From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Gaganyaan Mission
Mains level: Significance of manned space mission for India
In the news
Prime Minister announced the astronaut designates for India’s inaugural crewed spaceflight, Gaganyaan, slated for a 2025 launch.
About Gaganyaan Mission
The Gaganyaan Mission is India’s initiative to demonstrate human spaceflight capabilities by sending a crew of 4 members into a 400 km Low Earth Orbit.
It aims to demonstrate India’s indigenous capability in undertaking human space flights, with an immediate goal of executing a manned mission.
GSLV Mk III, also known as LVM-3, will be used as a launch vehicle in Gaganyaan mission.
Technological Requirements
Human-Rated LVM3: A modified version of ISRO’s LVM3 serves as the launch vehicle, equipped with Crew Escape System (CES) and an Orbital Module to ensure crew safety.
Orbital Module (OM):
Crew Module (CM): Provides a habitable space for crew members, featuring a double-walled rigid construction and essential life support systems.
Service Module (SM): Supports the Crew Module in orbit, housing propulsion, thermal, and power systems.
Crew Escape System (CES): Facilitates emergency escape mechanisms for astronauts during critical phases of the mission, ensuring their safety.
Life Support System: Ensures a conducive environment for crew members in space, addressing physiological needs and emergency provisions.
Phases of Gaganyaan Mission
Testing Phase: Included Integrated Air Drop Test (IADT) and Pad Abort Test (PAT), crucial for validating safety mechanisms and system performance.
Unmanned Missions: Technology demonstration and safety verification precede the manned mission, involving advanced tests and flight trials. Vyommitra AI humanoid underwent tests for this mission.
Manned Mission: Culminates in executing the human spaceflight module of Gaganyaan, following successful unmanned missions.
Significance of the Mission
Technological Advancement: Propels India towards future technological capabilities, fostering affordable space programs and scientific exploration.
Youth Inspiration: Inspires youth towards careers in science and technology, igniting innovation and creativity in space science.
Diplomatic Collaboration: Opens avenues for international cooperation in space exploration, enhancing diplomatic ties and knowledge exchange.
Scientific Breakthrough: Enables groundbreaking discoveries in medicine, material science, and biology through microgravity experiments.
Economic Growth: Stimulates economic development, technology spin-offs, and job creation, contributing to India’s overall progress.
Challenges Associated
Indigenous Technology: Reliance on indigenous technology necessitates complex research and development efforts, ensuring program safety.
Space Transportation Vehicle: Development of customized launch vehicles poses challenges due to payload constraints and weight limitations.
Training and Simulation: Lack of critical space training facilities necessitates dependence on other space agencies, augmenting challenges.
Regenerative Environment: Creation of self-sustaining life support systems in space remains a daunting task, requiring innovative solutions.
Crew Safety: Mitigating risks associated with crew safety, including psychological and physiological effects of space travel, is imperative.
Conclusion
The Gaganyaan Mission epitomizes India’s leap towards space exploration, encapsulating aspirations of scientific discovery, technological innovation, and international collaboration.
Amidst challenges and complexities, India stands poised to script a new chapter in its space odyssey, inspiring generations and propelling towards the frontiers of the cosmos.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Genome India Project
Mains level: NA
In the news
The completion of the ‘10,000 genome’ mapping under the Genome India Project marks a significant milestone in India’s quest to establish a comprehensive reference database of whole-genome sequences, representing the diverse genetic makeup of its population.
About the Genome India Project
Details
Initiative
Launched in 2020 by Department of Biotechnology (DBT) and ISRO
Aim
To sequence 10,000 Indian genomes for a reference genome.
Objective
Understand Indian genetic variations for predictive diagnostics.
Scope
Involves 20+ institutions to collect samples and create a reference grid.
Significance
Addresses India’s genetic diversity for personalized healthcare.
Applications
Advances biotech, agriculture, and healthcare for diseases like diabetes and cancer.
What is Genome Sequencing?
Genome sequencing involves deciphering the complete set of genetic instructions contained within an organism’s DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid).
It entails determining the sequence of the four nucleotide bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T).
The human genome comprises over 3 billion of these genetic letters, but current DNA sequencing methods can only handle short stretches at a time.
While human genomes consist of DNA, viruses can have genomes composed of either DNA or RNA (Ribonucleic acid).
Notably, viruses like the coronavirus possess RNA genomes.
Each organism possesses a unique genome sequence, making genome sequencing a vital technique for understanding genetic information encoded in DNA or RNA.
Outcomes of the Genome India Project
Population Complexity: India’s vast population, comprising over 4,600 distinct groups, exhibits significant genetic diversity, owing to factors such as endogamy.
Unique Variations: Various disease-causing mutations are amplified within specific population groups, highlighting the importance of understanding India’s genetic landscape.
Future Implications
Insight into Population Diversity: The project aims to provide deeper insights into India’s genetic diversity, facilitating improved diagnostic methods and medical counselling.
Personalized Medicine: Identifying genetic predispositions to diseases and developing personalized drugs are envisioned outcomes, enhancing healthcare interventions.
Biobank Establishment: A biobank housing 20,000 blood samples, located at the Centre for Brain Research, IISc, supports genome sequencing efforts.
Data Archiving: Data archiving at the Indian Biological Data Centre (IBDC), set up by the DBT at the Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), Faridabad, underscores the project’s commitment to transparency and collaboration.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Obelisks, Viroids
Mains level: NA
In the news
Recently identified by scientists at Stanford University, obelisks represent a distinct class of virus-like entities residing within the human body.
What are Obelisks?
Novel Discoveries: Recently identified, obelisks represent a distinct class of virus-like entities residing within the human body.
Genetic Diversity: Comprising diverse RNA molecules, obelisks have pervaded both human and global microbiomes, yet remained unnoticed until now.
Distinctive Characteristics:
Structural Symmetry: Named after the rod-like, highly symmetrical structures formed by their twisted RNA strands.
Genetic Makeup: Obelisks boast compact genetic sequences of approximately 1,000 nucleotides, devoid of known similarities to other biological agents.
Size Disparity: Significantly larger than conventional genetic molecules like plasmids, which are primarily composed of DNA.
Taxonomic Position: Positioned between viruses and viroids, obelisks constitute a unique class of organisms with intriguing properties.
Host Interaction: While the hosts of certain obelisks remain unidentified, bacterial associations are speculated, hinting at a broader ecological significance.
Spatial Distribution: Various types of obelisks inhabit diverse regions within the human body, highlighting their pervasive presence and potential physiological roles.
Understanding Viroids: Nature’s Tiny RNA Loops
Genetic Cousins: Viroids are compact loops of RNA, closely related to DNA, primarily infecting plant organisms.
Discovery: In 1971, Theodor Diener identified viroids during research on potato spindle tuber disease, revealing naked RNA entities devoid of protein coats or lipid layers.
Unique Features:
Lack of Encapsulation: Unlike larger RNA viruses, viroids lack protective shells, relying solely on their RNA structure for stability.
Genetic Composition: Viroid RNA does not encode protein-building instructions, contrasting with viruses that carry genetic blueprints for their replication machinery.
Host Interactions: Viroids exploit host enzymes for replication, highlighting their parasitic nature within plant cells.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Enforcement Directorate (ED)
Mains level: Controversies associated with the Jurisdiction of CBI, ED
In the News:
The Supreme Court witnessed a clash between the Tamil Nadu government and the Directorate of Enforcement (ED) concerning the jurisdiction of the ED to probe “illegal” sand mining activities in the state.
TN contested the ED’s authority to investigate sand mining under the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), asserting that sand mining offenses were not scheduled under the PMLA.
Why did the ED step in?
Whenever any offence is registered by a local police station, which has generated proceeds of crime over and above ₹1 crore, the investigating police officer forwards the details to the ED.
Alternately, if the offence comes under the knowledge of the Central agency, they can then call for the First Information Report (FIR) or the chargesheet if it has been filed directly by police officials.
This will be done to find out if any laundering has taken place.
About Enforcement Directorate (ED)
Details
Establishment
May 1, 1956
Initially set up as an ‘Enforcement Unit’
Nodal Agency
Department of Revenue, Ministry of Finance
Jurisdiction
Nationwide
Functional Focus
Economic and financial offenses including money laundering, foreign exchange irregularities
Investigative Powers
Attachment, confiscation, and arrest
Conduct raids and searches
Summon and question individuals
Collaboration
Coordinates with various agencies (CBI, local police) and banks
Reporting Authority
Department of Revenue, Ministry of Finance
Corruption Investigations
Has a separate Economic Offenses Division
Notable Cases
Vijay Mallya extradition
PNB fraud case
Augusta Westland VVIP chopper scam
International Cooperation
Works with international law enforcement for cross-border investigations (Interpol, FATF)
Public Interface
Accepts complaints and information regarding economic offenses
Transparency and Accountability
Regular reports to the Ministry of Finance; subject to oversight by judiciary and government bodies
Legal Authority of the ED
Description
Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act (COFEPOSA), 1974
To sponsor cases of preventive detention related to contraventions of FEMA.
Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA), 1999
ED to investigate suspected contraventions of foreign exchange laws and regulations, adjudicate and impose penalties, and
Trace assets derived from proceeds of crime.
Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), 2002
ED to investigate, trace assets derived from proceeds of crime, provisionally attach property, and
Ensure prosecution and confiscation by Special Court (PMLA Court under Section 4 of PMLA).
Fugitive Economic Offenders Act (FEOA), 2018
ED to enforce provisions related to attachment and confiscation of properties belonging to FEOs who have fled India to evade the legal process.
This newscard is an excerpt from an original article published in the TIE.
What are Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs)?
The Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) were rolled out as part of the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) of the IPCCin 2014.
These are basically emission scenarios that depict pathways of greenhouse gas and aerosol emissions resulting from human activities over time, crucial for climate modelling and forecasting.
These pathways were introduced to provide a consistent set of GHGs concentration trajectories for climate modelling and research purposes.
The RCPs were officially selected and defined based on their total radiative forcing levels in the year2100.
These pathways describe various climate change scenarios based on the amount of greenhouse gases emitted.
RCP 2.6: Limits global warming to less than 2°C above pre-industrial levels while also attempting to keep ocean acidification under control. Greenhouse gas emissions must be reduced significantly compared to current levels.
RCP 4.5: Reflects an intermediate scenario where emissions peak around 2040 and then gradually decrease. Global mean temperature rise is projected to reach approximately 2°C above pre-industrial levels by 2100.
RCP 6: Stabilizes radiative forcing at 6 watts per square meter (W/m²) after 2100 following peaking around mid-century. It aims to achieve a lower level of global warming but does not exclude temporary overshoots beyond 2°C.
RCP 8.5: Presents a high-emission scenario characterized by increasing radiative forcing throughout the century. By 2100, it results in a global mean temperature increase of over 4°C above pre-industrial levels.
Back2Basics:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Description
Establishment
Established in 1988 by WMO and UNEP
Membership
195 member countries.
Objective
Assess scientific info on human-induced climate change, impacts, and mitigation/adaptation options.
Main Activity
Prepares assessment, special, and methodology reports, crucial for international climate negotiations.
Scientific Research
Relies on global scientific community for literature review and conclusions.
Working Groups
Comprises three groups:
I (climate physics),
II (impacts/adaptation), and
III (mitigation)
Reports
Each group issues reports, compiled into a synthesis report.
Try this PYQ from CSP 2018:
“Momentum for Change: Climate Neutral Now” is an initiative launched by:
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Qubits, Quantum Mechanics etc.
Mains level: NA
In the news
Quantum computing holds immense potential, yet many systems operate only at extremely low temperatures, making them costly and commercially unfeasible.
Researchers are exploring alternative technologies to drive down costs and enhance the commercial viability of quantum computers.
Quantum Computing
Quantum computing is a paradigm of computation that utilizes principles from quantum mechanics to process information.
In quantum mechanics, particles exhibit wavelike properties, and their behavior is governed by the Schrodinger equation, which describes how these waves behave.
Key Concepts:
Wave-Particle Duality: Quantum objects, like electrons and photons, exhibit both particle-like and wave-like properties simultaneously, known as wave-particle duality.
Superposition: Objects in quantum science can exist in superposition states, where their quantum state is a combination of multiple states until measured. This concept allows qubits to represent multiple states simultaneously.
Quantum States and Qubits: Qubits are the fundamental units of quantum information, representing a two-state quantum system that can be in a superposition of 0 and 1 until measured.
Quantum Gates: Quantum computers use quantum gates to manipulate qubits through reversible unitary transformations, enabling complex computations based on algorithms.
Entanglement: Quantum entanglement is a unique property where multiple qubits can be correlated in such a way that the state of one qubit is dependent on the state of another, allowing for powerful computational capabilities.
Understanding Qubits and their Fragility
Classical vs. Quantum: Similar to classical computers, which rely on bits with two states (0 and 1), quantum computers operate using qubits—physical systems with two quantum states.
Unique Feature: Unlike classical bits, qubits can exist not only in one of the two states but also in a superposed state, where they simultaneously hold both states. However, this superposition is fragile and prone to disruption from external interactions.
Challenges in Qubit Implementation
Requirement for Identical Qubits: A collection of qubits is necessary for a quantum device, each needing to be identical—a challenge due to manufacturing imperfections.
Controllability and Robustness: Qubits must be controllable, allowing manipulation and interaction, while also being robust enough to maintain quantum features at room temperature over extended durations.
Exploring Qubit Systems
Diverse Options: Various physical systems serve as qubits, including superconducting junctions, trapped ions, and quantum dots. However, these systems typically require low temperatures or vacuum conditions for operation.
High Cost Barrier: The necessity for such conditions renders quantum computers based on these technologies expensive, prompting research into simpler, cost-effective alternatives.
Breakthrough in Room-Temperature Qubits
Metal-Organic Framework (MOF): In a recent collaborative study reported in Science Advances, researchers in Japan achieved qubits at room temperature within a metal-organic framework.
Composition: The MOF consists of repeated molecular arrangements, with zirconium as the metal component and an organic molecule containing the chromophore pentacene bridging the metal atoms.
Singlet Fission Mechanism: Singlet fission, facilitated by interaction between chromophores within the porous MOF networks, generates two triplet excited chromophores from a singlet excited state.
Enhanced Stability: The rotation of chromophores within the MOF networks modulates interactions, ensuring long-lived coherence of triplet states even at room temperature.
Just as the sporting world anticipates the Olympics every four years, the cryptocurrency community eagerly awaits its own quadrennial event: the Bitcoin halving.
Scheduled for April, this event marks a crucial milestone in the world of Bitcoin mining and trading.
Bitcoin
Bitcoin is a digital currency created in 2009 by an unknown person or group using the pseudonym Satoshi Nakamoto.
It operates on a decentralized distributed ledger called blockchain, which records all transactions.
The blockchain acts as a public ledger where each new set of verified transactions (a “block”) is added to the existing chain, creating an unalterable history of all Bitcoin transactions.
The process of verifying these blocks, referred to as mining, requires solving complex mathematical problems, which not only secures the network but also rewards miners with newly minted Bitcoins.
What is Bitcoin Halving?
Reward Reduction: Bitcoin halving entails a 50% reduction in the reward paid to Bitcoin miners for successfully processing cryptocurrency transactions. This reduction aims to maintain the scarcity of Bitcoin and regulate its supply.
Mining Process: Bitcoin miners utilize advanced computer equipment to solve complex mathematical puzzles through a process called ‘Proof of Work,’ crucial for expanding Bitcoin’s blockchain.
Blockchain Integrity: The halving mechanism ensures the integrity and security of the Bitcoin blockchain by adjusting the rate at which new coins are created, maintaining a controlled inflation rate.
Analogical Explanation
Grocery Store Contest: Analogous to a group of cashiers competing to tally up items in a grocery store, Bitcoin miners race to solve cryptographic puzzles to claim rewards.
Equipment Advantage: Cashiers with superior equipment have a higher chance of winning the contest, akin to Bitcoin miners with cutting-edge technology.
Economic Incentives: The analogy highlights the economic incentives driving both miners and cashiers to optimize their resources for maximum efficiency and profitability.
Implications for Crypto Investors
Scarcity and Value: Bitcoin halving reduces the rate at which new coins are released, enhancing Bitcoin’s scarcity and potentially driving up its value, similar to gold.
Historical Context: Bitcoin halving occurs approximately every four years, with past events influencing market dynamics and investor sentiment.
Market Speculation: Investors often speculate on the impact of halving events, with some anticipating price surges while others remain cautious due to the unpredictability of market reactions.
Impact on Mining and Market Dynamics
Corporate vs. Individual Miners: Corporate miners may prioritize maximizing rewards before the halving, while individual traders and investors may strategize based on market trends.
Geopolitical Factors: Shifts in mining operations across different countries, driven by factors like regulatory changes and electricity costs, influence Bitcoin’s ecosystem.
Technological Advancements: The evolution of mining hardware and techniques plays a significant role in determining mining efficiency and profitability, especially in the lead-up to halving events.
Market Volatility: Despite attempts to predict market movements, Bitcoin’s journey remains highly volatile, influenced by factors beyond halving events.
Try this PYQ from CSP 2020:
It is a public ledger that everyone can inspect, but which no single user controls.
The structure and design of blockchain is such that all the data in it are about cryptocurrency only.
Applications that depend on basic features of blockchain can be developed without anybody’s permission.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Theyyam Dance, Its unique features
Mains level: NA
In the news
This newscard is an excerpt from an image published in today’s edition of TH.
About Theyyam
Theyyam is a traditional ritualistic performance art form native to the northern region of Kerala.
It is believed to have evolved over centuries, combining elements of music, dance, and drama to honor various Hindu deities, especially Goddess Kali.
Key Features
Unique format: Theyyam performances take place at village shrines or in joint-family homes rather than on stages.
Lengthy duration: Performances can span from 12 to 24 hours, reflecting their importance within the community.
Ritual: The chief dancers live near the shrine during the entire event and do not eat after sunset.
Masks and costumes: Various types of masks and face paints are used, characterized by vibrant colors.
Musical accompaniment: Traditional Kerala instruments like chenda (drum), tuti (flute), kuzhal (wind instrument), and veekni (percussion instrument) support the dancers.
Dance steps: Specific dance steps called “Kalaasams” follow a structured sequence.
Religious influence: Certain aspects of Theyyam, such as abstaining from eating after sunset, indicate religious influences from Jainism and Buddhism.
Try this PYQ from CSP 2017:
Q. With reference to Manipuri Sankirtana, consider the following statements:
It is a song and dance performance.
Cymbals are the only musical instruments used in the performance.
It is performed to narrate the life and deeds of Lord Krishna.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Indus Waters Treaty, Ravi River
Mains level: Reconsideration of IWT
Why in the News?
India has completed the Shahpur Kandi Barrage Project, halting the flow of water from the Ravi river into Pakistan after 45 years of waiting.
Under the 1960 Indus Water Treaty, India possesses exclusive rights to the waters of the Ravi river, enabling it to utilize the resource for local agricultural purposes.
What are the Potential Benefits for India of stopping Ravi River Water to Pakistan?
Water Security: Retaining Ravi river water can enhance water security for Indian regions. The Jammu and Kashmir region will now benefit from the 1,150 cusecs of water that was previously allocated to Pakistan.
Agricultural Productivity: By ensuring access to Ravi river water, India can support increased agricultural productivity and efficiency, promoting sustainable farming practices and boosting food security
Economic Opportunities: Retaining control over Ravi river water can lead to the creation of new job opportunities, additional revenue streams from commercial activities along the riverbanks, and improved habitat quality supporting biodiversity
Urban Development: Halting the flow of Ravi river water to Pakistan can facilitate the development of sustainable urban areas along the riverbanks, contributing to planned urban housing and economic growth in India.
India can implement modern waste management systems, promote recycling industries, and adopt circular economies for sustainable water usage and protection of ecosystems.
Health Benefits: India can ensure cleaner drinking water sources, reducing health risks associated with contaminated water and enhancing public health outcomes.
About Shahpur Kandi Barrage Project
It is located on the Ravi River, in Punjab’s Pathankot district, near the border of Punjab and Jammu and Kashmir.
Project Evolution:
The foundation stone of the Shahpur Kandi Barrage Project was laid by then Prime Minister PV Narasimha Rao in 1995.
In 2016, the government started to optimize water resources from the Sutlej, Beas, and Ravi rivers for Indian farmers, leading to renewed efforts to complete the project.
Finally, Jammu and Kashmir and Punjab signed an agreement in 2018 to resume work on the Shahpur-Kandi dam project, which had been hanging fire for the last 40 years.
Project Capacity:
The project comprises a 5 m high concrete gravity dam, a 7.7 km long hydel channel, two head regulators, and two powerhouses.
It is expected to generate up to 206MW of electricity and provide irrigation to Punjab (5,000 Ha) and Jammu and Kashmir (32,173 Ha).
Indus Waters Treaty
The Indus Waters Treaty is an agreement between India and Pakistan, mediated by the World Bank in 1960.
The treaty allocates the Western Rivers (Indus, Jhelum, Chenab) to Pakistan and the Eastern Rivers (Ravi, Beas, Sutlej) to India.
However, the treaty permits limited usage of the Eastern Rivers by Pakistan and vice versa.
The treaty created the Permanent Indus Commission, comprising one representative from each nation, to facilitate communication and dispute resolution.
The treaty facilitated the construction of dams, link canals, barrages, and tube wells, providing water to Pakistan as per its previous entitlement.
The treaty came into effect due to the partition in 1947, leading to the division of the water systems.
After the expiry of the temporary Standstill Agreement of 1947, India started holding back water from canals flowing towards Pakistan.
The Inter-Dominion Accord of May 4, 1948, mandated India to supply water to Pakistani areas of the basin in exchange for yearly payments.
Try this PYQ from CSP 2021:
d) Sutlej
Q. Present an account of the Indus Water Treaty and examine its ecological, economic and political implications in the context of changing bilateral relations. (UPSC 2016)
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Circumstellar Discs
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
The formation of planets within protostellar discs, swirling reservoirs of gas and dust, remains a captivating field in astrophysics.
Recent advancements in computer simulations have unveiled the unexpected flattened shapes of nascent gas planets within these discs, providing critical understanding of planetary genesis.
What are Circumstellar Discs?
Protoplanetary Discs: These discs, comprised of dust, gas, and other celestial objects, orbit newly formed stars and serve as the birthplace of planets.
Composition and Evolution: Initially predominantly gas, protoplanetary discs evolve, hosting various materials including asteroids, comets, and planets.
Findings: Hubble Space Telescope offers detailed views of these regions, aiding astronomers in studying planet formation dynamics.
Distinctive Shape of Protoplanets
Unique Structure: Protoplanets exhibit oblate spheroid shapes, highly flattened, resembling discs with up to 90% flattening.
Growth Dynamics: Gas accumulation primarily occurs through poles rather than equators, impacting observed properties and interpretation of observations.
Formation Mechanisms
Core Accretion vs. Disc Instability: These two prominent theories offer models for planet formation, emphasizing diverse mechanisms contributing to planetary systems’ complexity.
Role of Disc Instability: This mechanism, explaining rapid gas giant formation, aligns with observations of certain exoplanetary systems, highlighting the interplay of formation processes.
Challenges in Observation
Limited Detection: Observing nascent protoplanets within these discs poses challenges, with only a few detected to date, such as within the PDS 70 system.
Temporal Constraints: The short duration of planetary formation phases necessitates precise timing for observational opportunities.
Insights from Simulations
Computational Studies: High-resolution simulations elucidate thermal conditions influencing gas protoplanet properties within the discs, offering invaluable insights into their formation.
Resolution and Analysis: These simulations, computationally demanding, trace protoplanet evolution from condensation to provide a deeper understanding.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Large Language Models (LLMs), GPT, Deep Learning
Mains level: NA
Introduction
The introduction of generative AI, like OpenAI’s ChatGPT, has sparked widespread discussions about artificial intelligence, allowing computers to learn, think, and communicate.
At the heart of this technology lies Large Language Models (LLMs), empowering computers to understand and generate human-like text.
What is an LLM?
LLMs, according to Google, are large language models capable of solving common language problems through extensive training.
These models are trained on large datasets and can handle various language-related tasks across different areas.
Key Features of LLMs
Large: LLMs are trained on vast amounts of data and have many parameters, which determine their abilities.
General Purpose: They can tackle a wide range of language tasks, regardless of specific topics or resource limitations.
Types of LLMs
Architecture: LLMs come in different types, each suited for specific language tasks.
Training Data: They can be trained in various ways, including on specific topics or for multilingual understanding.
Size and Availability: LLMs differ in size and availability, with some being freely accessible and others proprietary.
How LLMs Work?
LLMs use deep learning techniques, like artificial neural networks, to predict the next word or sequence based on previous inputs.
Similar to how a baby learns language through exposure, LLMs analyze patterns in data to make predictions.
Applications of LLMs
LLMs are used for text generation, conversation, translation, and summarization, among other tasks.
They are vital for content creation, marketing, and virtual assistance.
Advantages offered
Versatility: LLMs can handle various tasks due to their general language understanding.
Generalization: They can apply patterns learned from data to new problems, even with limited information.
Continuous Improvement: LLMs get better with more data and parameters, ensuring ongoing development.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Blanets, Black Holes
Mains level: NA
Introduction
In Christopher Nolan’s 2014 sci-fi masterpiece Interstellar, three planets (aside from Earth) captivate viewers with their extreme environments.
Surprisingly, these worlds, technically termed Blanets, may not be purely fictional and could exist in reality.
What are Blanets?
Formation Theory: In 2019, Japanese scientists proposed a theory suggesting that planets could form within massive dust and gas clouds surrounding supermassive black holes.
Unique Characteristics: Blanets, unlike Earth, are not expected to resemble habitable worlds due to their formation near black holes.
Surrounding Environment: Black holes are encircled by colossal discs of gas and dust, influenced by the black hole’s gravitational pull and heating effects.
Galactic Presence: Nearly every galaxy is believed to harbor a supermassive black hole at its center, acting as a gravitational nucleus around which stars organize.
Formation Process
Similar Mechanism: Planets near young stars form from the collision and aggregation of dust and gas particles in swirling disks. A comparable process could occur near supermassive black holes.
Blanet Characteristics: Blanets are anticipated to be approximately 3,000 times larger than Earth and must orbit the black hole at a distance of about 100 trillionkm to avoid gravitational disruption during their formation.
Implications and Speculations
Extreme Environments: Blanets represent worlds of extremes, vastly different from habitable planets like Earth.
Scientific Inquiry: The study of blanets offers insights into the dynamic interactions between black holes and their surrounding environments, pushing the boundaries of astrophysical understanding.
Role: TPAPs facilitate UPI-based transactions by providing compliant applications to end-users, ensuring adherence to security protocols and regulatory standards.
Infrastructure: They leverage NPCI’s UPI framework and collaborate with payment service providers (PSPs) and banks to enable seamless transactions.
Implications of TPAP Approval
Operational Continuity: TPAP approval is vital for Paytm to sustain UPI-based transactions, ensuring uninterrupted service for customers.
Migration Process: If approved, Paytm’s ‘@paytm’ handles will transition seamlessly to designated banks to prevent service disruptions, with OCL prohibited from adding new users until successful migration.
Risk Mitigation: RBI mandates certification of multiple banks as PSPs to manage high-volume UPI transactions, minimizing risk and enhancing system resilience.
Recent Developments
PPBL Closure: Following RBI’s directive to shut Paytm Payments Bank (PPBL) operations by March 15, 2024, Paytm’s existing TPAP registration for UPI transactions faces uncertainty.
RBI Intervention: In response to PPBL’s impending closure, RBI has tasked NPCI with evaluating OCL’s request to maintain TPAP status, crucial for Paytm’s UPI operations continuity.
Current Landscape
Presently, 22 NPCI-approved third-party UPI apps, including Google Pay, PhonePe, and Whatsapp, facilitate peer-to-peer transactions via UPI IDs.
RBI’s directive underscores the regulatory focus on maintaining stability and security in India’s digital payments ecosystem.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Hanooman, GPT, LLMs
Mains level: Not Much
Introduction
The BharatGPT group, comprising IIT Bombay and the Department of Science and Technology, is set to launch its first ChatGPT-like service named Hanooman next month.
Large Language Models (LLMs)
LLMs utilize deep learning methodologies to process extensive text data, enabling them to grasp linguistic nuances and semantic relationships.
These models are trained on vast datasets like Wikipedia and OpenWebText, allowing them to comprehend and generate natural language by discerning patterns and meanings from the provided text.
About Hanooman
Multilingual Capability: Hanooman is a series of large language models (LLMs) proficient in 11 Indian languages initially, with plans to expand to over 20 languages, including Hindi, Tamil, and Marathi.
Functionality: Beyond a mere chatbot, Hanooman serves as a multimodal AI tool, capable of generating text, speech, videos, and more across various domains such as healthcare, governance, financial services, and education.
Customized Versions: One notable variant, VizzhyGPT, tailored for healthcare applications, showcases Hanooman’s versatility in fine-tuning AI models to specific sectors.
Scale: The size of these AI models ranges from 1.5 billion to an impressive 40 billion parameters, reflecting their robustness and complexity.
Challenges and Considerations
Quality of Datasets: Concerns regarding the quality of datasets in Indian languages, emphasizing the prevalence of synthetic datasets derived from translations, may lead to inaccuracies or distortions.
Competition: Alongside BharatGPT, several startups like Sarvam and Krutrim, supported by prominent VC investors such as Lightspeed Venture Partners are developing AI models tailored for India, indicating a burgeoning ecosystem in this domain.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Banihal-Sangaldan Railway Line
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated the Banihal-Sangaldan section, connecting Baramulla in North Kashmir to Udhampur in Jammu.
The inaugural also marked the flagging off of Jammu and Kashmir’s first electric train from Sangaldan to Srinagar and Baramulla.
About Banihal-Sangaldan Railway Line
Route: Over 90% of the 48-km railway line between Banihal to Sangaldan passes through tunnels in the mountainous Ramban district, including the country’s longest 12.77-km tunnel (T-50), with 16 bridges.
Safety Measures: Three escape tunnels totaling 30.1 km ensure passenger safety during emergencies.
Significance of the Railway Section
Alternative Travel Route: The railway provides an alternative route between Jammu and Kashmir when National Highway-44 is closed due to landslides.
Boost to Tourism and Economy: Opening up remote areas for tourism and economic activities, such as the nearby Gool Valley and hot water springs, previously inaccessible due to poor road connectivity.
History of Railways in Jammu and Kashmir
British Era: The first railway line between Jammu and Sialkot was built in 1897.
Modernization: The extension of the railway network began in 1983 with the Jammu-Udhampur line, followed by the Udhampur-Srinagar-Baramulla Railwayline project approved in 1995.
Challenges and Innovations: Seismic activity and challenging terrain necessitated innovative approaches like the Himalayan Tunneling Method.
Expansion of the Network
Ongoing Work: Completion of the Udhampur-Srinagar-Baramulla railway line, with 209 km out of 272 km commissioned.
Upcoming Milestone: Valley’s connection to the Indian railways network expected by May this year.
Remarkable Infrastructure: Notably, a 63 km stretch in Reasi district features the world’s highest single arch railway bridge over the Chenab riverbed.
Benefits of the Railway Section
Reduced Travel Time: The train journey between Srinagar and Jammu is expected to be shortened to three to three-and-a-half hours.
Economic Impact: Facilitates transport of goods like apples, dry fruits, and handicrafts, boosting local economies.
Cargo Terminals: Four cargo terminals will be established between Banihal and Baramulla, streamlining logistics and trade.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Sudarshan Setu
Mains level: NA
Introduction
Prime Minister inaugurated ‘Sudarshan Setu’, the country’s longest cable-stayed bridge, connecting Beyt Dwarka Island to mainland Okha in Gujarat’s Devbhumi Dwarka district.
About Sudarshan Setu
Length: Sudarshan Setu spans 2.32 km, making it India’s longest cable-stayed bridge.
Location: Situated in the Gulf of Kutch, it links mainland Gujarat with Bet Dwarka island off the Okha coast in Devbhumi Dwarka.
Technical Details
Cable-Stayed Design: The bridge is Gujarat’s longest cable-stayed bridge, featuring a total length of 4,772 meters. Unlike shorter cable-stayed bridges in the state, Sudarshan Setu’s 900-meter cable-stayed section sets it apart.
Purpose: Designed to provide all-weather road connectivity to Bet Dwarka, it serves as a crucial link for the island’s residents and visitors.
Navigation Section: Supported by 32 piers, the bridge features seven cable-stayed spans facilitating the movement of fishing boats to and from Dalda Bandar harbour.
Significance of Bet Dwarka
Religious Hub: Bet Dwarka is renowned as a major pilgrimage and religious tourism destination, housing the revered Shree Dwarkadhish Mukhya Mandir and numerous Hindu temples.
Economic Activities: Fishing and tourism are the primary economic activities on the island, attracting thousands of pilgrims and tourists annually.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Mudimanikyam Temples
Mains level: Chalukyan Empire
Introduction
Recent archaeological findings in Mudimanikyam village, Nalgonda district, unveiled two Badami Chalukya temples dating back 1,300-1,500 years and a label inscription from the 8th or 9th century AD.
These discoveries shed light on the rich historical heritage of the region.
Ancient MudimanikyamTemples
Dating: The two temples, constructed between 543 AD and 750 AD, exhibit the distinctive Kadamba Nagara style in the Rekha Nagara format, a rarity in Telangana.
Architectural Significance: Research emphasizes the importance of these temples as testimonies to the Badami Chalukya period. With minimal restoration, they can serve as valuable relics of ancient architecture in Telangana.
Comparison: Apart from the Badami Chalukya temples at Alampur, these temples stand out as exceptional examples of architectural prowess from that era.
Details of Label Inscription
Discovery: The label inscription, found on a pillar of a group of five temples in the village, dates back to the 8th or 9th century AD.
Meaning: While the exact meaning of the inscription, ‘Gandaloranru,’ remains unclear, ASI suggests it may denote a heroic title, with ‘Ganda’ in Kannada meaning ‘hero.’
Historical Context: The presence of the inscription indicates the existence of five temples, known as Panchakuta, during the late Badami Chalukya period. However, these temples are no longer in use, with one missing the Shivalinga and another containing a Vishnu idol.
Badami Chalukyas: Legacy and Achievements
Establishment: Pulakeshin I founded the Chalukya dynasty in 550, establishing Badami (Vatapi) in present-day Karnataka as the capital.
Extent of Empire: The Badami Chalukyas ruled over territories encompassing modern Karnataka and large parts of Andhra Pradesh.
Pulakesi II’s Reign:
Notable Conquests: Pulakeshin II expanded the empire northwards, halting Harsha’s advance and defeating the Vishnukundins in the southeastern Deccan.
Diplomatic Relations: His reign saw diplomatic exchanges with Chinese and Persian empires, highlighting the dynasty’s international stature.
Vikramaditya Dynasty: The dynasty experienced resurgence under Vikramaditya I, who expelled the Pallavas from Badami, and reached its zenith under Vikramaditya II, who conquered Kanchipuram from the Pallavas.
Decline and End: The Rashtrakuta Dantidurga dethroned the last Badami Chalukya king, Kirtivarman I, in 753, ending the dynasty’s rule.
Cultural Feats
Art and Architecture: The era witnessed the emergence of Vesara architecture, blending South Indian and North Indian styles, epitomized by monuments like the rock-cut temples of Pattadakal, Badami, and Aihole.
Coinage: Unique Coinage: Chalukya coins bore legends in Nagari and Kannada scripts, featuring symbols like temples, lions, and lotuses.
Religious Patronage: Initially adherents of Vedic Hinduism, the Chalukyas later embraced Shaivism, fostering sects like Pashupata, Kapalikas, and Kalamukhas, while also promoting Jainism.
Government and Administration:
Military Prowess: The Chalukya army, comprising infantry, cavalry, and a formidable navy, employed innovative strategies, including intoxicating elephants before battle.
Administrative Structure: The empire was divided into provinces, districts, and smaller administrative units, with feudal lords governing autonomous regions.
Try this PYQ from CSP 2019:
Q. Building ‘Kalyaana Mandapas’ was a notable feature in the temple construction I the kingdom of:
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: PAPA, Aditya L1, CMEs
Mains level: NA
Introduction
India’s pioneering solar mission, Aditya-L1, has achieved a significant milestone as advanced sensors onboard successfully detected the impact of coronal mass ejections (CMEs), marking a leap forward in space exploration.
Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs)
CMEs were discovered in 1971 and established their importance in solar-terrestrial relations later in the 1980s.
It consists of massive clouds of solar plasma and magnetic field lines.
It typically accompanies solar flares and filament eruptions.
The frequency of CMEs varies with the 11-year solar cycle, with about one a week observed during solar minimum and an average of two to three CMEs per day observed near solar maximum
They travel at thousands of km per hour.
They can lead to geomagnetic storms, aurorae, and in extreme cases, damage to electrical power grids.
They are primarily detected using coronagraphs aboard spacecraft such as SOHO and STEREO.
Not all CMEs interact with Earth, but those that do can cause disruptions to satellite communications and power grids.
Halo CMEs are Earth-directed CMEs visible as rings in white-light coronagraph observations.
About Plasma Analyser Package for Aditya (PAPA)
Purpose: PAPA is an energy and mass analyser tailored for in-situ measurements of solar wind electrons and ions within the low energy range.
Sensor Composition: PAPA comprises two sensors—Solar Wind Electron Energy Probe (SWEEP) and Solar Wind Ion Composition Analyser (SWICAR)—facilitating comprehensive observations of solar phenomena.
Functionalities: Sensors not only measure electrons and ions’ energy but also ascertain their direction of arrival, enabling a holistic understanding of solar wind dynamics.
CME Detection and Analysis
Observations: PAPA detected CME events, notably on December 15, 2023, and during February 10-11, 2024.
December 15, 2023: Single CME event marked by a sudden increase in electron and ion counts, aligning with solar wind parameters and magnetic field measurements.
February 10-11, 2024: Multiple minor CME events observed, showcasing nuanced variations in electron and ion counts over time.
Performance Evaluation and Continuous Observations
PAPA sensors are currently operational in default mode, demonstrating adherence to design specifications across all operational modes.
Continuous observations underscore PAPA’s efficacy in monitoring space weather conditions and its adeptness in detecting and analyzing solar phenomena.
Back2Basics: Aditya-L1
Launched successfully by ISRO on September 2.
Orbits around the Lagrangian Point 1 (L1), maintaining a stable position 1.5 million km from Earth in the direction of the Sun.
Hosts seven payloads dedicated to studying various aspects of the Sun, encompassing both remote observations and in-situ measurements.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Features of ART Regulation 2021
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
The Central government’s recent modifications to the Surrogacy (Regulation) Rules, 2022 reflect a significant shift in the legal landscape surrounding surrogacy practices in India.
These amendments address critical issues concerning gamete usage and access to surrogacy procedures.
Why discuss this?
Judicial Scrutiny: The Supreme Court’s involvement stems from petitions challenging the March 2023 ban on donor gametes for surrogacy, prompting the Centre to reconsider its stance.
Public Outcry: The judiciary’s intervention follows public outcry and legal challenges from women affected by the previous rules, emphasizing the urgency of addressing surrogacy regulations.
Key Amendments on Gametes Usage
Gamete Flexibility: The amended rules allow couples certified with medical conditions to use donor gametes for surrogacy, provided at least one gamete originates from the intending couple.
Single Women’s Directive: Single women, including widows and divorcees, are mandated to use self-eggs and donor sperm for surrogacy, ensuring compliance with regulatory standards.
Certification Criteria: The District Medical Board may certify the need for donor gametes based on the medical condition of either spouse in the intending couple, facilitating access to surrogacy using donor gametes.
About Altruistic Surrogacy and ART
Definition: Altruistic surrogacy prohibits monetary compensation to the surrogate beyond medical expenses and insurance coverage, fostering ethical practices.
ART Regulation 2021: The Act integrates Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) governance through the establishment of the National Assisted Reproductive Technology and Surrogacy Board, ensuring effective implementation and oversight.
Evolution of Surrogacy Rules and Amendments
Ministry Initiative: The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare introduced the Surrogacy (Regulation) Rules, 2022, focusing on clinic standards and personnel qualifications.
Clinical Requirements: The rules specify staffing criteria and essential equipment, enhancing operational standards across registered surrogacy clinics.
Medical Necessity: Surrogacy is permitted in cases of uterine abnormalities, failed IVF attempts, unexplained pregnancy losses, and pregnancy impossibility due to illness, ensuring access for couples facing diverse challenges.
Key Provisions of Surrogacy (Regulation) Rules, 2022
Clinic Composition: Registered clinics must employ qualified professionals, including gynecologists, anesthetists, embryologists, and counselors, ensuring comprehensive care.
Gynecologist Qualifications: Gynecologists must possess relevant post-graduate qualifications and experience in ART procedures, ensuring competency in assisted reproduction techniques.
Insurance Coverage: Mandatory health insurance for surrogate mothers safeguards their well-being during and after pregnancy, reflecting a commitment to maternal health.
Affidavit Requirement: Intending couples must provide a legal guarantee of compliance with surrogacy regulations, ensuring accountability and adherence to legal standards.
Embryo Implantation Limit: Strict guidelines limit embryo implantation to minimize health risks and ethical concerns, prioritizing the well-being of both surrogate mothers and unborn children.
Abortion Protocol: Surrogate mothers’ rights are protected through adherence to established abortion procedures, respecting their autonomy and ensuring medical safety.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Singhbhum Craton, Archaen Eon
Mains level: NA
Why in the News?
Some recent study about the Singhbhum Craton in India, reveals that explosive volcanic eruptions were frequent around 3.5 billion years ago in regions that are also present in South Africa, and Australia.
What are Cratons?
Cratons are stable, ancient portions of the continental lithosphere, consisting of Earth’s two topmost layers—the crust and the uppermost mantle.
Cratons are typically found in the interiors of tectonic plates and are characterized by their ancient crystalline basement rock, often dating back to the Archean Eon.
Mantle plumeevents have played a significant role in the evolution of cratons.
About Singhbhum Craton:
The Singhbhum Craton is a geological region in India.
Location: It is located in eastern India, covering parts of the states of Jharkhand, Odisha, and West Bengal. The craton is separated from the Bastar Craton by the Mahanadi Graben and is in the vicinity of two Proterozoic mobile belts: the Satpura Mobile Belt and the Eastern GhatMobile Belt.
Geological features:
The rocks in the Singhbhum Craton are predominantly of Archean age, ranging from Paleoarchean to Paleoproterozoic.
It is a part of the larger Indian Shield, which is a stable continental crust that formed during the Archean Eon.
The Singhbhum Craton is known for its abundant occurrences of Banded Iron Formations (BIFs), which are closely associated with basic volcanic and ultrabasic intrusive. The craton is also known for its iron ore deposits, which are found in the Iron Ore Group (IOG) and are closely associated with lavas and tuffs.
The Singhbhum Craton has undergone regional metamorphism of the amphibolite facies and is believed to have evolved as a consequence of multiple phases of compressive deformation.
The craton is made up of multiple pulses of discrete mantle plume events, resulting in a complex geological history.
Archaean Eon
The Archaean Eon, one of the two formal divisions of Precambrian time, began about 4 billion years ago and extended to the start of the Proterozoic Eon.
During this period, life on Earth was limited to simple single-celled organisms lacking nuclei, known as Prokaryota.
The atmosphere lacked oxygen, and the Earth’s crust had cooled enough to allow the formation of continents.
Volcanic activity was considerably higher than today, with numerous lava eruptions.
The oldest rock formations exposed on Earth are from the Archaean Eon.
The Archaean rock system includes Archaean Gneisses and Schists, which are the oldest metamorphosed rocks found in abundance in regions like the Dharwardistrict of Karnataka.
What are the recent key findings?
Submarine Mafic Volcanism: The prevalence of submarine mafic volcanic eruptions between 3.5 and 3.3 billion years ago is documented, enriching our understanding of ancient volcanic and sedimentary processes.
Geodynamic Insights: Comparative analysis enhances our comprehension of early Earth tectonic activities and surface/atmospheric processes during the Archaean.
Research Methodology Used:
Field Studies and Radiometric Dating: Detailed field-based studies coupled with uranium-lead radiometric-age dating were employed to establish geological timelines and understand magma crystallization.
Comparative Analysis: The geological similarities between the Singhbhum Craton and counterparts in South Africa and Australia were studied, focusing on volcanic eruption patterns.
Implications and Significance of the study:
Earth’s Formative Years: Insights into Earth’s early tectonic activities contribute significantly to understanding the planet’s formative years.
Habitable Conditions: Unique geological features, such as greenstone belts, provide invaluable information about early habitable conditions and the emergence of life.
Global Geodynamic Processes: Comparative studies across cratons worldwide facilitate the construction of comprehensive models elucidating ancient geodynamic processes prevalent during the Archaean.
