Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Disinvestment
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- India’s disinvestment process, primarily focusing on minority stake sales rather than full privatisation, is expected to fall short of its fiscal year 2024 target.
- The government’s cautious approach, influenced by the upcoming general elections, has led to a slowdown in the privatisation of major public sector undertakings (PSUs).
Disinvestment Performance and Targets
- Past Achievements: Over the past decade, disinvestment has generated over ₹4.20 lakh crore, but the current fiscal year’s target appears challenging.
- FY24 Target: The government set a disinvestment goal of ₹51,000 crore for FY24, a reduction from the previous year’s estimate.
- Major PSUs on Hold: Plans for the privatisation of Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd (BPCL), Shipping Corporation of India (SCI), and CONCOR have been deferred.
- Progress So Far: Approximately ₹10,049 crore, or 20% of the budgeted amount, has been raised through IPOs and OFS.
- Pipeline Projects: Strategic sales of CPSEs like SCI, NMDC Steel Ltd, BEML, HLL Lifecare, and IDBI Bank are planned but face delays due to various procedural hurdles.
Factors Influencing Disinvestment
- Political Considerations: Strategic disinvestment decisions are being influenced by the upcoming elections, leading to a cautious approach.
- Challenges in Strategic Sales: The sale process involves multiple stakeholders and complex procedures, making it a lengthy affair.
- Public and Political Resistance: Certain sectors, particularly defence and shipping, face opposition to privatisation, causing delays and policy reassessments.
- Economic Think Tank Views: Observers note a recent slowdown in PSU stake sales, attributed to regulatory processes, global economic volatility, and shifting government priorities.
Historical Context and Government Policy
- Post-2014 Strategy: Since 2014, the government has revived its disinvestment policy, focusing on stake sales and listing of PSEs on the stock market.
- Union Budget 2023-24: The disinvestment target for FY24 is the lowest in seven years, with the government yet to meet the target for 2022-23.
- Reasons for Disinvestment: The government undertakes disinvestment to reduce fiscal burdens, finance deficits, invest in development, and retire debt.
- Types of Disinvestment: The process includes minority disinvestment, majority divestment, and complete privatisation, managed by the Department of Investment and Public Asset Management (DIPAM).
Recent Disinvestment Performance
- Meeting Targets: The government has met its disinvestment targets only twice since 2014.
- Challenges in Execution: Strategic sales have been complicated by various factors, including market volatility and political opposition.
Future of Disinvestment in 2023-24
- No New Additions: The government plans to continue with the already announced privatisation of state-owned companies without adding new ones.
- Challenges and Vision: Observers suggest that disinvestment should align with the government’s long-term vision for privatisation and sectoral presence, rather than being driven solely by revenue needs.
Conclusion
- Strategic Policy Shifts: The government’s disinvestment strategy is evolving, balancing between raising revenues and managing political and public sentiments.
- Impact of Upcoming Elections: With general elections approaching, the focus on disinvestment might shift, impacting the progress and priorities of stake sales.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Nematocysts
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- Evolution has crafted unique defense mechanisms in the animal kingdom, one of which is the nematocyst.
Understanding Nematocysts
- Structural Composition: A nematocyst comprises a capsule with a coiled tubule and a toxin-filled bulbous structure.
- Rapid Deployment: Upon stimulation, the nematocyst ejects its tubule at an incredibly high acceleration, comparable to a bullet’s speed.
- Fastest Biological Mechanisms: This ejection process is among the quickest in the animal kingdom.
- Found in: Nematocysts are particularly prevalent in jellyfish, corals, sea anemones, and hydras, serving as effective tools for hunting and protection.
Role in Cnidarians’ Survival
- Cnidarians and Cnidocytes: Cnidarians, a group of animals characterized by cnidocytes (specialized cells), heavily rely on nematocysts for feeding and defense.
- Activation Process: Contact with potential prey triggers sensory structures on cnidocytes, leading to the nematocyst’s release and subsequent prey immobilization or toxin injection.
Diversity of Toxins in Nematocysts
- Variety of Effects: Nematocyst toxins can be paralytic, halting prey movement, or cytolytic, breaking down cells.
- Strategic Use: Cnidarians often employ a mix of toxins to enhance the effectiveness of their predatory and defensive actions.
- Contribution to Cnidarians’ Success: The complexity and efficiency of nematocysts play a vital role in the survival and dominance of cnidarians in aquatic habitats.
- Formidable Aquatic Predators: The presence of nematocysts makes cnidarians formidable entities in their ecosystems.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Project PRAYAS
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The International Organisation for Migration (IOM) introduced Project PRAYAS (Promoting Regular & Assisted Migration for Youth and Skilled Professionals) to facilitate secure and regular migration for Indian workers and students.
What is Project PRAYAS?
|
Details |
| Project Name |
Project PRAYAS |
| Introduced By |
International Organization for Migration (IOM) |
| Partnership |
Ministry of External Affairs, India |
| Objective |
To facilitate secure and regular migration for Indian workers and students |
| Key Focus |
Enhancing coordination between state and central governments
Addressing India’s growing role in international migration
Providing policy recommendations for migration governance |
| IOM’s Role |
Promoting humane and orderly migration as a United Nations agency |
| Significance |
Represents a consolidation of state-level efforts for well-managed international migration |
| Focus Areas and Activities |
Conducting comprehensive studies on migration trends
Launching awareness programs for safe and orderly migration processes |
Back2Basics: International Organisation for Migration (IOM)
|
Details |
| Establishment |
1951 |
| Initial Purpose |
To assist in the resettlement of people displaced by World War II |
| Current Role |
Providing services and advice on migration to governments and migrants, including various displaced persons |
| Type |
Intergovernmental Organization |
| Membership |
173 member states, 8 observer states |
| Headquarters |
Geneva, Switzerland |
| Key Objectives |
Promote humane and orderly migration Emergency response
Link migration with development Health and support for migrants
Facilitate managed labor migration Counter human trafficking |
| UN Relationship |
Became a related organization of the United Nations in 2016 |
| India and IOM |
India has been a member of IOM since 1992. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Bab El-Mandeb
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The war between Israel and Hamas in October raised concerns about Hezbollah’s involvement, but the focus shifted when the Houthis in Yemen expanded the conflict to the Red Sea.
- Despite tensions, Hezbollah and Israel avoided full-scale war, with Israel concentrating on Gaza.
Houthi Involvement and Shift in Tactics
- Initial Actions: The Houthis, aligned with Iran, initially targeted Israel in solidarity with Palestinians, using drones and missiles, which were intercepted.
- Change in Strategy: Later, they shifted focus to attacking commercial ships in the Red Sea, threatening global shipping routes.
Understanding the Houthis
- Background: The Houthis, known formally as Ansar Allah, are a Shia militia group in Yemen, named after their late leaders Badr al-Din al-Houthi and Hussein al-Houthi.
- Iranian Support: They receive direct support from Iran and have significant military capabilities, including drones and ballistic missiles.
Strategic Importance of Bab el-Mandeb Strait
- Geographical Significance: The Strait of Bab el-Mandeb is a crucial maritime chokepoint, connecting the Red Sea with the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean.
- Impact on Global Shipping: Houthi actions near the strait have led to a significant decrease in Red Sea traffic and increased shipping costs.
Global and Regional Consequences
- Effect on Israel: Israel’s southern port traffic, particularly in Eilat, has been severely impacted.
- Broader Trade Implications: Approximately 12% of global maritime trade passes through the strait. Disruptions here could exacerbate inflationary pressures worldwide.
- Alternative Routes: Shipping companies are rerouting around Africa, significantly increasing travel time and costs.
International Response
- US Naval Task Force: The U.S. has established a naval force to counter the Houthi threat.
- Arab World’s Stance: Many Red Sea countries, including Egypt, have not joined the U.S. task force, reflecting regional discontent with U.S. policies.
- Potential Offensive Measures: The U.S. has not ruled out bombing Houthi targets in response to continued attacks on shipping lanes.
Conclusion
- Continued Houthi Threat: The Houthis vow to persist in their actions as long as Israel’s conflict with Gaza continues.
- Challenges for Global Trade: The situation underscores the fragility of global shipping routes and the potential for regional conflicts to have far-reaching economic impacts.
- Need for Diplomatic Solutions: This complex scenario highlights the importance of diplomatic efforts to resolve regional tensions and protect vital maritime trade routes.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: India's textile sector
Central Idea
- Major textile hubs in India, including Ludhiana, Surat, and Erode, are grappling with the surge in imports of man-made fibre (MMF) fabrics, impacting a sector worth about $60 billion.
- Fabric processors and weavers across these hubs express concerns over the influx of cheaper imports, primarily from China, affecting their businesses.
Impact of Imported MMF Fabrics
- Market Dominance: Imported fabrics, especially from China, are increasingly found in Indian markets, leading to unsold stocks and production cuts by local weavers.
- Price Disparity: Indian weavers face competition from cheaper imported yarns, compelling them to import materials like viscose yarn from China to remain competitive.
Statistical Overview of MMF Fabric Imports
- Doubling of Imports: In the last three years, MMF fabric imports have doubled, with a significant portion being knitted synthetic fabrics.
- Import Data: Daily imports from China increased from 325 tonnes in 2019-2020 to 887 tonnes in the April-June quarter of the current fiscal year, with a notable drop in average value per kg.
Under-Invoicing and Quality Control Issues
- Under-Invoicing Concerns: The practice of under-invoicing imported finished fabrics poses a major challenge, leading to calls for stricter customs regulations.
- Quality Control Orders (QCOs): The government’s introduction of QCOs on MMF fibres and products, requiring BIS certification, has impacted the entire value chain.
Consequences for Local Industry and Global Trade
- Operational Capacity: The downstream industry is reportedly operating at only 70% capacity due to these challenges.
- Export Decline: Exports of man-made yarn, fabrics, and made-ups have seen a year-on-year decline.
- Global MMF Trade: India’s share in global MMF trade was 2.7% in 2019, with fabrics and yarn being major export components.
Industry Perspectives and Government Policies
- Innovation Gap: Industry experts highlight a lack of innovation in MMF products in India compared to countries like China, Thailand, and Korea.
- Impact of QCOs: The introduction of QCOs, particularly at the fibre stage, is criticized for disrupting the industry, with calls for implementing quality controls at the garment stage instead.
- Challenges for MSMEs: Small and medium enterprises face financial strain due to declining orders, high prices, and increased operational costs.
- GST Issues and Financial Relief Demands
- GST Refund Delays: The introduction of GST led to higher taxes on MMF fibre and yarn, with delayed refunds causing financial burdens for weavers.
- Refund Controversy: Weavers contend that they are owed significant refunds due to the inverted duty structure, with the government potentially owing around ₹1,000 crore to the sector.
Conclusion
- Need for Strategic Measures: Addressing the challenges in India’s textile industry requires a balanced approach, considering both domestic capabilities and global market dynamics.
- Government’s Role: Effective policy measures, including rationalizing import duties and quality controls, are essential to support the industry and enhance its competitiveness.
- Future Outlook: The textile sector’s resilience and adaptability will be key in overcoming these challenges and capitalizing on potential opportunities in the global market.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Prime Meridian, Ujjain
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- The newly elected Madhya Pradesh CM asserted that Ujjain, was the reference for world time 300 years ago, before the Prime Meridian shifted to Paris and then Greenwich.
- For UPSC aspirants, understanding these nuances is essential for a comprehensive grasp of India’s scientific heritage and its global context.
Time Measurement and Ujjain’s Role
- Ujjain’s Central Meridian: Before Greenwich’s establishment in 1884, Ujjain was the central meridian for time in India, influencing Hindu almanac calculations.
- Vedshala Observatory: The Vedshala or Government Jiwaji Observatory in Ujjain offers insights into ancient Indian timekeeping methods.
Ujjain’s Geographical and Astronomical Significance
- Surya Siddhanta’s Contributions: This 4th-century astronomical treatise positions Ujjain at the intersection of the zero meridian of longitude and the Tropic of Cancer, highlighting its global importance.
- Astronomical Landmarks: Ujjain’s location on the Tropic of Cancer, intersecting significant temples, underscores its historical and religious significance in Hindu cosmogony.
Legacy of Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II and the Vedshala
- Observatory’s Origins: Built between 1725-1730 by Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II, the Vedshala was inspired by the observatory in Samarkand and predates those in Jaipur, Delhi, Mathura, and Varanasi.
- Motivation for Construction: Jai Singh’s initiative to educate the country in astronomy was sparked by a debate in the Mughal court over astronomical calculations.
Ujjain’s Astronomical Heritage and Contributions
- Center for Ancient Astronomy: Ujjain was a hub for astronomical and mathematical studies, home to scholars like Varahamihira, Brahmagupta, and Bhaskaracharya.
- Vikram Samvat Calendar: King Vikramaditya’s establishment of the Vikram Samvat calendar around 58–56 B.C. further cements Ujjain’s historical importance.
Exploring the Vedshala’s Instruments and Functions
- Yantras and Their Uses: The observatory houses various instruments (yantras) for measuring time, celestial altitudes, planetary motions, and eclipses.
- Unique Instruments: The Shankhu Yantra, Samrat Yantra, Digansha Yantra, Nadi Valay Yantra, and Bhitti Yantra demonstrate the sophistication of ancient Indian astronomical tools.
- Taramandel Shows: The observatory also features a planetarium offering educational shows about celestial bodies.
Ongoing Astronomical Research and Preservation
- Renovation and Continuation of Studies: Maharaja Madhav Rao Scindia of Gwalior renovated the observatory in 1923, ensuring the continuation of astronomical research.
- Annual Ephemeris Publication: The observatory publishes an ephemeris, detailing the daily positions and movements of planets.
Conclusion
- Balancing Historical Pride and Scientific Accuracy: While appreciating Ujjain’s rich astronomical heritage, it’s crucial to distinguish between historical significance and contemporary scientific standards.
- Insights for UPSC Aspirants: Understanding Ujjain’s role in ancient timekeeping and astronomy offers UPSC aspirants a nuanced perspective on India’s scientific contributions and cultural heritage.
- Enduring Legacy: Ujjain’s astronomical legacy, exemplified by the Vedshala Observatory, continues to be a testament to India’s historical advancements in science and time measurement.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Tribunals
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The Supreme Court clarified that tribunals, bound by their governing legislations, cannot compel the government to formulate policy.
- It emphasized the separation of powers, stating that policy-making is outside the judiciary’s domain, including quasi-judicial bodies like tribunals.
What are Tribunals?
|
Details |
| Nature |
Judicial or quasi-judicial institutions established by law |
| Purpose |
Provide faster adjudication compared to traditional courts
Offer expertise on specific subject matters |
| Functions |
Adjudicating disputes
Determining rights between parties
Making administrative decisions
Reviewing existing administrative decisions |
| Constitutional Recognition |
42nd Amendment Act, 1976 introduced Articles 323-A and 323-B in the Constitution |
| Article 323A |
Empowers Parliament to constitute administrative Tribunals for public service matters |
| Article 323B |
Allows Parliament or state legislatures to constitute tribunals for specific subjects like taxation, land reforms |
| Composition |
Comprises expert (technical) members and judicial members |
| Expert Members |
Selected from various fields, including central government departments |
| Judicial Members |
Persons with a judicial background, such as High Court judges or eligible lawyers |
| Supreme Court’s Stance |
Technical members not required if tribunal’s aim is expeditious disposal of matters |
Case in Focus: Armed Forces Tribunal (AFT) and Policy Direction
- Specific Case Reviewed: The Bench addressed whether the AFT could direct the government to create a policy for appointing the Judge Advocate General (Air).
- General Observation: It has been consistently observed that courts cannot mandate the government to enact legislation or develop a policy.
Judicial Analysis and Reasoning
- Justice Karol’s Observations: Justice Sanjay Karol noted that the AFT, with powers akin to a civil court, lacks the authority of the Supreme Court or High Courts.
- High Courts’ Limitations: Even High Courts, under Article 226 of the Constitution, cannot order the government or its departments to establish specific policies.
- Government’s Prerogative: The judgment reinforced that policy creation, especially concerning defense personnel services or their regularization, is exclusively the government’s responsibility.
Implications of the Judgment
- Tribunals’ Restricted Powers: Tribunals must operate within the confines of their governing legislation and lack the jurisdiction to influence policy formation.
- Judiciary’s Role in Policy Matters: The judgment highlights the judiciary’s limited role in policy-making, even in cases where fundamental rights might be at stake.
- Separation of Powers: This ruling underscores the principle of separation of powers, delineating the distinct functions of the legislative, executive, and judicial branches.
Conclusion
- Respecting Institutional Boundaries: The judgment serves as a reminder of the importance of respecting the boundaries and roles of different government institutions in a democratic setup.
- Broader Implications: This decision has significant implications for how tribunals and courts interact with policy-making processes, emphasizing judicial restraint and adherence to the constitutional framework.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Districts in India
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Amid reports that Odisha may create a few more districts before the end of the year, the Orissa High Court has directed the government not to issue any final order in this regard without its permission.
Districts in India
- Historical Background: Districts, as local administrative units, are a legacy from the British Raj era.
- Administrative Hierarchy: Positioned below the state and territory level, districts are crucial in India’s local governance structure.
- Leadership and Responsibilities: A Deputy Commissioner or Collector, often from the Indian Administrative Service (IAS), heads a district, overseeing administration and maintaining law and order.
- Subdivision of Districts: Districts are further divided into smaller units like tehsils, talukas, or mandals, varying by region.
Mechanics of Creating New Districts
- State Government’s Prerogative: The authority to create, modify, or abolish districts lies with State governments, executed via executive orders or state assembly legislation.
- Preferred Methodology: States typically opt for the executive route, issuing official gazette notifications for these changes.
Central Government’s Role in District Reconfiguration
- Limited Involvement: The Central government’s role is minimal in district reformation, primarily concerning name changes.
- Procedure for Name Changes: For renaming districts or railway stations, State governments seek clearances from central entities like the Home Ministry, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Intelligence Bureau, Department of Posts, Geographical Survey of India, and the Railway Ministry.
Trends in District Formation
- Increase in Numbers: India’s district count has risen from 593 in 2011 to 718, as per the Government of India’s Know India website.
- Factors Influencing Growth: This increase includes new districts formed between 2001-2011 and the bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh into Andhra Pradesh and Telangana in 2014.
Rationale behind Creating New Districts
- Benefits: Districts gain from government investments in local administration and development.
- Infrastructure and Economic Development: New districts see enhanced infrastructure, attracting investments and boosting economic activities and employment.
Challenges in District Formation
- Limitations and Costs: The financial burden of establishing administrative infrastructure restricts rampant district creation.
- Resource Allocation: The process involves setting up offices and deploying officers and public servants, impacting the state’s budget.
Way Forward
- Community Engagement: Involving local populations in the decision-making process is vital to align district formation with their aspirations and needs.
- Conflict Resolution and Inclusive Growth: This approach can help mitigate conflicts and ensure decisions contribute to the inclusive growth of the state and nation.
Back2Basics: History of Districts in India
|
Details |
| Early Administration |
Initiated by the British East India Company post-Battle of Plassey (1757) and Battle of Buxar (1764) |
| Collectorate System |
Introduced by Warren Hastings in 1772; District Collector as key revenue, judicial, and administrative authority |
| Transition to Crown Rule |
Post-1857 Revolt, direct British Crown rule led to formalization of district system |
| Role of District Collector |
Central figure in district administration, responsible for revenue, law, and order |
| Revenue Systems |
Implementation of Zamindari, Ryotwari, and Mahalwari systems for land revenue collection |
| Survey and Settlement |
Extensive land surveys for revenue assessment |
| Judicial Functions |
Initially, Collectors (District Magistrate) handled judicial roles; later, separate judicial offices were established |
| Law Enforcement |
Establishment of modern police system with districts as key units |
| Impact on Indian Society |
Centralized control, introduction of bureaucracy |
| Post-Independence Legacy |
Retained district system with evolved role of District Collector |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: PM-DevINE Scheme
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Only about 10% of the funds under the Prime Minister’s Development Initiative for North East Region (PM-DevINE) have been sanctioned.
About PM-DevINE Scheme
|
Details |
| Genesis of PM-DevINE |
– Introduced in Union Budget 2022-23
– Approved by the Cabinet on 12th October 2022 |
| Funding |
100% Central funding |
| Implementing Ministry |
Ministry of Development of North-East Region |
| Objectives |
– Infrastructure Development in line with PM GatiShakti
– Supporting Social Development Projects
– Empowering Youth and Women in the NER |
| Project Implementation |
State-wise, project-wise list of projects approved for FY 2022-23, tailored to specific state needs |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Evolution of Passports
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- A recent Bollywood movie ‘Dunki’ addresses the complex issue of immigration.
- The term “donkey journey” in the title refers to the perilous routes taken by people lacking legal permits or financial means to immigrate.
- The film highlights that the current system of visas and passports is a relatively recent development, dating back about 70 years.
Historical Perspective on Passports
- Early Forms of Passports: Passports, serving as identity proofs and travel permits, have existed in various forms for centuries.
- Biblical Reference: The Book of Nehemiah mentions King Artaxerxes of ancient Persia providing letters for safe passage, akin to modern passports.
- European Documentation: In France and the United Kingdom, systems similar to modern passports were in place well before the French Revolution of 1789.
The French Passport System
- Internal and Overseas Passports: France required internal passports for domestic travel and overseas passports for foreign trips.
- State Control and Regulation: The system was also used to regulate skilled workers and prevent the entry of potential troublemakers.
Emergence of Modern Passports
- Shift in India: Before World War I, India did not issue passports, but the British government introduced mandatory passports under the Defence of India Act (1914 to 1918).
- Global Changes Post-World Wars: The need for secure borders during the World Wars led to a global shift in the perception and use of passports.
- British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act: This 1914 Act in Britain consolidated laws related to citizenship and introduced modern passport features.
Standardization and Regulation
- League of Nations’ Involvement: In 1920, the League of Nations aimed to standardize passport systems, with the British model becoming widely adopted.
- US Immigration Laws and Passports: The US introduced passport laws in the 1920s, coinciding with immigration restrictions from Asia.
Public Reception and Cultural Impact
- Personal Discomfort: In the US and UK, some people found the detailed physical descriptions and identity verification in passports intrusive.
- Media Attention: The requirement for prominent individuals, including President Woodrow Wilson, to have passports garnered significant media interest.
Conclusion
- Beyond Wartime Necessity: Initially intended as a wartime tool, passports have become an integral part of modern citizenship and international travel.
- Continued Evolution: The history of passports, as explored in ‘Dunki’, reflects the ongoing evolution of identity verification and border control in response to global socio-political changes.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Srinivasa Ramanujan (1887-1920)
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- December 22, Ramanujan’s birthday, was declared National Mathematics Day in India by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh in 2012, in recognition of his contributions to the field.
Srinivasa Ramanujan (1887-1920)
- Early life: Srinivasa Ramanujan, born on December 22, 1887, in Erode, Tamil Nadu, exhibited extraordinary mathematical abilities from a very young age.
- Mathematical Mastery by 14: By age 14, Ramanujan had mastered advanced mathematics, excelling in exams and exploring complex topics.
- Difficulties in Other Subjects: His singular focus on mathematics led to poor grades in other subjects, hindering his academic progress.
- Scholarship Loss and Hardships: After losing a scholarship at Government College in Kumbakonam due to his academic struggles, Ramanujan faced financial difficulties and limited job opportunities.
Rise in Mathematical Circles
- Recognition in Madras: By 1910, Ramanujan had gained recognition in Madras’s mathematical circles for his independent work.
- Clerical Job and Research: In 1912, he secured a clerical position at the Madras Port Trust, which afforded him time for mathematical research.
- Collaboration with GH Hardy: In 1913, Ramanujan began a correspondence with British mathematician GH Hardy, leading to an invitation to Cambridge University.
Collaboration and Achievements in Cambridge
- Journey to Britain: Ramanujan arrived in Britain in 1914 and joined Trinity College, Cambridge.
- Work with Hardy and Littlewood: Collaborating with Hardy and JE Littlewood, Ramanujan made significant contributions despite his lack of formal higher education.
- Prestigious Honors: He was elected to the London Mathematical Society in 1917 and became a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1918, one of the youngest Fellows in its history.
Health Struggles and Return to India
- Declining Health: Ramanujan’s health worsened in the cold British climate, leading to a diagnosis of tuberculosis.
- Final Years: He returned to India in 1919 and passed away on April 26, 1920, at the age of 32.
Ramanujan’s Enduring Mathematical Legacy
- High Praise from Hardy: GH Hardy ranked Ramanujan’s natural mathematical talent alongside greats like Euler and Jacobi.
- Bruce C Berndt’s Analysis: American mathematician Bruce C Berndt extensively studied Ramanujan’s notebooks, emphasizing the depth of his contributions.
- Impact on Number Theory: Ramanujan’s work, particularly on the partition function, has had a lasting impact on number theory.
- Broad Contributions: His expertise included areas like continued fractions, Riemann series, elliptic integrals, hypergeometric series, and the zeta function.
- Legacy of Unpublished Works: Ramanujan left behind notebooks filled with unpublished results that continued to inspire mathematicians for decades.
Try this question from CSP 2016:
A recent movie titled “The Man Who Knew Infinity” is based on the biography of-
(a) S. Ramanujan
(b) S. Chandrasekhar
(c) S. N. Bose
(d) C. V. Raman
Post your answers here.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Polar Stratospheric Clouds
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- Residents in the Arctic have witnessed an extraordinary atmospheric display of Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs).
Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs)
|
Details |
| Formation and Location |
Form in the polar stratosphere at altitudes of 15,000–25,000 meters; common over Antarctica and the Arctic. |
| Temperature Conditions |
Require extremely cold temperatures, typically below −78°C (−108°F). |
| Types |
Type I: Composed of water and nitric acid.
Type II: Made almost entirely of water ice. |
| Role in Ozone Depletion |
Facilitate chemical reactions that produce chlorine and bromine compounds, leading to ozone destruction. |
| Appearance |
Iridescent, shimmering pastel colors, leading to their nickname “nacreous” or “mother-of-pearl” clouds. |
| Observation |
Visible during twilight, illuminated from below by the Sun. |
| Research and Monitoring |
Studied for impact on ozone depletion and climate change; monitored via satellites and ground stations. |
| Environmental Concern |
Linked to human-made chemicals like CFCs; subject to international regulation like the Montreal Protocol. |
| Climate Change Connection |
Research ongoing into how climate change might affect PSCs’ frequency and distribution. |
| Discovery and Study History |
Observed since the 19th century; their role in ozone depletion understood in the 1980s. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Eyjafjallajokull Eruption
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- A volcanic eruption occurred near Iceland’s capital between Sýlingarfell and Hagafell, near the town of Grindavik on the Reykjanes Peninsula.
Iceland: ‘Land of Fire and Ice’
- Geographical Location: Iceland is situated just south of the Arctic Circle in the North Atlantic Ocean.
- Tectonic Setting: The country lies on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, marking the boundary between the North American and Eurasian tectonic plates.
- Unique Landscape: Iceland’s landscape features geysers, glaciers, mountains, volcanoes, and lava fields, housing 33 active volcanoes – the highest number in Europe.
- Historical Settlement: The first human settlement in Iceland dates back to 874 by Norsemen from Scandinavia, leading to the founding of Reykjavik.
Recent Volcanic Activity on the Reykjanes Peninsula
- Historical Dormancy: The Reykjanes Peninsula had not experienced volcanic eruptions for 800 years until recently.
- Recent Eruptions: The current eruption is the fourth in less than three years on the peninsula, indicating a potential new era of volcanic activity.
- Eyjafjallajokull Eruption: The last major volcanic event in Iceland that gained global attention was the 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajokull.
- Eruption Timeline and Impact: The volcano erupted twice in March and April 2010, spreading an ash cloud across continents and disrupting air traffic on the North Atlantic route for six days – the longest disruption since World War II.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Vipassana
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- A political leader is set to attend a 10-day Vipassana meditation retreat in Punjab, skipping a summons by the Enforcement Directorate.
About Vipassana
|
Details |
| Meaning |
“To see things as they really are” |
| Origin |
Rooted in Buddhism, attributed to Gautama Buddha, rediscovered and refined by him over 2,500 years ago. |
| Historical Roots |
Preserved in Theravada Buddhism, especially in Myanmar; based on teachings in the “Satipatthana Sutta.” |
| Technique |
Mindfulness or insight meditation focusing on the interconnection between mind and body through physical sensations. |
| Practice |
Observing natural breath and bodily sensations, understanding their impermanent nature, typically taught in 10-day retreats. |
| Goal |
Self-transformation through self-observation, leading to improved mental clarity and insight. |
| Non-Sectarian |
Taught as a universal practice, suitable for all backgrounds. |
| Global Spread |
Popularized globally by S.N. Goenka and others in the 20th century. |
| Retreats |
Offered worldwide, often free of charge, funded by donations. |
| Scientific Research |
Studies show benefits in stress reduction, mental health, and treatment of substance abuse. |
| Code of Discipline |
Includes abstaining from killing, stealing, sexual activity, false speech, and intoxicants during courses. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: SAMAR Air Defence System
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- In a major success for its in-house design and development efforts, the Indian Air Force has successfully testfired its SAMAR air defence missile system.
About SAMAR Air Defence System
|
Details |
| Full Name |
Surface to Air Missile for Assured Retaliation (SAMAR) |
| Type |
Short-range air-defence system |
| Developed By |
A unit under the IAF’s Maintenance Command |
| Range |
10–12 km |
| Target |
Low-flying aerial targets |
| Speed |
Missiles operating at a speed range of 2 to 2.5 Mach |
| Key Features |
– Uses existing inventory of Vympel R-73E missiles
– Twin-turret launch platform
– Capable of single and salvo modes |
| Role in Defence |
Supplementing IAF’s Akash and SPYDER systems, replacing older systems like Pechora and OSA-AK |
| Deployment |
Not specified |
https://www.hindustantimes.com/videos/world-news/indian-missile-shield-against-potential-threats-from-pak-china-iaf-samar-system-in-action-101702815648038.html
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Andriamamelo Cave
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Unique prehistoric rock art has been found in the Andriamamelo Cave in western Madagascar, marking a first for the island.
- It reveals pictorial art with nature, human-like, and animal-like figures.
Andriamamelo Cave Art: Key Features
- Beyond Basic Symbols: Previously, Madagascar’s rock art mainly featured basic symbols. The new findings depict more complex scenes and figures.
- Egyptian Religious Motifs: Some scenes bear a resemblance to motifs from Egypt’s Ptolemaic period (300-30 BCE). Major images hint at Egyptian deities like Horus, Thoth, Ma`at, and Anubis.
- Ethiopian and Afro-Arab Connections: Symbols and writings suggest cultural links to the Ethiopian and Afro-Arab worlds.
- Borneo Cave Art Style: The art shares similarities with a two-millennia-old cave art style from Borneo.
- Depiction of Extinct Animals: The art may depict at least three extinct animals of Madagascar, including a giant sloth lemur, elephant birds, and a giant tortoise.
- Mysterious M-Figures: The ubiquitous M-shaped symbol matches the Amharic alphabet’s “hawt” and is linked to the concept of the “breath of life” in some Austronesian languages.
- Absence of Modern and Religious Symbols: The art lacks Christian, Muslim, Hindu symbols, and modern motifs, indicating its ancient origins.
Dating Challenges and Speculations
- Difficulty in Dating: Direct dating of the cave art is challenging due to the inorganic nature of the black pigment.
- Estimated Age: The presence of extinct animals and absence of modern symbols suggest the art could be around 2,000 years old.
- Potential Historical Evidence: The art might provide insights into who colonized Madagascar and when.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: COP28
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Annual Climate Summit: The 28th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP28) was held in Dubai, under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
- High Expectations: There were significant expectations for countries to take decisive steps in addressing the climate crisis.
- Key Focus Areas: Discussions at COP28 revolved around mitigation, adaptation, finance, and the differing responsibilities of developed and developing nations.
Early Developments: Loss and Damage Fund
- COP27 Agreement Follow-up: After agreeing to create the ‘Loss and Damage’ (L&D) fund at COP27, COP28 focused on its operationalization.
- Funding Challenges: Despite the need for substantial funding, contributions have been limited, with the U.S. pledging only $17.5 million.
- Administration and Access Concerns: The World Bank’s role in overseeing the fund raised issues regarding access, legal autonomy, and responsiveness to emergencies.
Emissions Reduction and Energy Transition
- Global Stocktake Findings: The first global stocktake (GST) assessed progress towards the Paris Agreement goals.
- Fossil Fuel Transition: A commitment was made to move away from fossil fuels in energy systems, to triple renewable and nuclear energy capacity by 2030.
- Continued Use in Other Sectors: Fossil fuels remain in use in sectors like plastics, transport, and agriculture.
- Transitional Fuels and Climate Justice: The acceptance of natural gas as a transitional fuel was seen as a compromise on climate justice.
Financial Mechanisms for Climate Action
- Developed Nations’ Responsibility: The GST framework emphasized the leading role of developed nations in climate finance.
- Private Sector Involvement: The role of private investment in addressing financial gaps was acknowledged.
- Green Finance Initiatives: New mechanisms, including a $3.5 billion boost to the Green Climate Fund, were established to support sustainable practices in developing countries.
India’s Stance on Climate and Health Declaration
- UAE Declaration on Climate and Health: This declaration, partnered with the World Health Organisation, was signed by 123 countries but not by India.
- India’s Concerns: India refrained from signing due to potential impacts on its growing healthcare infrastructure and the need to prioritize healthcare requirements.
Global Methane Pledge and India’s Position
- Renewed Focus on Methane: The pledge received attention with over $1 billion in new grants for methane reduction projects.
- India’s Non-Participation: India did not sign the pledge, focusing instead on carbon dioxide emissions and considering the livelihood implications of methane reduction in agriculture.
Assessment of COP28: Achievements and Shortcomings
- Positive Developments: Notable achievements included the climate and health declaration, emphasis on nature-based solutions, and commitments to sustainable food systems.
- Contentious Issues: Disagreements persisted over fossil-fuel subsidies, the role of the World Bank in the L&D fund, and private sector engagement in climate action.
- Mixed Outcomes: While renewable energy targets marked progress, unresolved issues regarding L&D, fossil fuel use, and transitional fuels indicated ongoing challenges.
Conclusion
- Balancing Act: COP28 showcased the intricate balance between ambitious climate goals and the practical realities of economic and social factors.
- Continued Dialogue: The outcomes reflect the need for ongoing dialogue and collaboration to address the multifaceted aspects of climate change and sustainable development.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Mullaperiyar Dam
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Tamil Nadu cancelled the decision to open the spillway shutters of Mullaperiyar dam after a lull in rainfall and reduced inflow of water to the dam.
Do you know?
The Mullaperiyar dam is located in Kerala on the river Periyar but is operated and maintained by the neighbouring state of Tamil Nadu.
John Pennycuick (the architect of this dam) sold his family property in England to mobilize money to fund the project! People of the region fondly name their children under his name a remark of reverence.
Mullaperiyar Dam
- It is a masonry gravity dam on the Periyar River in Kerala.
- It is located on the Cardamom Hills of the Western Ghats in Thekkady, Idukki District.
- It was constructed between 1887 and 1895 by John Pennycuick (who was born in Pune) and also reached in an agreement to divert water eastwards to the Madras Presidency area.
- It has a height of 53.6 m (176 ft) from the foundation, and a length of 365.7 m (1,200 ft).
Operational issue
- The dam is located in Kerala but is operated and maintained by Tamil Nadu.
- The catchment area of the Mullaperiyar Dam itself lies entirely in Kerala and thus not an inter-State river.
- In November 2014, the water level hit 142 feet for first time in 35 years.
- The reservoir again hit the maximum limit of 142 feet in August 2018, following incessant rains in the state of Kerala.
- Indeed, the tendency to store water to almost the full level of reservoirs is becoming a norm among water managers across States.
Dispute: Control and safety of the dam
- Supreme court judgment came in February 2006, has allowed Tamil Nadu to raise the level of the dam to 152 ft (46 m) after strengthening it.
- Responding to it, the Mullaperiyar dam was declared an ‘endangered’ scheduled dam by the Kerala Government under the disputed Kerala Irrigation and Water Conservation (Amendment) Act, 2006.
- For Tamil Nadu, the Mullaperiyar dam and the diverted Periyar waters act as a lifeline for Theni, Madurai, Sivaganga, Dindigul and Ramnad districts.
- Tamil Nadu has insisted on exercising the unfettered colonial rights to control the dam and its waters, based on the 1886 lease agreement.
Rule of Curve issue
- A rule curve or rule level specifies the storage or empty space to be maintained in a reservoir during different times of the year.
- It decides the fluctuating storage levels in a reservoir.
- The gate opening schedule of a dam is based on the rule curve. It is part of the “core safety” mechanism in a dam.
- The TN government often blames Kerala for delaying the finalization of the rule curve.
Back2Basics: Periyar River
- The Periyar is the longest river in the state of Kerala with a length of 244 km.
- It is also known as ‘Lifeline of Kerala’ as it is one of the few perennial rivers in the state.
- It originates from Sivagiri hills of Western Ghats and flows through the Periyar National Park.
- The main tributaries of Periyar are Muthirapuzha, Mullayar, Cheruthoni, Perinjankutti.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: 14th Amendment of US Constitution
Mains level: Comparison of Indian Constitution
Central Idea
- The US top court ordered the removal of former President Donald Trump from the ballot for the next Presidential elections.
- The decision was based on Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment of the US Constitution, relating to Trump’s alleged role in the January 6, 2021, attacks on the US Capitol.
14th Amendment of US Constitution
|
Details |
| Ratification Date |
July 9, 1868 |
| Primary Purpose |
To address civil rights issues following the Civil War, particularly regarding former slaves. |
| Key Clauses |
– Citizenship Clause: Citizenship for all persons born or naturalized in the U.S.
– Due Process Clause: Fair legal process required for all citizens.
– Equal Protection Clause: Equal legal protection for all citizens. |
| Historical Context |
Response to post-Civil War issues, including the Black Codes in Southern states. |
| Major Significance |
– Extended Bill of Rights protections to state actions.
– Foundation for numerous civil rights advancements and Supreme Court decisions. |
| Notable Cases |
– Brown v. Board of Education (1954) for desegregation
– Roe v. Wade (1973) for abortion rights |
| Why in news? |
Section 3 disqualifies anyone who, having taken an oath to support the Constitution, engages in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or aids its enemies, from holding any office, civil or military, in the United States.
Applied to Donald Trump |
| Impact on Federalism |
Altered the balance of power between the federal government and states, especially in civil rights and liberties. |
Similar Provisions in India
|
Details |
| Equal Protection Clause |
Article 14: Indian Constitution guarantees “equality before the law” and “equal protection of the laws” within the territory of India. |
| Citizenship Clause |
Articles 5 to 11: Deal with aspects of citizenship in India, including citizenship by birth, descent, registration, naturalization, and incorporation of territory. |
| Due Process Clause |
Article 21: Provides protection of life and personal liberty, stating “No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to a procedure established by law.” |
| Protection of Civil Liberties |
Article 19: Ensures the protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, assembly, etc. |
| Prohibition of Discrimination |
Article 15: Prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth. |
| Disqualification for Public Office |
Representation of the People Act, 1951 (Sections 8, 9, 10, 11): Lays out disqualifications for membership of Parliament and State Legislatures due to criminal convictions, corrupt practices, and certain office-of-profit positions. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: World Bank
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
About World Bank
|
Details |
| Establishment |
July 1944, during the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, USA. |
| Initial Purpose |
To help rebuild European nations devastated by World War II;
Later expanded to include global development and poverty reduction. |
| Components |
– International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
– International Development Association (IDA)
– International Finance Corporation (IFC)
– Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)
– International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) |
| Membership |
189 member countries as of 2021. |
| Headquarters |
Washington, D.C., United States. |
| Main Functions |
Provides loans, credits, and grants; offers technical expertise and policy advice; researches development issues. |
| Funding |
Through issuance of bonds in the international financial markets and earnings from its investments. |
| Governance |
Led by a President, with a Board of Governors and a Board of Executive Directors. |
| India’s Involvement |
– Founding member since 1944.
– First loan approved in 1949 for Indian Railways. |
Understanding Multilateral Development Banks
- Definition and Membership: MDBs are financial institutions with multiple country members, both developed and developing, that provide financing and technical assistance for development projects.
- Operational Focus: Their operations span various sectors, including transport, energy, and urban infrastructure, with developed countries contributing to the lending pool and developing countries primarily borrowing for development projects.
Rationale behind Proposed Reforms
- Addressing Global Challenges: The climate crisis and other global issues require mechanisms for global-scale action, particularly in emerging markets and developing economies (EMDEs).
- Aligning with National Priorities: The expert group recommends that MDBs align more closely with the developmental priorities of individual nations.
- Enhancing Private Sector Engagement: A shift is suggested towards greater private sector involvement in MDB operations, moving away from the culture of limited interaction between private and sovereign financing arms.
Key Aspects of the Proposed Reforms
- Coordination and Stakeholder Involvement: The panel emphasizes the need for greater coordination among stakeholders, including national governments, to develop unified goals and policies.
- Addressing Coordination Failures: The reforms aim to resolve multiple coordination failures among domestic and international stakeholders, both public and private.
- Changing Perception and Practices: The current perception of MDBs as bureaucratic and risk-averse is seen as a barrier to private sector involvement, which is crucial for ramping up financing.
MDBs’ Traditional Lending in Countries like India
- Role in India’s Development: MDBs have been instrumental in financing key infrastructure projects in India, often with longer gestation periods.
- World Bank’s Commitments: Since its establishment in 1944, the World Bank has committed $97.6 billion to India, with significant portions in public administration, agriculture, and transport.
- Asian Development Bank’s Involvement: Formed in 1969, the ADB has committed $59.7 billion to India, focusing on transport, energy, and urban infrastructure.
- Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank’s Financing: The AIIB, established in 2016, has approved $9.9 billion in financing for India, with a focus on transport, energy, and economic resilience.
- European Investment Bank’s Contributions: Since 1958, the EIB has committed Euro 4.5 billion to India, primarily in the transport and energy sectors.
Conclusion
- Implications of the Recommendations: The proposed shift in MDB operations could lead to more effective and targeted development financing, aligning closely with the specific needs and priorities of individual countries.
- Potential for Enhanced Global Impact: By addressing coordination challenges and increasing private sector engagement, MDBs could play a pivotal role in meeting global development goals and addressing critical challenges like the climate crisis.
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