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Exam Year: 2022

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    Corruption is not merely a legal or administrative failure, but a pedagogical and psychological one. Thus, moral character development of children through 3 key agents of socialization – father, mother and teacher, is imperative.

    The Role of the Triad in building “Beautiful Minds”

    Father

    Father is a bridge between the home and the world.

    Symbolises responsibility, discipline and ethical conduct in the public sphere.

    When children observe their father practising honesty, respecting the law, and rejecting shortcuts or corruption, they internalise these behaviours as normal and desirable.

    Eg- Naval Tata instilled the importance of ethical business, philanthropy and social responsibility in Ratan Tata.

    Mother

    Represents emotional nurturing, empathy and moral sensitivity. First teacher of emotional intelligence and selfless service.

    By teaching a child to share toys, care for the elderly, or speak the truth even when it’s difficult, she builds the “beauty” of the mind.

    Eg- Gandhiji’s mother, Putlibai’s deep religiosity, fasting, compassion and discipline shaped his moral life and non-violent philosophy.

    Teacher

    Shape how children think, reason and judge right from wrong.

    By encouraging critical thinking, ethical reflection and civic responsibility, teachers help creates future citizens who value truth, justice and accountability.

    Eg- Anand Kumar (founder of Super 30) transformed the lives of underprivileged students through ethical commitment to education.

    They addresses five key behavioral triggers-

    Fear- Removed by the Teacher through knowledge.

    Greed- Removed by the Mother through contentment.

    Apathy- Removed by the Father through social courage.

    Selfishness- Replaced by empathy through the home environment.

    Ignorance- Replaced by a “Beautiful Mind” that understands the long-term cost of short-term deceit.

    Dr. Kalam’s vision is a shift from Punitive Justice (punishing the corrupt) to Preventive Ethics (creating incorruptible citizens). For vision of Viksit Bharat @2047, citizens with “beauty” of integrity, selflessness and civic virtues is must.

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    As per UNODC, organized crime is a continuing criminal enterprise that rationally works to profit from illicit activities that are often in great public demand.

    Types of Organised Crime

    Drug Trafficking (Narco-Trade)- Eg- Recent high-volume seizures of “Meth” in the Arabian Sea via the Makran Coast route.

    Illicit Arms Smuggling- Eg- The use of “Payload Drones” in Punjab to transport pistols and grenades from across the border.

    Human Trafficking- Forced labor and sexual exploitation. Eg- syndicates trafficking Indians to Southeast Asian “Cyber-Slavery” hubs.

    Money Laundering- The process of “cleansing” criminal proceeds. Eg- Use of Layering techniques via Shell companies and Virtual Digital Assets (Crypto).

    Cybercrime (Crime-as-a-Service)- Eg- The 2024 surge in “Digital Arrest” scams operated by transnational gangs.

    FICN (Counterfeiting)- Smuggling Fake Indian Currency Notes to trigger monetary instability.

    Contract Killings & Extortion- Use of violence to “tax” businesses. Eg- Bishnoi gang

    Environmental Crime- Eg- Illegal Red Sandalwood trade in the Seshachalam forests.

    National Level Linkages (Operational & Tactical)

    Infrastructure Sharing- Terrorists use established criminal “rat-lines” for the clandestine movement of personnel. Eg- use of drug networks for terrorist infiltration in J&K

    Logistics support – Eg- D-Company’s role in 1993 Bombay Blasts

    Resource Appropriation- Terror groups adopt criminal tactics like “Tiger Kidnapping” (kidnapping for ransom) to create immediate liquidity.

    Corruption of Local Governance- Both groups collaborate to “buy” local administrative silence, creating pockets of lawlessness.

    Transnational Level Linkages (Strategic & Financial)

    Narco-Terrorism- Terrorist groups taxing or controlling drug trade routes to finance global jihad. Eg- The Taliban using opium revenue from Afghanistan to fund operations.

    Global Hawala Networks- Terror funding is moved across borders using the same illegal financial networks established by crime syndicates.

    The “Black Hole” Effect- In “gray zones,” criminal and terror groups merge into a single entity. Eg- ISIS-K using illegal mining of talc to fund global operations.

    Specialized Alliances- Terrorists outsource technical needs to professional transnational syndicates. Eg- use Dark Net markets by LeT to receive “anonymous” donations.

    Transnational crime acts as a tool of “Grey Zone Warfare” by hostile neighbors to destabilize the economy via drug-pushing.

    Diversion of humanitarian aid in conflict zones (Sahel, Middle East) into the hands of organized terror groups via criminal intermediaries. (FATF report)

    The Crime-Terror nexus creates Black Hole of instability. Addressing this requires Whole-of-Government approach.

    Cyber Security

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    11,098 km coastline, an Exclusive Economic Zone of over 2 million sq km, and over 95% of its trade by volume via sea, highlights the need for robust maritime security architecture

    Maritime Security Challenges in India

    The Indian ocean region is ‘New Hotbed’ of security threats – Fareed Zakaria

    Maritime Terrorism- Eg- the 26/11 Mumbai attacks

    Geopolitical Competition from China challenging India’s role as a “Net Security Provider.”

    “dual-use” ports like Hambantota (Sri Lanka) and Gwadar (Pakistan)

    Chinese spy ships in Indian Ocean (Tianwen I)

    Piracy and Armed Robbery-

    Somali piracy in the Gulf of Aden and Arabian Sea

    Houthi disruptions in the Red Sea

    Transnational Organized Crime- The “Golden Crescent” and “Golden Triangle” routes converge in the IOR. (MHA)

    Human Trafficking- Illegal migration routes across the Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea.

    Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing- Eg- Large foreign deep-sea trawlers encroaching on India’s.

    Offshore Asset Vulnerability- Eg- Mumbai High oil rigs and the Great Nicobar Project from state and non-state sabotage.

    Nuclearization of IOR due to AUKUS

    Rising sea levels and the increasing frequency of “Super Cyclones” threaten critical coastal infrastructure. Eg- naval bases and nuclear plants.

    IOR emerging as theater of great-power rivalry – Eg- US-UK base in Diego Garcia

    Initiatives to Improve Maritime Security

    Organisational Initiatives

    Bureau of Port Security (BoPS) for unified regulatory oversight for port and ship security

    National Maritime Security Coordinator (NMSC) to improve coordination between the Navy, Coast Guard, and various ministries.

    Information Fusion Centre – Indian Ocean Region (IFC-IOR) as a global hub for real-time information sharing on “White Shipping.”

    Three-Tiered Security Architecture- *

    Indian Navy- Deep-sea and International Maritime Boundary Line (IMBL).

    Indian Coast Guard (ICG)- Intermediate waters and EEZ (up to 200 nm).

    Marine Police- Coastal waters (up to 12 nm).

    Technical Initiatives

    Coastal Surveillance Network (CSN) Phase-II- Completion of a chain of 46 static radar stations and AIS (Automatic Identification System).

    Mandatory installation of NavIC-enabled Vessel Monitoring System (VMS) on all fishing vessels.

    Induction of MQ-9B SeaGuardian drones for surveillance of sensitive chokepoints.

    Utilization of ISRO’s GSAT-7 series (Rukmini) for “dark vessel” tracking.

    Project 75I – for more indigenous scorpian class submarine

    Procedural Initiatives

    Indian Maritime Doctrine 2025- formally recognizes “No-War, No-Peace” as a distinct operational category, emphasizing readiness for grey-zone conflicts.

    MAHASAGAR (2025)- fostering security partnerships with IOR littoral states.

    Exercise Sea Vigil- to test the “SOPs” of over 15 different agencies.

    Issuance of biometric ID cards to over 300,000 fishermen.

    A proactive Maritime Domain Awareness is needed for resilient “Blue Economy” and “maritime surakshit Bharat”.

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    As per IT Act, 2000, “cyber security” means protecting information, equipment, communication device and information stored therein from unauthorised access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification or destruction.

    Elements of cyber security

    Core Principles (The CIA Triad)

    Confidentiality– Keeping sensitive data private from unauthorized access. Eg- encryption

    Integrity– Ensuring data is accurate, trustworthy, and hasn’t been altered. Eg- digital signatures.

    Availability– Ensuring systems are accessible to authorized users when needed. Eg- backups.

    Key Security Domains & Functions

    Network Security– Protecting network infrastructure (firewalls).

    Endpoint Security– Securing devices like laptops, phones (antivirus).

    Application Security– Securing software and apps.

    Data Security- Implementing encryption and Data Loss Prevention (DLP) tools.

    Identity & Access Management (IAM)– Eg- Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA)

    Incident Response– Planning for and managing security breaches.

    Disaster Recovery & Business Continuity– Planning for system restoration.

    Security Operations Center- A centralized unit that monitors, detects, and responds in real-time

    Steps Taken to Strengthen Cybersecurity

    DPDP Act, 2023 – imposing penalties up to on Data Fiduciaries for security lapses.

    Centralized Command – designated the National Security Council Secretariat (NSCS) as the nodal agency.

    Cyber Fraud Mitigation Centre – provide a real-time platform for banks, and police to freeze fraudulent funds.

    Dedicated CERT-In have been established for critical sectors like Power and Finance.

    CERT-In guidelines mandating annual cybersecurity audits for all critical sector entities by empanelled auditors.

    Zero-Trust Integration- mandatory “Never Trust, Always Verify” architecture for all G2G and G2C digital services.

    Sovereign Technology- deployment of Maya OS across defense and critical ministries.

    The National Quantum Mission (2025) – piloting Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) for high-security government communications.

    Cyber Jagrit Bharat- A nationwide awareness campaign, including a “Cyber Pledge” and webinars for citizens.

    Quad Senior Cyber Group to counter state-sponsored APTs in the Indo-Pacific.

    Signing of UN Convention on Cybercrime (Hanoi convention) to streamline cross-border digital evidence sharing and extradition.

    Challenges That Remain

    Workforce Shortage- 30% talent gap in high-end cybersecurity roles (forensics, malware analysis).

    Legacy Infrastructure- Nearly 57% of Indian organizations still lack basic cyber hygiene (India Cyber Threat Report 2025)

    AI-driven “double extortion” ransomware and Deepfake-as-a-Service are evolving faster than defensive protocols.

    Federal Coordination issues- many State-level cyber cells lack the funding and technical expertise to handle transnational crimes.

    Cross-Border Anonymity- use of proxy servers in non-extradition jurisdictions makes prosecution nearly impossible.

    Import dependency – India imports over 70% of its telecom and IT hardware from China.

    Low Digital literacy – Eg- limited awareness about using MFA, identifying phishing links.

    Compliance Burden – The stringent requirements of the DPDP Act impose a heavy financial burden on small businesses.

    Data Colonization – India generates 20% of global data, yet most of it is processed in offshore data centers

    Addressing these challenges requires viewing cybersecurity not as a technical IT issue but as a National Security Priority that demands a “Whole-of-Society” response.

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    Ethics is a branch of philosophy that involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong conduct. It acts as a ‘moral compass’ for individual and organisational conduct.

    Importance of Ethics in the Smooth Functioning of an Organization

    Provides Psychological Safety which is essential for team efficiency. (Google’s Project Aristotle)

    Stakeholder Loyalty- attract and retain top talent, loyal customers, and stable investors.

    Conflict Prevention by establishing clear behavioral norms.

    Risk Mitigation- prevents scandals, lawsuits, and regulatory penalties. Eg- Satyam Scandal

    Brand Reputation- Eg- Patagonia’s “Don’t Buy This Jacket”campaign for mindful consumption

    Leadership – “If ethics are poor at the top, that behavior is copied down through the organization.” – Robert Noyce (Intel Co-founder)

    Role of Ethics in human life

    The Realization of Human Dignity (Deontological Ethics) – It promotes the inherent worth and “sacredness” of human life. Eg- Abraham Lincoln’s role in abolition of slavery

    Inner Peace and Psychological Well-being by promoting “clear conscience” and reducing cognitive dissonance. Eg- Gandhiji withdrawing NCM after Chauri Chaura.

    The Pursuit of the “Good Life” (Eudaimonia) – helps individuals align their daily actions with their highest purpose.

    Ethics provides a shared “moral vocabulary” needed for social cohesion and harmony. Eg- Values of tolerance and empathy

    Accountability and Responsibility – Ethics encourages individuals to take ownership of their actions and their consequences. Eg- Lal Bahadur Shastri resigning after Rail accident

    Justice and Fairness – Ethics seeks the equitable distribution of resources, opportunities, and burdens. Eg- Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg’s advocacy for gender equality

    Intellectual and Moral Growth by promoting the habit of “The Examined Life.”

    Compassion and Altruism – It promotes “other-centeredness” and a sense of purpose for the giver. Eg- Philanthropy by Aziz Premji

    Role of Ethical Values in Resolving Day-to-Day Conflicts

    Objectivity and Impartiality helps address conflict of interest and promotes meritocracy.

    Integrity- ensures consistency in thoughts, beliefs and actions thereby preventing crisis of conscience.

    Prioritization of values – Eg- Choosing transparency over convenience under RTI.

    Empathy and Humility allows an individual to listen and admit mistakes.

    Moral Courage helps resolve “Fear vs. Duty” conflict. Eg- Satyendra Dubey exposing corruption in Golden Quadrilateral project

    Managing Scarcity of Resources Fairly – Eg- Utilitarianism guiding the “greatest good for the greatest number”

    By adhering to a set of core values (Self-Alignment) an individual can reduce Cognitive Dissonance.

    Thus, ethics provides both direction and discipline – it guides what is right and strengthens the will to do it

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    The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is a collaboration between NASA, ESA, and CSA. It is the most powerful orbital observatory ever built.

    Positioned at the Second Lagrange Point (L2), 1.5 million km from Earth, it acts as a “time machine,” allowing humanity to peer back over 13.5 billion years to the dawn of the universe.

    Unique Features vs. Predecessors (Hubble & Spitzer)

    Key Goals of the Mission

    First Light: Observe the first stars and galaxies formed after the Big Bang.

    Galaxy Evolution: Study how galaxies formed and changed over time.

    Star & Planet Formation: Examine the birth of stars and planetary systems through cosmic dust.

    Exoplanets & Life: Analyzes exoplanet atmospheres to detect gases like water vapour, methane, and carbon dioxide that may support life.

    Solar System Studies: Investigate planets, moons, and other solar system bodies.

    Infrared Astronomy: Use infrared technology to observe distant and hidden cosmic objects.

    Benefits for the Human Race

    Solving Cosmic Origins: It helps us understand how the carbon and oxygen in our bodies were first synthesized in the first stars.

    Exoplanet Discovery: identifying Earth-like planets (e.g., in the TRAPPIST-1 system).

    Medical Advancements: The technology used to scan JWST’s mirrors has been adapted for LASIK eye surgery, improving precision for human vision correction.

    Cryogenic Engineering: Breakthroughs in JWST’s cooling systems have benefitted industries requiring ultra-cold storage, such as supercomputing.

    The massive data from JWST has accelerated the development of AI and Machine Learning algorithms used in earthly data analysis.

    Informing Climate Models: By studying the atmospheres of other planets, scientists gain a better perspective on the chemical processes driving Earth’s climate change.

    International Cooperation: It serves as a model for peaceful diplomacy, involving over 14 countries and 300 universities working toward a shared human goal.

    Scientific Literacy: The breathtaking images (like the “Pillars of Creation”) inspire millions of students to pursue careers in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Math).

    Refining Physics: By observing the expansion of the universe, it helps resolve the “Hubble Tension,” leading to a more accurate understanding of dark matter and dark energy.

    Thus, The James Webb Space Telescope represents the pinnacle of human ingenuity.

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    Vaccines are biological preparations that provide immunity against infectious diseases by training the immune system to fight pathogens. India has emerged as a global vaccine hub, supplying over 60% of global vaccine demand through indigenous vaccine development.

    Basic Principle Behind Vaccine Development

    Mimicking natural infection: Vaccines imitate infections to safely activate the body’s immune defenses.

    Antigen as the key component: Vaccines contain antigens that trigger antibody production. These may include:

    Weakened or killed pathogens

    Pathogen fragments or genetic material

    Inactivated bacterial toxins (toxoids)

    Types of vaccine platform:

    Live-attenuated vaccines: Use weakened living pathogens, providing strong immunity but posing risks to immunocompromised individuals. Eg- MMR and Chickenpox vaccines.

    Non-live vaccines: Use killed pathogens or subunits, making them safer but requiring booster doses due to shorter immunity. Eg- DTaP vaccine.

    Addressing viral mutations: Vaccines for rapidly mutating viruses are periodically updated to maintain protection. Eg- Seasonal flu vaccines and COVID-19 boosters.

    How Vaccines Work?

    Immune system activation: Vaccine antigens are recognized as foreign threats, activating white blood cells to multiply and respond.

    Antibody production: White blood cells produce antibodies that specifically identify and neutralize the pathogen.

    Immunological memory: After the antigen is removed, memory cells remain in the body, providing long-term immunity.

    Protection against disease: On future exposure, memory cells rapidly produce antibodies, preventing severe illness or death.

    Approaches Adopted by Indian Vaccine Manufacturers for COVID-19

    Inactivated whole-virion platform (Covaxin): Bharat Biotech and Indian Council of Medical Research developed a vaccine using chemically inactivated SARS-CoV-2 virus to safely trigger immunity.

    Viral vector platform (Covishield): Serum Institute of India(SII) used a harmless chimpanzee adenovirus carrying spike protein genetic code to stimulate immune response.

    Recombinant protein subunit platform (Covovax & Corbevax): SII and Biological E developed vaccines using purified spike proteins with adjuvants to induce antibodies.

    DNA plasmid platform (ZyCoV-D): Zydus Cadila developed the world’s first human DNA vaccine using plasmid DNA delivered through a needle-free injector.

    mRNA platform (GEMCOVAC-19): Gennova Biopharmaceuticals developed an mRNA vaccine using lipid nanoparticles to deliver spike-protein instructions safely into cells.

    India’s diverse COVID-19 vaccine response-from inactivated vaccines to DNA and mRNA platforms-has strengthened its role as the Pharmacy of the World. Expanding indigenous R&D and ensuring timely immunization remain vital for achieving United Nations SDG 3(Good Health and Well-being)

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    LWE refers to violent insurgency driven by Maoist or Naxalite ideologies, with an objective of overthrowing the government and establishing a communist society.

    Naxalism issue

    Social Issues Driving Naxalism

    Jal, Jungle, Jameen – Forced labour, expropriation of resources by outsiders, evasion of land ceiling laws, denial of land claims

    Maoist ideology of armed class struggle, anti-state revolution, and redistribution of resources appeals to sections alienated by inequality and exclusion. Eg- narrative of a “people’s war.”

    Land Displacement – Eg- Mining-induced displacement in Jharkhand’s coal belt (Ramgarh, Hazaribagh).

    Historical Socio-Economic Deprivation– Eg- LWE districts like Malkangiri, Sukma have some of the lowest HDI indicators.

    Economic Issues Driving Naxalism

    Unemployment & Lack of Livelihood Options- Eg- Jharkhand’s rural districts have among the highest youth unemployment in Eastern India.

    Resource Extraction without benefit sharing- Mining projects with low local hiring.

    Absence of Market Linkages – Eg- Bamboo and lac sold at low prices.

    Developmental Issues Driving Naxalism

    Governance Vacuum – poor service delivery and law enforcement.

    Poor Infrastructure – Lack of roads, telecom, electricity, and markets leaves communities isolated.

    Low Human Development Indicators – High malnutrition, low literacy, and inadequate health facilities.

    Poor implementation of welfare schemes – Leakages, corruption, and absence of monitoring. Eg- Nearly 15% of forest and community land claims under the FRA are pending.

    Emerging issues

    Urban Front Strategy – Urban Naxals aim to gain legal and logistical support from cities-referred to as the “.”

    Tactical Asymmetry and “Contactless” Warfare – Eg- use of Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) and drones

    Dandakaranya region along Chhattisgarh-Maharashtra-Odisha remains a key guerrilla base due to its difficult terrain.

    Recruitment of Minors and Vulnerable Youth – Eg- Reports of child soldiers in southern Bastar.

    Inter-State Coordination Challenges in intelligence sharing and joint operations.

    Over 78,000 hectares of forest land was approved for diversion across India for non-forest usage in the last four years.

    Multilayered strategy

    Policy level

    Implement the “National Policy and Action Plan (2015)” in timely manner

    Accelerate Development – Road Requirement Plan (RRP-I), mobile towers, banking, health centres, PDS reforms in LWE belts.

    Strengthening PESA –

    real-time digital dashboards for fund utilization to Gram Sabhas

    “Bottom-Up” planning model – from “state imposition” to “participatory development”

    Economic development

    “Forest-to-Market” Value Chain development through Van Dhan Vikas Kendras (VDVKs)

    Promotion of Tribal-Start-up Ecosystem in food processing – Eg- export of products like Mahua and wild honey

    Governance level

    “The only way to end insurgency is to win the hearts and minds of people through inclusive governance.” – Rajnath Singh

    Transparent and Participatory Mining & Resource Management- Eg- share of mineral royalties to local communities through the DMF Funds

    Technology for Governance – Use GIS mapping, drones, and e-governance platforms for service delivery and monitoring.

    Transparency and accountability in project implementation to address Politician-bureaucrat-corporate nexus (vohra committee)

    Security level

    Strengthen Intelligence & Tech-Enabled Policing – Use of drones, satellite mapping, GPS-based tracking, communication intercept tools.

    Capacity building – Eg- fortified police stations, all-terrain vehicles for deep forest movement.

    Inter-State Coordination – Coordination between Chhattisgarh-Odisha-Jharkhand-Maharashtra in tri-junction zones.

    Community Policing – Initiatives like Jan Maitri, sports outreach, and anti-propaganda programmes.

    Progress anchored in justice and inclusion is the best antidote to extremism.

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    India’s life expectancy has increased to 72.4 years (2025) due to better healthcare and nutrition. However, an ageing population brings new epidemiological, economic and social health challenges.

    Newer Health Challenges Emerging from Higher Life Expectancy

    Rise in Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) – Higher prevalence of diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, cancer, dementia cause over 65% of total deaths in India.

    Geriatric Health Issues

    Increase in frailty, vision/hearing loss, arthritis.

    Growing burden of neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s.

    Multi-morbidity – Elderly increasingly suffer from multiple chronic conditions, requiring continuous care.

    Mental Health Challenges

    Rising cases of depression, loneliness, anxiety.

    Lack of community-based mental health services.

    Treatment of chronic and age-related conditions increases out-of-pocket expenditure.

    Weak Elderly Care Infrastructure – Limited geriatric wards, rehabilitation centres, home-care services and trained geriatric nurses.

    Feminization of aging – women face greater economic insecurity, inadequate pensions, elder abuse, and social isolation.

    Steps Needed to Address These Challenges

    Strengthen Geriatric Healthcare – Establish geriatric wards in district hospitals and train geriatric specialists

    Community-Based Care

    Promote home healthcare and caregiver support services.

    Incentivise care economy (eldercare workers, physiotherapists).

    National NCD Prevention Strategy

    Screen population for hypertension, diabetes, cancers through HWCs.

    Promote lifestyle interventions: yoga, diet counselling, tobacco control.

    Strengthen Mental Health Services

    Expand Tele-MANAS, district mental health programmes.

    Senior citizen counselling and social engagement platforms.

    Social Protection – Expand pension coverage by strengthening PM-SYM.

    Promote Active and Healthy Ageing through Fit India Movement.

    Data and Technology Integration – Use telemedicine, remote monitoring, and AI-based early diagnosis.

    A forward-looking strategy that integrates healthcare, community support, and the silver economy will ensure that longer lives translate into healthier, dignified, and economically meaningful lives.

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