudem, and Asansol.
Functions of CCO
- Regulatory Oversight: Regulates coal industry activities, ensuring compliance with laws and policies.
- Inspections: It conducts inspections of collieries to ensure the accuracy of coal class and grade declarations under the Colliery Control Rules, 2004 (Amended in 2021).
- Quality Control: Establishes and enforces standards for coal quality through testing and inspection.
- Grading and Classification: Categorizes coal into grades based on quality and intended use.
- Licensing and Permissions: Issues licenses and permits to coal producers, traders, and consumers.
- Data Collection and Analysis: Collects and analyzes data on coal production, consumption, and market trends.
- Research and Development: Conducts or sponsors R&D to improve mining techniques and coal quality.
- Conservation and Sustainability: Formulates policies for coal resource conservation and sustainable development.
- Enforcement and Compliance: Ensures compliance with coal-related regulations through inspections and enforcement actions.
Grades of Coal in India
The gradation of coal is based on-
- Non-Coking Coal: Based on Gross Calorific Value (GCV).
- Coking Coal: Ash Content
- Semi Coking /Weakly Coking Coal: Ash plus Moisture Content
What is Coke?
- Coke is a solid carbonaceous material derived from heating coal in the absence of air.
- It is a porous, hard, black substance with a high carbon content and few impurities.
- Coke is primarily used as a fuel and as a reducing agent in the process of smelting iron ore to produce steel in a blast furnace.
Types of Coal based on Coking ability
- Non-Coking Coal: Non-coking coal, also known as thermal coal, is coal that does not have the ability to undergo conversion into coke when heated in the absence of air. It is primarily used for power generation in thermal power plants, as well as for other industrial applications such as cement production and heating.
- Coking Coal: Coking coal, also known as metallurgical coal, is a type of coal that possesses the necessary properties to undergo conversion into coke when heated in the absence of air. Coking coal is characterized by its high carbon content, low ash content, and ability to form a strong, porous coke when heated.
- Semi Coking / Weakly Coking Coal: Semi-coking or weakly coking coal is a coal type that falls between non-coking coal and coking coal in terms of its properties. While it does not fully qualify as coking coal due to certain limitations in its coking properties, it exhibits some degree of coking ability when heated.
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PYQ:
[2022] In India, what is the role of the Coal Controller’s Organization (CCO)?
- CCO is the major source of Coal Statistics in Government of India.
- It monitors progress of development of Captive Coal/Lignite blocks.
- It hears any objection to the Government’s notification relating to acquisition of coal-bearing areas.
- It ensures that coal mining companies deliver the coal to end users in the prescribed time.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1, 2 and 3
(b) 3 and 4 only
(c) 1 and 2 only
(d) 1, 2 and 4 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: 95Mat5 Antibody
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
After multiple rounds of screening, researchers have identified an antibody, 95Mat5 that showed promising results in making a potent antidote against various snake venoms.
What is 95Mat5?
- 95Mat5 is a universal antivenom developed to neutralize the toxins present in snake venoms.
- Development Process:
- The scientists first synthesized variants of a toxin called long-chain 3FTxs (3FTx-L), which are found in the venoms of various snakes, including cobras, kraits, mambas, and monocled cobras.
- They then screened billions of human antibodies expressed on the surface of yeast cells to find antibodies that bound best to the synthesized toxins.
- After multiple rounds of screening, they identified a shortlist of antibodies that broadly reacted with most of the 3FTx variants used in the study.
- The selected antibodies were further tested in vitro in human cells to determine which ones could best neutralize the toxins.
Mechanism of Action
- 95Mat5 specifically targets α-neurotoxins, which are a specific class of 3FTxs that prevent nerve and muscle cells from responding to acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter involved in carrying messages from neurons to muscles.
- By binding to the toxins, 95Mat5 prevents toxins from interacting with the receptors in human nerve and muscle cells, thereby blocking their ability to induce paralysis and other deadly effects.
- In animal experiments, 95Mat5 demonstrated efficacy in neutralizing the toxins present in the venoms of various snake species, protecting the animals from death.
Global Impact of Snakebites
- Venomous snakebites claim over 100,000 lives annually, with around 400,000 individuals suffering permanent disability.
- Low and middle-income countries, especially India and Africa, bear the brunt of this burden.
- India alone witnessing an average of 58,000 deaths each year.
- In 2017, the World Health Organisation (WHO) declared snakebite envenoming as a highest priority Neglected Tropical Disease, shedding light on a long-hidden health crisis.
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PYQ:
[2020] With reference to carbon nanotubes, consider the following statements:
- They can be used as carriers of drugs and antigens in the human body.
- They can be made into artificial blood capillaries for an injured part of human body.
- They can be used in biochemical sensors.
- Carbon nanotubes are biodegradable.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2, 3 and 4 only
(c) 1, 3 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Commonwealth of Nations, CPGRAMS
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
India’s Centralised Public Grievance Redress and Monitoring System (CPGRAMS) received global recognition during the 3rd Biennial Pan-Commonwealth Heads in London.
What is CPGRAMS?
- The primary objective of CPGRAMS is to provide citizens with a user-friendly mechanism to register complaints or grievances related to various government departments and agencies.
- It is an online platform available to the citizens 24×7 to lodge their grievances to the public authorities on any subject related to service delivery.
- It was created in June 2007 by the Department of Administrative Reforms & Public Grievances.
- It has been designed in-house by the National Informatics Centre team.
- Prime Minister is the supreme head of the CPGRAMS.
Key functions of CPGRAMS include:
- Grievance Lodging and Tracking: Citizens can lodge grievances online and track their progress using a unique registration number generated by the system.
- Role-Based Access: Every Ministry and state have role-based access to this system, ensuring that grievances are forwarded to the concerned Ministries or Government Departments.
- Appeal Facility: CPGRAMS provides an appeal facility to the citizens if they are not satisfied with the resolution by the Grievance Officer.
- Feedback Mechanism: After the closure of grievance, if the complainant is not satisfied with the resolution, they can provide feedback. If the rating is ‘Poor’, the option to file an appeal is enabled. The status of the Appeal can also be tracked by the petitioner with the grievance registration number.
Issues that are NOT taken up under CPGRAMS:
- Subjudice cases or any matter concerning judgment given by any court.
- Personal and Family disputes.
- Right to Information (RTI) Queries.
- Anything that impacts upon territorial integrity of the country or friendly relations with other countries.
- Grievances of Government employees concerning their service matters including disciplinary proceedings etc because there is already a mechanism for addressing these issues.
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What is the Commonwealth of Nations?
- The Commonwealth of Nations is an intergovernmental organization of 53 member states that are mostly former territories of the British Empire.
- It dates back to the first half of the 20th century with the decolonization of the British Empire through increased self-governance of its territories.
- It was originally created as the British Commonwealth of Nations through the Balfour Declaration at the 1926 Imperial Conference.
- It was formalized by the UK through the Statute of Westminster in 1931.
- The symbol of this free association is Queen Elizabeth II, who is the Head of the Commonwealth.
- Membership: Based on free and equal voluntary cooperation.
History of its creation
- The Commonwealth was created in the early 1900s when nations that were formerly a part of the British Empire began to secede.
- India is one of the founding members of the modern Commonwealth.
- India’s first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, played a key role in the creation of the modern Commonwealth in 1949, Indian policy-makers over the years have considered it as a relic of empire and steeped in colonial legacy.
Working of Commonwealth
- Commonwealth members have no legal obligations to one another.
- Instead, they are united by language, history, culture and their shared values of democracy, human rights and the rule of law.
Actual functioning: Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM)
- CHOGM which takes place every two years is a platform for all Commonwealth leaders to meet and discuss issues about the Commonwealth.
- The motto behind the meeting is to reaffirm common values, address the shared global challenges and agree on how to work to create a better future.
PYQ:
[2012] With reference to consumers rights/privileges under the provisions of law in India, which of the following statements is/are correct?
1. Consumers are empowered to take samples for food testing.
2. When a consumer files a complaint in any consumer forum, no fee is required to be paid.
3. In case of death of a consumer, his/her legal heir can file a complaint in the consumer forum on his/her behalf.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
[2016] The plan of Sir Stafford Cripps envisaged that after the Second World War,
(a) India should be granted complete independence
(b) India should be partitioned into two before granting independence
(c) India should be made a republic with the condition that it will join the Commonwealth
(d) India should be given Dominion status |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Areas in South America;
Mains level: NA
Why in the News?
South America, known for its diverse landscapes and cultures, also harbors several disputed territories, each with its own historical, geopolitical, and economic significance. These disputes often arise from conflicting territorial claims, historical grievances, or resource-rich areas.
Diverse Landscapes of South America:
- The Pacific Coastal Strip:
- Between the ocean and the Andes mountain Range.
- The coastline of South America is smooth and regular. At the river mouths, some inlets are used as harbors. The southwestern coast of the continent has fiords or deep inlets of the sea.
- Andes Mountain Range:
- The Andes stretch through the entire continent, running in the north-south direction from the Isthmus of Panama to the Strait of Magellan. The second-highest mountain system in the world.
- Mount Aconcagua (an extinct volcano lies in Argentina)
- Mount Ojas del Salado is the highest active volcano in the world of Argentina.
- Part of seven countries: Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia, Peru, Chile, and Argentina.
- They form a chain of ranges and knots with enclosed intermontane plateaus namely in Ecuador and Bolivia.
- Being part of the Pacific Ring of Fire, there are many volcanoes and frequent earthquakes in this region. Mount Cotopaxi and Mount Chimborazo are active volcanic peaks, which is the highest peak in South America.
- About the Amazon River:
- It is the world’s largest and second-longest (6,400 km) river in the world after the Nile.
- Its journey begins high in the Andes Mountains. The river then makes its way east through thousands of miles of rainforests and lowlands until it empties into the Atlantic Ocean on the northeastern coast of Brazil
- Its watershed spans the countries of Brazil, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, and Bolivia.
- It has more than 1,100 tributaries, which include the rivers like the Rio Negro, the Madeira River, and the Xingu River, etc.
- The Amazon Rainforest, which represents about half of the Earth’s remaining rainforest, also constitutes its single largest reserve of biological resources.
- It is sometimes referred to as the “lungs of the Earth” due to its role in regulating the planet’s oxygen and carbon cycles.
Disputed Areas in South America
|
Countries Involved |
Key Points |
Geographical Features |
| Gulf of Venezuela |
Colombia, Venezuela |
- Inlet of the Caribbean Sea is Disputed over islands such as Los Monjes Archipelago due to Fishing rights and potential oil reserves.
- Interpretation disputes regarding the 1941 Treaty of Delimitation
- Recent tensions over maritime confrontations and oil exploration activities.
|
Surrounded by coastal mountain ranges with waters fed by several rivers |
| Essequibo Region |
Guyana, Venezuela |
- Covers two-thirds of Guyana’s territory Historical grievances claimed by Venezuela.
- Recent oil discoveries raising tensions; ICJ case filed by Guyana.
- Essequibo River flows through this region.
|
Diverse landscapes including rainforests, savannahs, and mountains with the Essequibo River |
| Atacama Desert |
Peru, Chile |
- Extremely Arid desert region
- War of the Pacific led to Chile’s control
- Valuable mineral resources contribute to disputes
- Bilateral talks and arbitration proposals for settlement
|
Bordered by the Andes Mountains and the Pacific Ocean with salt flats, sand dunes, and volcanic formations |
| Falkland Islands (Malvinas) |
Argentina, UK |
- Sovereignty disputes since 1833
- Economic interests include fisheries, tourism, and potential oil reserves
- Diplomatic efforts and UN resolutions for resolution
|
Consists of two main islands with rugged coastlines and low mountains |
| Darien Gap |
Colombia, Panama |
- Dense jungle terrain separating North and South America
- Challenges in illegal immigration discussions
- Characterized by dense rainforests, swamps, and mountains
|
Part of the Darien National Park with dense rainforests, mangroves, and steep mountain slopes |
| Arroyo de la Invernada or Rincon de Artigas… |
Brazil, Uruguay |
- Dispute over the Invernada River region near Masoller
- UN does not officially recognize the claim
- 237 km2 region with significant natural resources
- Efforts to resolve through bilateral talks and international mediation
|
Rolling hills, grasslands, and small rivers with the Invernada River |
| New River Triangle (Tigri Area) |
Suriname, Guyana |
- Disputed region within the Guiana Highlands
- Conflicting claims over territory interpretation of historical treaties and boundaries
|
Dense rainforests, mountain ranges, and numerous rivers |
| Isla Brasilera/Ilha Brasileira |
Brazil, Uruguay |
- Uruguay claims ownership of Isla Brasilera
- Strategically located near the tripoint with Argentina
- Efforts to resolve through diplomatic negotiations and legal arguments
|
Small island located in the Uruguay River with lush vegetation |
| Isla Suarez/Ilha de Guajara-mirim |
Bolivia, Brazil |
- Located in the Rio Mamore as a border between Bolivia and Brazil
- Economically dependent on Guajara-Mirim, Brazil
- Treaty signed in 1958 maintains the status quo
- Challenges of border management in riverine environments
|
Riverine island characterized by tropical vegetation and wetlands |
| Southern Patagonian Ice Field |
Argentina, Chile |
- Spanning parts of Argentina and Chile
- Border demarcation remains undefined in certain areas
- Bilateral efforts for resolution include scientific cooperation and mapping projects
|
Vast expanse of ice and snow covering rugged mountain ranges and deep valleys |
| Lithium Triangle |
Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile |
- It is characterized by various salt pans or salars, concentrated along the Atacama Desert and adjacent arid regions.
- The Salar de Atacama in Chile boasts the highest lithium concentration (0.15% by weight) among all brine sources worldwide.
- Argentina boasts more than half of the world’s total lithium resources and holds the distinction of having the 2nd-largest lithium resources, the 3rd-largest lithium reserves, and the 4th-largest lithium production in the world.
- India’s KABIL (Khanij Bidesh India Ltd) has announced an investment of ₹211 crore ($25.712 million) over five years for exploration stage activities in five lithium blocks in the Fiambala area of Argentina.
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Key reserves of Lithium include:
- Uyuni (Bolivia): This salt flat is not only the world’s largest salt flat but also contains significant lithium reserves.
- Atacama (Chile): Located in the Atacama Desert, Salar de Atacama is home to one of the largest lithium reserves globally.
- Hombre Muerto (Argentina): This salt flat in northwestern Argentina also hosts lithium extraction operations.
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Note: Bolivia and Paraguay are land-locked countries in South America
| PYQ:
[2013] “Climate is extreme, rainfall is scanty and the people used to be nomadic herders.”
The above statement best describes which of the following regions?
(a) African Savannah
(b) Central Asian Steppe
(c) South American Tropical
(d) Siberian Tundra |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ghepang/Ghepan Ghat and other Glacial Lake, GLOF Glacial Landforms etc.
Mains level: NA
Why in the News?
- The Satellite images by ISRO show an increase in the size of Gepang Gath Lake amidst rising concerns about Climate Change.
- Gepang Gath Lake (one of the biggest Glacial lakes in the Chandra basin) is located in the Western Indian Himalaya at the terminus of the Gepan Gath glacier.
ISRO’s Findings on Glacial Lakes in Himalayas
Expansion of Glacial Lakes
- During 2016-17, total of 2,431 lakes larger than 10 hectares were identified, among which 676 were identified as glacial lakes. Notably, these 676 glacial lakes have shown significant expansion since 1984. A staggering 89% (601 lakes) of the expanding lakes have more than doubled in size since 1984.
- Regional Distribution: Out of these expanding glacial lakes, 130 are situated within India. Among these, 65 lakes are located in the Indus River basin, seven in the Ganga River basin, and 58 in the Brahmaputra River basin.
- The derived analysis from the Satellite provides valuable insights for understanding glacial lake dynamics.
- It is essential for assessing environmental impacts and developing strategies for Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOF) risk management and climate change adaptation in glacial environments.
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What are Glacial Lakes?
-
- Glacial lakes are bodies of water formed in depressions on the surface of glaciers or in moraines left behind by retreating glaciers.
- Glacial lakes were categorized based on their formation process into four broad categories:
- Moraine-dammed,
- Ice-dammed,
- Erosion, and
- Other glacial lakes.
- Among the expanding lakes, the majority are Moraine-dammed (307), followed by Erosion (265), other (96), and Ice-dammed (8) glacial lakes.
- Formation Process: Glacial lakes form through the accumulation of meltwater from the melting ice of glaciers. As glaciers move, they carve out depressions in the landscape, which may fill with water to form lakes.
- When glaciers retreat, they leave behind moraines, which can act as natural dams, trapping meltwater and forming lakes.
- Characteristics:
- Vary in size, depending on the size and activity of the glacier.
- Found in mountainous regions and polar areas where glaciers are present.
- The primary source of water is melting glacial ice, precipitation and runoff.
- Significance of Glacial Lakes:
-
- Glacial lakes play a crucial role in regulating water flow in glacier-fed rivers, particularly during the dry season.
- Provides habitat for unique aquatic species adapted to cold, high-altitude environments.
- Contributes to landscape evolution and the formation of landforms such as cirques and tarns.
- Present Ecological Challenges:
- Glacial Outburst Floods: The sudden release of water from glacial lakes, known as glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs), can pose significant hazards to downstream communities and infrastructure. Ex. Chamoli Disaster.
- Rapid Expansion: Glacial lakes can rapidly expand due to the increased melting of glaciers, leading to the risk of flooding and landslides in surrounding areas.
Important Glacial Lakes in India:
- Deosai National Park (Jammu and Kashmir): Known for its numerous glacial lakes.
- Gangbal Lake (Jammu and Kashmir): At the base of Mount Haramukh.
- Zanskar Valley Lakes (Jammu and Kashmir): Includes Tsomoriri Lake, Tsokar Lake, and many others.
- Roopkund Lake (Uttarakhand): Known for the human skeletons found at its bottom.
- Sarson Patal Lake (Uttarakhand): Within the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve.
- Deoria Tal (Uttarakhand): Offering stunning views of the surrounding peaks.
- Hemkund Lake (Uttarakhand): Near the Hemkund Sahib Gurudwara.
- Kedar Tal (Uttarakhand): At the foot of the Thalay Sagar peak.
- Nanda Devi East Base Lake (Uttarakhand): Offering views of the Nanda Devi peaks.
- Vasuki Tal (Uttarakhand): Near the Chaturangi Glacier.
- Chandratal Lake (Himachal Pradesh): Known for its crescent shape.
- Suraj Tal (Himachal Pradesh): Close to the Baralacha La pass.
- Rupin Lake (Himachal Pradesh): Near the Rupin Pass.
- Gurudongmar Lake (Sikkim): One of the highest lakes in the world.
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| PYQ:
[2020] Siachen Glacier is situated to the
(a) East of Aksai Chin
(b) East of Leh
(c) North of Gilgit
(d) North of Nubra Valley |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NABARD, ‘Climate Strategy 2030’;
Mains level: Climate Strategy 2030’;
Why in the news?
The National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) revealed its ‘Climate Strategy 2030’ document, aiming to address India’s need for enhanced green financing.
Key Pillars of Climate Strategy 2030:
- The strategy focuses on four key pillars:
- Accelerating green lending across sectors,
- Playing a broader market-making role,
- Internal green transformation, and
- Strategic resource mobilization.
Green Financing Scenario in India
- Despite India’s requirement of $170 billion annually for achieving sustainable development goals by 2030, the current green finance inflows remain critically insufficient.
- As of 2019-20, India secured only about $49 billion in green financing, with a significant portion allocated to mitigation efforts, leaving minimal funds for adaptation and resilience.
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About NABARD:
- It was established on July 12, 1982, based on the recommendation of the Sivaraman Committee to promote sustainable rural development and agricultural growth in India.
- Aim: To facilitate credit flow for the promotion and development of agriculture, small-scale industries, cottage and village industries, handicrafts, and other rural crafts.
- It operates as a statutory body under the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) Act, 1934, with its headquarters located in Mumbai.
- It is governed by a Board of Directors appointed by the GoI:
- Representatives from the RBI;
- Central and state governments;
- Experts from various fields related to Rural Development and Finance.
Functions of NABARD:
- Refinance Support: NABARD provides refinance facilities to banks and financial institutions for agricultural and rural development activities, including crop loans and rural infrastructure projects.
- Financial Inclusion: It promotes financial inclusion by expanding banking services in rural areas, supporting SHGs, FPOs, and MFIs, and facilitating access to credit for rural communities.
- Priority Sector Lending: NABARD plays a crucial role in channelling credit to priority sectors such as agriculture, small-scale industries, and rural infrastructure, in alignment with the Reserve Bank of India’s priority sector lending guidelines.
- Direct Lending: It extends direct loans to institutions for specific rural development projects, such as agricultural production, rural infrastructure development, and agri-processing units.
- Scheme Implementation: The organization administers government schemes and funds like Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF), Watershed Development Fund (WDF) to finance rural infrastructure projects and watershed development activities.
- Credit Planning: NABARD collaborates with central and state governments, RBI, and other stakeholders to formulate credit policies and plans for agriculture and rural sectors.
- Research and Training: NABARD promotes research and development in agriculture, supports capacity building and training programs for rural stakeholders, and facilitates technology transfer initiatives.
PYQ:
[2013] Which of the following grants/grants direct credit assistance to rural households?
- Regional Rural Banks
- National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development
- Land Development Banks
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Nilgiri Tahr Conservation Project, Eravikulam National Park
Mains level: Conservation Strategies and Projects; Initiatives taken by government;
Why in the News?
After the launch of the Nilgiri Tahr Conservation Project, the Tamil Nadu government gears up to assess the population of Nilgiri Tahr (state animal).
- The Forest Departments of Tamil Nadu and Kerala will collaborate in a synchronized way.
Nilgiri Tahr Conservation Project (2022 to 2027):
- Under The Nilgiri Tahr project, the Tamil Nadu government plans to develop a better understanding of the Nilgiri Tahr population through-
- Surveys and radio telemetry studies;
- Reintroduce the Tahrs to their historical habitat;
- Address proximate threats; and
- Increase public awareness of the species.
- October 7 will be celebrated as ‘Niligiri Tahr Day’ in honour of E.R.C. Davidar, who was responsible for pioneering one of the first studies of the species in 1975.
- Historic significance of Nilgiri Tahr:
- Evidence in Tamil Sangam literature dating back to 2,000 years.
- The late Mesolithic (10,000-4,000 BC) paintings highlight the significance of the Tahr in folklore, culture, and life.
About Nilgiri Tahr
-
- It is endemic to the Nilgiri Hills and the southern portion of the Western Ghats in the states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala in Southern India.
- It is the state animal of Tamil Nadu.
- The Nilgiri tahr inhabits the open montane grassland habitat of the South Western Ghats montane rain forests eco-region.
- At elevations from 1,200 to 2,600 metres (3,900 to 8,500 ft), the forests open into grasslands interspersed with pockets of stunted forests, locally known as sholas.
- It is estimated that there are 3,122 Nilgiri Tahrs in the wild. It has become locally extinct in around 14% of its traditional shola forest-grassland habitat.
- Conservation Status:
-
- IUCN Conservation Status: Endangered
- Wildlife (Protection) Act of India, 1972: Schedule I
- Eravikulam National Park in Anamalai hills of Kerala is home to the largest population of this Tahr.
- October 7 is celebrated as ‘Nilgiri Tahr Day’ to honour E.R.C. Davidar, the man who was responsible for conducting first studies of the species in 1975.
|
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Padma Awards
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
The President of India, Smt. Droupadi Murmu presented 3 Padma Vibhushan, 8 Padma Bhushan and 55 Padma Shri Awards for the year 2024.
About Padma Awards
- The Padma Awards are among India’s most prestigious civilian honors.
- It is announced annually on Republic Day, following the Bharat Ratna.
- These awards are designed to recognize outstanding achievements across various fields and disciplines, particularly those involving public service.
- It was introduced in 1954 along with Bharat Ratna.
- Initially, the Padma Vibhushan had three classes: Pahela Varg, Dusra Varg, and Tisra Varg, which were renamed in 1955 as Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan, and Padma Shri, respectively.
Award Categories
There are three categories of Padma Awards:
- Padma Vibhushan: This is awarded for ‘exceptional and distinguished service.’
- Padma Bhushan: This is for ‘distinguished service of a high order.’
- Padma Shri: This is given for ‘distinguished service.’
Eligibility Criteria
- The awards are open to all individuals regardless of race, occupation, position, or gender.
- The awards are usually not given posthumously, but exceptions can be made in extraordinary cases.
- A recipient can be considered for a higher category of Padma award only if at least five years have passed since their previous Padma honor. However, exceptions can be made for exceptionally deserving cases.
- NOT ELIGIBLE: Government employees, except doctors and scientists.
- The awards are not titles and cannot be used as prefixes or suffixes to the awardees’ names.
- The number of awards given annually (excluding posthumous awards and those to NRIs/foreigners/OCIs) is capped at 120.
Nomination Process
- Nominations are reviewed by the Padma Awards Committee, formed annually by the Prime Minister.
- The Committee, led by the Cabinet Secretary, includes the Home Secretary, Secretary to the President, and 4-6 distinguished members.
- The Committee’s recommendations are forwarded to the Prime Minister and the President for final approval.
Dignitaries of the Padma Awards 2024
|
Recipient (Occupation/Field) |
| Padma Vibhushan |
- M. Venkaiah Naidu (Former Vice-President)
- Bindeshwar Pathak (posthumously) (Founder of Sulabh International)
- Padma Subrahmanyam (Bharatanatyam dancer)
|
| Padma Bhushan |
- Mithun Chakraborty (Actor)
- Usha Uthup (Singer)
- Ram Naik (Former Governor of Uttar Pradesh)
- Sitaram Jindal (Industrialist)
- Tejas Madhusudan Patel (Cardiologist)
- Dattatray Ambadas Mayaloo (Rajdutt) (Marathi film director)
- Chandreshwar Prasad Thakur (Physician)
|
| Padma Shri |
- Rohan Bopanna (Tennis player)
- Khalil Ahamad (Master carpet weaver)
- Kaluram Bamaniya (Folk singer)
- Rezwana Choudhury Bannya (Bangladeshi singer)
- Naseem Bano (Chikankari embroidery artist)
- Gita Roy Barman (Rajbongshi folk singer)
- Chitta Ranjan Debbarma (Spiritual figure from Tripura)
- Sarbeswar Basumatary (Tribal farmer from Assam)
|
PYQ:
[2021] Consider the following statements in respect of the Bharat Ratna and Padma Awards.
- Bharat Ratna and Padma Awards are titled under Article 18(1) of the Constitution of India.
- Padma Awards, which were instituted in the year 1954, were suspended only once.
- The number of Bharat Ratna Awards is restricted to a maximum of five in a particular year.
Which of the above statements is not correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2018533
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: CCI and its key functions
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
The Competition Commission of India (CCI) invites proposals for conducting a Market Study on Artificial Intelligence (AI) and its impact on competition.
About Competition Commission of India (CCI)
- The CCI is a statutory body established under the Competition Act, 2002 by the Vajpayee government.
- It aims to promote and sustain competition, protect consumer interests, and ensure freedom of trade.
- The commission operates as a quasi-judicial body, providing opinions to statutory authorities and adjudicating cases.
- Evolution of CCI:
- Established in response to the need for promoting competition and private enterprise, especially after India’s economic liberalization in 1991.
- Replaced the Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act, 1969 (MRTP Act) based on recommendations from the Raghavan Committee.
Key Features of the Competition Act:
- Passed in 2002 and subsequently amended to align with modern competition laws.
- Prohibits anti-competitive agreements, abuse of dominant position, and regulates combinations causing adverse effects on competition.
- Established the Competition Commission of India and the Competition Appellate Tribunal.
- The National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT) replaced the Competition Appellate Tribunal (COMPAT) in 2017.
Composition of CCI:
- CCI comprises a Chairperson and 6 Members appointed by the Central Government.
- Members must possess significant expertise in various domains such as law, economics, finance, and management or qualified to be a judge of a High Court.
Key Functions of CCI:
- Regulating Mergers and Acquisitions:
- Ensuring mergers and acquisitions do not harm competition in the market.
- Preventing monopolistic practices and promoting fair competition.
- Investigating Anti-Competitive Practices:
- Probing into cartels, collusive behavior, and abuse of dominant market positions.
- Taking action against entities engaging in anti-competitive practices.
- Market Studies and Research:
- Conducting studies to assess market dynamics and competition levels.
- Identifying trends and issues affecting competition in various sectors.
- Handling Complaints:
- Addressing complaints filed by individuals or businesses regarding anti-competitive behavior.
- Initiating investigations based on credible complaints received.
- Adjudication and Penalty Imposition:
- Adjudicating cases related to competition law violations.
- Imposing penalties on entities found guilty of breaching competition regulations.
PYQ:
[2015] The Government of India has established NITI Aayog to replace the:
(a) Human Rights Commission
(b) Finance Commission
(c) Law Commission
(d) Planning Commission |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Glycemic Index, Glycemic Load
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
Understanding and managing Glycemic Index (GI) in diets is crucial for promoting long-term health and mitigating the risk of chronic diseases.
What is Glycemic Index (GI)?
- Prof. David Jenkins of the University of Toronto introduced Glycemic Index (GI) in 1981.
- GI measures how quickly a food raises blood glucose levels compared to a reference food, typically glucose or white bread, which is assigned a value of 100.
GI Classification and Glycemic Load (GL):
- Multiplying GI by the amount of carbohydrate consumed gives the Glycemic Load (GL).
- Accordingly, foods are classified as:
- Low GI (below 55): Brown rice, steel-cut oats, legumes (such as lentils and chickpeas), most fruits (like apples, berries, and oranges), vegetables, nuts, and seeds.
- Medium GI (56-69): Whole wheat products, such as whole wheat bread and pasta, some types of rice (like basmati rice), and certain fruits like pineapple and mango.
- High GI (70 or above): Refined carbohydrates and sugary foods such as white rice, white bread, refined flour products, potatoes, sweetened drinks (like soda), candies, cookies, and sugary snacks.
Debate and Perspectives:
- The Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study, spanning 20 countries including India, revealed the link between high GI diets and cardiovascular events and mortality.
- Evidence supports the association between high GI diets and increased risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and mortality.
Relevance to India
- In South Asia, where diets are rich in high GI foods like white rice, efforts to reduce GI and GL are crucial.
- Lowering GI and GL can help prevent not only diabetes but also premature cardiovascular disease, which is prevalent in India.
PYQ:
[2011] Regular intake of fresh fruits and vegetables is recommended in the diet since they are a good source of antioxidants. How do antioxidants help a person maintain health and promote longevity?
(a) They activate the enzymes necessary for vitamin synthesis in the body and help prevent vitamin deficiency
(b) They prevent excessive oxidation of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in the body and help avoid unnecessary wastage of energy
(c) They neutralize the free radicals produced in the body during metabolism
(d) They activate certain genes in the cells of the body and help delay the ageing process |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: IRDAI, Evolution of India’s Insurance Industry , LIC
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- The Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI) abolished the age limit for purchasing health insurance policies, effective April 1.
- Individuals aged above 65 were ineligible previously for new health insurance policies.
About Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI)
- IRDAI is the apex regulatory body overseeing the insurance sector in India.
- It is an autonomous entity responsible for regulating and developing the insurance sector in India.
- It was established under the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority Act, 1999. It was formed on April 19, 2000.
- Headquarters: Located in Hyderabad, Telangana.
- Composition:
- IRDAI is a 10-member body including the chairman, five full-time and four part-time members appointed by the government of India.
- The authority is supported by various departments and divisions responsible for different aspects of insurance regulation, including life insurance, non-life insurance, reinsurance, and actuarial matters.
Regulatory Functions
IRDAI’s primary role is to regulate and promote the insurance industry in India through:
- Licensing and registration of insurance companies and intermediaries.
- Framing regulations and guidelines for insurance operations.
- Protecting the interests of policyholders.
- Promoting fair competition and innovation in the insurance sector.
- Monitoring the financial performance and solvency of insurance companies.
- Resolving disputes between insurers and policyholders.
- Promoting insurance awareness and education among the public.
Insurance Sector of India: A Timeline
- 1818: Establishment of the Oriental Life Insurance Company in Calcutta marked the beginning of the life insurance business in India. The company faced failure in 1834.
- 1829: Madras Equitable started conducting life insurance operations in the Madras Presidency.
- 1870: Enactment of the British Insurance Act. Establishment of insurance companies like Bombay Mutual (1871), Oriental (1874), and Empire of India (1897) in the Bombay Presidency during this era, dominated by British firms.
- 1914: Commencement of publishing insurance company returns by the government of India.
- 1912: Introduction of the Indian Life Assurance Companies Act, the first legislation regulating life insurance.
- 1928: Enactment of the Indian Insurance Companies Act to gather statistical information about insurance business.
- 1938: Consolidation and amendment of insurance legislation with the Insurance Act, 1938, introducing comprehensive provisions to regulate insurers’ activities.
- 1950: The Insurance Amendment Act abolished principal agencies amid allegations of unfair trade practices. The GoI decided to nationalize the insurance industry in response to high competition levels.
- 1956: The Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC) was established under the Life Insurance Corporation Act, of 1956, consolidating the life insurance business in India under a single entity. LIC took over the assets and liabilities of around 245 private life insurers and provident societies.
|
PYQ:
[2012] Consider the following:
- Hotels and restaurants
- Motor transport undertakings
- Newspaper establishments
- Private medical institutions
The employees of which of the above can have the ‘Social Security’ coverage under Employees’ State Insurance Scheme?
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only
(b) 4 only
(c) 1, 3 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Plasma Therapy; Plasmapheresis, Components of Human Blood;
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- A significant health concern in Tamil Nadu is found through ingestion of Rat poison containing Yellow Phosphorus, leading to liver toxicity.
- Since December 2017, the team at CMC Vellore introduced Plasma Exchange, (a cost-effective treatment) for acute liver failure caused by rat poison ingestion.
What is Plasma Therapy (Plasmapheresis)?
- Plasma exchange, also known as plasmapheresis, is a medical procedure used to treat various conditions by removing and replacing plasma from the blood.
- During Plasma Exchange, the patient’s blood is circulated through a machine that separates plasma from other blood components, such as red and white blood cells and platelets.
Working procedure:
- The plasma, which may contain harmful substances or antibodies, is discarded.
- The remaining blood components are mixed with replacement plasma or a plasma substitute and returned to the patient’s bloodstream.
Usage of Plasmapheresis:
- In Autoimmune diseases: Conditions such as Guillain-Barre syndrome, myasthenia gravis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and certain forms of vasculitis.
- In Neurological disorders: Conditions such as multiple sclerosis, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, and certain types of encephalitis.
- In Toxicological emergencies: Poisoning or overdose with substances such as drugs, chemicals, or toxins that can be removed from the bloodstream through plasma exchange.
Benefits observed in TN’s Case
- The treatment significantly improved survival rates, with 63.9% of patients treated in 2022-2023 successfully discharged.
- Retrospective studies at CMC Vellore demonstrated promising outcomes, with survival rates of 75% among children and 80.2% among adults treated with plasma exchange.
What is Plasma in Human Blood?
- Human blood plasma is the liquid component of blood, constituting about 55% of its total volume.
- It is a pale yellowish fluid that carries various substances throughout the body, including nutrients, hormones, electrolytes, antibodies, and waste products.
- Plasma plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis and transporting essential components to tissues and organs.
Composition:
- Water: Approximately 90% of plasma consists of water, making it the primary solvent for carrying dissolved substances.
- Proteins: Plasma contains a variety of proteins, including albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen. These proteins perform functions such as maintaining osmotic pressure, transporting lipids and hormones, and aiding in blood clotting.
- Electrolytes: Plasma contains ions such as sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, and bicarbonate, which help regulate fluid balance, pH, and nerve function.
- Nutrients: Glucose, amino acids, lipids, and vitamins are transported in plasma and provide energy and building blocks for cells.
- Waste Products: Metabolic waste products, such as urea, creatinine, and bilirubin, are transported in plasma to be eliminated from the body.
- Hormones: Hormones produced by endocrine glands are carried in plasma to target tissues, where they regulate various physiological processes.
- Gases: Oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in plasma, primarily bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells.
Functions:
- Plasma carries nutrients, gases, hormones, and waste products to and from cells throughout the body.
- Plasma helps regulate fluid balance, electrolyte concentrations, pH, and temperature.
- Antibodies and immune cells in plasma help defend against pathogens and foreign substances, contributing to the body’s immune response.
- Plasma proteins such as fibrinogen play a crucial role in blood clotting, helping to stop bleeding and repair damaged blood vessels.
- Plasma buffers changes in pH by absorbing or releasing hydrogen ions, helping maintain the body’s acid-base balance.
|
PYQ:
[2011] A married couple adopted a male child. A few years later, twin boys were born to them. The blood group of the couple is AB positive and 0 negative. The blood group of the three sons is A positive, B positive, and O positive. The blood group of the adopted son is-
(a) O positive
(b) A positive
(c) B positive
(d) Cannot be determined based on the given data |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Tribes in News; PVTGs in AandN Islands, Shompen, Jarawas, Onge, Sentinelese
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
For the first time in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, 7 members of the Shompen tribe, a particularly vulnerable tribal groups (PVTGs) of Great Nicobar Islands exercised their voting rights for the lone Lok Sabha seat in the union territory.
| Other two primitive tribes like Onge and Great Andamanese (both PVTGs) too exercised their voting rights like in 2019 Lok Sabha election but seven Shompen did it for the first time out of 98 Shompen voters. |
About Shompen Tribe:
- The Shompen tribe primarily inhabits the remote interior regions of Great Nicobar Island, the southernmost island in the Andaman and Nicobar archipelago.
- Their estimated population was 229 as per the 2011 Census data.
- Their cultural practices include traditional hunting, fishing, and gathering forest resources.
- Pandanus (a tropical plant found in the islands), whose fruits resemble the woody pineapple, is the staple food of the Shompens.
- What makes the Shompens distinct from the four other PVTGs of Andaman and Nicobar Islands — Jarawas, Great Andamanese, Onges and Sentinelese — is that they are the only tribe in the region with Mongoloid features. The other PVTGs have Negroid features.
Society and Culture
- The Shompen people have their own distinct culture and language, which belongs to the Austroasiatic language family.
- Marriage by capturing women from different groups and sub-groups is one of the customs of the Shompen society (as per the Anthropological Survey of India).
- They practice a hunter-gatherer subsistence economy.
Who are the Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs)?
- These groups are among the most vulnerable section of our society as they are few in numbers, have not attained any significant level of social and economic development.
- They generally inhabit remote localities having poor infrastructure and administrative support.
- 75 such groups have been identified and categorized as Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs).
Origin of the concept
- The Dhebar Commission (1960-1961) stated that within Scheduled Tribes there existed an inequality in the rate of development.
- During the fourth Five Year Plan (1969-74) a sub-category was created within Scheduled Tribes to identify groups that considered to be at a lower level of development.
- This sub-category was named “Primitive tribal group”.
- In 2006 the government of India proposed to rename as PVTGs.
Features of PVTGs
- The features of such a group include a:
- Pre-agricultural system of existence
- Practice of hunting and gathering
- Zero or negative population growth
- Extremely low level of literacy in comparison with other tribal groups
- Groups that satisfied any one of the criterion were considered as PTG.
|
PYQ:
[2019] Consider the following statements about Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) in India:
- PVTGs reside in 18 States and one Union Territory.
- A stagnant or declining population is one of the criteria for determining PVTG status.
- There are 95 PVTGs officially notified in the country so far.
- Irular and Konda Reddi tribes are included in the list of PVTGs.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1, 2 and 3
(b) 2, 3 and 4
(c) 1, 2 and 4
(d) 1, 3 and 4 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ancient History; Bhagwan Mahavir, Jainism and its principles
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
The Prime Minister has inaugurated the 2550th Bhagwan Mahavir Nirvan Mahotsav on the occasion of Mahavir Jayanti.
About Vardhaman Mahavir
|
Description |
| Birth |
540 B.C. |
| Birthplace |
Kundagrama village near Vaishali |
| Family Background |
Belonged to the Jnatrika clan; father Siddharta was the head of the Jnathrika Kshatriya clan, and mother Trishala was a sister of Chetaka, the king of Vaishali. |
| Renunciation |
Renounced home at the age of 30 to become an ascetic. |
| Spiritual Practice |
Practiced austerity for 12 years. |
| Attainment of Kaivalya |
Attained the highest spiritual knowledge called Kaivalya (conquered misery and happiness) at the age of 42. |
| First Sermon |
Delivered his first sermon at Pava. |
| Symbol |
Associated with the symbol of a Lion.
Aliases include: Nayaputta, Muni, Samana, Nigantha, Brahman, and Bhagavan |
| Missions |
Traveled to various regions including Koshala, Magadha, Mithila, Champa, etc. |
| Passing Away |
Passed away at the age of 72 in 468 B.C. at Pavapuri in Bihar. |
| Legacy |
Founded Jainism as it is known today; contributed significant teachings and principles to the religion. |
Everything you need to know about Jainism:
|
Description |
| Origin |
Jainism gained prominence in the 6th century B.C. when Lord Mahavira propagated the religion. |
| Founder |
Lord Mahavira, the 24th Tirthankara, is the central figure |
| Tirthankaras |
- Jainism recognizes 24 Tirthankaras or great teachers
- Rishabhanatha being the first and Mahavira the last.
|
| Main Principles |
Jainism emphasizes the Three Jewels or Triratna:
- Right Faith (Samyakdarshana),
- Right Knowledge (Samyakjnana), and
- Right Conduct (Samyakcharita).
|
| Five Doctrines |
Ahimsa (non-violence), Satya (truthfulness), Asteya (non-stealing), Aparigraha (non-attachment), and Brahmacharya (chastity) are the fundamental principles of Jainism. |
| Concept of God |
- Jainism does not adhere to the concept of a creator God
- Believes in the existence of liberated souls (Siddhas) who have attained spiritual perfection.
|
| Major Doctrines |
- Anekantavada: Jain doctrine of non-absolutism, recognizing that truth can have multiple perspectives or facets.
- Syadvada: Jain doctrine stating that all judgments are conditional and true only from certain perspectives, expressed by the term “syat” (may be).
|
| Sects/Schools |
Jainism is divided into two major sects:
- Digambara (sky-clad) and
- Svetambara (white-clad)
|
| Spread |
- Jainism spread gradually into regions where Brahmanical influence was weak.
- Received royal patronage from rulers like Chandragupta Maurya
|
| Literature |
Jain literature comprises:
- Agama (canonical) texts, which include the direct teachings of Mahavira, and
- Non-agama (commentaries and elaborations) works, such as the Acaranga Sutra.
|
| Architecture |
- Temples, caves (layana/gumphas), statues, and ornamental pillars (manastambha), exhibiting intricate designs and religious motifs.
- Notable Jain architecture in India includes the Dilwara Temples in Mount Abu, Rajasthan, and the Girnar and Palitana Temples in Gujarat.
- These structures exemplify intricate craftsmanship and religious symbolism.
|
| Jain Councils |
Two significant Jain councils were held for compiling and preserving Jain scriptures and teachings:
- First Jain Council at Pataliputra (3rd century B.C.) and
- Second Jain Council at Vallabhi (512 A.D.)
|
| Difference from Buddhism |
- Acknowledgment of a permanent self (atman),
- Acceptance of the varna system,
- Belief in the concept of a soul (jiva), and
- Advocacy of extreme asceticism ex. Santhara/Sallekhana
|
| Thoughts on Rebirth |
Acaranga Sutra: Jainism teaches the doctrine of rebirth (samsara) and various realms of existence (lokas) based on karma, with souls cyclically transmigrating through different life forms. |
PYQ:
[2011] The Jain philosophy holds that the world is created and maintained by
(a) Universal Law
(b) Universal Truth
(c) Universal Faith
(d) Universal Soul
[2012] With reference to the history of ancient India, which of the following was/were common to both Buddhism and Jainism?
- Avoidance of extremities of penance and enjoyment
- Indifference to the authority of the Vedas
- Denial of efficacy of rituals
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Chipko Movement, Narmada Bachao Andolan, Appiko Movement (Karnataka), Silent Valley Movement (Kerala)
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
The Chipko Movement, initiated in Uttarakhand in early 1973, commemorates its 50th anniversary.
About Chipko Movement
- The Chipko Movement originated in the Himalayan region of Uttarakhand (then part of the state of Uttar Pradesh) in India.
- It was triggered by the deforestation activities carried out by contractors, which threatened the livelihoods of local communities and led to environmental degradation.
- It is said to be inspired by the Bishnoi community in Rajasthan. The Bishnois are known for their environmentalism. (non-violent resistance)
- The movement derived its name from the act of villagers hugging trees and physically preventing them from being felled, thereby protecting the forests.
- The movement was led by local activists, primarily women from rural areas, who played a significant role in its success. Prominent leaders included Sunderlal Bahuguna, Chandi Prasad Bhatt (founded an organization called Dasholi Gram Swarajya Mandal ) and Gaura Devi, among others.
- Villagers used traditional methods of protest, such as forming circles around trees and tying sacred threads (rakhi) on them to symbolize their unity and commitment to conservation.
- Recognition: Sunderlal Bahuguna, was awarded the Padma Vibhushan, India’s second-highest civilian award.
Impact of Chipko Movement
- It inspired similar movements in different parts of India, such as the Narmada Bachao Andolan, Appiko Movement (Karnataka) and the Silent Valley Movement.
- It demonstrated the significance of Eco-Feminism and the impact that a non-violent, peaceful and environment-loving community can have.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Direct Taxes and its types
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- India’s net direct tax collections witnessed a remarkable growth of 17.7% in the fiscal year 2023-24, reaching ₹19.58 lakh crore.
- This performance indicates a strong revenue stream for the government.
Direct Tax Collections Trends in this Fiscal
- Notably, Personal Income Taxes (PIT) played a pivotal role in driving the surge, accounting for 53.3% of the total tax kitty, up from 50.06% in the previous year.
- Conversely, the contribution of corporate taxes dipped to 46.5% from 49.6% in the preceding fiscal.
- While gross corporate tax collections increased, net tax receipts from Corporates, adjusted for refunds, experienced a slight decline.
What Is Net of Tax?
The term net of tax refers to the amount left after adjusting for the effects of taxes. Net of tax can be a consideration in any situation where taxation is involved. In the financial industry, ‘gross’ and ‘net’ are two key terms that refer to before and after paying certain expenses.
It’s Significance:
- Individuals and businesses often analyze before and after-tax values to make investment and purchasing decisions.
- Net tax is also an important part of expense analysis when reviewing annual tax filings and the net income of businesses.
|
Types of Direct Taxes:
- Income Tax: Depending on an individual’s age and earnings, income tax must be paid. Various tax slabs are determined by the Government of India which determines the amount of Income Tax that must be paid.
- The taxpayer must file Income Tax Returns (ITR) on a yearly basis. Individuals may receive a refund or might have to pay a tax depending on their ITR. Huge penalties are levied in case individuals do not file ITR.
- Wealth Tax: The tax must be paid on a yearly basis and depends on the ownership of properties and the market value of the property. In case an individual owns a property, wealth tax must be paid and does not depend on whether the property generates an income or not.
- Corporate taxpayers, Hindu Undivided Families (HUFs), and individuals must pay wealth tax depending on their residential status.
- Payment of wealth tax is exempt for assets like gold deposit bonds, stock holdings, house property, commercial property that have been rented for more than 300 days, and if the house property is owned for business and professional use.
- Estate Tax: It is also called an Inheritance Tax and is paid based on the value of the estate or the money that an individual has left after his/her death.
- Corporate Tax: Domestic companies, apart from shareholders, will have to pay corporate tax. Foreign corporations who make an income in India will also have to pay corporate tax. Income earned via selling assets, technical service fees, dividends, royalties, or interest that is based in India are taxable. The below-mentioned taxes are also included under Corporate Tax:
- Securities Transaction Tax (STT): The tax must be paid for any income that is earned via taxable security transactions.
- Dividend Distribution Tax (DDT): In case any domestic companies declare, distribute, or are paid any amounts as dividends by shareholders, DDT is levied on them. However, DDT is not levied on foreign companies.
- Fringe Benefits Tax: Companies that provide fringe benefits for maids, drivers, etc., Fringe Benefits Tax is levied on them.
- Minimum Alternate Tax (MAT): For zero-tax companies that have accounts prepared according to the Companies Act, MAT is levied on them.
- Capital Gains Tax: It is a form of direct tax that is paid due to the income that is earned from the sale of assets or investments. Investments in farms, bonds, shares, businesses, art, and home come under capital assets.
- Based on its holding period, tax can be classified into long-term and short-term. Any assets, apart from securities, that are sold within 36 months from the time they were acquired come under short-term gains.
- Long-term assets are levied if any income is generated from the sale of properties that have been held for a duration of more than 36 months.
PYQ:
[2014] The sales tax you pay while purchasing a toothpaste is a
(a) Tax imposed by the Central Government
(b) Tax imposed by the Central Government but collected by the State Government
(c) Tax imposed by the State Government but collected by the Central Government
(d) Tax imposed and collected by the State Government |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Objective of Aadharshila
Mains level: Significance Aadharshila's Curriculum
Why in the news?
For the first time ever, the Central government has released curriculum advisable to be taught to children aged three to six-years-old
Objective of Aadharshila
- The early childhood education curriculum is expected to bridge foundational literacy and numeracy gaps which may arise in later school years
Who Launched?
- The Ministry of Women and Child Development (MWCD) has released the National Curriculum for Early Childhood Care and Education 2024 titled ‘Aadharshila,’ on the lines of the National Education Policy 2020 and the National Curriculum Framework.
Where?
- Aadharshila (translated as foundation stone) is a detailed 48-week curriculum meant for learning in the age-group of three to six-year-olds in anganwadis.
Significance Aadharshila’s Curriculum
- Structure of Curriculum: The curriculum is organized on a weekly basis, comprising 48 weeks of learning over a three-year duration. It is designed to cater to children aged three to six attending anganwadis.
- Initiation Phase: The curriculum begins with four weeks of initiation, focusing on academic activities to help children transition from home to the anganwadi center. These activities are engaging and involve fun and free play.
- Exploration Phase: The subsequent 36 weeks are dedicated to exploration, free play, conversation, creation, and appreciation. Activities during this phase include storytelling, singing rhymes, art and craft, and other engaging activities. Storytelling themes often revolve around conflict resolution, responsibility, and cooperation.
- Learning Objectives: Children learn various concepts such as colors, shapes, numbers, body parts, family and friends, listening and responding to instructions, basic counting, and themes like seasons, festivals, and food.
Anganwadi
- Anganwadi services in India are a part of the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) scheme, which was launched on 2 October 1975.
- The main objective of the Anganwadi programme is to improve the nutritional and health status of children in the age group of 0-6 years, to lay the foundation for proper psychological, physical, and social development of the child, and to reduce the incidence of mortality, morbidity, malnutrition, and school dropout.
Conclusion: The release of ‘Aadharshila’ marks a significant step in early childhood education, aiming to bridge foundational gaps. To enhance its effectiveness, continuous monitoring, teacher training, and community involvement are essential.
Mains PYQ
Q National Education Policy 2020 isin conformity with the Sustainable Development Goal-4 (2030). It intends to restructure and reorient education system in India. Critically examine the statement (UPSC IAS/2020)
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Brahmos and its Range, MTCR
Mains level: Boost in Defence Exports of India
Why in the news?
India has handed over the first batch of BrahMos supersonic cruise missiles to the Philippines marking a significant step in bilateral defense cooperation.
India- Philippines Brahmos Deal
- In January 2022, the Philippines inked a $375-million deal with India for three batteries of the shore-based, anti-ship variant of the BrahMos missile,
- This made it the first export customer for this joint venture between India and Russia.
- Several countries, including Indonesia and Thailand, have expressed interest in procuring BrahMos systems, and discussions are underway.
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About BrahMos Missiles
Development:
- BrahMos is a joint venture between the DRDO and Russia’s NPO Mashinostroyeniya.
- The name BrahMos comes from the two rivers, the Brahmaputra of India and the Moskva of Russia.
- The first successful test in 2001 was conducted from a specially designed land-based launcher.
Capabilities:
- BrahMos is a medium-range ramjet supersonic cruise missile.
- Launched from: Submarine, ships, aircraft, or land.
- It is the fastest supersonic cruise missile in the world.
- It has two stages:
- First stage comprising of a solid fuel rocket booster and
- Second stage comprising a liquid-fueled ramjet.
Warhead:
- Ship-launched and land-based missiles can carry a 200 kg warhead,
- Aircraft-launched variant (BrahMos A) can carry a 300 kg warhead.
Variants and Range
- The missile travels at speeds of Mach 2.8 to 3.0, which is being upgraded to Mach 5.0.
- A hypersonic version of the missile, BrahMos-II, is also presently under development with a speed of Mach 7-8 to boost aerial fast strike capability.
- Initially restricted by the Missile Technology Control Regime to a range of 290km, the BrahMos missile’s range was extended to 450km following India’s entry into the regime in June 2016.
- Ongoing efforts aim further to extend the missile’s range beyond 600km, enhancing its operational reach and effectiveness in various scenarios.
Strategic Implications of the move
- This development comes amidst escalating tensions in the South China Sea between the Philippines and China emphasizing the significance of enhancing defensive preparedness.
- The acquisition of BrahMos missiles under Horizon 2 of the Revised Armed Forces of the Philippines Modernization Programme will bolster the defensive capabilities of the Philippines armed forces.
PYQ:
[2014] Which reference to Agni-IV Missile, which of the following statements is/are correct?
- It is a surface-to-surface missile.
- It is fuelled by liquid propellant only.
- It can deliver one-tonne nuclear warheads about 7500 km away.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Skytrax World Airport Awards
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- The Kempegowda International Airport (KIA) in Bengaluru has been honored as the Best Regional Airport in India and South Asia at the esteemed 2024 Skytrax World Airport Awards.
- Since its inauguration in 2023, KIA Terminal-2 has garnered multiple accolades, including the UNESCO Prix Versailles World’s Most Beautiful Airport
About Skytrax World Airport Awards
- The Skytrax World Airport Awards are annual awards, established in 1999 presented by Skytrax, a UK-based consultancy specializing in airline and airport research.
- Since then, it has become a globally recognized authority in airline and airport research, known for its comprehensive passenger surveys and prestigious awards.
- These awards are considered one of the most prestigious recognitions in the aviation industry and are often referred to as the “Oscars of the aviation industry.”
- Various categories of Award: Best Airport, Best Regional Airport, Best Airport Terminal, and Best Airport Staff, among others.
Evaluation Criteria:
- Rigorous evaluations of various aspects, including check-in procedures, arrivals, transfers, shopping facilities, security, immigration processes, and departures.
- Feedback from airport customers of over 100 nationalities across 550 airports worldwide during a seven-month survey period contributed to the assessment.
Winners of the 2024 Awards
- Doha’s Hamad International Airport clinched the top spot, dethroning Singapore Changi Airport, which had held the title for 12 consecutive years.
- Hamad International Airport is praised for its architectural significance and luxurious amenities, covering an area equivalent to 75 football fields.
- Seoul Incheon Airport secured third place overall and was recognized as the most family-friendly airport.
Performance of key Indian Airports:
- Delhi Airport retained its position at 36th place in the overall rankings.
- Mumbai Airport saw a slight decline, dropping to 95th place from its previous rank of 84.
- Bengaluru Airport experienced a notable improvement, climbing 10 ranks to 59th place compared to last year’s 69th position.
- Hyderabad Airport also showed improvement, rising to 61st place from its previous rank of 65th.
- Goa’s Manohar International Airport secured the 92nd spot in the overall rankings.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Global Craft Cities in India, World Crafts Council International (WCCI)
Mains level: NA
Why in the news?
- The World Crafts Council International (WCCI) has identified Srinagar as a potential candidate for the prestigious World Craft City (WCC) designation from India.
- Artisans in Srinagar have uniquely preserved their traditional crafts such as Pashmina shawls, carpets, and papier mâché.
Craft Sector Statistics in Kashmir
- The Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage-Kashmir (INTACH-K) is working with the J&K Handicrafts department to map Srinagar’s craft sector in preparation for the final nomination.
- Srinagar boasts a rich artisanal heritage, with over 20,000 registered craftsmen engaged in various disciplines such as papier mâché, walnut wood carving, hand-knotted carpets, and more.
- Handicrafts contribute significantly to the local economy, with approximately 2.64% of J&K’s overall economic output attributed to the sector by 2016-17.
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About World Craft Council (WCC International)
|
Details |
| What is it? |
Non-profit, Non-governmental organization |
| Working |
- Establishment in 1964;
- Registered in Belgium as an international association without lucrative purpose (AISBL).
- Affiliated to the UNESCO
|
| Founders |
Kamaladevi Chattopadhay and Aileen Osborn Webb |
| Purpose |
To promote fellowship among craftspersons worldwide, foster economic development through craft-related activities, organize exchange programs, workshops, conferences, seminars, and exhibitions, and offer encouragement and advice to artisans. |
| Legal Status |
- Registered in Belgium as an international association without lucrative purpose (AISBL)
- WCC is organized into five regions: Africa, Asia Pacific, Europe, Latin America, and North America.
|
| Meetings |
- European branch meets annually;
- General Assembly occurs every four years (took place in Chennai in 2012).
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What is World Craft City (WCC) Designation?
- The WCC initiative was launched in 2014 by the World Crafts Council AISBL (WCC-International).
- It recognizes the pivotal role local authorities, craftspeople, and communities play in cultural, economic, and social development worldwide.
- India has only 3 cities designated as World Craft City:
- Jaipur (Kundan Jadai (Gem setting), Meenakari Jewellery, Lac based craft, Gotta Patti Work etc. )
- Mysuru (Kinnal paintings, Sandalwood carvings, Rosewood Inlay etc. )
- Mamallapuram (Stone Carving continuing since Pallava dynasty (275 CE to 897 CE))
With inputs from: https://www.wccinternational.org/craft-cities/craft-cities-asia-pacific
PYQ:
Consider the following pairs:
- Puthukkuli Shawls — Tamil Nadu
- Sujni Embroidery — Maharashtra
- Uppada Jamdani Saris — Karnataka
Craft Heritage of which of the pairs given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2
(c) 3 only
(d) 2 and 3 |
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