Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Legal Practitioners Act, 1879
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The primary aim of the recent legislative changes is to eliminate ‘touts’ from the legal system and streamline legal practice in India.
- The Legal Practitioners Act, 1879, a colonial-era law, and the Advocates Act, 1961, have been central to the regulation of legal practitioners in India.
- The Bill repeals the 1879 Act and amends the 1961 Act to reduce redundant laws and repeal obsolete ones.
The Legal Practitioners Act, 1879
- Inception and Scope: Enacted in 1880, it aimed to consolidate the law relating to legal practitioners in certain Indian provinces.
- Definition of Legal Practitioner: The Act defined legal practitioners as advocates, vakils, or attorneys of any High Court.
- Introduction of ‘Tout’: A significant aspect was the definition of ‘tout’, referring to individuals who procure clients for legal practitioners for remuneration.
The Advocates Act, 1961
- Consolidation of Legal Practice Laws: This Act was enacted to unify and amend laws relating to legal practitioners and establish Bar Councils and an All-India Bar.
- Pre-1961 Legal Framework: Previously, legal practitioners were governed by multiple acts, including the 1879 Act.
- Law Commission and All-India Bar Committee Recommendations: Post-independence, reforms were suggested by the Law Commission and the All-India Bar Committee, leading to the 1961 Act.
The Advocates Amendment Bill, 2023
- New Provisions: The Bill introduces a new section (Section 45A) in the 1961 Act, focusing on illegal practice and the regulation of touts.
- Punishment for Illegal Practice: It prescribes imprisonment for persons illegally practicing in courts and other authorities.
- Regulation of Touts: The Bill empowers High Courts and district judges to frame and publish lists of touts, ensuring due process before inclusion.
- Penalties for Touts: It includes provisions for punishing individuals acting as touts with imprisonment, fines, or both.
Rationale and Implications
- Streamlining Legal Enactments: The Bill aims to reduce superfluous laws and repeal those that have become obsolete.
- Government’s Policy on Obsolete Laws: In line with the government’s policy to repeal outdated pre-independence Acts, the Bill seeks to modernize legal practice regulations.
- Consultation with Bar Council of India: The amendments were made in consultation with the Bar Council of India, reflecting a collaborative approach to legal reform.
Conclusion
- Addressing Legal System Complexities: The Bill addresses long-standing issues in the legal system, particularly the exploitation of legal complexities by touts.
- Balancing Tradition and Modern Needs: By repealing outdated laws and amending existing ones, the Bill balances the need to respect legal traditions with the demands of contemporary legal practice.
- Future Outlook: These changes are expected to enhance the integrity and efficiency of legal practice in India, contributing to a more transparent and accessible legal system.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Essential Services Maintenance Act (ESMA)
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The Odisha Government invoked its Essential Services (Maintenance) Act (ESMA) prohibiting strikes by paramedical staff, including nurses, pharmacists and technicians to ensure that medical services are not disrupted.
About Essential Services Maintenance Act (ESMA)
- Description: The Essential Services Maintenance Act (ESMA) is a significant piece of legislation enacted by the Parliament in 1968.
- Constitutional Placement: It falls under list no. 33 in the 7th schedule under the concurrent list of the Indian Constitution.
- Purpose: ESMA is primarily used by states to manage strikes by employees, especially in essential services.
- Essential Services: The Act empowers the government to designate any economic activity or service as ‘essential’, where disruption would impact the normal life of people.
Provisions and Powers under ESMA
- Police Authority: The Act grants police the authority to arrest protestors without a warrant if they violate the provisions of ESMA.
- State-Specific Provisions: Each Indian state has its unique version and provisions of the ESMA.
Right to Strike in Context
- Worker’s Basic Right: Striking is a fundamental means for workers to legitimately promote and defend their economic and social interests.
- Legal Status: While the right to protest is a fundamental right under Article 19 of the Indian Constitution, the right to strike is a legal right with certain restrictions.
- Industrial Dispute Act 1947: This act outlines the legal framework and restrictions for strikes, especially in public sectors and essential services.
- Restrictions in Specific Sectors: Strikes are particularly restricted for public sector employees, banking, oil, metropolitan transport, and education sectors under state jurisdiction.
International Labor Organization (ILO) and the Right to Strike
- ILO’s Stance: The ILO’s Committee on Freedom of Association has established principles regarding the right to strike.
- Essential Services Definition: Essential services are those whose interruption could endanger the life, safety, or health of part or all of the population.
- Examples of Essential Services: The committee identifies sectors like hospitals, electricity, water supply, telephone services, and air traffic control as essential services.
- Restriction on Strikes: Employees in these essential services are generally not permitted to strike.
Problems and Criticisms of ESMA
- Irresponsible Use: The Act has been criticized for its sometimes irresponsible and unwise implementation.
- Suppression of Democratic Rights: ESMA is seen as monopolizing power and suppressing the democratic rights of stakeholders, particularly the right to protest or strike.
- Government’s Overpowering Role: Critics argue that ESMA dangerously skews the balance in industrial relations towards the government in the public sector.
Conclusion
- Debate on ESMA’s Role: The Essential Services Maintenance Act remains a contentious topic, balancing the need for uninterrupted essential services with the rights of workers to strike.
- Need for Responsible Implementation: Responsible and democratic application of ESMA is crucial to maintain this balance.
- Ongoing Discussions: The Act continues to spark debate about the extent of government power and the protection of workers’ rights in essential sectors.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: India-Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement
Mains level: Sri Lanka's land connectivity with India for regional economic integration
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Monetary Policy Committee (MPC)
Mains level: RBI's use of measures like an incremental cash reserve ratio and open market sales to manage liquidity
Central idea
The RBI’s recent monetary policy decision maintains a cautious stance, driven by concerns over persistent food inflation and global central banks signaling higher interest rates. Despite a positive economic outlook, challenges include incomplete transmission of past rate hikes and potential risks from interconnectedness between banks and non-banks.
Key Highlights:
- The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) maintained its pause on monetary policy and retained the withdrawal-of-accommodation stance.
- Reasons for the decision include ongoing concerns about inflation, particularly in critical food items, despite a recent decrease.
- Influences from systemically important central banks, such as the US Federal Reserve and the European Central Bank, impact India’s monetary policy.
Key Challenges:
- Persistent risks from food inflation, driven by factors like an uneven monsoon and global food supply uncertainties.
- Impact of higher interest rates signaled by central banks like the US Federal Reserve and the European Central Bank on India’s economy.
- Incomplete transmission of past rate hikes into lending rates poses challenges for the RBI.
Key Terms:
- Monetary Policy Committee (MPC): A committee responsible for framing India’s monetary policy.
- Core CPI Inflation: Consumer Price Index inflation excluding volatile food and fuel components.
- Macroprudential Tools: Measures used by central banks to ensure the stability of the financial system.
Key Phrases:
- “The battle against inflation is far from over.”
- “Systemically important central banks signal higher-for-longer interest rates.”
- “Transmission of past rate hikes into lending rates remains incomplete.”
Key Quotes:
- “The RBI expects consumer inflation at 5.4 per cent this fiscal, while our forecast is slightly higher at 5.5 per cent.” (Authors)
- “The RBI Governor flagged increasing interconnectedness between banks and non-banks, raising the possibility of stress contagion.” (RBI Governor)
Key Statements:
- “Despite rate increases, bank credit growth has sustained over 15 per cent this fiscal, unchanged from last year.”
- “India will continue to be a growth outperformer among large economies this fiscal.”
Key Examples and References:
- Influence of US Federal Reserve and European Central Bank’s higher interest rates on global monetary policies.
- RBI’s use of measures like an incremental cash reserve ratio and open market sales to manage liquidity.
Key Facts and Data:
- RBI’s forecast for consumer inflation: 5.4 per cent.
- GDP growth forecast lifted to 7 per cent for the fiscal year.
Critical Analysis:
- Emphasizes ongoing concerns about inflation, particularly in critical food items.
- Highlights the impact of global central banks’ policies on India’s monetary decisions.
- Raises the challenge of incomplete transmission of rate hikes into lending rates.
Way Forward:
- Monitor and address risks related to food inflation and global interest rate dynamics.
- Continue using measures like liquidity management and macroprudential tools for financial stability.
- Assess and manage potential challenges arising from the interconnectedness of banks and non-banks.
- Anticipate and address the impact of rising interest rates on India’s economy.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)
Mains level: safety and efficacy of pharmaceutical products
Central idea
The study reveals a startling prevalence of unapproved and banned Fixed Dose Combinations (FDCs) of antibiotics in India, posing risks of antimicrobial resistance. The pharmaceutical industry’s exploitation of FDCs to evade regulations, coupled with regulatory inefficiencies, calls for urgent interventions to safeguard public health
Key Highlights:
- Alarming Prevalence: In 2020, 60.5% of antibiotics in India were unapproved FDCs, with an additional 9.9% banned, raising concerns about antimicrobial resistance.
- Patient Compliance vs. Risks: FDCs, aimed at improving patient adherence, pose risks due to potential interactions between combined drugs, necessitating a stringent approval process.
- Pharmaceutical Industry’s Strategy: Exploitation of FDCs allows the industry to evade drug price regulations, contributing to the proliferation of irrational combinations.
Key Challenges:
- Regulatory Framework Inefficiency: Continued sale of unapproved FDCs highlights regulatory inefficiency, allowing non-compliance despite existing legal provisions.
- Reactive Regulatory Measures: Reliance on Section 26A orders reveals a reactive rather than proactive regulatory approach, indicating systemic challenges.
Key Terms:
- Fixed Dose Combination (FDC): Combinations of multiple drugs in a single dosage form, potentially affecting drug interactions and therapeutic efficacy.
- Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR): The ability of microorganisms to resist the effects of medications, posing a global health threat.
Key Phrases:
- Pharmaceutical Industry’s Exploitation: The strategic use of FDCs to avoid regulatory scrutiny undermines the integrity of drug pricing and quality.
- Ineffectiveness of Regulatory Measures: Despite legal provisions, the regulatory system relies on reactive prohibitions rather than proactive prevention.
Key Quotes:
- “Unapproved FDCs may contribute to the AMR problem in India.”
- “The pharmaceutical industry gets to provide its own standards for government testing of FDCs.”
Key Statements:
- Extent of the Issue: The study underscores the alarming prevalence of unapproved and banned FDCs in India, emphasizing the urgent need for regulatory intervention.
- Industry Motives: The article critically examines the pharmaceutical industry’s profit-driven motives, exposing the imbalance between pseudo-innovation for profit and genuine drug development.
- Regulatory Challenges: Scrutiny of regulatory challenges and legal inconsistencies indicates a systemic failure in ensuring the safety and efficacy of pharmaceutical products.
Key Examples and References:
- Academic Study: Reference to the academic study published in the Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice (2023) highlighting the extent of unapproved FDCs.
- Historical Context: Tracing the issue back to 1978 and subsequent regulatory amendments provides context to the ongoing challenges.
Critical Analysis:
- Industry Practices: The article critically examines the pharmaceutical industry’s motives, highlighting the imbalance between pseudo-innovation for profit and genuine drug development.
- Regulatory Challenges: Scrutiny of regulatory challenges and legal inconsistencies indicates a systemic failure in ensuring the safety and efficacy of pharmaceutical products.
Way Forward:
- Urgent Regulatory Actions: Emphasizes the need for regulatory actions to address the menace of unapproved and banned FDCs, preventing potential contributions to antimicrobial resistance.
- Proactive Regulatory Framework: Calls for a proactive regulatory framework that prioritizes public health over industry interests and plugs existing legal loopholes.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Megamouth Shark
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- In a historic moment for marine biology, a pregnant megamouth shark, a rare and elusive deepwater species, was discovered washed up on a beach in the Philippines.
- This is only the 60th ever seen and the first ever observed to be pregnant.
About Megamouth Shark
|
Details
|
| Scientific Name |
Megachasma pelagios |
| Discovery |
First discovered in 1976 off the coast of Hawaii. |
| Appearance |
Large mouth, bulbous head, rubbery lip, dark grey/black body with a white underbelly. |
| Size |
Up to 5.5 meters (18 feet) in length. |
| Diet |
Filter feeder, consuming plankton, jellyfish, and small fish. |
| Habitat |
Deepwater species, found at depths of 150 to 1,000 meters (490 to 3,280 feet). |
| Behavior |
Rarely seen, swims with mouth open to filter food. |
| Reproduction |
Presumed to be ovoviviparous, but details are largely unknown. |
| Distribution |
Wide but rare distribution in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. |
| Conservation Status |
Least Concerned (IUCN) |
| Scientific Interest |
Valued for its unique anatomy and role in the deep-sea ecosystem. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ethanol
Mains level: Ethanol production from sugarcane
Central Idea
- The Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution issued a directive to sugar mills and distilleries, not to use sugarcane juice or syrup for ethanol production in the ethanol year 2023-2024.
No Sugarcane Juice for Ethanol Production
- Continuation of Existing Supplies: The directive allows the continued supply of ethanol from B-Heavy molasses based on existing offers received by Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs).
- Regulatory Oversight: The Department of Food and Public Distribution, responsible for monitoring sugar production and availability, implements this directive under the Sugar (Control) Order.
Rationale behind the Directive
- Ensuring Sugar Availability: The government’s decision aims to ensure sufficient sugar availability in India, considering the lower sugar production in the country.
- Food vs. Fuel Consideration: Businesses highlighted this move as a balance between food security and fuel production.
- Impact on Ethanol Blending Targets: The directive is significant in the context of India’s goal of achieving 20% ethanol blending by the 2025-2026 ethanol year.
Implications for Industry
- ISMA’s Response: The Indian Sugar Mills Association (ISMA) is assessing the implications of the order.
- Effect on Domestic Sugar Supply: Industry sources indicate that this decision will ensure adequate sugar supply domestically, especially with reduced sugarcane production in states like Maharashtra and Karnataka.
- Impact on Ethanol Blending Program: The restriction is likely to affect the ethanol blending program, which is a key component of India’s renewable energy strategy.
- Consequences for Ethanol-Only Units: Facilities dedicated solely to ethanol production may face challenges due to this new policy.
Conclusion
- The directive represents a strategic decision by the Indian government to prioritize domestic sugar availability over ethanol production from sugarcane.
- Monitoring the impact of this directive on both the sugar industry and the ethanol blending program will be crucial in the coming years.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Group of Companies Doctrine
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- The Supreme Court has issued a landmark ruling, expanding the scope of arbitration agreements to include non-signatories under specific conditions.
- This ruling centers on the “group of companies” doctrine within the framework of arbitration agreements.
‘Group of Companies’ Doctrine
|
Details |
| Essence |
Non-signatory entities in a corporate group can be bound by an arbitration agreement if part of the same group as a signatory. |
| Basis on Mutual Intent |
Relies on the mutual intention to bind both signatories and non-signatory group members. |
| Arbitration as a Tool |
Offers an alternative to court litigation, with enforceable decisions by neutral arbitrators. |
| Root in International Jurisprudence |
Based more on international arbitration practices than domestic law. |
| Indian Legal Precedent |
Established by Chloro Controls India Pvt. Ltd. v. Severn Trent Water Purification Inc. case (2013). |
| Criteria for Application |
Set by the Indian Supreme Court, includes mutual intent, relationship between entities, common subject matter, transaction nature, and contract performance. |
| Objective |
Aims to prevent dispute fragmentation in complex, multi-party transactions. |
| Recent Supreme Court Ruling |
Clarified conditions under which non-signatories can be bound by arbitration agreements, focusing on legal relationships and demonstrated intentions. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Article 99
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The UN General Secretary wrote under Article 99 about the escalating threats to peace and security due to the situation in Gaza.
- He mentioned the human suffering, deaths, and destruction in Israel and the Occupied Palestine Territory, emphasizing the need for a humanitarian ceasefire.
Understanding Article 99
- Charter as an International Treaty: The UN Charter, the founding document of the United Nations, functions as an international treaty binding member states.
- Article 99’s Provision: It allows the Secretary-General to bring any matter to the UNSC that may threaten international peace and security.
- Discretionary Power: This article is seen as a discretionary power, requiring the Secretary-General to exercise political judgment, tact, and integrity.
Historical Invocation of Article 99
- Rare Usage: Article 99 has been seldom invoked, with notable instances including the Congo upheaval in 1960 and Tunisia’s complaint against France in 1961.
- Current Context: It is indicated that Guterres’ invocation of Article 99 over Gaza is a significant constitutional move.
- Details of the Crisis: He mentioned the human suffering, deaths, and destruction in Israel and the Occupied Palestine Territory, emphasizing the need for a humanitarian ceasefire.
Potential Impact
- Draft Resolution by UAE: Following Guterres’ letter, the United Arab Emirates submitted a draft resolution to the UNSC demanding an immediate ceasefire.
- Voting Dynamics: For the resolution to pass, it requires at least nine votes in favor and no vetoes from the five permanent members.
- Challenges in Reaching Consensus: The likelihood of unanimous support from permanent members is uncertain, given the US and Britain’s support for Israel’s military actions since October 7.
Conclusion
- Guterres’ appeal underscores the severity of the humanitarian crisis in Gaza.
- The outcome of the UNSC’s actions, influenced by Guterres’ appeal, remains pivotal in addressing the ongoing conflict and humanitarian situation in Gaza.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Post-independent reorganization
Central Idea
- Union Home Minister recently criticized Jawaharlal Nehru’s handling of the Kashmir issue, citing two major blunders.
- In response, opposition highlighted Nehru’s commitment to integrating Kashmir into India, contrasting with Sardar Patel’s initial willingness to cede Kashmir for Hyderabad.
Nehru, Patel, and the Accession Conundrum
- Post-Colonial Challenges: After British departure in 1947, Jammu and Kashmir, and Hyderabad, with their distinct demographic compositions, initially sought independence.
- Nehru’s Firm Stance on Kashmir: Nehru was resolute about Kashmir’s integration into India, differing from Patel’s initial stance, as noted in V Shankar’s “My Reminiscences of Sardar Patel.”
- Shift in Patel’s Viewpoint: Patel’s perspective on Kashmir changed after Pakistan accepted Junagadh’s accession on September 13, 1947.
The Junagadh Accession Episode
- Nawab’s Decision and India’s Reaction: The Nawab of Junagadh opted for Pakistan in 1947, leading to India’s military intervention and a subsequent plebiscite in November, favouring India with 91% votes.
- Influence on Kashmir Policy: Junagadh’s accession impacted India’s policy towards princely states, particularly Kashmir.
Hyderabad’s Complex Scenario
- Suggested Hyderabad-Kashmir Barter: The idea of trading Hyderabad for Kashmir, citing Victoria Schofield’s “Kashmir in Conflict,” was deemed impractical.
- Patel’s Approach to Hyderabad: Patel’s initial leniency towards Hyderabad’s Nizam was influenced by his international stature and the complex political landscape.
- Military Action in Hyderabad: The Indian Army’s Operation Polo in September 1948 ended the Nizam’s rule amid growing internal dissent.
Accession of Jammu and Kashmir
- Maharaja Hari Singh’s Reluctance: Hari Singh, the ruler of Jammu and Kashmir, initially preferred independence.
- Mounting Tensions and Pakistani Actions: Blockades and revolts in 1947, along with suspected Pakistani support for infiltrators, compelled Hari Singh to seek India’s assistance.
- Conditional Accession to India: Hari Singh’s request for military aid led to Jammu and Kashmir’s accession to India in October 1947.
Analyzing Nehru’s Alleged “Blunders”
- UN Involvement Controversy: The minister’s critique centers on Nehru’s decision to involve the UN and agree to a ceasefire.
- Factors Influencing Nehru’s Decisions: Nehru’s decisions were influenced by international diplomacy, financial constraints, and strategic considerations.
- Perspectives on the Ceasefire: While some view the ceasefire as a missed chance, others regard it as a necessary measure under the circumstances.
Conclusion
- The historical decisions regarding Kashmir’s accession continue to be a topic of debate in Indian politics.
- The roles of Nehru and Patel in shaping India’s territorial integrity remain subjects of intricate historical scrutiny.
- Understanding these historical events is essential for informed discussions on contemporary policies and political narratives.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Google Gemini
Mains level: Recent breakthrough in AI
Central Idea
- Google has introduced Gemini, a new multimodal general AI model, available globally through Bard.
- It is seen as Google’s response to ChatGPT, offering advanced capabilities in the realm of GenAI.
What is Google Gemini?
- Unlike ChatGPT, Gemini can process and operate across various formats including text, code, audio, image, and video.
- Google claims Gemini Ultra surpasses current models in academic benchmarks and is the first to outperform human experts in massive multitask language understanding (MMLU).
Different versions available
- Three Variants: Gemini comes in three sizes – Ultra, Pro, and Nano – each designed for specific levels of complexity and tasks.
- Gemini Ultra: Intended for highly complex tasks, currently in a trial phase with select users.
- Gemini Pro: Available in Bard for general users, offering advanced reasoning and understanding, and accessible to developers via Google AI Studio or Google Cloud Vertex AI.
- Gemini Nano: Focused on on-device tasks, already integrated into Pixel 8 Pro, and soon available to Android developers via AICore in Android 14.
Addressing Challenges of Hallucinations and Safety
- Factuality and Hallucinations: While improvements have been made, Gemini, like other LLMs, is still prone to hallucinations. Google uses additional techniques in Bard to enhance response accuracy.
- Safety Measures: Google emphasizes new protections for Gemini’s multimodal capabilities, conducting comprehensive safety evaluations, including bias and toxicity assessments.
- Ongoing Safety Research: Google collaborates with external experts to stress-test models and identify potential risks in areas like cyber-offence and persuasion.
| Hallucination: Asking a generative AI application for five examples of bicycle models that will fit in the back of your specific make of sport utility vehicle. If only three models exist, the GenAI application may still provide five — two of which are entirely fabricated. |
Comparing Gemini and ChatGPT 4
- Flexibility and Capabilities: Gemini appears more versatile than GPT4, especially with its video processing and offline functionality.
- Accessibility and Cost: Unlike the paid-access ChatGPT4, Gemini is currently free to use, potentially giving it a broader user base.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Global Cooling Pledge
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- At the COP28 climate summit on November 6, 63 countries, including the US, Canada, and Kenya, signed the world’s first pledge to reduce cooling emissions.
Global Cooling Pledge
- Term: This pledge aims to cut cooling emissions by at least 68% by 2050, addressing a significant source of greenhouse gases.
- Current Contribution to Global Emissions: Cooling emissions, primarily from refrigerants and cooling energy, currently constitute 7% of global greenhouse gases.
- Projected Increase: These emissions are expected to triple by 2050 due to rising global temperatures and increased demand for cooling appliances like ACs and refrigerators.
Role of Refrigerants in Global Warming
- Transition from CFCs to HFCs and HCFCs: Initially, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were used in cooling appliances but were phased out by the 1987 Montreal Protocol due to ozone depletion concerns. They were replaced by hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs).
- Greenhouse Gas Potency: Although HFCs and HCFCs don’t harm the ozone layer, they are potent greenhouse gases, with some forms like HFC-134a having a global warming potential 3,400 times that of CO2.
Sources and Effects of HFC and HCFC Emissions
- Leakage from Appliances: These gases often leak from damaged appliances or car air conditioning systems, especially at the end of their life cycle.
- Contribution to Warming: The leakage of these gases contributes significantly to global warming, with the Climate and Clean Air Coalition (CCAC) highlighting their potency.
Challenge of Cooling Energy
- Electricity for Cooling: A significant portion of cooling emissions comes from the electricity used to power cooling appliances.
- Fossil Fuel Dependence: Much of this electricity is generated from fossil fuels, particularly in developing countries, contributing to climate change.
Vicious Cycle of Cooling Demand and Global Warming
- Feedback Loop: Rising global temperatures increase the demand for cooling, which in turn contributes to more warming.
- Growing Cooling Device Market: The number of cooling devices is expected to rise from 3.6 billion to 9.5 billion by 2050, with a potential need for 14 billion devices if cooling access is expanded globally.
Solutions and Strategies
- Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol: Over 150 countries agreed in 2016 to reduce HFC consumption by 80% by 2047, potentially avoiding over 0.4 degrees Celsius of global warming by 2100.
- Promoting Climate-Friendly Refrigerants: The use of natural refrigerants with lower or zero global warming potential is being encouraged.
- Proper Disposal and Management: Effective management and disposal of refrigerants could significantly reduce CO2 emissions.
- Alternative Cooling Methods: Focusing on building designs that reduce the need for air conditioners, such as improved insulation and ventilation, is crucial.
Conclusion
- The Global Cooling Pledge represents a significant step in addressing a key contributor to climate change.
- This initiative underscores the need for global cooperation in combating the escalating challenges posed by climate change.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Kesavananda Bharati Verdict (1973), Basic Structure
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The Supreme Court of India released a video in 10 Indian languages, commemorating the 50th anniversary of the Kesavananda Bharati judgment delivered on April 24, 1973.
- The Kesavananda Bharati vs. State of Kerala case is a cornerstone in Indian constitutional law, redefining the relationship between Parliament and the Constitution.
Kesavananda Bharati Case (1973)
- Basic Structure Doctrine: The judgment introduced the basic structure doctrine, asserting that the Constitution has an inherent framework that cannot be altered by parliamentary amendments.
- 7-6 Decision: The Supreme Court, in a narrow decision, established its authority to invalidate constitutional amendments violating this basic structure.
- Key Outcomes:
- Limitation on Parliamentary Power: The doctrine restricts Parliament’s ability to amend key constitutional features like the separation of powers.
- Judicial Review Reinforcement: It built upon the Golaknath v. State of Punjab case, allowing for the review of amendments affecting the Constitution’s basic structure.
- Article 31-C and Judicial Review: The Court upheld the constitutionality of Article 31-C’s first provision, stating that amendments implementing Directive Principles, which do not disturb the basic structure, are not subject to judicial review.
Criticism of the Basic Structure Doctrine
- Dilution of Parliamentary Powers: Critics argue that the doctrine undermines parliamentary sovereignty and disrupts the separation of powers.
- Ambiguity Concerns: The doctrine’s perceived vagueness and subjectivity in judicial review have also been points of contention.
Landmark Cases Involving the Doctrine
- Indira Gandhi v Raj Narain (1975): The Court applied the Kesavananda doctrine to strike down the 39th Amendment, which sought to immunize the elections of top officials from judicial scrutiny.
- Minerva Mills Ltd vs. Union of India (1980): The Court invalidated a clause in Article 368, asserting that Parliament’s constituent power had no limitations.
- P Sambamurthy v State of Andhra Pradesh (1986): The Court struck down part of the 32nd Amendment related to the establishment of an Administrative Tribunal in Andhra Pradesh.
- L Chandra Kumar v Union of India (1997): The Court nullified a portion of the 42nd Amendment that established administrative tribunals and excluded High Court judicial review.
Significance of the Judgment and the Doctrine
- Empowerment of Judicial Review: The doctrine underpins the judiciary’s authority to review and potentially override constitutional amendments by Parliament.
- Clarification of Article 368: It distinguishes Article 368 as a procedural mechanism for amendment, not a power to alter the Constitution’s core or basic structure.
- Harmony with Legislative Authority: Justice Shastri emphasized that judicial review is a constitutional duty, not an attempt to undermine legislative power.
- Checks and Balances System: The Kesavananda Bharati verdict underscored that judicial review serves as a check and balance, ensuring constitutional functionaries remain within their prescribed limits.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ethanol Blended Petrol (EBP) Programme
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The Centre has taken significant steps to increase domestic sugar availability, including banning sugar exports and restricting the diversion of sugar for ethanol production.
- On December 7, the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution directed mills and distilleries not to use sugarcane juice/syrup for ethanol production.
Ethanol Blended Petrol (EBP) Programme
- Programme’s Success: The EBP programme, a key achievement of the government, has seen ethanol blending with petrol increase from 1.6% in 2013-14 to 11.8% in 2022-23.
- Feedstock Diversification: The success is attributed to diversifying feedstocks, including C-heavy molasses, B-heavy molasses, sugarcane juice/syrup, and grains.
Ethanol Production from Different Feedstocks
- C-heavy Molasses: Traditionally used for ethanol production, yielding 220-225 litres of ethanol per tonne.
- B-heavy Molasses: Provides higher ethanol yield (290-320 litres per tonne) compared to C-heavy molasses.
- Direct Fermentation of Sugarcane: Fermenting the entire sugarcane without sugar extraction yields 80-81 litres of ethanol per tonne.
Centre’s Ethanol Blending Scheme: Food vs. Fuel Debate
- Increased Ethanol Production Post-2017: The use of B-heavy molasses and sugarcane juice/syrup, along with new substrates like surplus rice, broken grains, and maize, boosted ethanol production.
- Differential Pricing Policy: The government incentivized ethanol production from non-C-heavy molasses feedstocks with higher prices.
- Impact on Industry: Companies like Triveni Engineering & Industries Ltd (TEIL) adapted to multiple feedstocks, including grain during the off-season.
Challenges and Setbacks for the Industry
- Directive’s Impact: The December 7 directive is a setback, especially for companies with capacities to produce ethanol from cane juice/syrup.
- Tender for Ethanol Supply: The OMCs’ tender for 825 crore litres of ethanol for 2023-24 might be affected, particularly the 135 crore litres from sugarcane juice/syrup.
- Uncertainty in Pricing: The Centre has not announced prices for various ethanol feedstocks for 2023-24, despite the ethanol supply year aligning closer to the sugar year.
Sugar Supply Concerns and Policy Implications
- Low Sugar Stocks: The 2022-23 sugar year ended with low stocks, prompting the government to prioritize domestic sugar supply.
- Uncertain Production Forecasts: The National Federation of Cooperative Sugar Factories predicts a decrease in sugar production for 2023-24.
- Government’s Prioritization: The latest decisions reflect the government’s focus on domestic supply and consumer needs over exports and fuel production.
Conclusion
- Shift in Government Policy: The Centre’s recent actions indicate a shift towards prioritizing domestic sugar availability over ethanol production.
- Broader Implications: These decisions impact both the sugar and ethanol industries, reflecting the complex balance between food security and renewable energy initiatives.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: na
Mains level: history to be a continual process rather than an aggregate of disparate tranches
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Central idea
The article talks about how historians divided history into ancient, medieval, and modern times, mostly influenced by European ideas. It questions these divisions and suggests we rethink history as a continuous story. The key point is that there isn’t just one way to be “modern,” and we should consider different perspectives in understanding history.
Key Highlights:
- The article critiques the conventional historical periodization of ancient, medieval, and modern eras, tracing its origins to European concepts.
- It explores the imposition of this triad on global history through colonialism and challenges the Eurocentric narrative.
- The author questions the dichotomies inherent in periodization, such as change versus continuity and stages of development.
- The notion of modernity is central to periodization, with the article highlighting the evolving understanding of “modernities” in contemporary discourse.
- The transformation from viewing modernity as an objective reality to a subjective, context-specific concept is emphasized.
Key Challenges:
- The article confronts the challenge of reevaluating historical narratives deeply entrenched in Eurocentrism.
- It challenges the dichotomous framework of periodization, urging historians to consider continuity within apparent changes.
- The author grapples with the resistance to viewing history as a universal entity, urging a shift from fragmented tranches to a continual process.
Key Terms:
- Periodization: Dividing history into distinct periods for analysis and understanding.
- Modernity: The quality or condition of being modern; contemporary social and cultural features.
- Eurocentrism: The dominance or undue focus on European culture, history, and values.
Key Phrases:
- “Theft of History”: Refers to the imposition of European historical concepts on non-European societies through colonial power dynamics.
- “Dark Age”: The Eurocentric portrayal of the medieval period as a time of irrationality, regression, and superstition.
- “Modernities”: Acknowledges the diverse and context-specific manifestations of modernity in different regions.
Key Quotes:
- “The modern world that we inhabit was thus essentially the West’s creation.”
- “Modernity that had for long been accepted as an objective reality ‘out there’… has become subjective in each variant context.”
- “This calls for the treatment of history as a universal entity of which regions form constituents.”
Key Statements:
- The triad of ancient, medieval, and modern periods originated in Europe and was imposed globally through colonialism.
- The article challenges the dichotomies of periodization and urges a reconsideration of history as a continual process.
- The evolving understanding of modernity reflects a shift from a singular, Eurocentric perspective to recognizing diverse “modernities.”
Key Examples and References:
- Reference to James Mill introducing the triad in Indian history to legitimize British rule.
- Mention of Jack Goody’s concept of “The Theft of History” in the unequal power relationship between Europe and its colonies.
Key Facts and Data:
- The triad of ancient, medieval, and modern periodization originated in Europe in the 16th-17th centuries.
- The article emphasizes the need to reconsider history as a universal entity, acknowledging contributions from all civilizations.
Critical Analysis:
- The article critically examines the Eurocentric biases embedded in historical periodization.
- It challenges the binary thinking of periodization and encourages a nuanced understanding of historical processes.
- The evolving nature of the concept of modernity is analyzed, highlighting its subjectivity in diverse contexts.
Way Forward:
- The article suggests a shift from fragmented tranches to a more holistic and continual approach to history.
- Encourages historians to explore emerging areas of research such as climate, planetary history, and reevaluation of pre-history and archaeology.
- Calls for a more inclusive and diverse narrative that recognizes the contributions of all societies to the world’s historical development.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: na
Mains level: positive impact of humor in parliamentary debates, emphasizing recent instances of wit in economic discussions
Central idea
The article celebrates the infusion of wit and humor in parliamentary debates, highlighting instances of playful banter among politicians. It emphasizes the positive impact of humor in diffusing tension and fostering a lighter atmosphere in the political arena. The ironic touch is noted as the article points out the absence of a dedicated “Wit and Humour” page on the Rajya Sabha website.
Key Highlights:
- Introduction: The article explores the positive impact of humor in parliamentary debates, emphasizing recent instances of wit in economic discussions.
- Historical Perspective: Various anecdotes showcase the witty exchanges among prominent politicians, such as Piloo Mody, Madhavrao Scindia, and Ram Manohar Lohia.
- Current Scenario: The article humorously notes the absence of a dedicated “Wit and Humour” page on the Rajya Sabha website, highlighting an ironic aspect of parliamentary proceedings.
Key Terms:
- Parliamentary debates
- Wit and humour
- Playful banter
- Political discourse
- Rajya Sabha
- Economic parameters
Key Phrases:
- “State of the country’s economy”
- “Friendly banter”
- “Cutthroat political colosseum”
- “Bring back some wit”
- “Lighter side of political debates”
- “Positive impact of humor”
- “Diffusing tension”
- “Ironic touch”
Key Quotes:
- “It is because you had a good governor for three years.” – Chairman of the House
- “Let me confirm, sir, that is the only reason all this (progress) happened in Bengal.” – Response to the Chairman’s remark
- “‘Wit and Humour’ page on the Rajya Sabha website reads ‘Feature under Development.'”
Anecdotes:
- Piloo Mody’s witty response to disagreeing with a minister’s speech.
- Madhavrao Scindia’s comment on the Janata government’s performance.
- Ram Manohar Lohia’s anecdote about Nehru’s grandfather being a chaprasi in the Mughal court.
- Mahavir Tyagi’s humorous remark on Nehru’s statement about Aksai Chin.
Key Statements:
- “In the cutthroat political colosseum, let’s bring back some wit into Parliamentary debates.”
- “Nothing like friendly banter to cool off a heated exchange.”
Key Examples and References:
- Instances of witty exchanges involving Piloo Mody, Madhavrao Scindia, Ram Manohar Lohia, Mahavir Tyagi, and others.
- The absence of a dedicated “Wit and Humour” page on the Rajya Sabha website.
Critical Analysis:
- While the article positively highlights the role of humor, a more critical analysis could explore potential drawbacks or criticisms associated with the use of wit in parliamentary discussions.
Way Forward:
- Encourage more friendly banter and wit in parliamentary discussions to foster a congenial atmosphere.
- Consider developing a dedicated “Wit and Humour” page on parliamentary websites to showcase the lighter side of politics.
- Conduct a more in-depth analysis of the impact of humor on political discourse, addressing potential challenges or criticisms.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: focus on reducing anti-India sentiments
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Garba, UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH)
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- Garba, a traditional dance form from Gujarat, was included in the UNESCO list of Intangible Cultural Heritage.
- This recognition makes Garba the 15th cultural item from India to be featured on the UNESCO list, following Kolkata’s Durga Puja, which was added two years ago.
About Garba
- What is it? Garba is a traditional dance form from Gujarat, India, primarily performed during the Navratri festival to worship the Hindu goddess Durga.
- Origins and Meaning: The term “Garba” comes from “Garbha” (womb) and “Deep” (lamp). The dance is performed around a central lamp or a representation of the Goddess, symbolizing life, death, and rebirth.
- Dance Style: Garba is characterized by energetic, circular movements, clapping hands, and intricate footwork, reflecting the cyclical nature of life.
- Music and Instruments: The dance is accompanied by rhythmic music, traditionally using instruments like the dhol (drum), harmonium, and flute, with modern adaptations including electronic instruments.
- Traditional Attire: Women wear a chaniya choli (a colorful, embroidered skirt set) and men don a kediyu and dhoti or pajama, often embellished with mirrors and embroidery.
- Dandiya Raas Association: Garba is often followed by Dandiya Raas, another dance form using sticks (dandiyas), especially after the Aarti (worship ritual).
- Inclusivity and Community Aspect: The dance is inclusive, attracting people of all ages and backgrounds, and emphasizing community participation.
About UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH)
- ICH means the practices, representations, expressions, knowledge, skills – as well as the instruments, objects, artefacts and cultural spaces associated with them that communities, groups and, in some cases, individuals recognize as a part of their cultural heritage.
- Furthermore, its importance is not in the cultural manifestation itself, but in the wealth of knowledge, know-how and skills that are transmitted from one generation to the next.
- The adoption of the Convention for the Safeguarding of the ICH by the General Conference of UNESCO in 2003 was a crucial step towards preserving intangible heritage.
- UNESCO’s list of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity was established in the year 2008.
Criteria for the selection
- There are three criteria for an intangible cultural heritage to be inscribed in the United Nations list.
- The entity must-
- be recognized by communities, groups and, in some cases, individuals as part of their cultural heritage,
- be transmitted from generation to generation and be constantly recreated by communities and groups in response to their environment, their interaction with nature and their history and
- provide them with a sense of identity and continuity, thus promoting respect for cultural diversity and human creativity
India’s ICH on the UNESCO list
- Sangeet Natak Akademi is the nodal organisation which looks after this function, and files nominations of intangible cultural entities from India, for evaluation by the international body.
- ICG from India include Kolkata’s Durga Puja (2021), Kumbh Mela (2017), Navroz (2016), Yoga (2016), traditional brass and copper craft of utensil-making among coppersmiths of Punjab (2014), Sankirtana, a ritual musical performance of Manipur (2013), and the Buddhist chanting of Ladakh (2012).
- Before 2011, the list included Chhau dance, Kalbelia folk songs and dance of Rajasthan, and Mudiyettu, a dance drama from Kerala (2010), Ramman, a religious festival and theatre performance of Garhwal in the Himalayas (2009), and Kutiyattam or Sanskrit theatre, and Vedic chanting (2008).
- Ramlila, a traditional performance of Ramayana, was also included in 2008.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Panchayat Development Index (PDI)
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
- The Ministry of Panchayati Raj is leading the effort to localize Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
- A report on the Panchayat Development Index (PDI) has been released to evaluate the progress of grassroots institutions in achieving Localized SDGs (LSDGs).
About Panchayat Development Index (PDI)
- PDI is a comprehensive, multi-domain, and multi-sectoral index designed to assess the holistic development, performance, and progress of panchayats.
- It incorporates various socio-economic indicators to measure the well-being and development status of local communities under a panchayat’s jurisdiction.
- PDI is crucial for evaluating performance and tracking progress in the localization of Sustainable Development Goals in rural areas.
- The Index is based on a framework of local indicators encompassing nine themes related to sustainable development in villages.
Nine Themes of PDI
- Poverty-Free and Enhanced Livelihood in Village
- Healthy Village
- Child-Friendly Village
- Water-Sufficient Village
- Clean and Green Village
- Village with Self-Sufficient Infrastructure
- Socially Just and Secured Villages
- Village with Good Governance
- Women-Friendly Village
Ranking and Grading System
Panchayats are ranked based on their scores and categorized into four grades:
- Grade A+: Scores above 90%
- Grade A: Scores between 75-90%
- Grade B: Scores between 60-75%
- Grade C: Scores between 40-60%
- Grade D: Scores under 40%
Significance of the Panchayat Development Index
- Insightful Analysis: PDI provides critical insights into areas needing improvement in rural jurisdictions.
- Identifying Disparities: It helps in pinpointing disparities and the achievement of development goals.
- Policy Formulation: The Index aids in creating targeted policies and interventions to enhance the well-being and quality of life in rural communities.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Critical Minerals, Types of Licences
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- The Centre is auctioning twenty blocks of critical minerals for commercial mining by the private sector.
- These blocks contain lithium ore and 10 of the 30 minerals declared as “critical” by the government in July.
What are Critical Minerals?
- Critical minerals are elements that are crucial to modern-day technologies and are at risk of supply chain disruptions.
- These minerals are used in making mobile phones, computers, batteries, electric vehicles, and green technologies like solar panels and wind turbines.
- Minerals such as antimony, cobalt, gallium, graphite, lithium, nickel, niobium, and strontium are among the 22 assessed to be critical for India.
- Many of these are required to meet the manufacturing needs of green technologies, high-tech equipment, aviation, and national defence.
- List of critical minerals includes:
- Identified Minerals: The assessment resulted in a list of 30 critical minerals, including antimony, beryllium, cobalt, copper, lithium, nickel, rare earth elements, silicon, tin, titanium, tungsten, and others.
- Fertilizer Minerals: Two minerals critical for fertilizer production, phosphorous and potash, are also included.
Significance of Lithium Ore Auction
- First Instance: This auction marks the first time that rights for lithium ore mining are being offered to private parties in India.
- Other Critical Minerals: The blocks also include nickel, copper, molybdenum, and rare earth elements (REEs), crucial for various industries.
Location and Rights of Mineral Blocks
- Distribution: The 20 blocks are spread across eight states, including Tamil Nadu, Odisha, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, and Jammu & Kashmir.
- Types of Licenses: Four blocks are for a Mining License (ML), allowing immediate mining post-clearance. The remaining 16 blocks are for a Composite License (CL), permitting further exploration before potentially converting to an ML.
- Approvals Required: Licensees must obtain various approvals, including forest clearance and environmental clearance.
- Forest Land: Approximately 17% of the total concession area, or 1,234 hectares, is forest land.
Reserve Estimates and Key Minerals
- Lithium Reserves: The two lithium reserve blocks, one each in J&K and Chhattisgarh, are auctioned for CL.
- Nickel and Copper Reserves: Nickel ore reserves are found in Bihar, Gujarat, and Odisha, with the Odisha block also containing copper reserves.
India’s Current Mineral Imports
- Lithium Imports: In FY23, India imported 2,145 tonnes of lithium carbonate and lithium oxide, costing Rs 732 crore.
- Nickel and Copper Imports: The country imported 32,000 tonnes of unwrought nickel and 1.2 million tonnes of copper ore, costing Rs 6,549 crore and Rs 27,374 crore, respectively.
- Import Dependence: India relies entirely on imports for lithium and nickel, and 93% for copper.
Post-Auction Plans and Policy Initiatives
- Future Auctions: A second tranche of critical mineral blocks, including new lithium reserves in Rajasthan and Jharkhand, is expected.
- Geological Surveys: The Geological Survey of India is conducting 125 projects to explore critical mineral reserves.
- Centre of Excellence: A recommendation to establish a Centre of Excellence for Critical Minerals aims to develop a complete value chain in the country.
Conclusion
- The auction of critical mineral blocks is a significant step towards reducing India’s reliance on imported minerals, particularly lithium, nickel, and copper.
- This initiative aligns with the #AatmanirbharBharat vision and is expected to bolster India’s position in vital industries like battery manufacturing and electric vehicles.
- The success of these auctions will be crucial in shaping India’s resource independence and industrial future.
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