From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: 13th Amendment Provisions
Mains level: Tamil Minority issue in Sri Lanka
Central Idea
PM Modi’s recent call for Sri Lanka to fulfill its commitment to implement the 13th Amendment has stirred controversy within the political landscape.
The ruling party led by President Wickremesinghe, rejected the prospect, arguing that the President lacked the mandate for it.
Not much earlier, President Wickremesinghe had promised that the Sri Lankan government will “fully implement” the 13th Amendment.
Tamil issue in Sri Lanka
Violent persecution against the Tamil population erupted in the form of the 1956, 1958, 1977, 1981, and 1983 anti-Tamil pogroms in Sri Lanka.
Over 13 years since the end of Sri Lanka’s civil war, in which tens of thousands of civilians were killed and disappeared, survivors continue demanding justice and accountability for war-time crimes.
In the post-war years, Sri Lanka’s human rights defenders have frequently flagged concerns over persisting militarisation, especially in the Tamil-majority north and east; repression, and the shrinking space for dissent.
What is the 13th Amendment?
It is an outcome of the Indo-Lanka Accord of July 1987, signed by the then PM Rajiv Gandhi and President J.R. Jayawardene, in an attempt to resolve the ethnic conflict and civil war.
The 13th Amendment led to the creation of Provincial Councils and assured a power-sharing arrangement to enable all nine provinces in the country, including Sinhala majority areas, to self-govern.
Subjects such as education, health, agriculture, housing, land and police are devolved to the provincial administrations.
Sinhala nationalists have resisted the full implementation of the 13th Amendment since its inception over 35 years ago.
Challenges to Full Implementation
Historic Demand: Sri Lanka’s Tamil polity maintains that even full implementation of the 13th Amendment falls short of addressing the historic demand for the right to self-determination.
Unfulfilled Promises: Successive governments have promised to implement the 13th Amendment fully but have failed to do so, further deepening the contentious issue.
UN Human Rights Council Resolution: The UNHRC resolution adopted in October 2022 urged Sri Lanka to fulfill its commitments on devolving political authority for reconciliation and the enjoyment of human rights for all citizens.
Why is it contentious?
The 13th Amendment carries considerable baggage from the country’s civil war years.
It was opposed vociferously by both Sinhala nationalist parties and the LTTE.
The opposition within Sri Lanka saw the Accord and the consequent legislation as an imprint of Indian intervention.
It was widely perceived as an imposition by a neighbour wielding hegemonic influence.
The Tamil polity, especially its dominant nationalist strain, does not find the 13th Amendment sufficient in its ambit or substance.
However, some find it an important starting point, something to build upon.
India’s reservations
Because of restrictions on financial powers and overriding powers given to the President, the provincial administrations have not made much headway.
In particular, the provisions relating to police and land have never been implemented.
Significance of 13A
To date, the Amendment represents the only constitutional provision on the settlement of the long-pending Tamil question.
In addition to assuring a measure of devolution, it is considered part of the few significant gains since the 1980s, in the face of growing Sinhala-Buddhist majoritarianism.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National Statistical Organisation (NSO)
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
The Centre has appointed a panel to review the methodology of the National Statistical Organisation (NSO).
This step comes amid discussions regarding the accuracy of national surveys such as the National Sample Survey (NSS), National Family Health Survey (NFHS), and Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS).
AboutNational Statistical Office (NSO)
Historical Background:
The NSO was established in 1950 as the Central Statistical Office (CSO) under the Ministry of Planning.
It was later renamed the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) in 1970 and subsequently became the NSO in 2019.
Over the years, it has evolved to become the primary statistical agency in India.
Organizational Structure:
The NSO consists of several divisions and units responsible for different statistical functions.
These include the Survey Design and Research Division, Field Operations Division, Data Processing Division, National Accounts Division, Price Statistics Division, and Social Statistics Division, among others.
Key organizations under NSO: Central Statistical Office (CSO)
The CSO is a part of the NSO and focuses on macroeconomic statistics and national income accounting.
It is responsible for producing key economic indicators such as the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Index of Industrial Production (IIP), Consumer Price Index (CPI), and Wholesale Price Index (WPI).
Important Surveys Conducted:
Population Census: The NSO conducts a decennial Population Census in collaboration with the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. The census collects data on population size, composition, and other demographic characteristics.
National Sample Survey (NSS): The NSS is a large-scale household survey conducted by the NSO to collect data on various socio-economic aspects. It provides valuable information on employment, consumer expenditure, poverty, education, health, and other important indicators.
Economic Census: The NSO conducts the Economic Census periodically to collect data on the number of business establishments, their distribution across sectors and regions, employment, and other relevant economic variables.
Annual Survey of Industries (ASI): The ASI is conducted by the NSO to collect data on the performance and structure of the industrial sector in India. It covers various aspects such as employment, wages, production, and financial indicators.
Agricultural Census: The NSO conducts the Agricultural Census periodically to collect comprehensive data on agricultural holdings, cropping patterns, land use, irrigation, livestock, and other relevant agricultural variables.
Health and Morbidity Survey: The NSO conducts surveys on health and morbidity to gather data on healthcare utilization, access to healthcare services, prevalence of diseases, and other health-related indicators.
Why under review?
Concerns about Methodology: Experts argue that the usage of outdated survey methodology in national surveys may have systematically underestimated India’s development.
Narrower capture of data: The dynamic nature of the Indian economy over the last 30 years might not be adequately captured.
Different Perspectives: While some experts believe there is no systematic underestimation of development by these surveys, they acknowledge the presence of errors that should be minimized.
Role of National Data: Accurate national-level data is crucial for research, policymaking, and development planning.
Focus on NFHS Data
Crucial development data: The National Family Health Survey provides vital data on health and family welfare indicators.
Claims of Bias: Some experts suggest that national surveys, including NFHS, may exhibit a “rural bias” in representation, leading to an underestimation of India’s development.
Issue of Error and Random Bias: While errors in population estimations have occurred in some rounds, they appear to be random rather than systematic.
Minimizing Errors in Data Collection
Improving Response Rates: Efforts to increase response rates in both rural and urban areas can lead to more accurate data.
Importance of Sample Weights: Proper assignment of sample weights can significantly improve the accuracy of estimations and correct any underrepresentation of rural or urban populations.
Recommendations for the Review Panel:
Addressing Concerns: The review panel should focus on ensuring that the samples are adequately representative rather than proposing a complete overhaul of survey methodologies.
Correcting Bias Where It Exists: While addressing any perceived biases, the panel should aim to eliminate bias where it genuinely exists without introducing new biases in policymaking and planning.
Conclusion
Accurate data serves as the bedrock of progress and development in the country.
Reviewing the methodology of national surveys is vital to ensure accurate and representative data for India’s development.
Striking the right balance between addressing concerns and minimizing errors will lead to more informed decision-making and policy formulation.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Present status of forests in India, Forest Conservation Amendment Bill, 2023, key provisions
Mains level: Importance of preserving forests, Forest Conservation Amendment Bill, 2023,concerns and way forward
What’s the news?
Recently, a Joint Parliamentary Committee (JPC) gave its endorsement to the Forest (Conservation) Amendment Bill, which seeks to amend the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980. The proposed amendments have attracted objections and controversy, raising concerns.
Central idea
Since the early 1970s, growing awareness of the environmental damage caused by human activities has led to an understanding of its impact on our lives. Disastrous events, such as wildfires, extreme weather conditions and the loss of biodiversity, have adversely affected billions of people worldwide. In response, numerous multilateral environmental agreements and policies have been established to reverse these trends.
What is the Forest (Conservation) Amendment Bill, 2023?
The Forest (Conservation) Amendment Bill is a proposed legislation aimed at amending the Forest Conservation Act of 1980 in India.
The proposed amendments seek to address certain issues and introduce changes to enhance forest conservation efforts and promote sustainable development.
Background: Forest Conservation Act, 1980
The Forest Conservation Act, 1980, was enacted to protect the country’s forests and empower the central government to regulate the extraction of forest resources, including timber, bamboo, coal, and minerals, by industries and forest-dwelling communities.
Prior to the implementation of the Forest Conservation Act, extensive deforestation and diversion of forest land for non-forestry purposes were prevalent.
From 1951 to 1975, approximately four million hectares of forest land were diverted. However, since the Act came into effect, from 1980 to 2023, only around one million hectares have been diverted.
Analysis: Proposed Amendments and Their Implications
Reclassification of Forest Areas:
The proposed amendment restricts the Forest Conservation Act’s application to only areas officially declared as forest after October 25, 1980, which may invalidate the expansive interpretation provided by the Supreme Court’s 1996 judgment.
Potentially, this could lead to thousands of square kilometers of forests losing legal protection, putting 27.62 percent of India’s forest cover at risk.
Exemptions for Projects Near Border Areas and Security Purposes:
The amendment proposes to eliminate the requirement of forest clearances for security-related infrastructure within 100 km of international borders.
While national security is important, ecological security plays an equally critical role in safeguarding citizens’ well-being. Fast-tracking without environmental appraisal could lead to irreversible damage to ecologically significant ecosystems in these regions.
Exemptions for Zoos, Safari Parks, and Ecotourism Activities:
Granting exemptions for zoos, safari parks, and ecotourism activities may result in the destruction of natural ecosystems, which are vital in buffering against climate change-induced weather patterns.
Instead, conservation centers should be established away from forested areas, and ecotourism projects should undergo thorough environmental assessments to prevent adverse impacts.
Disempowering Local Communities:
The proposal to exempt a vast number of projects from the clearance process would deprive forest-dwelling communities of their right to be consulted.
The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006, mandates obtaining free, prior, and informed consent from local communities through gram sabhas.
By bypassing this process, the proposed amendment undermines the rights of forest-dwelling tribal people and others.
Challenges in forest conservation in India
Inadequate Forest Cover: With only 21 percent of India’s land area having forest cover and a mere 12.37 percent being intact natural forest, meeting the target of 33 percent forest cover poses a significant challenge.
Decline in Northeastern Forests: The northeastern states, known for their biodiversity richness, have experienced a net decline of 3,199 sq km of forest cover from 2009 to 2019, further exacerbating the forest conservation challenge.
Why should protecting India’s forests be a part of national security?
Ecological Security: Forests play a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance and stability, providing essential ecosystem services like carbon sequestration, water regulation, and biodiversity conservation.
Climate Change Mitigation: By safeguarding forests, India can contribute significantly to global efforts in mitigating climate change and reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
Water Security: Forests act as natural watersheds, regulating water flow and ensuring the replenishment of groundwater, thereby securing a sustainable water supply.
Biodiversity Conservation: Protecting forests is vital for maintaining ecological resilience and preserving unique plant and animal species.
Livelihoods and Food Security: Millions of people, especially tribal communities, depend on forests for their livelihoods, food, and cultural practices.
Prevention of Conflict: Protecting forests near international borders can help prevent conflicts related to resource disputes and cross-border activities.
National Economy and Resources: Forests contribute significantly to the national economy through industries like timber and non-timber forest products.
Health and Well-being: Access to green spaces and forests promotes healthier lifestyles and reduces stress, benefiting public health.
Way forward: key steps and strategies to consider
Strengthen Implementation of Existing Laws: Rather than introducing new amendments, focus on enhancing the implementation of existing laws, such as the Forest Act, 1980, and the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers Act, 2006. Effective enforcement and monitoring of these laws can lead to better protection of forests and the rights of local communities.
Maintain a Broader Interpretation of Forest: Uphold the Supreme Court’s interpretation of forest as encompassing all forests, regardless of official declarations. This will ensure the continued legal protection of ecologically sensitive areas, preventing the loss of forests due to reclassification.
Preserve Ecologically Important Areas: Avoid exempting projects near border areas and for security purposes from forest clearances, especially in ecologically significant regions like the northeastern states. Maintain a balance between national security concerns and ecological security.
Review Exemptions for Development Projects: Reassess the exemptions for zoos, safari parks, and ecotourism activities. Develop guidelines and criteria for ecotourism projects that prioritize environmental conservation and minimize negative impacts.
Ensure Transparent Decision-Making: Eliminate the provision allowing the central government to exempt clearances for any other purposes to avoid potential misuse, and ensure transparent and accountable decision-making in all projects.
Empower Local Communities: Uphold the rights of forest-dwelling communities by actively involving them in decision-making processes. Obtain free, prior, and informed consent through gram sabhas before implementing any projects on forest lands.
Raise Public Awareness: Educate the public about the importance of forests, biodiversity, and environmental conservation. Create awareness campaigns to garner public support for sustainable forest management and protection.
Research and Science-Based Conservation: Support scientific research on forest ecosystems and their functions. Utilize scientific evidence to inform conservation policies and strategies.
Conclusion
While the preamble of the Forest Conservation Amendment Bill, 2023, outlines commendable goals, the proposed amendments themselves appear to contradict these objectives. It is essential to prioritize environmental protection and consider the long-term consequences of such amendments on India’s natural ecosystems and the well-being of its citizens. To safeguard our environment for future generations, it is crucial to avoid any changes that weaken existing protective measures.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Concepts of gig economy, gig workers and Rajasthan Platform-Based Gig Workers (Registration and Welfare) Bill,
Mains level: Gig economy, Rajasthan Platform-Based Gig Workers (Registration and Welfare) Bill, significance, concerns a way forward
What’s the news?
The Rajasthan Assembly on Monday passed the Platform-Based Gig Workers (Registration and Welfare) Bill, 2023, without a debate amid uproar by the opposition members in the House.
Central Idea
The Rajasthan government has taken a significant stride towards safeguarding the interests of gig workers with the passage of the Rajasthan Gig Workers Bill, 2023. This groundbreaking legislation, the first of its kind, seeks to establish a Welfare Board and a dedicated welfare fund, ensuring social security measures for platform-based gig workers in the state.
Definition of gig Workers?
The bill defines gig workers as individuals who perform work or participate in work arrangements outside the traditional employer-employee relationship. These workers earn from such activities and typically work on a contract that outlines specific terms and conditions, including piece-rate work.
Gig workers are often associated with the gig economy, which is characterized by a flexible and on-demand labor market. They may work in various sectors, including ride-hailing, food delivery, online freelancing, home services, and other platform-based services.
Key features of the bill
Applicability: The bill applies to both aggregators, which are digital intermediaries connecting buyers and sellers, and primary employers, encompassing individuals or organizations that engage platform-based workers.
Formation of Welfare Board: A crucial aspect of the legislation is the establishment of a Welfare Board, chaired by the minister in charge of the Labour Department. The Board will consist of nominated members, with at least one-third representing women. It will be responsible for overseeing and implementing welfare measures for platform-based gig workers in the state.
Registration and Unique ID: The Welfare Board will ensure the registration of both platform-based gig workers and aggregators operating within the state. Each gig worker will receive a Unique ID applicable across all platforms, streamlining access to various welfare schemes and benefits.
Social Security and Welfare Fund: To support registered gig workers, the state government will create The Rajasthan Platform Based Gig Workers Social Security and Welfare Fund. This dedicated fund will be utilized to provide social security benefits to gig workers, enhancing their financial protection.
Welfare Fee Deduction Mechanism: Aggregators will be responsible for contributing to the welfare fund by deducting a welfare fee from each transaction related to platform-based gig workers. The fee will be based on a percentage of the transaction value, ensuring a sustainable funding mechanism for gig workers welfare.
Access to Social Security Benefits: The Bill guarantees gig workers access to various social security benefits formulated by the state government. These benefits are intended to offer financial protection and support to gig workers during times of need, such as accidental insurance and health insurance.
Grievance Redressal Mechanism: Gig workers will have the right to present grievances related to entitlements, payments, and benefits offered under the Act. A robust grievance redressal mechanism will be put in place to address these concerns and ensure timely resolutions.
Representation in Decision-Making: Gig workers will have a voice in decisions impacting their welfare through representation on the Welfare Board. This provision ensures that the interests of gig workers are taken into account when formulating policies and programs.
Compliance and Fines: Aggregators are mandated to comply with the provisions of the Act and the rules set forth by the Welfare Board. Failure to adhere to these regulations may lead to fines imposed by the state government. For the first contravention, a fine of up to Rs 5 lakh may be imposed, and for subsequent contraventions, the fine may extend up to Rs 50 lakh.
Concerns raised over the bill
Vague Terminologies: Labor unions have objected to the use of vague terminologies in the bill, fearing that they may create loopholes for companies and aggregators. The lack of clarity in definitions and language could potentially weaken the protection provided to gig workers.
Funding Mechanism: Labor unions have expressed concerns about gig workers being required to contribute to the welfare fund. They argue that the funding burden should primarily fall on aggregator companies and State funds due to the fluctuating and inadequate nature of gig workers’ pay.
Scope of Social Security Benefits: The bill’s limited mention of social security benefits, primarily focusing on accidental insurance and health insurance, has been criticized. Labor unions recommend a comprehensive list of benefits to ensure adequate coverage for gig workers.
Grievance Redressal Mechanism: Concerns have been raised about the effectiveness and responsiveness of the grievance redressal mechanism outlined in the bill. Reports of ineffective redressal mechanisms for gig workers have raised doubts about their efficacy.
Definition of Gig Workers: Some stakeholders have questioned the scope of the bill’s definition of gig workers, as there may be other forms of gig workers not covered under the defined criteria.
Rights Recognition: While the bill improves on the eligibility criteria compared to existing labor laws, critics argue that gig workers may not be fully recognized as employees entitled to certain labor rights.
Implementation Challenges: The successful implementation of the bill relies on the effectiveness of the Welfare Board and State government in ensuring seamless registration, representation, and benefit distribution to gig workers.
Way forward
Addressing Concerns: Hold consultations with labor unions and stakeholders to clarify ambiguous terms and ensure a more equitable funding mechanism for the welfare fund.
Comprehensive Social Security Benefits: Expand benefits to include disability coverage, maternity benefits, and retirement benefits, in addition to accidental and health insurance.
Strengthening Grievance Redressal: Establish a responsive mechanism for prompt resolution of disputes between gig workers and aggregators.
Empowering the Welfare Board: Provide adequate resources and authority to the Welfare Board for effective implementation and decision-making.
Periodic Review and Feedback: Conduct regular evaluations to assess the bill’s impact and seek feedback from gig workers, labor unions, and aggregators.
Awareness and Outreach: Organize awareness campaigns to educate gig workers about their rights and entitlements.
Transparent Implementation: Ensure transparency in registration, benefit distribution, and fund utilization.
Collaborative Approach: Foster collaboration among government departments, labor unions, aggregators, and gig worker representatives for an inclusive framework.
Conclusion
The Rajasthan Platform-Based Gig Workers (Registration and Welfare) Bill, 2023, sets a notable precedent for acknowledging the significance of gig workers and their rights in the Indian workforce. While the legislation addresses various aspects related to the welfare and social security of gig workers, there remains room for refinement and further expansion of benefits to ensure their overall well-being and empowerment.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: National Broadcasting Day , AIR, Usha Mehta
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
This July 23, commemorated 100 years of radio broadcast in India.
All India Radio (AIR) started broadcasting in 1923 via 2 private stations called the Radio Club of Bombay and Calcutta Radio Club.
Facts for Prelims: Usha Mehta’s Secret Radio
On August 8, 1942, the historic Quit India Resolution was passed during the All India Congress Committee meeting in Bombay.
In this response, the idea of an underground radio station, known by various names such as the Freedom Radio, the Ghost Radio, or the Congress Radio, was conceived to counter the British-controlled AIR.
Usha Mehta, a 22 YO master’s student at Wilson College, became the voice of the Congress Radio.
The radio was an expensive endeavour, but funds were procured through various means, including contributions from Mehta’s colleague, Babubhai Khakhar.
Radio engineering expert Nariman Abarbad Printer constructed the Congress Radio transmission set.
Their first broadcast was on 14 August 1942.
Welcome line in her voice: “This is the Congress Radio calling on 42.34 from somewhere in India.”
In the beginning, they were broadcasting twice a day, in Hindi and English. But they reduced it to just once in the evening between 7.30 and 8.30 pm.
On 12th November 1942, the police raided the radio while Vande Mataram was being played and arrested Mehta and others.
Mehta was conferred the Padma Vibhushan, one of India’s highest civilian honours in 1998.
About All India Radio
On July 23, 1927, the Indian Broadcasting Company (IBC) was formed, but it faced liquidation within three years.
To revive the IBC, Lionel Fielden, a BBC producer, was appointed as the first Controller of Broadcasting in August 1935.
In June 1936, the Indian State Broadcasting Service (ISBS) transformed into All India Radio.
In August 1937, it became the Central News Organisation (CNO) under the Department of Information and Broadcasting.
Expansion and Name Change
In 1947, India had six radio stations, covering 2.5% of the area and 11% of the population. Pakistan had three radio stations.
In 1956, the name “AKASHVANI” was adopted as the National Broadcaster, used interchangeably with AIR, primarily for Hindi broadcasting.
The famous jingle of AIR wascomposed by Walter Kaufmann, who joined AIR in 1937 and significantly contributed to Indian music.
Current Status of AIR
Today, AIR has a network of around 260 radio stations, covering nearly 92% of the country’s total area and serving almost the entire population.
It broadcasts in 23 languages and 146 dialects, making it a broadcasting giant in India.
Controversies
Vividh Bharati Service: Launched in 1957, it included popular film music as a major component.
BV Keskar’s Ban on Film Music: In 1952, AIR imposed a ban on film music, causing Radio Ceylon to gain popularity among Hindi film music enthusiasts with shows like Geetmala.
Film Industry’s Response: The film industry withdrew music rights from AIR, leading to the absence of film music on the radio.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Donanemab
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
Donanemab, a drug in trials has shown significant potential in slowing cognitive decline in individuals with early Alzheimer’s.
What is Alzheimer’s Disease?
Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive and irreversible neurological disorder.
Beta-amyloid, a protein that is crucial for brain function, turns toxic in Alzheimer’s patients, forming clumps that disrupt brain cell connections, leading to cognitive issues like memory loss.
These protein deposits disrupt communication between neurons, leading to their deterioration and death.
Early signs include forgetfulness, difficulty finding words, problem-solving challenges, confusion, and disorientation.
The exact cause of Alzheimer’s is not fully understood but is believed to involve genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors.
Family history, genetic mutations, head injuries, cardiovascular disease, and certain lifestyle factors are also risk factors.
Donanemab: An antedote
Development: Donanemab is a drug developed by Eli Lilly and aims to treat individuals with early Alzheimer’s disease.
Targeting Amyloid Plaques: The drug targets a common hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease: amyloid plaques in the brain.
Breakthrough in Slowing Cognitive Decline
Alarming Burden: With an estimated 14 million cases of dementia, including Alzheimer’s, expected in India by 2050, the need for effective treatments is urgent.
Phase III Trial: In a phase III trial, Donanemab demonstrated promising results, slowing cognitive decline by 35% compared to a placebo.
Significance: This marks a significant milestone in Alzheimer’s research, as it is the second drug, within a year, to show effectiveness in checking cognitive decline in early-stage Alzheimer’s patients.
Limitations: It is essential to note that Donanemab and the previous drug do not stop or reverse Alzheimer’s disease. However, slowing cognitive decline can significantly improve the quality of life for affected individuals and their families.
Prelims Only | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution - historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Adjournment motion
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
During the monsoon Session of Parliament, Opposition parties demanded discussions on alleged sexual assaults in Manipur and ongoing ethnic violence.
Many MPs moved adjournment motions, leading to the Lok Sabha’s adjournment.
Let’s explore the various motions raised in Indian Parliament and their significance.
(A) Short Duration Discussion (Rule 193)
Applicability: This procedure is available in both Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha.
Description: A short-duration discussion can take place when the Chairman or Speaker believes that a matter is urgent and of sufficient public importance. The discussion can last for a maximum of two and a half hours.
(B) Motion with a Vote (Rule 184)
Applicability: This motion is relevant in Lok Sabha.
Description: If a motion meets certain conditions, such as not containing defamatory statements, being on a matter of recent occurrence, and not being pending before any statutory authority or court of enquiry, it can be admitted. The Speaker can then allocate a time period for the discussion. This type of motion involves a vote to determine Parliament’s position on the issue and requires the government to follow Parliament’s decision.
(C) Adjournment Motion
Applicability: The adjournment motion is relevant only in Lok Sabha and is not available in Rajya Sabha.
Description: An adjournment motion is moved to discuss a “definite matter of urgent public importance” with the Speaker’s consent. The notice for this motion must be given before 10 AM on a given day to the Lok Sabha Secretary-General. The motion must meet specific criteria to be admitted. The passage of an adjournment motion does not require the government to resign but is seen as a strong censure of the government.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Opium Wars
Mains level: World History: Decolonization in Asia
Central Idea
The Opium Wars, waged by European colonial powers on China, exemplify how opium, as an inanimate object, became a powerful historical agent under specific social and political circumstances.
Possible mains question:
Q. Discuss the historical significance of opium as a powerful agent in shaping world history, with a focus on its role in the Opium Wars and its impact on colonialism and Chinese society.
Story of Opium and Tea
Tea’s Introduction to Europe: Tea, originating in China over 2,000 years ago, became popular among the British elite in the mid-17th century and transcended class barriers to become the quintessential British beverage.
Trade Deficit with China: However, the British East India Company faced a trade deficit with China due to the import of tea.
Opium as a Solution: In 1763, the British acquired a monopoly on opium production and trade, which was already in demand in China. Selling opium to China from their rapidly growing colony in India helped offset the trade deficit caused by tea imports.
Opium Cultivation in India
Rapid Growth: Under the British Opium Department, opium production in India saw a massive increase, rising almost 800% within a century. India’s total opium exports to China increased a hundred-fold between 1780 and 1880.
Selective Selling: Interestingly, while India grew all the opium, the British avoided selling it in their own colony, choosing instead to push it into Chinese society.
China’s Addiction and Socio-economic Crises
Addiction Spreads: The highly addictive and debilitating drug led to widespread addiction among China’s upper classes and literati, causing socio-economic crises.
Decline of Qing Dynasty: The ruling Qing dynasty’s inability to curb opium trade eroded the machinery of the state and legitimacy of China’s governance.
The Opium Wars
Discovery of Opium: In 1839, after discovering his son’s opium use, the Qing Emperor launched a crackdown, leading to tensions with British opium traders in Canton.
First Opium War (1839-42): British forces arrived in China to protect “free trade,” leading to a series of defeats for China. The Treaty of Nanking forced China to compensate British opium traders, cede Hong Kong, and open more ports for European trade.
Second Opium War (1856-60): Triggered by a conflict between a Chinese official and British traders, the war further expanded European presence in China and legalized opium trade.
Opium as a Historical Agent
Colonialism and Opium: The Opium Wars epitomized colonialism in Asia, generating immense profits for colonialists at the expense of Indian labor and Chinese sobriety.
Continued Impact: Opioid crises worldwide show opium’s capacity to transcend social classes, making it a historical force with tragic consequences.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Golden Triangle , Golden Crescent
Mains level: Narco-terrorism and associated violence
Central Idea
A civil society organization has written a letter to the European Parliament (EP) expressing concerns over the portrayal of violence in Manipur as a religious conflict.
The organization highlighted the dangers of Manipur becoming a new Golden Triangle, a notorious drug trafficking corridor in Southeast Asia.
Golden Triangle Reference to Manipur
Golden Triangle: The Golden Triangle is a well-known area spanning China, Laos, Myanmar, and Thailand, notorious for opium poppy cultivation and drug trafficking.
Chin-Kuki and Meitei Communities: Manipur is home to various ethnic groups, with the Kukis being the third-largest community, after the non-tribal Meiteis and the tribal Nagas. The ethnically-related Chins are primarily from Myanmar, and some have allegedly settled illegally in Manipur over the years.
Rise of Narco-Terrorism in India
Golden Crescent Influence: India’s proximity to the “Golden Crescent” provides easy access to narcotics from Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan.
Cross-Border Connections: India shares borders with countries known for their involvement in drug trafficking, such as Pakistan.
Financing Mechanism: Socioeconomic factors like poverty and unemployment contribute to the involvement of individuals in the drug trade.
Corruption and Weak Law Enforcement: Corruption within law enforcement agencies facilitates drug trafficking operations, especially in Punjab.
High Profits and Demand: The lucrative nature of the drug trade makes it an attractive revenue source for terrorist organizations.
Transnational Networks: Transnational drug syndicates collaborate with terrorist groups, enabling the flow of drugs and funding for terrorist activities.
Security Implications of Narco-Terrorism
Criminalization of Youth: Drug trafficking and abuse lead to increased crime, violence, and corruption within communities.
Public Health Concerns: Drug addiction and related health issues pose significant challenges to public health systems.
Threat to National Security: The linkages between drug trafficking networks and terrorist organizations create a complex security environment.
Drain on Resources: Combating narco-terrorism requires substantial human resources, equipment, and funding.
Efforts to Combat Narco-Terrorism
Rehabilitation Programs and Counselling Centers: Government-funded drug rehabilitation measures and counselling centres are established across all districts.
Operation Sadbhavana: The Indian Army conducts de-addiction counselling centres and awareness camps to combat drug addiction.
Nasha Mukt J&K Campaign: The campaign aims to make J&K drug-free, with a zero-tolerance policy against narcotics. The same should be replicated in North East.
Recommendations to Curb Narco-Terrorism
Strengthening ED: The Enforcement Directorate’s jurisdiction should be improved to monitor terrorist financing and money laundering.
Anti-Drone Technology: Enhance anti-drone technology along the Line of Control and international borders to counter drug trafficking via drones.
Way Forward
Community Engagement and Rehabilitation: Focus on community awareness, education, and rehabilitation programs.
Target Financing Networks: Strengthen efforts to track and disrupt financing networks supporting narco-terrorism.
Cross-Border Intelligence Sharing: Strengthen intelligence-sharing mechanisms with countries affected by drug trafficking.
De-radicalization: Implement sustainable economic development programs to provide alternatives to communities involved in the drug trade.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Marine Heat Waves
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
MHWs have engulfed regions like the northeast Pacific, southern Indian Ocean, the Atlantic, and the Mediterranean, as reported by Mercator Ocean International.
In April, the Sea Surface Temperature (SST) peaked at 21.1 degrees Celsius, breaking the previous record set in 2016.
What are Marine Heat Waves (MHWs)?
While we often associate heatwaves with the atmosphere, they can also occur in the ocean, known as Marine Heatwaves (MHWs).
These prolonged periods of excessively warm sea surface temperatures (SST) can have significant consequences for marine ecosystems and industries.
SST is the temperature of the top layer of the ocean, typically measured at a depth of 1 millimeter to a few meters using buoys.
MHWs can happen in both summer and winter, with “winter warm-spells” affecting specific regions and species.
How are MHWs measured?
Threshold Criteria: A marine heatwave is characterized by seawater temperatures exceeding a seasonally-varying threshold (often the 90th percentile) for at least 5 consecutive days.
Continuity of Events: Successive heatwaves with gaps of 2 days or less are considered part of the same MHW event.
Causes of Marine Heatwaves
Air-sea heat flux: Ocean currents and air-sea heat flux are common drivers of MHWs, leading to the build-up of warm water in specific areas.
Influences of Wind and Climate Modes: Wind patterns can enhance or suppress MHWs. They influence the likelihood of events occurring in certain regions.
Intensification with Global Warming: Rising global temperatures have resulted in longer-lasting, more frequent, and intense MHWs in recent decades.
Human Influence: 87% of MHWs can be attributed to human-induced warming, with the oceans absorbing significant amounts of heat due to greenhouse gas emissions.
Oceans as Heat Sink: Oceans have absorbed 90% of the additional heat caused by greenhouse gas emissions, increasing global mean sea surface temperature by nearly 0.9 degrees Celsius since 1850.
Impacts of Marine Heatwaves
Ecosystem Structure: MHWs can disrupt ecosystem structure, supporting certain species while suppressing others.
Kelp Forest Destruction: MHWs along the Western Australian coast in 2010-2011 devastated kelp forests and fundamentally altered the ecosystem of the coast.
Economic Losses: MHWs can cause economic losses, particularly in fisheries and aquaculture industries.
Vulnerability of Temperature-Sensitive Species: Species such as corals are highly vulnerable to MHWs. The 2016 marine heatwaves in northern Australia caused severe bleaching of the Great Barrier Reef.
Impact on Marine Ecosystems
Catastrophic Effects: MHWs have led to the death of numerous marine species, altered migration patterns, and caused coral bleaching, endangering coral reefs.
Coral Bleaching: High ocean temperatures in the tropical Atlantic and Caribbean in 2005 led to a massive coral bleaching event, impacting over 80% of surveyed corals, with severe consequences for marine life.
Invasive Species and Ecological Imbalance: MHWs fuel the growth of invasive alien species, disrupting marine food webs and posing threats to wildlife. Ex. Whale entanglements in fishing gear.
Consequences for Humans
Amplifying Storms: Higher ocean temperatures associated with MHWs make storms like hurricanes and cyclones stronger, leading to severe weather events and flooding.
Threat to Coral Reefs: Half a billion people depend on coral reefs for food, income, and protection, but MHWs pose a grave threat to these ecosystems, impacting human livelihoods.
Socio-Economic Impact: Coastal communities are particularly vulnerable to the socio-economic impacts of MHWs, affecting fisheries and tourism.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Gyanvapi Complex
Mains level: Places of Worship Act
Central Idea
The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) has commenced a scientific survey of the Gyanvapi mosque complex in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh.
It aims to ascertain whether the mosque was constructed atop a pre-existing Hindu temple, a matter that has been a subject of contention.
The mosque is not an ASI-protected site, and the ASI has no role in its maintenance or upkeep.
Updates till date
(A) Varanasi Court’s Order
Discovery during Previous Survey: During a court-mandated survey in May 2022, a structure claimed to be a “Shivling” by the Hindu side and a “fountain” by the Muslim side was found in a sealed section, which remained inaccessible since a previous Supreme Court order.
Exclusion from Survey: The court directed the ASI to exclude the sealed section from the survey while emphasizing the necessity of a scientific investigation to establish the historical facts.
(B) Supreme Court’s Ruling
Protection Order: Earlier, the Supreme Court ordered the protection of the area around the claimed “Shivling” discovered during a video survey of the complex.
Mosque Management’s Argument: The mosque management contended that the structure in question is part of the water fountain mechanism at the ‘wazukhana’, the reservoir where devotees perform ablutions before offering namaz.
Legal Implications: Lawyers representing the mosque cited the Place of Worship (Special Provisions) Act, 1991, which prohibits altering the character of any place of worship from its status on August 15, 1947. However, this Act does not apply to the Ram Janmabhoomi-Babri Masjid legal dispute.
History of the Gyanvapi Mosque
Construction: The Gyanvapi Mosque was constructed in 1669 during the reign of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb, who ordered the demolition of the existing Vishweshwar temple and its replacement with a mosque.
Temple Elements Incorporated: The plinth of the original temple was left intact, serving as the mosque’s courtyard, while one wall was spared and turned into the qibla wall, facing Mecca. Evidence of the temple’s materials can still be seen in the mosque’s construction.
Name Origin: The mosque’s name is derived from an adjoining well known as the Gyanvapi or Well of Knowledge.
Current Temple: The present Kashi Vishwanath Temple was built in the 18th century, adjacent to the Gyanvapi Mosque, becoming a significant Hindu religious centre over the years.
Longstanding Claims and Legal Framework
Claims of Hindu Worship: Many Hindus believe that the original deity of the Vishweshwar temple was hidden inside the Gyanvapi well during Aurangzeb’s raid. This belief has fueled the desire to perform puja and rituals at the site.
Places of Worship Act: The Places of Worship (Special Provisions) Act, 1991, stipulates that the nature of all places of worship, except for the one in Ayodhya, should be maintained as it was on August 15, 1947. It aims to preserve the character of religious sites and prevents legal challenges to pre-existing structures.
Conflicting Claims: The case involved arguments from both sides, with the temple worshipers claiming that the mosque was built on the site of an older temple, while another side pleaded that it was built on Wakf premises.
Issue in the Limelight
Archaeological Survey: In April 2021, a Fast Track Court Civil Judge ordered the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) to conduct a comprehensive physical survey of the complex. The survey aimed to determine the structural relationship between the two religious structures.
Critique of the Cut-off Date: Worshippers argue that the cut-off date of August 15, 1947, prohibiting claims to religious sites, is arbitrary and denies Hindus, Jains, Buddhists, and Sikhs the right to “reclaim” their places of worship.
Opposition to the Law: Some groups have opposed the Places of Worship Act since its introduction, contending that the Centre lacks the authority to legislate on pilgrimage or burial grounds, which fall under the state list.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ethanol-blended petrol and its benefits
Mains level: India's ethanol-blended petrol program, advantages and way forward
What’s the news?
The Prime Minister, Narendra Modi, has recently announced an ambitious plan to achieve 20% ethanol-blended petrol nationwide by 2025.
Central idea
India’s ethanol production program has witnessed significant strides in the last five years, with both increased quantities supplied to oil marketing companies (OMCs) and a shift towards diverse raw materials, including rice, damaged grains, maize, and millets. Ethanol, a 99.9% pure alcohol blendable with petrol, has seen a remarkable transformation in its sourcing, production, and utilization.
What is Ethanol?
Ethanol, also known as ethyl alcohol or grain alcohol, is a clear, colorless, and flammable liquid. It is a type of alcohol with the chemical formula C2H5OH.
Ethanol is one of the most common types of alcohol and is produced through the fermentation of sugars by yeast or other microorganisms.
Applications of Ethanol
Ethanol is a key component in alcoholic beverages
Ethanol is now heavily used as a biofuel or an additive to gasoline, creating a blend known as ethanol-blended petrol or gasohol
Ethanol is used in various industrial processes, including in the production of solvents, cleaning agents, pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and chemicals
Its ability to kill bacteria and viruses makes it a valuable ingredient in antiseptics and hand sanitizers
Ethanol is utilized in food processing for various purposes, including as a preservative, flavor enhancer, and food-grade solvent
An overview: Evolution of India’s ethanol production
Traditional Feedstocks: Until 2017-18, ethanol production in India relied mainly on ‘C-heavy’ molasses, a by-product of sugar production. Sugar mills produced ethanol from molasses with a sugar content of 40-45%, yielding 220–225 liters of ethanol per tonne.
Policy Changes: In 2018-19, the Indian government introduced a differential pricing policy to incentivize the use of alternative feedstocks for ethanol production. Higher prices were fixed for ethanol produced from B-heavy molasses and sugarcane juice, compensating mills for reduced sugar production.
Feedstocks Diversification: Apart from molasses and sugarcane juice, ethanol production expanded to include rice, damaged grains, maize, jowar (sorghum), and other millets. Ethanol yields from grains were found to be higher than from molasses.
Year-Round Production: Leading sugar companies invested in modern distilleries equipped to operate on multiple feedstocks throughout the year. This flexibility allowed distilleries to switch between B-heavy molasses during the crushing season and grains during the off-season, ensuring continuous ethanol production.
Increase in Ethanol Blending: The government’s policy and the adoption of diverse feedstocks led to a significant boost in ethanol production and blending with petrol. The all-India average blending of ethanol with petrol increased from 1.6% in 2013-14 to 11.75% in 2022-23.
Environmental Sustainability: Distilleries implemented modern techniques like the multi-effect evaporator (MEE) units to treat liquid effluents (spent wash), reducing pollution.
Promoting Green Energy: The evolution of ethanol production in India aligns with the country’s goal of reducing reliance on fossil fuels and promoting renewable and green energy sources
Advantages of India’s ethanol production program
Ethanol production reduces India’s reliance on imported fossil fuels, enhancing the country’s energy security and reducing vulnerability to fluctuating global oil prices.
Blending ethanol with petrol lowers carbon emissions. This helps combat climate change and improve air quality.
Ethanol production from various feedstocks supports agricultural diversification and provides additional income sources for farmers, benefiting the rural economy.
The program utilizes agricultural byproducts and residues to produce ethanol, promoting efficient resource utilization and reducing waste.
The ethanol production program creates job opportunities in rural areas, particularly near sugar mills and distilleries, contributing to rural economic growth.
Ethanol production aligns with India’s renewable energy goals, contributing to the country’s commitment to sustainable development.
Byproducts of ethanol production
Spent Wash:
During alcohol production, liquid effluent known as spent wash is generated. Spent wash is a byproduct that can pose serious environmental problems if discharged without proper treatment.
It contains residual sugars and other substances from the fermentation process, making it a high-strength organic wastewater.
DDGS (Distillers’ Dried Grain with Solubles):
DDGS is a byproduct of grain-based distilleries.
After the liquid from the spent wash is separated, the remaining solid material undergoes a drying process, resulting in distillers’ dried grain with solubles (DDGS).
How byproducts of ethanol production can be beneficial?
Concentrating the spent wash reduces its volume, and using it as a boiler fuel along with bagasse offers a sustainable energy source, minimizing the need for fossil fuels and reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
The ash resulting from the incineration of the concentrated spent wash contains up to 28% potash. This potash can be used as fertilizer, promoting soil health and supporting agricultural sustainability.
Byproduct utilization in the form of DDGS as animal feed optimizes resource utilization and minimizes waste.
The conversion of spent wash and wet cake into useful products reduces waste generation.
The byproduct utilization exemplifies the principles of a circular economy where waste is minimized, and resources are recycled and reused.
Way forward
India should continue to diversify its feedstocks for ethanol production, including cane molasses, direct sugarcane juice, rice, damaged grains, maize, jowar, bajra, and other millets.
States like Uttar Pradesh, a major sugarcane grower, can contribute significantly to ethanol production from cane and molasses, while Bihar, known for maize cultivation, can play a crucial role in utilizing maize for ethanol.
Emphasize research to optimize the conversion of maize and other grains into ethanol, reducing the process duration and enhancing overall productivity.
Build new distilleries and upgrade existing ones
Provide stable and long-term policy support, including differential pricing, tax incentives, and mandates for ethanol blending with petrol, tailored to the specific characteristics of different feedstocks.
Gradually increase the blending percentage of ethanol with petrol
Explore opportunities for international collaboration in ethanol production and blending
Conclusion
The move towards a 20% ethanol-blended petrol by 2025 demonstrates the nation’s commitment to energy independence and a greener future. By leveraging multiple feedstocks and adopting sustainable practices, the ethanol industry can continue to play a vital role in India’s journey towards a cleaner and more self-reliant energy landscape.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Tele-MANAS
Mains level: Mental health and telemedicine
Central Idea: The government-run national tele-mental health programme, Tele MANAS, has achieved a significant milestone by receiving over 2,00,000 calls from individuals across India since its launch in October 2022.
What is Tele-MANAS?
Tele Mental Health Assistance and Networking across States (Tele-MANAS) initiative has been launched by the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare in October 2022.
It aims to provide free tele-mental health services all over the country round the clock, particularly catering to people in remote or under-served areas.
Implementation of the scheme
Counselling: The programme includes a network of 38 tele-mental health centres of excellence spread across 27 States and UTs working in over 20 languages.
Helpline: A toll-free, 24/7 helpline number (14416) has been set up across the country allowing callers to select the language of choice for availing services. Service is also accessible at 1-800-91-4416.
Two-tier working
Tele-MANAS will be organised in a two-tier system; Tier 1 comprises state Tele-MANAS cells which include trained counsellors and mental health specialists.
Tier 2 will comprise specialists at District Mental Health Programme (DMHP)/Medical College resources for physical consultation and/or e-Sanjeevani for audio-visual consultation.
Call Demographics and Concerns
Age Group: Two-thirds of the callers fall in the 18-45 years age group, while 12.5% belong to the 46-64 years age group, and 8% are below 18 years of age.
Gender Distribution: Of the two lakh calls, 59.6% were made by male callers, and 40% by female callers.
Top Concerns: The most common reasons for seeking help were general feelings of sadness (28.8%), sleep-related problems (27.6%), anxiety (20.4%), relationship issues (10%), aggression (9.2%), and low interest in activities (9.7%).
Expansion of the scheme
The initial rollout providing basic support and counselling through a centralized Interactive Voice Response system (IVRS) is being customized for use across all States and UTs.
It is being linked with other services like National teleconsultation, e-Sanjeevani, Ayushman Bharat, mental health professionals, health centres, and emergency psychiatric facilities for specialized care.
This will not only help in providing immediate mental healthcare services but also facilitate a continuum of care.
Eventually, this will include the entire spectrum of mental wellness and illness, and integrate all systems that provide mental health care.
Back2Basics: National Tele Mental Health Programme (NTMHP)
The Indian Government announced the National Tele Mental Health Programme (NTMHP) in the Union Budget 2022-23.
The National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS) in Bengaluru is the nodal centre for the programme.
The programme sought to establish a digital mental health network that can address the mental health crisis in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic.
The pandemic has brought forth challenges to mental health, and the NTMHP aims to provide accessible and affordable mental health services to all.
The programme will involve the use of digital platforms such as teleconsultations, chatbots, and mobile applications to deliver mental health services.
The NTMHP will integrate with existing mental health services to provide a comprehensive and coordinated approach to mental healthcare.
Mains level: voluntary tax transparency framework, benefits challenges and way ahead
What’s the news?
While India’s tax reforms have been awe-inspiring in magnitude and scale in recent years, the country needs a voluntary tax transparency framework to sustain its current economic growth.
Central Idea
As the Indian economy aims to surpass the $5 trillion milestone, focusing on sustainable growth has become paramount. Achieving this goal requires the active participation of key stakeholders, including the government, corporations, investors, and civil society. In this context, tax transparency emerges as a crucial catalyst for sustaining India’s economic growth.
What is meant by voluntary Tax Transparency?
Voluntary tax transparency refers to a proactive approach taken by organizations, businesses, or individuals to disclose their tax-related information and practices willingly and without any legal obligation. In this context, the term voluntary implies that there is no specific legal requirement or regulatory mandate forcing entities to disclose their tax-related information.
The Framework for Voluntary Tax Transparency
The proposed voluntary tax transparency framework aims to incentivize organizations operating in India, encompassing private companies, multinationals, and public-sector units, to disclose their strategies and approaches towards domestic and international taxation.
Moreover, these voluntary disclosures could be linked to the environmental, social, and governance (ESG) framework, creating a standard of commitment to sustainability for every company.
What is a tax transparency report (TTR)?
Globally, a tax transparency report (TTR) serves as a format for such disclosures, providing annual voluntary information on a company’s global tax strategies.
While some large companies voluntarily file these reports, the Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) project initiated by the OECD is working towards addressing gaps and mismatches in international tax regulations, which, over the years, have allowed many multinationals to minimize their tax outgo through creative tax structuring.
Benefits of Tax Transparency
Economic benefits:
Tax transparency serves as a litmus test to assess each company’s contribution to India’s growth and provides valuable insights into corporate tax strategies.
It will attract international investors who prioritize transparency and responsible tax behavior, resulting in increased capital inflow, job opportunities, economic expansion, and overall prosperity.
Environmental benefits:
It will attract larger capital inflows, particularly in sectors like infrastructure and green energy.
It fosters healthy competition among companies, encouraging them to disclose tax strategies and engage in responsible tax practices, thereby improving their ESG scores.
Extending transparency to include environmental practices, such as reporting environmental taxes related to carbon emissions, plastic usage, waste management, and water consumption, incentivizes businesses to adopt greener practices.
Social benefits:
Tax transparency highlights a company’s contributions to areas such as social insurance, healthcare, and pension premium
Additionally, under governance disclosures, the framework motivates companies to align their ESG policies with tax behavior, promoting robust corporate governance practices, accountability, and transparency.
The Influence of Tax Transparency on Consumer Behavior
As India approaches the $5 trillion milestone and witnesses growing per capita income, the younger generation’s consumer behavior is undergoing a noticeable shift.
These individuals prioritize a company’s ESG performance when making purchasing decisions or evaluating job prospects.
Tax transparency, falling under the broader ESG umbrella, will play a significant role in influencing these choices.
Challenges for implementing voluntary tax transparency in India
Lack of awareness and understanding of the concept of voluntary tax transparency among companies and organizations. Many may not fully grasp the benefits and importance of voluntarily disclosing tax-related information.
Some companies may be hesitant to embrace voluntary tax transparency due to concerns about revealing sensitive financial information or competitive advantages.
India’s tax system is known for its complexity. Companies may find it challenging to navigate India’s complex tax system
The absence of clear regulations or guidelines on voluntary tax transparency
Companies may be cautious about how the public, investors, and other stakeholders will perceive the information disclosed voluntarily.
Smaller companies or organizations with limited resources might find it challenging to allocate time and effort to prepare and disclose voluntary tax-related information.
What India needs to do to promote voluntary tax transparency?
India should develop a well-defined voluntary tax transparency framework that incentivizes organizations, including private companies, multinationals, and public-sector units, to disclose their domestic and international tax strategies voluntarily.
Link tax transparency with the broader environmental, social, and governance (ESG) framework.
Social contributions and governance policies should also be considered as part of the disclosure.
Launch extensive awareness campaigns to educate businesses, investors, and the public about the benefits and significance of voluntary tax transparency
India can establish a voluntary framework for companies on the lines of TTR to solidify its economic foundations and cultivate a business environment cantered around integrity.
Set up a monitoring and evaluation mechanism to assess the effectiveness of voluntary tax transparency efforts regularly.
Ensure that India’s voluntary tax transparency framework aligns with international best practices and standards.
Ensure that the voluntary tax transparency framework does not hinder the ease of doing business in India.
Conclusion
India’s pursuit of becoming a global economic powerhouse demands sustained and responsible growth. Adopting a voluntary tax transparency framework will not only attract sustainable investments but also demonstrate India’s commitment to a greener, more socially responsible, and transparent business environment. By embracing tax transparency, Indian companies can become trailblazers in promoting sustainable development and fostering a prosperous future for the nation
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Climate change mitigation efforts
Mains level: Climate change impact, mitigation targets, efforts and challenges, way forward
What’s the news?
The media’s attention has been focused on the 1.5 degrees Celsius warming target and the influence of El Niño this year. While crossing this temperature threshold is a cause for concern, the hyperbolic end-of-the-world messaging around the climate crisis deserves revaluation.
Central idea
The target in the Paris Agreement, to keep the planet’s surface from warming by 2 degrees Celsius by 2100, has been touted as a monumental goal. However, despite negotiations for more than two decades, global carbon emissions have not slowed. Also, the target was not derived scientifically. Instead of fixating on alarming scenarios, it is crucial to approach the climate challenge with a balanced perspective.
What is 2 Degrees Celsius Target?
In 2015, during the United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP21) in Paris, the Paris Agreement was adopted by nearly all countries of the world.
The central aim of the agreement is to keep global temperature rise well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels.
The 1.5 degrees Celsius target was introduced to address concerns raised by vulnerable nations, particularly small island states.
To achieve the 2 degrees Celsius target, countries are required to make nationally determined contributions (NDCs) that outline their planned efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
The Paris Agreement emphasizes the importance of global cooperation and collective action to tackle climate change
What is Earth System Models (ESM’s)?
ESM’s are complex computational models used by climate scientists to simulate the Earth’s climate system.
These models are designed to represent the interactions and feedbacks between various components of the Earth system, including the atmosphere, oceans, land surface, ice, and biogeochemical processes.
These models use numerical methods to solve these equations over a grid covering the entire globe, allowing scientists to simulate climate processes and changes over both short and long-time scales.
Key concerns regarding 2 Degrees target
The 2 degrees Celsius target was not established based on robust scientific evidence or a comprehensive understanding of the potential impacts of such warming.
Despite the international efforts and commitments made under the Paris Agreement, global carbon emissions have not shown signs of significant reduction.
The 2 degrees Celsius target may not adequately address the regional variations in climate impacts.
ESM’s used for climate projections struggle to accurately simulate regional-scale climate variations, especially in places like the Indian subcontinent.
There are doubts about the ability to distinguish between the consequences of 1.5- and 2-degrees Celsius warming and to design region-specific climate adaptation policies.
Uncertainties for India
Uncertainties in ESM’s make it difficult to accurately predict regional climate impacts at the scale of the Indian subcontinent.
Climate change affects water availability, precipitation patterns, and glacial melt in the Himalayas. Unpredictability of these factors can have significant implications for India’s overall water security.
Uncertainties in climate projections impact India’s agricultural sector, making it challenging to predict crop yields and plan for food security.
Coastal areas in India, including major cities like Mumbai and Kolkata, are vulnerable to the impacts of rising sea levels, leading to increased risks of flooding and coastal erosion.
Climate change can exacerbate health issues, including heat-related illnesses, vector-borne diseases, and air pollution. Uncertainties in how climate change affects disease patterns make it challenging to plan and implement effective public health responses.
Way forward
Set ambitious and science-based climate targets that align with the latest climate research and international commitments.
Revisit the 2 degrees Celsius warming target and consider more stringent goals to limit global warming.
Invest in climate science and research to enhance the accuracy of regional climate projections and improve understanding of climate impacts on India.
Strategies should focus on sectors like agriculture, water resources, infrastructure, and health to build resilience against the impacts of climate change.
Accelerate the transition to renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydropower.
Develop and implement measures to protect coastal areas from sea-level rise and extreme weather events.
Strengthen public health systems to address health challenges related to climate change. This includes heatwave preparedness, disease surveillance, and measures to reduce air pollution.
Foster climate education and empower citizens to participate in climate mitigation and adaptation efforts.
Conclusion
The 2 degrees Celsius target, while widely accepted and seen as a significant milestone in addressing climate change, is not without its flaws and uncertainties. Going forward, it is essential for the global community to reassess and update climate targets based on the best available scientific evidence and consider the specific needs of different regions to effectively combat the climate crisis.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Surat Diamond Bourse
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
The Surat Diamond Bourse (SDB), hailed as the world’s largest office space project, is set to be inaugurated by Prime Minister.
About Surat Diamond Bourse
The SDB is a large-scale project located in Surat, Gujarat, India.
It is claimed to be the world’s biggest office space in a single project.
It is built to expand and consolidate the diamond trading business from Mumbai to Surat.
Surat is renowned as a major hub for cutting and polishing diamonds, and the development of SDB aims to bring all diamond-related activities and infrastructure under one roof.
Key features
Location: The SDB is situated at DREAM (Diamond Research and Mercantile) city in Surat.
Size: The bourse spans an area of 66 lakh square feet (approximately 6.6 million square feet), making it one of the largest office spaces in the world.
Design: The thematic landscaping of the project is based on the ‘panch tatva’ theme, representing the five elements of nature – air, water, fire, earth, and sky.
Infrastructure: The SDB consists of nine towers, each with ground plus 15 floors. It will accommodate over 4,200 offices with sizes ranging from 300 square feet to 7,500 square feet.
Security: Given the high-security nature of the diamond industry, over 4,000 CCTV cameras have been installed at different locations inside and outside the SDB.
Shifting from Mumbai: The bourse seeks to address the space crunch and expensive office real estate in Mumbai, where much of the diamond trading currently takes place.
Economic significance of SDB
Businesses: The complex will house various diamond-related businesses, including the sale of rough and polished diamonds, diamond manufacturing machinery, diamond planning software, diamond certificate firms, lab-grown diamonds, and more.
Employment: The SDB is expected to generate significant employment opportunities, providing direct employment to over 1 lakh people in various roles related to the diamond industry.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: IMD Heat Index
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
Union Ministry of Earth Sciences informed that the India Meteorological Department (IMD) has introduced the Heat Index on an experimental basis.
IMD Heat Index
The Heat Index aims to provide general guidance for regions in India where the combination of temperature and humidity leads to higher apparent temperatures, causing discomfort for people.
It is derived using an equation similar to the one used by the National Weather Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in the USA.
It considers the impact of humidity on high temperatures, providing a “feel-like” temperature for human beings and indicating the level of discomfort.
Color Codes for Experimental Heat Index
The Heat Index is represented with different color codes to signify the varying levels of heat impact and discomfort:
Green: Below 35°C
Yellow: Range of 36-45°C
Orange: Range of 46-55°C
Red: Above 55°C
Mitigating heat impact in India
The Heat Index is currently being implemented on an experimental basis across India, including Andhra Pradesh.
Under the Heat Action Plan, the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) collaborates with local agencies such as the Indian Institute of Public Health (IIPH) to implement the Heat Index project for Bhubaneshwar and Ahmedabad.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Export Preparedness Index (EPI
Mains level: Not Much
PC: Live Mint
Central Idea
Tamil Nadu has emerged as the most export-competitive state in India, securing the top spot in the Export Preparedness Index 2022 by Niti Aayog.
Export Preparedness Index (EPI)
EPI is a comprehensive tool aimed at gauging the export readiness of India’s states and union territories (UTs).
The index analyses various parameters, enabling the identification of strengths and weaknesses in each region and offering valuable insights for effective policy formulation.
EPI focuses on four pillars:
Policy: This pillar evaluates the effectiveness of a state’s trade policy, providing strategic direction for both exports and imports.
Business Ecosystem: The efficiency of a business ecosystem is crucial for attracting investments and fostering an enabling infrastructure for startups and entrepreneurship.
Export Ecosystem: This pillar assesses the business environment specific to exports, determining the level of support and facilitation provided to exporters.
Export Performance: The sole output-based parameter, this pillar examines the reach of export footprints in states and UTs, measuring their actual export achievements.
10 Sub-pillars include: Export Promotion Policy; Institutional Framework; Business Environment; Infrastructure; Transport Connectivity; Export Infrastructure; Trade Support; R&D Infrastructure; Export Diversification; and Growth Orientation.
States performance
Export-Competitive State:Top Contenders: Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Gujarat (last year’s leader) followed closely, while Haryana claimed the fifth position.
Coastal States’ Dominance: Coastal states dominated the top rankings, with four out of the top five positions occupied by them. Andhra Pradesh also secured the ninth spot.
Gujarat- Leading Merchandise Exporter: Gujarat holds the top position as the leading merchandise exporter, accounting for one-third of India’s total merchandise exports.
Top Five Exporting States: Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Uttar Pradesh complete India’s top five exporters.
Seven States’ Dominance: An impressive 75% of India’s total exports are contributed by just seven states.
Reasons for export boost
Export Promotion Policies: The top-performing states have implemented export promotion policies at both state and district levels.
Diversified Export Basket: These states have a diverse export basket, showcasing their global footprint.
Promoting Unique Products: Successful states focus on promoting products unique to their region. Tamil Nadu and Karnataka lead in exporting geographical indication (GI) products.
India’s Export Performance
Resilient Exports: Despite pandemic challenges and supply-side issues, India’s goods exports remained robust, reaching an all-time high of $447 billion in FY23.
Target for FY24: The government refrained from setting a specific export target for FY24 due to global headwinds but may aim for $450 billion to $500 billion in goods exports.
Services Exports: Services exports amounted to $323 billion in FY23, bringing India’s overall exports to $770 billion.
Prelims Only | Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution - historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Eighth Schedule, Classical Languages
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
The Supreme Court said it cannot direct the Centre to include Rajasthani as an official language in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution.
About Eighth Schedule
The Eighth Schedule outlines the official languages of the Republic of India.
Articles 344(1) and 351 of the Constitution contain constitutional provisions relating to the Eighth Schedule.
It was originally created to grant representation on the Official Languages Commission and enrich Hindi and English, the official languages of the Union.
Candidates appearing for public service examinations have the privilege of using any language from the Eighth Schedule as a medium to answer the exam papers.
Article 344(1): It mandates the appointment of a Commission by the President after 5 years from the date the Constitution comes into effect.
Article 351: It places the responsibility on the Union to promote and develop the Hindi language, enabling it to be a medium of expression for India’s diverse cultural elements.
Article 351(1): The President is required to establish a commission every five years, and subsequently every ten years, with a chairman and members representing languages listed in the Eighth Schedule. The primary role is to provide advice to the President on the effective use of Hindi for official purposes by the GOI.
| Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution - historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: President Rule
Mains level: Read the attached story
PC: The Hindu
Central Idea
A political party has called for the dismissal of the state government in Manipur and immediate imposition of President’s Rule to initiate a peace process under a neutral administration.
What is President’s Rule?
Article 356 of the Indian Constitution, commonly known as President’s Rule, empowers the President to impose central rule in a state where the constitutional machinery has broken down.
While initially intended for extraordinary circumstances, it has often been misused by central governments for political purposes.
Provisions of Article 356:
Imposition of President’s Rule: Article 356 allows the President to withdraw the executive and legislative powers of a state government when it cannot function in accordance with the Constitution.
Triggering factors: The President can invoke Article 356 based on a report from the Governor or suo motu if the constitutional machinery has broken down in the state.
Duration: It can be imposed for six months at a time, with a maximum duration of three years.
Parliamentary approval: Every six months, Parliament’s approval is required to continue the imposition of President’s Rule.
Historical Origins
Inspiration from the Government of India Act, 1935: Article 356 was inspired by Section 93 of this act, which allowed the Governor of a province to assume the powers of the government under certain circumstances.
Controlled democracy: The provision provided some autonomy to provincial governments while enabling British authorities to exercise ultimate power when necessary.
Political Misuse of Article 356
Early instances: During Congress dominance, Article 356 was used against governments of the Left and regional parties in states. Jawaharlal Nehru’s government utilized it six times until 1959, including to dislodge Kerala’s elected communist government.
Increasing misuse: In subsequent decades, Article 356 was used frequently against state governments by various central governments, including those led by Indira Gandhi and the Janata Party.
Landmark Judgment: S R Bommai Case
Landmark Supreme Court ruling: In the 1994 R. Bommai v. Union of India case, the Supreme Court provided detailed guidelines on the use of Article 356.
Specific instances for imposition: The court stated that President’s Rule can be invoked in cases of physical breakdown of the government or a ‘hung assembly.’
Curbing arbitrary use: The judgment emphasized the need to give the state government a chance to prove its majority or instances of violent breakdown before imposing President’s Rule.
Try this PYQ:
Which of the following are not necessarily the consequences of the proclamation of the President’s rule in a State?
Dissolution of the State Legislative Assembly
Removal of the Council of Ministers in the State
Dissolution of the local bodies
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
