Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Free Movement Regime (FMR), 16km buffer
Mains level: India-Myanmar Relations
Introduction
About Free Movement Regime
- Initiated in the 1970s, the FMR allowed people living within 16 km of the India-Myanmar border to travel up to 16 km into the other country without a visa.
- India shares a 1,643 km-long border with Myanmar, which passes through the States of Arunachal Pradesh (520 km), Nagaland (215 km), Manipur (398 km), and Mizoram (510 km).
- This regime recognized the deep-rooted familial and ethnic connections between communities on either side of the unfenced border.
- The FMR was last revised in 2016, aligning with India’s Act East policy. However, it was suspended in Manipur since 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Historical Context of India-Myanmar Relations
India’s relationship with Myanmar has evolved over time, shaped by historical events and geopolitical shifts:
- Pre-1937: Deep-rooted cultural and religious ties, marked by ancient Buddhist exchanges.
- 1937 Separation: Burma’s separation from British India, leading to distinct political trajectories.
- Post-1962 Coup: Strained relations due to Myanmar’s military rule and alignment with China.
- 1990s Shift: India’s re-engagement with Myanmar under its Look East Policy, emphasizing economic and strategic cooperation.
- 2015 Democracy: Improved bilateral ties following Myanmar’s transition to democracy.
- 2021 Coup: Renewed challenges in relations due to Myanmar’s military takeover and ensuing instability.
Why is Myanmar important to India?
[A] Geopolitical Perspective
- Border sharing: India and Myanmar share a significant land border of over 1600 km and a maritime boundary in the Bay of Bengal, emphasizing the importance of stability in Myanmar for India.
- Geostrategic Location: Myanmar’s location is pivotal for India’s “Act East” policy and the development of the Northeast region, acting as a vital link between South Asia and Southeast Asia.
- Multilateral support: Myanmar’s unique position as the only ASEAN nation bordering India makes it crucial for regional cooperation. It is a member of BIMSTEC, SAARC observer, and part of the Mekong Ganga Cooperation, facilitating India’s multilateral engagement.
- Security Imperatives: Myanmar’s territory serves as a base for insurgent groups like NSCN-K, necessitating collaboration for counter-insurgency efforts. Additionally, addressing the drug trade originating from the Golden Triangle region is a shared security concern.
- Chinese Influence: India sees Myanmar as a strategic partner to counterbalance China’s expanding influence in the region, emphasizing the need for enhanced bilateral engagement.
[B] Socioeconomic Perspective
- Cultural Affinities: Beyond geographical proximity, India and Myanmar share ethnic, religious, and linguistic commonalities, fostering cultural bonds.
- Indian Diaspora: Myanmar is home to a sizable population of Indian origin, estimated at around 2.5 million, strengthening people-to-people ties between the two nations.
- Investment in Infrastructure: Infrastructure projects, such as the Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project and the Sittwe Port, IMT Highway aim to boost connectivity, trade, and investment.
- Bilateral Trade: India ranks as Myanmar’s fifth-largest trading partner, registering bilateral trade at USD 1.03 billion in 2021-22.
- Energy Cooperation: Myanmar holds significance for India’s energy security. With an energy portfolio of over USD 1.2 billion, Myanmar is the largest recipient of India’s investment in the oil and gas sector in Southeast Asia.
Reasons for the Policy Shift
- Drug Trafficking and Insurgency: Myanmar’s status as an opium producer fuels drug trafficking and supports insurgent groups in India’s northeastern states.
- Refugee Influx Post-Coup: Following Myanmar’s military coup in February 2021, over 40,000 refugees entered Mizoram, and around 4,000 entered Manipur, exacerbating security concerns.
- Local Government Stance: Manipur’s Chief Minister urged the Ministry of Home Affairs to cancel the FMR and complete border fencing, linking ethnic violence in the state to the free movement across the border.
Way forward
- Border Fencing: The government plans to fence about 300 km of the border, with a tender expected soon.
- Regulatory Revisions: Experts suggest refining the FMR to better regulate movement while maintaining cross-border ties.
- Infrastructure and Trade: Enhancing infrastructure and formalizing trade at designated entry points could mitigate some negative impacts.
- Community Engagement: Involving border communities in decision-making is crucial for effective and sensitive border management.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Mental Healthcare in India
Introduction
- Recent studies, including one by researchers from IIT Jodhpur, indicate alarmingly low rates of self-reporting for mental health problems in India.
Mental Health Under-Reporting in India
- NSS 2017-2018 Findings: The NSS data, based on self-reporting by over 550000 individuals, revealed mental illness self-reporting rates of less than 1%.
- Scale of Mental Illness: The 2017 NMHS conducted by NIMHANS estimated around 150 million individuals requiring treatment for mental illness in India.
- WHO Estimates: India bears a heavy burden with 2443 DALYs per 10,000 population and an age-adjusted suicide rate of 21.1 per 100,000.
- Suicide Trends: India’s contribution to global suicide deaths surged to 36% in 2016, with a concerning rise reported in 2021, especially among youth and middle-aged adults.
- National Mental Health Survey: Alarming rates of depression among teenagers and Substance Use Disorders (SUDs) prevalence of 22.4% among adults highlight the gravity of the situation.
Key Challenges
- Stigma and Awareness: Social stigma and poor awareness impede access to mental healthcare, leading to delayed treatment-seeking and social isolation.
- Out-of-Pocket Expenses: The IIT Jodhpur study highlighted significant out-of-pocket expenses, particularly in the private sector, for mental health services.
- Vulnerability Factors: Individuals with lower income and education levels are more vulnerable to mental disorders, exacerbating their socioeconomic challenges.
- Socioeconomic Divide: Individuals with higher incomes were more likely to report health problems, indicating a socioeconomic disparity.
- Budget and Infrastructure: Inadequate budget allocation, lack of insurance coverage, and insufficient infrastructure pose hurdles to mental healthcare delivery.
- Shortage of Professionals: India grapples with a severe shortage of mental health professionals, with only 3 psychiatrists per million people.
Government Initiatives
- Mental Healthcare Act, 2016: Aims to safeguard the rights of individuals with mental illnesses, enhance access to mental healthcare, and decriminalize suicide attempts.
- National Mental Health Policy, 2014: Prioritizes universal access to mental healthcare and endeavors to mitigate risk factors linked to mental health issues.
Way Forward
- Combat Stigma: Launch nationwide campaigns to shift societal attitudes towards mental illness.
- Enhance Awareness: Integrate mental health education into curricula and disseminate resources in local languages.
- Improve Coordination: Strengthen collaboration between central and state governments for effective policy implementation.
- Innovative Solutions: Explore tele-mental health services, bolster support for NGOs, and foster community engagement to address resource shortages.
- Multisectoral Approach: Embrace a life-course perspective on mental health promotion and enforce legal frameworks.
- Enhance Mental Health Ecosystem: Define quality metrics, recognize mental health advocates, and ensure affordability and accessibility of care.
- Embrace Traditional Healing: Explore complementary medicines like Yoga and Ayurveda for mental health treatment.
Conclusion
- By prioritizing mental healthcare and fostering collaboration across sectors, India can build a resilient mental health ecosystem that promotes well-being and supports individuals in need.
- Embracing traditional healing practices alongside modern interventions can offer holistic solutions, paving the way for a mentally healthier nation.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Scheduled Castes
Mains level: Horizontal Reservation and its Efficacy
Introduction
- The Supreme Court’s recent deliberation on the sub-classification of Scheduled Castes (SC) within India’s reservation system raises questions about the balance of power between states and the Parliament.
- This highlights the socio-economic implications of such sub-classification.
Who are the Scheduled Castes?
- Scheduled Castes (SC) represent an administrative classification that encompasses various castes, including both touchable and untouchable groups, consolidated for preferential treatment purposes.
- This classification fails to acknowledge the internal distinctions among the castes grouped together under the SC category.
- Despite reservations, the pre-existing internal differences among the listed Scheduled Castes persist, posing challenges to effective upliftment measures.
- Constitutional Provisions:
- Article 341 of the Indian Constitution empowers the President to designate specific castes and classes as Scheduled Castes within states or union territories.
- Article 342 allows Parliament to include or exclude castes or tribes from this list. It elaborates on the term “Scheduled Castes,” encompassing castes, races, or tribes, or their subsets, as specified under Article 341.
- Parliament: Inclusion or exclusion of any group from these lists is done through legislation by the Parliament.
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Quest for Sub-Classification: SC Bench’s Examination
- Questioning Tinkering with the List: Justice B.R. Gavai queries whether state-level preferential allotment to certain sub-castes affects the parliamentary power to manage the Presidential list.
- Dismissal of “Balkanisation” Argument: The Bench dismisses concerns that sub-classification would lead to fragmentation of the SC list.
- Argument for Homogeneity: Senior advocate Manoj Swarup argues that SCs form a homogeneous group and preferential treatment would perpetuate inequality.
- Justice Gavai’s Counter: Justice Gavai challenges this view, highlighting the need for the upliftment of particularly backward groups within SCs.
Why discuss this?
[A] Socio-Economic Implications
- Equality and Empowerment: Justice Vikram Nath underscores the aim of sub-classification as uplifting backward groups within SCs.
- Ensuring Fairness: Justice Gavai emphasizes that preferential treatment should not exclude other deserving candidates from access to opportunities.
[B] Political and Societal Considerations
- Potential for Political Appeasement: Concerns raised about states using sub-classification for political gains and electoral advantage.
- Judicial Review and Empirical Basis: Justice Gavai highlights the role of High Courts in scrutinizing state decisions based on empirical data.
Why is the Sub-Classification needed?
- Addressing Inequalities: Graded inequalities persist among SC communities, with some having limited access to services.
- Disproportionate Representation: Certain sub-castes lack fair representation in employment and education due to current discrimination policies.
- Overcoming Hierarchies: SCs vary socio-economically, with some progressing while others still face disadvantages.
- Facilitating Mobility: Current policies hinder uniform benefits, leading to competition. Sub-categorization can aid in political empowerment and education.
- Ensuring Justice: Targeted approaches are needed to address specific vulnerabilities within SC sub-groups.
- Equitable Distribution: Sub-categorization prevents benefits from concentrating in certain groups, promoting fair resource allocation.
Challenges Associated
- Inequality: Sub-categorization may not effectively address disparities within Scheduled Castes, per recommendations from the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST), highlighting the need for existing schemes to reach the most backward communities first.
- Federalism Issue: While a 2004 Supreme Court ruling barred states from unilaterally sub-categorizing SC lists, a 2020 judgment indicated states could decide benefit allocations within these lists, pending review by a larger Bench.
- Identification Criteria Complexity: Determining sub-categorization criteria, as highlighted in judgments like State of Kerala v N M Thomas (1976) and E V Chinnaiah (2005), presents challenges in defining SCs due to socio-economic complexities.
- Data Accuracy Challenge: Obtaining accurate socio-economic data for SC communities is difficult, hindering decision-making on caste categorizations and allocations.
- Intra-group Disputes Risk: Sub-categorization may create internal divisions within SC communities, potentially exacerbating tensions as groups compete for affirmative action.
- Fragmentation Risk: Sub-categorization could fragment the SC community, diluting their political and social identity, and weakening their collective advocacy for rights, as per concerns raised.
Chief Justice’s Perspective
- Artificial Backward Class Creation: Chief Justice Chandrachud emphasizes the need for states to demonstrate objective criteria, like lack of representation, for sub-classification.
- High Court Review: Asserts that High Courts can review state decisions to ensure fairness and adherence to constitutional principles.
Way Forward
- Legal Options: Explore legal avenues like a constitutional amendment for sub-categorization, leveraging existing provisions like Article 16(4).
- Data Collection: Enhance data collection on socio-economic status through a caste-based census to inform policy formulation.
- Creamy Layer Concept: Apply the “creamy layer” concept within SCs to ensure fair allocation of benefits based on income eligibility.
- Transparent Criteria: Develop transparent criteria for sub-categorization, considering socio-economic status, education, and regional disparities.
- Balanced Approach: Strike a balance between recognizing diversity within SCs and maintaining unity, ensuring policies address specific needs without fragmenting the community.
Conclusion
- As the case awaits judgment, the need for a nuanced approach that balances legal principles with social justice imperatives remains paramount.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Not Much
Mains level: Key essence of the White Paper, Broader relfection at micro-economic level
Introduction
- The recent presentation of a “white paper” on the Indian economy by Finance Minister in Parliament has sparked debates regarding the country’s economic performance over the past two decades.
- This document, prepared by the Ministry of Finance, offers a comparative analysis of the economic governance under the Congress-led UPA governments and the BJP-led NDA governments.
Objectives of the White Paper
The white paper on the Indian economy outlines four key objectives:
[A] Informing Governance Challenges
- It aims to elucidate the economic and fiscal crises inherited by the NDA government from the preceding UPA administration.
- For instance, data reveals that the fiscal deficit during the UPA era surged from 2.5% in 2004-05 to 6.5% in 2013-14.
[B] Highlighting Policy Interventions
- It seeks to elucidate the policies and measures implemented by the NDA government to address economic challenges and restore fiscal health.
- Notably, the white paper cites the implementation of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) and the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) as significant reforms contributing to economic stability.
[C] Fostering Informed Debate
- By presenting a comprehensive analysis, the white paper aims to stimulate a wider and more informed discussion on matters of national interest and fiscal responsibility.
- For instance, it provides detailed insights into the impact of corruption scandals during the UPA regime on economic governance and public trust.
[D] Emphasizing National Development
- It echoes PM Narendra Modi’s call to commit to national development, urging a renewed focus on growth, innovation, and inclusive development.
- The document emphasizes the importance of fiscal prudence and efficient governance in achieving sustainable economic growth.
Contents and Claims
[A] Pre-2014 Economic Condition
- Fragile Economy: Upon taking office in 2014, the government encountered a fragile economic situation marked by mismanagement, financial indiscipline, and widespread corruption. The economy was in crisis, necessitating substantial reforms and governance overhaul to restore its fundamentals to sound health.
- Twin Balance Sheet Problem: The economy faced significant challenges, including a ‘twin balance sheet problem’, which hindered the capacity of companies and the banking sector to invest, extend credit, and generate employment.
- High Inflation and Fiscal Deficits: The period witnessed double-digit inflation, with fiscal and revenue deficits spiralling out of control, exacerbating the economic woes of ordinary and poorer households.
- Policy Paralysis and Infrastructure Neglect: A lack of decisive policy-making and investment in infrastructure further dented India’s business climate and global image.
- Scams and Corruption: Numerous scams brought colossal revenue losses to the exchequer, with mismanagement leading to a loss of investor confidence and a slowdown in economic growth.
[B] Post-2014 Economic Reforms and Achievements
- Economic Stability and Growth: The government implemented various reforms aimed at stabilizing the economy and promoting growth. This includes transitioning from a ‘twin balance sheet problem’ to a ‘twin balance sheet advantage’, significantly reducing inflation, and building record foreign exchange reserves.
- Infrastructure and Digital Revolution: There was a focused effort on infrastructure development and digitalization, leading to the world’s fastest rollout of 5G in 2023 and extensive 4G coverage.
- Transparent Governance: Measures were taken to ensure transparent and objective auctions for natural resources, establishing systems that boost the economy and public finances.
- Global Recognition and Investment Climate: The reformative measures and stable policy environment have restored confidence among investors, both domestic and foreign. India’s transition from being among the ‘fragile five’ to among the ‘top five’ global economies underscores its significant contribution to global growth.
Major Interventions: NDA’s Gamechanger
[A] Transformative Governance Reforms
- Digital Revolution: Spearheading a digital revolution to streamline governance processes, ensuring transparency, and enabling ease of access to government services.
- Participatory Governance: Engaging citizens directly in the policymaking process and implementation of policies to foster a more inclusive governance model.
[B] Social Welfare Schemes
- Jan Dhan Yojana: A financial inclusion initiative that aims to provide affordable access to financial services such as bank accounts, credit, insurance, and pensions.
- Swachh Bharat Abhiyan: A nationwide campaign to clean up the streets, roads, and infrastructure of India’s cities, towns, and rural areas.
- Ujjwala Scheme: A scheme to distribute LPG connections to women from Below Poverty Line (BPL) households to reduce health hazards associated with cooking based on fossil fuels.
- Digital India: A campaign launched to ensure government services are made available to citizens electronically by improving online infrastructure and by increasing Internet connectivity.
- Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY): Aimed at providing affordable housing to the urban poor by the year 2022.
- Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY): An insurance service for farmers for their yields. It aims to reduce the premium burden on farmers and ensure early settlement of crop assurance claim.
- Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana: A project to provide LPG connections to women from BPL households to encourage the use of clean fuel.
- Ayushman Bharat-Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY): The world’s largest health insurance/assurance scheme fully financed by the government, providing a health cover of ₹5 lakhs per family per year for secondary and tertiary care hospitalization.
- Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN): Providing income support to all landholding farmers’ families in the country to supplement their financial needs.
- National Education Policy (NEP) 2020: Aims to make “India a global knowledge superpower”. The NEP 2020 emphasizes making education more holistic, flexible, multidisciplinary, aligned to the needs of the 21st century and aims for a significant overhaul of the existing education system.
- Mudra Yojana: A scheme to provide easy access to credit for MSMEs and entrepreneurs.
Critical Analysis
While the white paper offers valuable insights into India’s economic trajectory, some critics point out its limitations and omissions:
[A] Selective Emphasis:
- The document primarily focuses on successes under the NDA regime, overlooking persistent challenges such as unemployment and poverty.
- Data from the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) reveals that unemployment rates remained elevated during the NDA era, averaging around 6% compared to 3.8% during the UPA period.
[B] Lack of Comprehensive Analysis:
- Critics argue that a holistic assessment of the economy requires a nuanced understanding of diverse factors, including social indicators and long-term structural reforms.
- For instance, the white paper does not adequately address the challenges of agrarian distress and rural unemployment, which continue to affect large segments of the population.
[C] Omissions:
- Key issues such as unemployment and poverty alleviation are conspicuously absent from the analysis, raising questions about the document’s comprehensiveness.
- Moreover, the white paper does not provide a detailed assessment of the impact of recent policy initiatives such as demonetization and the implementation of the GST on economic growth and employment generation.
Conclusion
- The presentation of the white paper on the Indian economy underscores the government’s commitment to transparency and accountability.
- However, its selective focus and limited scope warrant cautious interpretation.
- Moving forward, a more inclusive and evidence-based approach to economic analysis is essential to inform policy decisions and foster sustainable development in India.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Na
Mains level: India's growing private coaching industry has faced numerous challenges, including student suicides
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Telepathy device
Mains level: importance of transparency and data sharing in scientific research and development.
Central Idea:
Neuralink, founded by tech mogul Elon Musk, achieved a significant milestone by successfully implanting their device, Telepathy, in a human being, aiming to restore autonomy to quadriplegic individuals through thought control of digital devices. However, amidst the excitement, there are significant ethical and technical challenges that need to be addressed, particularly regarding transparency, data ownership, and long-term safety.
Key Highlights:
- Neuralink’s ambitious goals, founded by Elon Musk, include restoring functionality to those with neurological disabilities and enhancing human cognition.
- The lack of transparency and data sharing raises concerns about the safety and efficacy of the Neuralink device.
- Ethical considerations around data ownership and potential misuse of recorded intentions.
- The exclusion of individuals with certain medical conditions from the trial raises questions about safety and long-term effects.
- The importance of replicability, transparency, and oversight in scientific research and development.
Key Challenges:
- Lack of transparency and data sharing.
- Ethical concerns regarding data ownership and privacy.
- Ensuring the safety and efficacy of the Neuralink device over the long term.
- Addressing potential health risks associated with brain implantation and electrode insertion.
- Establishing replicability and reliability in scientific research.
Main Terms:
- Neuralink: A tech startup founded by Elon Musk, developing implantable brain-computer interface devices.
- Telepathy: Neuralink’s proprietary chip designed for recording and transmitting neural data.
- Quadriplegia: Paralysis or loss of function in all four limbs.
- ALS (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis): A progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord.
- FDA (Food and Drug Administration): A federal agency responsible for regulating and overseeing the safety and efficacy of medical devices and drugs.
Important Phrases:
- “Restore autonomy to those with unmet medical needs.”
- “Opaque development and pre-clinical testing results.”
- “Ethical breaches and lack of transparency.”
- “Concerns about data ownership and privacy.”
- “Long-term safety and efficacy.”
Quotes:
- “Neuralink’s ambition and vision extend beyond clinical use to enhance human cognition and possibilities.”
- “Secrecy does not instill confidence, and trust is something scientists have learned not to bestow on corporate entities too generously.”
Useful Statements:
- “The lack of transparency and data sharing raises concerns about the safety and efficacy of the Neuralink device.”
- “Ethical considerations around data ownership and potential misuse of recorded intentions are paramount.”
- “The exclusion of certain individuals from the trial raises questions about safety and long-term effects.”
Examples and References:
- Mention of Elon Musk as the founder of Neuralink.
- Features of the Neuralink device, such as the Telepathy chip.
- References to reports of monkeys using the Neuralink device and experiencing adverse events.
Facts and Data:
- Mention of the FDA approval for the Neuralink device.
- Discussion of the 18-month primary observation period in the trial.
- Reference to the lack of registration of the trial on clinical trial repositories like clinicaltrials.gov.
Critical Analysis:
- The article highlights the importance of transparency and data sharing in scientific research and development.
- Raises ethical concerns regarding data ownership and privacy in the context of brain-computer interface technology.
- Criticizes Neuralink for its lack of transparency and opaque development process.
Way Forward:
- Emphasize the importance of transparency and data sharing in scientific research and development.
- Advocate for clear guidelines on data ownership and privacy in the context of brain-computer interface technology.
- Call for increased oversight and regulation to ensure the safety and efficacy of emerging medical technologies like Neuralink’s Telepathy device.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Election Commission Appointments Bill
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- The impending retirement of Election Commissioner Anup Chandra Pandey on February 14 signals a significant shift in India’s electoral procedures.
- For the first time, his successor will be selected through a consultative process, departing from past practices of government discretion as per the Chief Election Commissioner and Other Election Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Service and Term of Office) Act, 2023.
EC Appointments: Judicial Imperative
- Supreme Court Intervention: In March 2023, the Supreme Court intervened to address the longstanding legislative gap surrounding the appointment of Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and Election Commissioners (ECs).
- Emphasis on Independence: The Court emphasized the need for an independent Election Commission, paralleling other constitutional bodies with autonomous appointment mechanisms.
CEC and EC Appointment Act, 2023: Key Provisions
- Appointment Process: The Law establishes a Selection Committee comprising the Prime Minister, Union Cabinet Minister, and the Leader of the Opposition or the largest opposition party’s leader in the Lok Sabha.
- Eligibility and Conditions: Eligible candidates must have held or hold positions equivalent to the Secretary to the central government, with salary parity to the Cabinet Secretary.
- Removal Mechanism: The Law outlines the removal process, retaining the constitutional provision for the CEC’s removal akin to a Supreme Court Judge and ECs’ removal upon the CEC’s recommendation.
Appointment of the CEC and ECs: Present Mechanism
[A] Constitutional Provisions:
- Part XV (Elections) of the Constitution outlines Articles 324-329, governing electoral processes.
- The Constitution does not prescribe a specific legislative procedure for appointing the CEC and ECs.
- Article 324 vests the responsibility of overseeing elections in an Election Commission comprising the CEC and other ECs, as determined by the President.
- President appoints them based on the Union Council of Ministers’ advice, led by the Prime Minister.
- Law Minister proposes suitable candidates to the Prime Minister, who advises the President on the appointments.
[B] Removal:
- Commissioners have the liberty to resign or be removed before completing their term.
- The removal process for the CEC mirrors that of a Supreme Court judge, necessitating parliamentary action.
- Removal of any other EC can only occur upon the CEC’s recommendation.
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Current Challenges and Concerns
- Transparency and Independence: Concerns arise over the potential monopolization of the Selection Committee by ruling party members, undermining diversity and independence.
- Executive Influence: Equating the salary of Election Commissioners with that of executive officials raises apprehensions regarding government influence.
- Eligibility Criteria: Restricting eligibility to civil servants may limit diversity and expertise within the Election Commission.
- Lack of Parity: Disparities in the removal process between the CEC and ECs raise questions about fairness and institutional autonomy.
Way forward
- Safeguarding Independence: Upholding the integrity and independence of the Election Commission remains paramount, necessitating robust oversight mechanisms.
- Addressing Concerns: Mitigating concerns surrounding transparency, executive influence, and eligibility criteria is essential to foster public trust and confidence.
- Continued Judicial Vigilance: Ongoing judicial oversight is crucial to ensure the effective implementation of electoral reforms and uphold democratic principles.
Conclusion
- The transition towards a consultative process for appointing Election Commissioners reflects a significant milestone in India’s electoral governance.
- While the reform bill marks a commendable step towards enhancing transparency and inclusivity, addressing current challenges and safeguarding institutional independence will be pivotal in fostering public trust and strengthening democratic institutions.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: India's over-dependence on Chinese imports
Introduction
- Bilateral trade between India and China soared to a record $136.2 billion in 2023, marking a 1.5% year-on-year increase.
Why discuss this?
- Trade Deficit Concerns: India has been grappling with a significant trade deficit in favor of China, exceeding $100 billion in 2022. Efforts to address this deficit remain a priority for India.
- Diplomatic Vacancies: The absence of a Chinese Ambassador to Delhi for over 16 months and the lack of direct flights between the two countries underscore persistent diplomatic challenges.
- Panchsheel Agreement Anniversary: The upcoming 70th anniversary of the India-China Panchsheel Agreement serves as a reminder of the importance of peaceful coexistence and adherence to international norms.
India-China Bilateral Trade Overview
- Key Trading Partner: China stands as India’s largest trading partner, with significant exchanges in various commodities.
- Major Imports from China: Electronic equipment, machinery, organic chemicals, and iron and steel are among the primary commodities imported from China into India.
- Major Exports to China: Indian exports to China include cotton, gems, copper, ores, organic chemicals, and machinery.
Recent Measures to Curb Imports from China
- Boycotts and Labeling Initiatives: Indian businesses are increasingly boycotting Chinese products, while the government mandates country of origin labelling for products sold online.
- Ban on Chinese Apps: The Indian government has banned several Chinese mobile applications, citing concerns over national security and data privacy.
Challenges and Implications of Complete Boycott
- Trade Deficits and Economic Realities: Complete boycotts may not be feasible as they could adversely affect Indian consumers, producers, and exporters.
- Impact on Pharma Sector: The pharmaceutical sector, heavily reliant on Chinese imports for raw materials, could face significant disruptions.
- Minimal Impact on China: UNCTAD data suggests that a complete boycott would have limited repercussions on China’s economy.
- Integration and Policy Credibility: India’s integration with China and the potential fallout on policy credibility are crucial considerations.
Way Forward
- Promoting Self-Reliance: India’s focus on self-reliance aims to bolster domestic capabilities and enhance competitiveness in global trade.
- Government Support and Ecosystem Development: Government initiatives under the “Atmanirbhar” banner should prioritize industries needing support for self-reliance.
- Addressing Cost Disadvantages: Long-term strategies must address the cost disparities in Indian manufacturing to reduce dependence on imports.
- Conflict Resolution: Continued efforts towards conflict resolution and adherence to international norms will be crucial in navigating the complexities of this strategic partnership.
Back2Basics: Panchsheel Agreement
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Details |
| Origin |
- Joint statement issued by PM Nehru during Chinese premier Zhou Enlai’s visits to India in 1954
- Based on Westphalian norms of State Sovereignty
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| Principles |
- Mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity
- Mutual non-aggression
- Mutual non-interference in internal matters
- Equality and mutual benefit
- Peaceful co-existence
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| Relevance |
- Preserving independence, sovereignty, and territorial integrity
- Reducing regional tensions and threats
- Establishing India as an equal partner
- Providing a framework for engagement
- Portraying India as a robust democracy
- Facilitating regional cooperation and connectivity
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016
Mains level: Accessibility for Divyangjan
Introduction
- Enhancing accessibility in cinema halls for individuals with hearing and visual impairments is a crucial step towards promoting inclusivity and ensuring equal participation in cultural activities.
- The Ministry of Information & Broadcasting’s draft guidelines aim to address this imperative by mandating accessibility features in film screenings.
Accessibility Guidelines: Rationale Behind
- Legal Mandate: The guidelines are framed under the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016, which emphasizes universal access in the information and communication sector.
- Population Statistics: With approximately 2.21% of the Indian population classified as disabled, the guidelines aim to cater to the needs of individuals with hearing and visual disabilities, constituting a significant portion of this demographic.
Proposed Guidelines Overview
[A] Accessibility Features
- Producer Responsibility: Producers must submit two sets of films to the Central Board of Film Certification (CBFC): one original and the other with accessibility features, including audio description, open/closed captioning, and Indian Sign Language Interpretation.
- Certification Requirement: Cinema halls must ensure that feature films for theatrical release have both versions certified by CBFC.
[B] Implementation Options for Cinemas
- Dedicated Screenings: Cinema halls can opt for dedicated days and timings for screenings with accessible services.
- In-theater Equipment: Alternatively, theaters can utilize specific equipment during regular shows to facilitate the impaired segment.
[C] Accessibility Equipment
- Availability Requirement: Theaters must provide at least two pieces of equipment per 200 seats, which could include:
-
- Smart glasses for displaying captions
- Closed caption stands near seats
- Small screens below the big screen for captions/subtitles
- Headphones/earphones for audio description
- Mobile apps and other technologies for assistance during shows
Implementation Timeline
- Initial Phase: Films dubbed in multiple languages must incorporate accessibility features within six months of guideline implementation.
- National Platforms: Feature films for national awards and film festivals must include accessibility features starting January 1 of the following year.
- Full Compliance: All other certified feature films must provide accessibility features within three years from the guideline issuance date.
Onus and Monitoring Mechanisms
- Exhibitor Responsibility: Cinema owners must develop a self-regulatory mechanism to provide accessible seating within three years and train staff to assist customers with disabilities.
- Monitoring and Oversight: Licensing authorities will ensure compliance, and a committee, including members with disabilities and film industry representatives, will oversee implementation.
- Grievance Redressal: A structured grievance mechanism will allow individuals to file complaints, ensuring accountability and transparency.
Key Initiatives for Divyangjan’s Accessibility
- Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act 2016: Enacted in 2016, it safeguards the rights and dignity of individuals with disabilities across various spheres, including education, social services, legal matters, and economic opportunities.
- Accessible India Campaign (2015): It aims to ensure full accessibility of government buildings for people with disabilities, enhancing inclusivity and mobility.
- Sugamya Bharat App (2016): Introduced by the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, this app addresses accessibility challenges faced by differently-abled individuals in buildings and transportation systems.
- New Education Policy (2020): Rolled out in 2020, NEP 2020, under the Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan, provides in-service training for teachers and special educators to ensure barrier-free access to education for children with disabilities.
- Assistance to Disabled Persons for Purchase/Fitting of Aids and Appliances (1981): ADIP scheme, operational since, assists disabled individuals in obtaining modern aids and appliances to enhance their physical, social, and psychological rehabilitation.
Conclusion
- The proposed roadmap for implementation underscores the commitment to realizing the principles of universal access and ensuring the rights of persons with disabilities are upheld in the realm of entertainment.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: International Energy Agency (IEA)
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- India’s burgeoning economy is poised to become a significant player in global oil demand, with projections indicating that it will outpace China by 2027.
- The International Energy Agency (IEA) forecasts robust growth in India’s oil demand, driven primarily by industrial expansion and increasing mobility.
About International Energy Agency (IEA)
|
Details |
| Nature |
Autonomous inter-governmental organisation within the OECD framework |
| Mission |
Works with governments and industry to shape a secure and sustainable energy future for all |
| Establishment |
Founded in 1974 to ensure the security of oil supplies |
| Origin |
Created in response to the 1973-1974 oil crisis |
| Membership |
Consists of 31 member countries and eleven association countries |
| Criteria for Membership |
- Crude oil and/or product reserves equivalent to 90 days of the previous year’s net imports, accessible by the government
- Demand restraint programme to reduce national oil consumption
- Legislation and organisation for Co-ordinated Emergency Response Measures (CERM)
- Legislation to ensure oil companies report information
- Capability to contribute to IEA collective action
|
| India’s Membership |
Joined as an Associate member in 2017 |
| Key Reports Published |
World Energy Outlook, World Energy Balances, Energy Technology Perspectives, World Energy Statistics, Net Zero by 2050. |
India’s Projected Growth in Oil Demand
- Dominance in Oil Demand Growth: India is expected to surpass China as the biggest driver of global oil demand growth by 2027, according to the IEA.
- Magnitude of Increase: The IEA projects an increase of nearly 1.2 million barrels per day (bpd) in India’s oil demand by 2023, contributing to over a third of the global demand growth by the end of the decade.
- Key Drivers: Diesel consumption emerges as the primary driver of India’s oil demand growth, accounting for nearly half of the nation’s demand rise and a significant portion of global demand growth.
- Sectoral Analysis: While jet-kerosene demand is expected to grow substantially, petrol demand is projected to increase moderately due to the electrification of India’s vehicle fleet.
Factors Influencing Demand Growth
- Impact of EVs and Biofuels: Increased penetration of electric vehicles (EVs), energy efficiency measures, and growth in biofuels consumption are anticipated to mitigate around 500,000 bpd of additional oil demand by 2030.
- Role of EVs: EV penetration alone is projected to displace 200,000 bpd of oil demand by 2030.
Why such a forecast for surge?
- Rising Crude Oil Imports: India’s crude oil imports are expected to surge by over a fourth to 5.8 million bpd by 2030, driven by robust demand growth and declining domestic production.
- Limited Domestic Production: Despite efforts to attract foreign investment, domestic crude oil production is projected to decline steadily, further increasing import dependence.
- Strategic Petroleum Reserves (SPRs): India is enhancing its capacity to respond to oil supply disruptions through strategic petroleum reserves.
- Importance of SPRs: These reserves help mitigate the impact of emergencies on energy supplies and ensure oil resilience in case of market disruptions.
Major Policy Initiatives for Oil Import Cut
- Urja Sangam 2015: In March 2015, the PM inaugurated ‘Urja Sangam 2015,’ aiming to boost India’s energy security. Stakeholders were urged to increase domestic oil and gas production to reduce import dependence from 77% to 67% by 2022 and further to 50% by 2030.
- Production Sharing Contract (PSC) Regime: The government introduced policies like PSC, Discovered Small Field Policy, Hydrocarbon Exploration and Licensing Policy (HELP), and New Exploration Licensing Policy (NELP) to incentivize domestic production.
- Ethanol Blending Programme (EBP): India promotes the EBP to reduce crude oil imports, cut carbon emissions, and boost farmers’ incomes. The target for 20% ethanol blending in petrol (E20) was advanced to 2025 from 2030, expediting ethanol adoption as an alternative fuel.
Way Forward
- Diversification Strategies: India must focus on diversifying its energy mix and promoting alternative fuels to reduce reliance on oil imports.
- Investment in Renewable Energy: Accelerated investment in renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power can mitigate the growth in oil demand and enhance energy security.
- Policy Initiatives: Robust policy measures are essential to incentivize energy efficiency, promote electric mobility, and encourage sustainable practices in the transport sector.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Article 19(c)
Mains level: Regulation of marriage under UCC
Introduction
- The recent enactment of the Uniform Civil Code (UCC) in Uttarakhand, specifically addressing live-in relationships, has sparked debates concerning individual freedom and state intervention.
What are Intimate Associations?
- It is an association that promotes a way of life, not causes; a harmony in living, not political faiths; a bilateral loyalty, not commercial or social projects.
- This includes family relationships and other deep, personal connections that are important to individuals.
Uttarakhand UCC on Intimate Associations
- State Oversight: Section 381 of Uttarakhand’s common civil code mandates individuals intending to enter a live-in relationship to submit a “joint statement” before a Registrar, subjecting their intimate associations to state monitoring.
- Regulatory Measures: The Registrar is empowered to conduct an “enquiry” to determine the legitimacy of the relationship, infringing on the privacy of consenting adults.
- Registration Requirement: Couples must obtain a “registration certificate” from the State authority, imposing bureaucratic hurdles on the exercise of personal choice.
- Scope of Freedom: The freedom to choose a partner and enjoy their society is integral to personal autonomy and individual liberty, safeguarded under Article 19(c) of the Constitution.
Major Judgments upholding Intimate Associations
|
Key Takeaway |
| Lata Singh vs. State of UP (2006) |
Directed protection for inter-caste and inter-religious couples from harassment and violence. |
| S. Khushboo vs. Kanniammal & Anr. (2010) |
Declared sexual relations between consenting adults outside marriage as legal and within the right to privacy. |
| Naz Foundation vs. Government of NCT of Delhi (2009) |
Decriminalized consensual homosexual acts between adults, declaring Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code as a violation of rights. |
| Joseph Shine vs. Union of India (2018) |
Decriminalized adultery and declared it a violation of the rights to equality, dignity, privacy, and autonomy. |
| Navtej Singh Johar vs. Union of India (2018) |
Affirmed the rights of LGBTQ+ individuals to express their sexual orientation and identity with dignity. |
| Shafin Jahan vs. Asokan K.M. (2018) |
Upheld the right to marry a person of one’s choice regardless of religion or caste, nullifying the annulment of a Hindu-Muslim marriage. |
| Shakti Vahini vs. Union of India (2018) |
Condemned honour killings and violence against inter-caste and inter-religious couples, issuing guidelines for prevention and protection. |
| Supriyo versus Union of India (2023) |
Refers to how State should not interfere with the freedom of consenting adults to form legitimate “intimate associations”. |
Critique of State Intervention
- Infringement on Privacy: The UCC’s intrusive provisions undermine the autonomy and privacy of individuals by subjecting their relationships to state scrutiny.
- Restriction on Freedom: Imposing regulatory requirements on live-in relationships contradicts established principles of personal liberty and restricts the exercise of fundamental rights.
- Potential Discrimination: State interference in intimate matters risks perpetuating discrimination and infringing on the rights of consenting adults to form relationships of their choice.
Arguments in Favor of such Associations
- Fundamental Rights: Denying individuals the right to choose their partners violates fundamental rights and equality.
- Union Recognition: Diverse couples lack legal recognition and access to marital rights and protections.
- Promotion of Equality: Legalizing diverse relationships reduces discrimination and fosters inclusivity.
- Positive Impact: Recognizing diverse unions positively impacts mental health and societal acceptance.
- Secularism: Recognizing diverse relationships aligns with democratic principles and equality.
Arguments Against
- Preservation of Norms: Altering traditional marriage norms challenges societal expectations.
- Cultural Preservation: Diverse relationships may conflict with cultural or religious beliefs.
- Social Impact: Concerns exist regarding family structures and societal cohesion.
- Legal Complexity: Legalizing diverse unions may introduce legal uncertainties and disputes.
- Social Stigma: Societal stigma and discrimination persist against diverse relationships.
Way Forward
- Advocacy: Continued advocacy for rights and societal acceptance of diverse relationships.
- Policy Reforms: Push for policy reforms to recognize and protect the rights of individuals.
- Support Services: Offer counseling and support services to address stigma and legal challenges.
- Community Building: Create safe spaces and support networks for individuals in diverse relationships.
Conclusion
- As debates continue, it is essential to strike a balance between regulatory measures and the protection of constitutional freedoms, fostering a society that values diversity and respects individual autonomy.
Try this PYQ:
Which Article of the Constitution of India safeguards one’s right to marry the person of one’s choice? (CSP 2019)
(a) Article 19
(b) Article 21
(c) Article 25
(d) Article 29
Post your answers here.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Nagoya Protocol, CBD
Mains level: NA
Introduction
- Cameroon’s recent adoption of the Nagoya Protocol marks a significant step towards harnessing its rich biodiversity for sustainable development.
Cameroon’s Biodiversity Wealth
- Biodiversity Hotspot: Cameroon hosts approximately 11,000 species, offering immense genetic resources for research and development.
- Traditional Knowledge: Indigenous communities possess invaluable traditional knowledge associated with biodiversity, contributing to bioprospecting (search for useful products derived from bioresources including plants, microorganisms, animals, etc.).
- Bioprospecting Potential: Bioprospecting projects, such as those focusing on species like Irvingia wombulu, present opportunities for sustainable resource utilization.
About Nagoya Protocol
|
Details |
| Purpose |
Implements access and benefit-sharing obligations of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) |
| Adoption |
October 2010 |
| Entry into Force |
October 12, 2014 |
| Legal Status |
Legally binding global agreement |
| Objective |
Ensures fair and equitable sharing of benefits from the utilization of genetic resources |
| Membership |
India is a member |
| Benefits |
- Establishes a framework for accessing genetic resources for research
- Provides certainty for investment in biodiversity-based research
- Ensures fair sharing of benefits from resource use
- Recognizes the value of traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources
|
| Scope |
- Genetic resources covered by the CBD
- Benefits arising from their utilization
- Traditional knowledge (TK) associated with genetic resources covered by the CBD and benefits from their utilization
|
Key Facts about Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD):
|
Description |
| Adoption Date |
Opened for signing in 1992 at the UN Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro |
| Objectives |
Conservation of biological diversity,
Sustainable use of biological diversity,
Fair and equitable benefit sharing |
| Membership |
196 contracting parties |
| Scope |
Covers biodiversity conservation at all levels:
Ecosystems, Species, and Genetic resources |
| Decision-Making Body |
Conference of the Parties (COP) |
| Secretariat |
Based in Montreal, Canada |
| Supporting Agreements |
- Cartagena Protocol (2000) for regulating LMOs movement,
- Nagoya Protocol (2010) for access and benefit sharing
|
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Satellite -Based Toll Collection
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- Satellite-based toll collection is slated for deployment before the onset of the 2024 general election Model Code of Conduct informed Union Transport Minister Nitin Gadkari.
- This technology will supersede FASTags, offering improved efficiency and convenience for drivers.
How Satellite -Based Toll Collection Works?
- GPS-Equipped Vehicles: Every vehicle will require a GPS device for toll collection, enabling real-time tracking of their movements.
- Micro-controller Integration: The government plans to equip vehicles with micro-controllers featuring third-generation (3G) and GPS connectivity to facilitate data transmission.
- Continuous Monitoring: By capturing GPS coordinates, authorities can monitor vehicle routes, track toll road usage, and calculate toll taxes based on distance travelled.
- Toll Gate Configuration: Presently, toll gates are stationed at the end of each road stretch or project. Toll tax is calculated for distances up to 60 km, with rates fixed by the National Highway Authority of India (NHAI).
Distinction from FASTag Technology
|
FASTag |
GPS-Based Toll Collection |
| Technology Utilization |
Relies on RFID technology for automatic toll deduction. |
Utilizes GPS system within vehicles for tracking and toll deduction. |
| Toll Deduction Process |
Deduction occurs only at toll booths upon approach. |
Toll tax is deducted based on continuous GPS tracking throughout the journey. |
| Infrastructure Requirements |
Requires installation of FASTag scanners at toll booths. |
Eliminates the need for physical toll booths and plazas, relying solely on GPS tracking. |
| Implementation Status |
Mandated since February 2021, offering streamlined toll payment at toll booths. |
Anticipated implementation around March 2024, promising enhanced efficiency and convenience for travelers. |
Why is a GPS-based system preferred over FASTag?
- Infrastructure Elimination: GPS-based systems don’t require toll booths, reducing congestion and infrastructure costs.
- Continuous Tracking: They track vehicles continuously, enabling accurate toll calculations based on actual distance traveled.
- Flexibility and Scalability: GPS offers wider coverage and scalability, suitable for varied toll rates and distances.
- Reduced Administration: Automation reduces manual intervention and administrative burden.
- Enhanced User Experience: Drivers enjoy seamless travel without the need to stop at toll booths.
Operational Framework
- Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Integration: Vehicles will require on-board units (OBUs) linked to a satellite constellation (ex. GPS, GLONASS, IRNSS) for toll calculations and transactions.
- Barrier-Free Movement: OBUs, akin to vehicle tracking devices, will enable distance-based tolling, fostering unhindered highway transit.
- Regulatory Requirements: Geo-fencing of national highways and legislative amendments to permit distance-based tolling under National Highway Fee Rules and the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988, are necessary for implementation.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Mains level: Introduction of a high-powered committee to address challenges arising from rapid population growth
Central Idea:
The article emphasizes the importance of addressing the challenges and harnessing the opportunities presented by India’s rapidly changing demographic landscape through strategic policies and investments in health, education, employment, and data infrastructure.
Key Highlights:
- Introduction of a high-powered committee to address challenges arising from rapid population growth.
- Need for interdisciplinary approach involving experts from various fields.
- Importance of data analysis and monitoring demographic trends.
- Emphasis on collaboration with stakeholders for effective policy implementation.
- Highlighting demographic shifts and their implications for economic growth.
- Focus on maximizing the demographic dividend through investments in human capital.
- Challenges in healthcare, education, and employment sectors.
- Importance of evidence-based decision making and data infrastructure.
- Collaboration with international organizations for best practices and funding opportunities.
Key Challenges:
- Limited public spending on healthcare and education.
- Persistent challenges in nutritional deprivation and access to quality education.
- Disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.
- Lack of accurate and timely demographic data.
- Need for modernization of data infrastructure and capacity building.
- Ensuring reliability and accuracy of population data.
- Bridging the gap between skill development initiatives and industry requirements.
Key Terms and Phrases:
- Demographic transition
- Population committee
- Interdisciplinary approach
- Demographic dividend
- Evidence-based policy
- Data infrastructure
- Human capital
- Skill development
- Stakeholder collaboration
- Economic growth
Case Studies and Best Practices:
- The successful implementation of the National Rural Health Mission in improving primary healthcare in rural areas.
- The Mid-Day Meal Scheme ensuring access to nutritious meals for school children, contributing to improved health and educational outcomes.
- The Aadhaar initiative in India, which has streamlined government services and facilitated targeted interventions in various sectors, including healthcare and education.
- The Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY), a skill development initiative aimed at providing industry-relevant training to youth, enhancing their employability.
- The ASER (Annual Status of Education Report) survey providing valuable insights into the quality of education in rural India and informing policy decisions for improvement.
Key Quotes and Anecdotes:
- “India’s demographic landscape presents both opportunities and challenges for the country’s socio-economic development.”
- “Investments in health, education, and skill development are crucial to realizing India’s demographic dividend.”
- “Collaboration with international organizations can provide access to global best practices and technical expertise.”
Key Statements and Examples:
- India’s population committee aims to formulate policies addressing challenges like family planning and socio-economic development.
- The demographic dividend offers an opportunity for accelerated economic growth but requires investments in human capital.
- Limited public spending on healthcare and education underscores the need for policy prioritization in these sectors.
Key Facts and Data:
- India’s population is projected to reach 1.46 billion by 2030.
- Public spending on health has remained around 1% of GDP.
- Nearly 47% of Indian youth may lack necessary education and skills for employment by 2030.
- Over 250 million children were forced out of school due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Critical Analysis:
- The article effectively highlights the interconnectedness of demographic factors with economic and social development.
- It underscores the importance of evidence-based policymaking and the challenges in data availability and reliability.
- The emphasis on collaboration with stakeholders and international organizations reflects a comprehensive approach to addressing demographic challenges.
Way Forward:
- Prioritize investments in health, education, and skill development.
- Modernize data infrastructure and improve data collection methodologies.
- Strengthen collaboration with stakeholders and international organizations.
- Implement policies that promote transparency, accountability, and inclusivity.
- Focus on bridging the gap between existing initiatives and industry requirements to enhance employment opportunities.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: COP28
Mains level: urgent need for action on climate change and the challenges associated with transitioning away from fossil fuels
Central Idea:
The inadequate response from governments and corporations to address climate change is fueling a rise in climate change litigation and a push for phasing out fossil fuel subsidies and extraction. This momentum is underscored by proposals like a coal elimination treaty by 2030 due to the significant gap between planned fossil fuel production and Paris Agreement goals. However, challenges exist in aligning these proposals with existing climate change principles, particularly regarding equitable transitions for heavily dependent fossil fuel economies like India.
Key Highlights:
- Rise in climate change litigation due to insufficient action from governments and corporations.
- Growing momentum to phase out fossil fuel subsidies and extraction, exemplified by proposals such as a coal elimination treaty by 2030.
- Challenges in aligning proposals with existing climate change principles like Common but Differentiated Responsibilities.
- Heavily dependent fossil fuel economies, such as India, face difficulties transitioning due to economic reliance on fossil fuels.
Key Challenges:
- Balancing the need for transitioning away from fossil fuels with the economic dependence of certain countries on fossil fuel revenues.
- Ensuring equitable transitions for heavily dependent fossil fuel economies.
- Aligning proposals for phasing out fossil fuels with existing climate change principles like Common but Differentiated Responsibilities.
- Addressing the discrepancy between planned fossil fuel production and Paris Agreement goals.
Key Terms/Phrases:
- Climate change litigation
- Fossil fuel subsidies
- Coal elimination treaty
- Production Gap Report
- Common but Differentiated Responsibilities
- Nationally Determined Contributions
- Equitable transitions
- Heavily dependent fossil fuel economies
Case Studies/Best Practices:
- India’s reliance on fossil fuels despite progress in renewable energy.
- The transition strategy of countries like Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom with more diversified economies.
- COP26 and COP28 decisions regarding phasing out coal and transitioning away from fossil fuels.
Key Quotes/Anecdotes/Statements:
- “The inadequate response from governments and corporations in dealing with the issue of climate change is leading to… dramatic rise in climate change litigation.”
- “Those countries that are heavily dependent on revenues and employment in the fossil fuel sector are likely to experience serious difficulties in transitioning away from fossil fuel.”
- “India’s subsidies on kerosene oil have come under scrutiny in the West as it is found to be inconsistent with Article 2(1)(c) of the Paris Agreement and is also considered as inefficient subsidies.”
Key Examples/References/Facts/Data:
- The Production Gap Report indicating a significant gap between planned fossil fuel production and Paris Agreement goals.
- India’s reliance on fossil fuels dominating its power sector despite progress in renewable energy.
- COP26 and COP28 decisions regarding phasing out coal and transitioning away from fossil fuels.
Critical Analysis:
The article highlights the urgent need for action on climate change and the challenges associated with transitioning away from fossil fuels. It underscores the discrepancy between proposed fossil fuel production and climate goals, as well as the economic dependence of certain countries on fossil fuel revenues. However, it also acknowledges the need for equitable transitions and the complexities of aligning proposals with existing climate change principles.
Way Forward:
- Implementing equitable transition strategies for heavily dependent fossil fuel economies.
- Strengthening international cooperation and commitments to phase out fossil fuel subsidies and extraction.
- Addressing discrepancies between proposed fossil fuel production and climate goals.
- Integrating principles of Common but Differentiated Responsibilities into transition strategies.
- Providing support and creating economic opportunities for those affected by the transition away from fossil fuels.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: POCSO Act
Mains level: Child pornography
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Facts about the Deepastambham
Mains level: NA
Introduction
- The recent discovery of a Deepastambham (lamp post) and other archaeological findings along the River Krishna in Nalgonda district, Telangana, sheds new light on early medieval trade ties in the region.
Lamp Post and its Structure
- Unique Findings: Archaeologists unearthed a 20-foot tall lamp post with inscription and a small flat-roofed structure near the Krishna river bank in Telangana.
- Rare Artefacts: Lamp posts are uncommon in the Deccan region but are prevalent in temple architecture along the west coast, highlighting the uniqueness of this discovery.
- Historical Context: The lamp post, dated back to June 1635, bears a multilingual inscription in Telugu mixed with Tamil, indicating its dedication to Kasi Viswanatha.
- Functional Significance: Due to its height, the lamp post likely served as a lighthouse along the riverine trade route, facilitating navigation and trade activities.
Significance of Inscriptions
- Historical Documentation: Inscriptions provide valuable insights into the socio-cultural and economic landscape of the region during the early medieval period.
- Cultural Connections: The presence of inscriptions suggests a connection between the local community and wider trade networks, enriching our understanding of historical trade routes.
- Hyderabad Connection: The village’s proximity to Hyderabad, ruled by the Qutb Shahi dynasty, suggests its significance in the regional trade network.
- European Accounts: References by European travellers, such as Jean Baptiste Tavernier, hint at the existence of riverine trade routes alongside land routes during the same period.
Continuity of Trade Routes
- Longstanding Trade Connections: The discovery of an eighth-century inscription from the Badami Chalukya era underscores the village’s role as a vital trade hub over millennia.
- Cultural Exchange: Trade routes facilitated not only economic transactions but also cultural exchanges, shaping the region’s diverse heritage.
Try this PYQ:
Which one of the following foreign travellers elaborately discussed about diamonds and diamond mines on India? (CSP 2018)
(a) Francois Bernier
(b) Jean Baptiste Tavernier
(c) Jean de Thevenot
(d) Abbe Barthelemy Carre
Post your answers here.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Hot Money
Mains level: Read the attached story
Introduction
- India’s recent inclusion into JPMorgan’s emerging market debt index marks a significant milestone for its financial markets.
- However, with this inclusion comes the risk of volatile capital flows, particularly ‘hot money,’ which can exert pressure on currency and bond markets.
What is ‘Hot Money’?
- Definition: ‘Hot money’ refers to funds controlled by investors seeking short-term returns. It is the flow of funds from one country to another to earn a short-term profit on interest rate differences.
- Typical Investments: Investors often seek high-interest, short-term opportunities like certificates of deposit (CDs).
- Foreign portfolio investment (FPI): FPI is often referred to as “hot money” because it tends to flee at the first signs of trouble in an economy.
Mechanics of ‘Hot Money’
- Attracting ‘Hot Money’: Banks offer short-term CDs with above-average interest rates to attract ‘hot money.’
- Rapid Movement: Investors swiftly withdraw funds and transfer them to institutions offering higher rates when interest rates change.
- Cross-Border Movements: Investors may shift funds between countries to capitalize on favorable interest rates.
Economic hazards posed by Hot Money
- Volatility: Hot money causes rapid price swings, risking market stability.
- Speculative Bubbles: Inflated asset prices lead to market crashes when bubbles burst.
- Currency Depreciation: Hot money influxes can cause currency value swings, harming exports.
- Interest Rate Volatility: Central banks may struggle to stabilize rates due to hot money flows.
- Financial Instability: Herd behavior from hot money can cause market panics.
- Capital Flight: Short-term hot money exits strain a nation’s financial reserves.
- Speculative Attacks: Hot money inflows attract attacks from profit-driven investors.
- Macroeconomic Imbalances: Over-reliance on hot money leads to unsustainable economic patterns.
RBI’s position
- Monitoring Foreign Fund Flows: India will closely monitor inflows of foreign funds to prevent excessive ‘hot money’ influx.
- Regulating Interest Rates: Measures will be taken to manage interest rates to discourage short-term speculative investments.
- Maintaining Financial Stability: Proactive measures aim to prevent excessive volatility in currency and bond markets.
Back2Basics: Hot Money vs. Cold Money
|
Hot Money |
Cold Money |
| Nature |
Short-term capital that flows in and out of markets quickly. |
Long-term investments that remain stable and less volatile. |
| Movement |
Rapid movement, often driven by short-term profit opportunities. |
Relatively stable movement, focused on long-term returns. |
| Risk |
High risk due to volatility and susceptibility to market changes. |
Lower risk as it is less influenced by short-term market fluctuations. |
| Purpose |
Often seeks quick returns, capitalizing on market trends and speculation. |
Invested with long-term objectives, such as retirement planning or wealth preservation. |
| Impact on Markets |
Can create volatility and instability, leading to sudden market fluctuations. |
Provides stability and liquidity, contributing to long-term economic growth. |
| Examples |
Hedge funds, currency traders, speculative investors. |
Pension funds, mutual funds, long-term investors. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: FRBM Act, 2003
Mains level: Fiscal mismanagement by states
Introduction
- The ongoing dispute between the Centre and the Kerala government regarding fiscal management has sparked debates on financial health, resource allocation, and federal governance.
Financial Mismanagement in Kerala
- Poor Fiscal Health: The Centre contends that Kerala’s fiscal condition is precarious, attributing it to inadequate management of public finances.
- Financial Assistance: Despite substantial financial support provided by the Centre, including additional funds beyond the recommendations of the 15th Finance Commission, Kerala continues to face financial stress.
- Mismanagement: Kerala’s alleged reckless borrowing, financing of unproductive expenditure, and poorly targeted subsidies exacerbate its financial woes, impacting both state and national economies.
What data has to say?
- Rising Liabilities: Kerala’s outstanding liabilities, as a percentage of its Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP), have consistently increased from 31% in 2018-19 to 39% in 2021-22, exceeding the national average.
- Implications of High Liability Ratio: The Centre warns that the elevated outstanding liability ratio results in heightened interest payments, exacerbating fiscal deficits and potentially leading to a debt trap.
- Increased Committed Expenditure: Kerala’s committed expenditure as a percentage of revenue receipts has risen from 74% in 2018-19 to 82.40% in 2021-22, surpassing that of any other state. This trend limits the state’s capacity for productive government spending, negatively impacting long-term growth.
Kerala’s Defence
- Federal Structure: Kerala asserts its rights under the federal system to regulate its finances independently, highlighting the Centre’s infringement on its fiscal autonomy.
- Economic Damage: The state argues that the Centre’s actions, such as imposing arbitrary borrowing ceilings, threaten Kerala’s economic stability, jeopardizing its ability to meet developmental goals.
Legal Response
- Court Proceedings: The Attorney General’s submission to the Supreme Court forms part of the legal battle initiated by Kerala against the Centre’s alleged interference in state finances.
- Protection of Federalism: Kerala seeks judicial intervention to safeguard the federal structure, emphasizing the state’s authority over budgetary management and borrowing decisions.
- FRBM Rescue: While the FRBM Act of 2023 primarily applies to the central government, some states have enacted their own FRBM legislation to maintain fiscal discipline at the state level. Kerala doesn’t have its own version yet.
Implications
- National Ramifications: The outcome of this dispute holds significance beyond Kerala, impacting the broader framework of fiscal federalism and intergovernmental relations.
- Developmental Concerns: The protracted legal battle could impede Kerala’s developmental agenda and exacerbate financial strains, affecting the welfare of its citizens.
Conclusion
- The Centre-State fiscal dispute underscores the complexities inherent in federal governance and fiscal management.
- As legal proceedings unfold, the resolution of this conflict will shape the contours of intergovernmental relations and define the boundaries of fiscal autonomy within India’s federal structure.
Back2Basics: Fiscal Reduction and Management Act (FRBM Act), 2003
|
Description |
| Objectives |
To ensure fiscal discipline, transparency, and accountability in government spending. |
| Fiscal Deficit Targets |
Mandates the government to reduce its fiscal deficit to a specified target over a period of time.
Fiscal deficit target aims to be below 4.5 per cent by 2025-26. |
| Elimination of Revenue Deficit |
Requires the government to eliminate its revenue deficit, which is the excess of government’s total expenditure over its total revenue. |
| Medium-term Fiscal Strategy |
Mandates the government to formulate and implement a medium-term fiscal strategy outlining plans for reducing fiscal deficit over three years. |
| Annual Fiscal Reports |
Requires the government to present an annual fiscal responsibility statement to Parliament, detailing progress in achieving fiscal consolidation targets. |
| Penalties for Non-compliance |
Imposes penalties on the government for non-compliance, including fines and disqualification of elected members from holding public office. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Tax-to-GDP Ratio
Mains level: NA
Introduction
- India’s tax landscape is anticipated to witness significant growth in the coming fiscal year, with the tax-to-GDP ratio expected to reach a historic high of 11.7%.
- Revenue Secretary Sanjay Malhotra highlights the role of direct taxes in driving this uptick and emphasizes the government’s commitment to streamlining the tax regime for enhanced efficiency and reduced disputes.
Why ‘Tax-to-GDP’ Ratio matters?
- The tax-to-GDP ratio measures a nation’s tax revenue relative to the size of its economy.
- This ratio is used with other metrics to determine how well a nation’s government directs its economic resources via taxation.
- Developed nations typically have higher tax-to-GDP ratios than developing nations.
- Higher tax revenues mean a country can spend more on improving infrastructure, health, and education—keys to the long-term prospects for a country’s economy and people.
- According to the World Bank, tax revenues above 15% of a country’s gross domestic product (GDP) are a key ingredient for economic growth and poverty reduction.
Forecasted Rise in Tax-to-GDP Ratio
- Expected Surge: India’s tax-to-GDP ratio is projected to hit 11.7% in 2024-25, showcasing a steady increase from 11.6% in the preceding year and 11.2% in 2022-23.
- Dominance of Direct Taxes: The surge in the tax ratio is primarily attributed to the growth of direct taxes, which are deemed more equitable.
What led to this growth?
[A] Direct Tax Collection
- Optimistic Outlook: Revenue Secretary anticipates a rise in the adoption of the new tax regime, characterized by simplified tax structures and a higher tax-free income threshold.
- Growth in Personal Income Tax: Personal income tax collections have witnessed a substantial 28% growth, with a projected moderation to 20%-22% by the fiscal year-end.
[B] Rationalizing GST Rates
- Ongoing Review: A Group of Ministers (GoM) appointed by the GST Council is reviewing the rate structure, aiming to rationalize GST rates on various items.
- Quarterly Meetings: The GST Council is expected to convene regularly to address rate rationalization, although no fixed date has been announced yet.
[C] Projected Revenue Growth
- Modest Projections: Despite a buoyant revenue growth of 1.4% this year, projections for the following fiscal year aim for a 1.1% buoyancy, aligning with an anticipated nominal GDP growth of 10.5%.
- Corporate Tax Dynamics: The deadline for availing the reduced corporate tax rate ends in March 2023, with a significant proportion of companies already benefitting from it.
- Enforcement Measures: While the Department of Revenue focuses on tax administration, the Enforcement Directorate intervenes in cases related to money laundering, ensuring comprehensive enforcement mechanisms.
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