Introduction
Independence Day speeches are often symbolic, but in 2025 the Prime Minister shifted focus to frontier technologies, semiconductors, clean energy, AI, quantum computing, and defence indigenisation. Unlike earlier years, this vision was paired with the acknowledgment that bureaucratic inertia and regulatory red tape remain India’s toughest hurdles. The central challenge is whether India’s governance structures can keep pace with its technological ambitions.
Significance of the 2025 Speech by the Prime Minister
- Future focus: Strong emphasis on frontier areas like semiconductors, EVs, and jet engines.
- Symbolic push: The PM asked if fighter jet engines should not be Indian-made.
- Bold promise: India will shed dependency in two decades.
- Data milestone: India is the largest per capita data consumer (32 GB), ahead of China and the US.
India’s current position in technology and self-reliance
- Strength in mid-tech: Success in fintech, data access, and digitisation
- Emerging hubs: Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Pune, Gurugram drive high-tech growth.
- Import dependency: India depends heavily on imports in semiconductors, defence hardware, AI hardware, and clean energy technologies.
- Global presence: Firms like Nvidia and IBM rely on India’s talent pool, but domestic ecosystems remain thin.
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Bureaucratic Challenges that obstruct deep-tech ambition
- Colonial bureaucratic legacy: The Westminster model prioritised control over innovation and accountability.
- Rigid steel frame: The “steel frame” of the civil services designed to ensure subservience to colonial administrators remains rigid even a century after the Public Service Commission’s creation in 1926.
- Unrealised reforms: The Veerappa Moily Committee (2005) suggested domain experts and ethics codes-still pending.
- Lateral entry limits: Attempts at inducting experts face systemic resistance.
Why are regulatory and judicial reforms critical?
- Persistent red tape: The Deregulation Commission (2025) was set up to identify redundant compliance norms, but structural bottlenecks persist.
- Judicial backlog: Slow dispute resolution and investment climate, affectshigh-tech sectors.
- Comparative lessons:
- US & China: Despite different models, both empower political leadership over bureaucracy to push national interests.
- UK: Even Britain debates its bureaucratic model, Dominic Cummings under Boris Johnson pushed for external competition and greater ministerial control.
How does this link to Viksit Bharat@2047?
- Ambition vs. architecture: India’s goal of becoming a deep-tech powerhouse is contingent not just on financial investment but on restructuring governance.
- Symbolic timing: The UPSC centenary in 2026 is a historic chance for overhaul.
- Future-readiness: Without structural reform, Atmanirbhar Bharat may remain aspirational.
Conclusion
India’s ambition to lead in deep-tech must be matched with institutional reform. The PM’s 2025 speech acknowledged that Atmanirbharta is as much about fixing bureaucratic bottlenecks as building jet engines or quantum labs. The centenary of UPSC offers an opportune moment to align India’s governance with its 2047 goals.
| Value Addition |
| Committees on Civil Service Reforms
1. Santhanam Committee (1964)
- Focus: Preventive corruption measures.
- Key suggestion: Creation of the Central Vigilance Commission (CVC).
2. Kothari Committee (1976)
- Focus: Recruitment and exam structure of Civil Services.
- Key suggestion: Recommended 3-stage exam (Prelims, Mains, Interview), which is still followed today.
3. Satish Chandra Committee (1989)
- Focus: Review of recruitment and selection.
- Key suggestion: Increased emphasis on aptitude and ethics in recruitment.
4. Hota Committee (2004)
- Focus: Ethics, transparency, and performance.
- Key suggestion: Right to Information, performance-linked incentives, citizen charters.
5. Second Administrative Reforms Commission (ARC) – Veerappa Moily (2005–2009)
Most comprehensive civil service reform report (15 volumes). Key suggestions:
- Lateral entry of domain experts.
- Code of Ethics & Code of Conduct.
- Citizen-centric administration
- Performance-based appraisal system.
- Training in e-governance and modern management practices
6. Punchhi Commission (2010) – on Centre-State relations
- Relevant link: Stressed need for civil service neutrality in federal governance.
7. Baswan Committee (2016)
- Focus: UPSC exam age and attempts.
- Key suggestion: Reduce maximum age for UPSC CSE (though not implemented).
8. Current initiatives
- Lateral entry into Joint Secretary and Director-level posts.
- Mission Karmayogi (2020): National Programme for Civil Services Capacity Building (NPCSCB) to train officers with competency-based framework.
- Deregulation Commission (2025): Identifying and scrapping redundant compliances.
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Mapping Microthemes
- GS Paper-II: Civil Service Reform, Regulation, Judiciary
- GS Paper -III: Tech missions, Defence Indigenisation, Atmanirbhar Bharat
- GS Paper -IV: Accountability, Ethics in governance
PYQ Relevance
[UPSC 2016] Civil Services “Traditional bureaucratic structure and culture have hampered the process of socio-economic development in India.” Comment.
Linkage: PM Modi’s Independence Day 2025 address highlighted that despite India’s technological advances, the colonial-era bureaucratic “steel frame” continues to obstruct innovation, investment, and governance reforms. The traditional bureaucratic structure—designed for control rather than development—remains a bottleneck in achieving Atmanirbhar Bharat. Thus, the speech directly echoes the UPSC 2016 theme that outdated bureaucratic culture hampers socio-economic transformation.
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Introduction
Canada has decided to drop retaliatory tariffs and mirror the U.S. exemptions on goods covered under the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA). This represents a success in preserving tariff-free trade for over 85% of Canada-U.S. commerce. But sector-specific tariffs like the 50% duties on steel and aluminium continue to hurt Canadian industries. The development is crucial, given Canada’s heavy reliance on the U.S. market, with more than 75% of its exports heading south.
Significance of the News
- Tariff Alignment: Canada has chosen to align its tariff exemptions with those of the U.S., signaling a conciliatory move in contrast with earlier retaliatory tariffs.
- First-time Reset: For the first time since retaliatory duties were announced, Canada is rolling them back to match U.S. exemptions under USMCA, a notable policy reversal.
- Trade Dependence: With over 75% of Canadian exports going to the U.S., the stakes are extremely high, making tariff negotiations critical for economic stability.
- Striking Data: 85% of Canada-U.S. trade is still tariff-free, reflecting both success in negotiations and risks if the pact weakens.
What is USMCA?
- USMCA Pact: Signed in 2020, it replaced NAFTA and provides preferential treatment for Canadian and Mexican goods entering the U.S.
- Carve-out Mechanism: Goods shielded under the agreement are protected from punitive tariffs, preserving market access.
- Upcoming Review : The pact is up for review in 2026, adding urgency to Canada’s attempt to preserve smooth trade relations.
How does Canada benefit from this carve-out?
- Preferential Access: Canadian goods remain shielded from most punitive duties.
- Export Stability: With 75% of exports going to the U.S., the pact secures critical market access.
- Low Tariff Burden: U.S. average tariffs on Canadian goods remain among the lowest globally.
What are the challenges despite tariff exemptions?
- 232 Tariffs: The U.S. has imposed sector-specific duties, including 50% tariffs on steel and aluminium, straining Canadian industries.
- Renegotiation Risk: U.S. Commerce Secretary Howard Lutnick has hinted at reopening USMCA talks, creating uncertainty.
- Dependence Dilemma: Canada retains some retaliatory tariffs, but its heavy reliance on U.S. markets weakens bargaining power.
Why is this crucial for North American trade stability
- Export Dependence: More than 75% of Canada’s exports and 80% of Mexico’s exports head to the U.S., underlining their vulnerability.
- Regional Integration: The USMCA has reestablished tariff-free trade for the majority of goods, preventing economic disruption in North America.
- Geopolitical Context: At a time of growing global protectionism, North America’s internal trade pact provides a stabilising force, but also exposes Canada and Mexico to unilateral U.S. decisions.
Conclusion
Canada’s decision to align its tariffs with U.S. exemptions under USMCA reflects both pragmatism and vulnerability. While the pact secures tariff-free trade for the majority of goods, sector-specific tariffs and the looming threat of renegotiation highlight the fragile foundation of North American trade integration. For Canada, the challenge lies in balancing sovereignty with economic dependence, a dilemma increasingly relevant in today’s protectionist world.
Value Addition
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United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement (USMCA)
Key Features (vs. NAFTA)
- Rules of Origin – Higher thresholds for auto production (75% North American content vs. 62.5% under NAFTA).
- Labour Provisions – Stronger labour standards; Mexico required to reform labour laws.
- Digital Trade – New rules on data flows, e-commerce, and IP rights absent in NAFTA.
- Sunset Clause – Agreement reviewed every 6 years; expires after 16 years unless renewed.
- Agriculture – U.S. gained greater access to Canadian dairy market.
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PYQ Relevance
[UPSC 2018] How would the recent phenomena of protectionism and currency manipulations in world trade affect macroeconomic stability of India?
Linkage: The USMCA episode shows how U.S. protectionism through sectoral tariffs (like 50% on steel/aluminium) can destabilize even close trade partners like Canada. Such measures reflect the larger global trend of tariff wars and currency leverage, which disrupt supply chains and investment flows. For India, this highlights risks to macroeconomic stability via trade deficits, inflationary pressures, and exchange rate volatility.
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Why in the News?
The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is developing its heaviest-ever rocket, the Lunar Module Launch Vehicle (LMLV).
About Lunar Module Launch Vehicle (LMLV):
- Overview: India’s heaviest rocket under development by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).
- Purpose: Designed mainly for lunar exploration, including India’s first human mission to the Moon by 2040.
- Strategic Role: Replaces the Next Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV) plan and will support India’s space station programme.
- Scale: As tall as a 40-storey building, far larger than the current LVM-3.
Key Features:
- Payload Capacity: Can carry 80 tonnes to Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and 27 tonnes to the Moon, suitable for human-rated spacecraft.
- Three-stage: Partially reusable super heavy-lift vehicle with:
- First two stages using liquid propellants.
- Third stage using cryogenic propellant.
- Strap-on boosters taller than the entire LVM-3 rocket.
- 27 engines in the first stage (core + boosters).
- Timeline: Expected completion by 2035.
- Indigenous Development: Conceived by ISRO within months; aligned with India’s long-term space exploration goals.
Future Missions based on LMLV:
- Human Lunar Mission (2040 target): Capable of carrying 18–20 tonne crew modules for India’s first astronaut landing on the Moon.
- Bharatiya Antariksh Station (BAS): Will deploy heavy modules for India’s planned five-module space station by 2035.
- Lunar Cargo Missions: Can transport ~27 tonnes to the Moon, supporting logistics and lunar infrastructure.
- Deep Space Exploration: Its heavy-lift capacity could enable interplanetary missions in the 2040s, extending beyond lunar exploration.
| [UPSC 2018] With reference to India’s satellite launch vehicles, consider the following statements:
1.PSLVs launch the satellites useful for Earth resources monitoring whereas GSLVs are designed mainly to launch communication satellites.
2.Satellites launched by PSLV appear to remain permanently fixed in the same position in the sky, as viewed from a particular location on Earth.
3.GSLV Mk III is a four-stage launch vehicle with the first and third stages using solid rocket motors, and the second and fourth stages using liquid rocket engines.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Options: (a) 1 only* (b) 2 and 3 (c) 1 and 2 (d) 3 only |
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Why in the News?
The United Nations has officially declared a famine in Gaza based on an Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC) panel assessment.
About Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC):
- What It Is: A global standard tool to assess and classify the severity of food insecurity.
- Established: In 2004 during the Somalia food crisis by FEWS NET (Famine Early Warning Systems Network) and partners.
- Coordination: Led by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).
- Purpose: Supports early warning, evidence-based decision-making, and coordinated response by governments, UN agencies, NGOs, and donors.
- Partnership Model: Combines efforts of UN bodies, NGOs, academic institutions, and national governments.
Key Features of the IPC:
- Five-Phase Classification System:
- Phase 1: Minimal
- Phase 2: Stressed
- Phase 3: Crisis
- Phase 4: Emergency
- Phase 5: Catastrophe/Famine
- Methodology:
- Uses convergence of evidence from food access, livelihoods, nutrition, and mortality.
- Requires technical consensus among analysts for transparency and accuracy.
- Allows real-time assessments and 6-month forecasts to support timely action.
What is Famine and How is it Declared?
- Definition: IPC Phase 5 – the most extreme level of food insecurity.
- Criteria (All Must Be Met):
- At least 20% of households face extreme food gaps.
- At least 30% of children under five suffer acute malnutrition (wasting).
- Death rate: 2 adults or 4 children per 10,000 people per day.
- Declaration: Made by UN agencies, national governments, or authorized global bodies.
- Purpose of Declaration:
- Mobilize international aid and emergency operations.
- Trigger food, health, and logistics support.
- Raise global awareness and funding for urgent interventions.
- Past Declarations: Somalia (2011), South Sudan (2017, 2020), Darfur, Sudan (2024)
| [UPSC 2023] Which of the following countries has been suffering from decades of civil strife and food shortages and was in news in the recent past for its very severe famine?
Options: (a) Angola (b) Costa Rica (c) Ecuador (d) Somalia* |
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Why in the News?
India has rejected Nepal’s objection to resumption of India–China border trade through the Lipulekh Pass in Uttarakhand.
About Lipulekh Pass:
- Location: High-altitude Himalayan pass (~17,000 ft) near the trijunction of India, Nepal, and China (Tibet).
- Connectivity: Links Uttarakhand’s Kumaon region with Taklakot in Tibet.
- Cultural Role: Serves as the shortest route for the Kailash Mansarovar Yatra.
- Trade Importance: Historic India–China trade route since 1954; disrupted during COVID-19 but later resumed.
- Strategic Significance: Crucial for India due to its proximity to the India–China–Nepal border.
What is Limpiyadhura–Lipulekh–Kalapani Dispute?
- Origin: Rooted in the 1815 Treaty of Sugauli (Nepal–British East India Company), fixing Nepal’s western boundary at the Kali (Mahakali) River.
- India’s Position: Claims Kali River originates near Lipulekh, placing Lipulekh and Kalapani within India.
- Nepal’s Position: Claims Kali River originates at Limpiyadhura, extending Nepal’s boundary east to include Lipulekh and Kalapani.
- Disputed Area: About 370 sq. km., under Indian administration since the 19th century.
- Recent Development: In 2020, Nepal issued a new map showing Limpiyadhura, Lipulekh, and Kalapani as its territory; India rejected the claim citing lack of historical basis.
Back2Basics: India–Nepal Border Disputes
- Border Length: India and Nepal share a 1,770 km long open border across five Indian states – Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, and Sikkim.
- Key Disputes:
- Kalapani–Lipulekh–Limpiyadhura (Uttarakhand): Discussed above.
- Susta (Uttar Pradesh–Nepal border): Caused by Gandak River’s shifting course, leading to encroachments and overlapping claims.
- Tensions: Despite close ties, disputes often cause diplomatic strains.
- Positions: India relies on historical treaties and long-standing administration, while Nepal asserts sovereignty and constitutional recognition of disputed territories.
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| [UPSC 2007] Which one of the following Himalayan passes was reopened around in the middle of the year 2006 to facilitate trade between India and China?
Options : (a) Chang La (b) Jara La (c) Nathu La* (d) Shipki La |
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Why in the News?
A recent movie depicted the 1946 “Great Calcutta Killing” — four days of communal riots on Direct Action Day (August 16, 1946), spotlighting Gopal Patha’s role in mobilising Hindu youth.
About Direct Action Day:
- Declaration: Called by the All-India Muslim League to press for Partition and creation of Pakistan.
- Bengal Role: Muslim League’s H. S. Suhrawardy (then Bengal Premier) declared 16 August a public holiday.
- Mass Rally: Nearly 1,00,000 gathered at the Maidan, Calcutta; addressed by Suhrawardy and Khwaja Nazimuddin.
- Violence: Immediate communal clashes broke out, remembered as the Great Calcutta Killing.
- Casualties: 5,000–10,000 killed; ~15,000 injured.
- Spread: Violence lasted four days (16–19 August), army intervention required; later spread to Bombay, Noakhali, Bihar, Punjab.
Who was Gopal Patha (Gopal Mukherjee)?
- Background: Born 1916 in Bowbazar, Calcutta; nicknamed Patha (goat) since family ran a College Street mutton shop.
- Gang Leader: Headed a street group of ~800 men; mobilized masses for defense during riots.
- Approach: Declared aim was to retaliate against rioters but forbade harm to women, children, or ordinary people.
- Links: Associated with revolutionary groups like Atma Unnati Samiti; influenced by Subhas Chandra Bose.
| [UPSC 2002] The last opportunity to avoid the partition of India was lost with the rejection of:
Options: (a) Cripps Mission (b) Rajagopalachari Formula (c) Cabinet Mission* (d) Wavell Plan |
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PYQ Relevance
[UPSC 2019] On what grounds a people’s representative can be disqualified under the Representation of People Act, 1951? Also mention the remedies available to such person against his disqualification.
Linkage: The Representation of People Act, 1951 provides the legal foundation for ensuring free and fair elections, including grounds for disqualification such as corrupt practices, electoral offences, and irregularities. The issue of flawed electoral rolls and voter fraud, as highlighted in this article, connects directly with the broader framework of the RPA. While the Act prescribes remedies against wrongful disqualification, its effectiveness depends heavily on accurate voter lists, active oversight by parties, and neutrality of the ECI. Thus, the credibility of electoral rolls is not only an administrative concern but also a legal and constitutional safeguard under the RPA, 1951. |
Mentor’s comments
India’s democracy depends not just on strong institutions but also on the integrity of political actors. The ongoing debate around flawed electoral rolls, the role of the Election Commission of India (ECI), and political parties’ complicity exposes serious challenges. This article unpacks how poll integrity is being compromised and how both parties and the ECI are shaping voter trust.
Introduction
Electoral rolls are the backbone of free and fair elections, yet duplicate entries, ghost names, and ineligible voters continue to mar them. These flaws enable impersonation and multiple voting, weakening public faith in the system. While the ECI faces criticism, political parties too are responsible for neglecting local structures and prioritising short-term electoral wins.
The contrast is sharp: In the 1990s under T.N. Seshan, the ECI was hailed as a global model of electoral probity. Today, suspicion surrounds the institution, raising doubts about whether both the ECI and political parties are failing in their constitutional roles.
The Fall of the Election Commission’s Credibility
- From Trust to Suspicion: Once among India’s most trusted institutions, the ECI’s opacity and lack of accountability now fuel mistrust.
- Contrast with the Past: T.N. Seshan’s tenure saw strict enforcement of the Model Code of Conduct, monitoring of expenses, and the EPIC system to curb bogus voting.
- Present Decline: Instead of fixing flawed rolls, the ECI made inspections harder, deepening suspicion over its neutrality.
How Political Parties Weakened Themselves
- Shift from Ground to Tech: Local campaigns with house visits and meetings are being replaced by social media, phone calls, AI tools, creating an illusion of connection.
- Reliance on Consultants: Campaign strategy and candidate selection now rest with professional consultants, centralising power and weakening grassroots.
- Neglect of Local Cadres: Once the backbone of political parties, local workers are sidelined, leaving little vigilance against electoral fraud.
The Booth Level Agent System and Its Vulnerabilities
- Role of BLAs: Booth Level Agents (BLAs) are meant to be the vital link between voters, parties, and the ECI by verifying draft rolls.
- Safeguards in Place: Rules cap BLAs at 10 applications a day; exceeding 30 requires personal verification by officers.
- Failures in Practice: Cases like Mahadevapura (Karnataka) reveal inactive BLAs, manipulations, and possible bias, showing safeguards are poorly enforced.
Opportunities for Political Redemption
- Reviving Local Units: The crisis is a chance for parties to strengthen grassroots structures, not just depend on consultants.
- Kerala’s Example: Parties there are now diligently flagging duplicate voters and multiple IDs during local elections.
- Historical Warning: Weak grassroots units once undermined land reforms post-Independence; neglect today risks hollowing out democracy again.
The Deeper Democratic Implications
- Beyond Elections: Roll revisions, though routine, are crucial to maintaining democratic fairness.
- Erosion of Trust: Prioritising short-term electoral gains over constitutional values leaves institutions hollow.
- Democracy at Risk: Weak local organisations and complicit institutions together may end up surrendering democracy itself.
Conclusion
The integrity of India’s democracy depends not just on robust institutions but also on vigilant political participation at the grassroots. The ECI must reclaim its credibility by ensuring transparency, while political parties must revive their local cadres to safeguard electoral rolls. Without these corrective steps, the erosion of trust may reach a tipping point where democracy is hollowed out from within.
Value Addition
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T.N. Seshan’s Reforms in the 1990s
- Strict Enforcement of MCC – First CEC to rigorously implement the Model Code of Conduct (MCC), curbing misuse of official machinery.
- Curbing Electoral Malpractices – Took action against bribery, muscle power, and use of religion/caste in campaigns.
- Electoral Photo Identity Card (EPIC) – Introduced voter ID cards to check bogus voting.
- Monitoring Poll Expenditure – Set strict limits on candidate expenses and ensured scrutiny of accounts.
- Independent Authority of ECI – Asserted autonomy of the Election Commission, making it a powerful guardian of free and fair elections.
- Public Trust Restored – Citizen surveys during the 1990s ranked ECI among the most credible institutions.
Why it matters: T.N. Seshan’s tenure is often cited as the “gold standard” of electoral probity, offering a benchmark against which today’s decline in trust and credibility is judged. |
Mapping Microthemes
- GS Paper II (Polity & Governance): Electoral integrity, role of ECI, political accountability.
- GS Paper I (History & Society): Weakening of grassroots political movements.
- GS Paper III (Technology): Impact of AI-driven campaigns and professional consultants.
- GS Paper IV (Ethics): Institutional neutrality, self-restraint, erosion of trust.
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Introduction
The India-China equation has once again come into focus with Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi’s recent visit to India. Coming at a time when Donald Trump’s unpredictable moves are reshaping US–China relations and India faces pressure over its Russian oil purchases, the visit is being viewed as a tactical outreach by Beijing. For the first time since the Galwan clash, both sides agreed on a 10-point understanding, from reopening border trade points to restarting stalled dialogues. Yet, beneath the gestures of cooperation, deep mistrust lingers: unresolved tensions in Ladakh, Beijing’s quiet backing of Pakistan, and economic vulnerabilities that India cannot ignore. The central question remains, is this the start of a cautious reset, or will rivalry continue to define the relationship?
Current State of India-China Relationship
- A Cautious Thaw: Signs of easing after years of strain post-2020 Galwan clashes. The visit of Chinese Foreign Minister and the expected Modi–Xi meeting at the SCO summit reflect cautious engagement.
- Unfinished Border Business:
- Unfinished disengagement: Restrictions continue on Indian troop patrolling and herdsmen grazing in Ladakh buffer zones.
- De-escalation talks: Both sides have now agreed to discuss principles and modalities of de-escalation, but with little progress so far.
- Historical baggage: From the 1962 war to Doklam and Galwan, border issues repeatedly resurface as the defining irritant.
- Persistent Trust Deficit: India remains wary of China’s military links with Pakistan, dam projects on the Brahmaputra, and use of economic dependencies such as rare-earths and critical technologies as leverage.
China–Pakistan Axis and India’s Security Concerns
- Operation Sindoor 2025: China provided Pakistan with real-time ISR, command-and-control integration, and advanced weaponry.
- Extended theatre: While not directly engaging militarily, China’s operational support widened the conflict spectrum.
- Strategic consequences: India now faces a two-front dynamic made more acute by China’s active involvement.
Trade Dependence Shaping Geopolitical Weakness
- Weaponisation of dependencies: China has denied India supplies of rare-earth magnets, fertilisers, tunnel-boring machines.
- Industrial impact: Foxconn withdrew hundreds of Chinese technicians under pressure from Beijing.
- Hydropower concerns: A massive dam, thrice the size of Three Gorges, threatens India’s lower riparian interests.
Can tactical outreach substitute for structural resolution?
- Wang Yi’s visit: Led to a 10-point understanding including resumption of flights, border trade, and talks on border issues.
- Tactical gestures: China seeks to ease tensions but has not offered substantive concessions on India’s concerns.
- India’s position: PM Modi emphasised the need for “stable, predictable and constructive” relations, but only grounded in realism.
Why outright conflict remains unlikely
- Geographical constraints: The Himalayas pose immense logistical challenges for a sustained full-scale war.
- China’s strategic calculus: Since 1979, Beijing has avoided wars to focus on economic growth.
- Cost of conflict: War with India risks derailing China’s “great power” ambitions vis-à-vis the US.
The limits of aligning with China against the US
- US factor: Trump’s inconsistent China policy has unsettled India’s geopolitical calculations.
- Chinese spin: Beijing portrayed India as siding with it against “unilateral bullying” (implicitly the US).
- MEA clarification: India reaffirmed no change in its One-China policy stance, signalling caution.
Way Forward
- Strengthen Border Posture: Accelerate infrastructure and surveillance along LAC to counter tactical surprises.
- Diversify Dependencies: Invest in domestic capacity for critical minerals, semiconductors, and rare earths.
- Engage but Verify: Continue talks on de-escalation and economic ties, but measure outcomes, not promises.
- Diplomatic Balancing: Maintain strategic autonomy while leveraging QUAD, SCO, BRICS without being trapped in binaries.
- Water Security Mechanisms: Push for institutionalised basin-sharing frameworks on Brahmaputra with multilateral backing.
Conclusion
The India-China relationship sits at a crossroads. While tactical outreach such as Wang Yi’s visit creates openings for engagement, the structural drivers of mistrust remain too deep for a true reset. India cannot overlook the challenges of border tensions, economic weaponisation, and China-Pakistan collusion. At the same time, the high costs of conflict and shared economic interests provide space for pragmatic management. The way forward lies in carefully calibrated diplomacy, neither falling into the trap of confrontation nor harbouring illusions of a reset.
PYQ Relevance
[UPSC 2017] ‘China is using its economic relations and positive trade surplus as a tool to develop potential military power status in Asia’, In the light of this statement, discuss its impact on India as her neighbour.
Linkage: China’s growing economic leverage over Pakistan, seen in CPEC and debt dependence, is increasingly shaping a strategic-military partnership. This aligns with the UPSC 2017 theme of economic tools being converted into hard power. For India, this intensifies security challenges on both borders and limits regional strategic space. |
Mapping microthemes
- GS Paper II (IR): India-China relations, India-US-China triangle, border disputes, strategic autonomy.
- GS Paper III (Security): Two-front challenge, defence preparedness, technology denial regimes.
- GS Paper IV (Ethics): Diplomacy, realpolitik vs idealism in foreign policy.
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Introduction
The Supreme Court recently questioned whether it should remain passive when Governors indefinitely withhold assent to Bills, stalling elected legislatures. This issue, highlighted by Tamil Nadu’s Bills pending for four years, raises fundamental questions about judicial review, federalism, and democratic accountability.
Why in the News
Tamil Nadu’s unprecedented case of Bills pending for years has brought the Governor’s discretionary powers under sharp scrutiny. The Supreme Court’s April 8 judgment imposing time limits on Governors is now contested by the Union as judicial overreach, sparking a crucial debate on separation of powers.
Why does the role of Governors come under scrutiny
- Governor’s Inaction: Governors, appointed by the Union, are integral to State legislatures, yet their indefinite withholding of Bills undermines State autonomy.
- Tamil Nadu Example: Crucial Bills remained pending for nearly four years without reasons being communicated, sparking judicial concern.
- Democratic Will Thwarted: Prolonged silence from Governors makes elected legislatures ineffective.
How has the Supreme Court responded
- CJI’s Question: Should the Court suspend its role as custodian of the Constitution while Governors block Bills indefinitely?
- Judicial Review Precedent: The Court has struck down even constitutional amendments (e.g., 42nd Amendment) that sought to limit judicial review.
- Concern of Vacuum: Justice P.S. Narasimha highlighted the risk of Bills hanging in limbo without timelines.
What is the Union Government’s stand
- Encroachment Argument: Solicitor-General Tushar Mehta argued the Court’s April 8 order intruded into law-making, undermining Governors and the President.
- Political Resolution: Inaction, according to the Union, should be resolved politically, not judicially.
- Governor’s Unique Role: Unlike statutory authorities, Governors hold sui generis constitutional status, not bound by timelines.
Why is the tussle between judiciary and executive significant
- Separation of Powers: Union argues judiciary must not micro-manage executive discretion.
- Checks and Balances: CJI asserted that unchecked gubernatorial delay undermines democracy, and the Court cannot abdicate review.
- Democratic Accountability: Legislators face people every five years; Governors do not. Hence judicial review is necessary.
What are the implications for federalism
- Centre–State Tensions: Delays fuel mistrust between States and the Union.
- Judicial Intervention: Without court oversight, States may face legislative logjams.
- Limited Litigation: Union argues only “two or three States” have complained, but the principle has pan-India significance.
Way Forward: A structured framework for assent is necessary to prevent legislative paralysis. The Supreme Court’s suggested timelines strike a balance between constitutional discretion and democratic accountability. Moving ahead, three steps are essential:
- Codifying Timelines: Parliament may consider amending the law or issuing guidelines to institutionalise clear deadlines.
- Ensuring Accountability: Governors must act on the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers, barring exceptional constitutional reasons.
- Judicial Oversight as Safeguard: Courts should step in only when gubernatorial inaction undermines constitutional morality, keeping political disputes largely within the legislative sphere.
Conclusion
Unchecked gubernatorial inaction risks turning elected assemblies powerless. While the Union calls for political remedies, the Court stresses its duty as constitutional guardian. The outcome will redefine the balance between State autonomy, judicial review, and the Governor’s role in India’s federal framework.
Value Addition
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Timeline for Governor’s action on bills
While the Constitution of India doesn’t explicitly state a timeline, the Supreme Court has addressed the issue of delays in Governor’s assent, particularly in the context of recent conflicts between Governors and state governments.
Based on a recent Supreme Court ruling (April 2025) and subsequent discussions, here’s a breakdown of the suggested timelines for the Governor’s actions on a Bill under Article 200 of the Constitution:
- Granting Assent, Withholding Assent (with advice of Council of Ministers), or Reserving for President’s Consideration: The Governor must act on the bill within a maximum of one month.
- Withholding Assent (against advice of Council of Ministers): The Governor should return the bill to the legislature with reasons for reconsideration within three months.
- Reserving for President’s Consideration (against advice of Council of Ministers): The Governor must reserve the bill within three months.
- Reconsideration by the Legislature: If the Governor returns a non-Money Bill for reconsideration, the legislature must reconsider it, and if it’s passed again (with or without amendments), the Governor is then bound to give assent within one month.
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PYQ Relevance
[UPSC 2022] Discuss the essential conditions for exercise of the legislative powers by the Governor. Discuss the legality of re-promulgation of ordinances by the Governor without placing them before the Legislature.
Linkage: This issue links directly with the 2022 UPSC question as both highlight the constitutional checks on the Governor’s legislative powers. The re-promulgation of ordinances without legislative approval undermines democratic accountability. Hence, examining Governor’s ordinance powers is central to debates on federalism and executive overreach.
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Why in the News?
- The Group of Ministers (GoM) on Rate Rationalisation has accepted the Centre’s proposal to simplify GST into a two-rate structure.
- The recommendation will now be placed before the GST Council for final approval.
About Goods and Services Tax (GST):
- Nature: Comprehensive, multi-stage, destination-based indirect tax on goods and services.
- Introduction: Launched July 1, 2017, via the 101st Constitutional Amendment Act, 2016.
- Replaced Taxes: Subsumed excise duty, value-added tax (VAT), service tax, etc.
- Objectives: One Nation–One Tax, reduce cascading taxation, simplify compliance, expand tax base.
- Structure: Five slabs – 0%, 5%, 12%, 18%, 28%, with cess on luxury/sin goods (tobacco, cars, online gaming).
- Exemptions: Essential goods (food, medicines, education items) in 0% slab. Petroleum, alcohol, and electricity remain outside GST.
Proposed Two-Rate GST Structure:
- Reforms: Removal of 12% and 28% slabs; only 5% and 18% to remain.
- Reclassification: 99% of 12% items → 5% slab; 90% of 28% items → 18% slab.
- New Slab: 40% rate for demerit goods (tobacco, luxury cars, real-money gaming).
- Cess: Compensation cess on 28% items to end.
- Timeline: Implementation expected October 2025 (Diwali).
Policy Rationale & Concerns:
- Simplification: From four slabs to two, easing compliance and transparency.
- Consumption Boost: Lower rates on daily goods to benefit households and Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs).
- Compliance Gains: Less scope for disputes, litigation, and evasion.
- Economic Signal: Projects confidence in domestic consumption as growth driver.
- State Concerns: States, including Kerala, warn of revenue loss; call for compensation mechanism.
| [UPSC 2018] Consider the following items:
1. Cereal grains hulled 2. Chicken eggs cooked 3. Fish processed and canned 4. Newspapers containing advertising material
Which of the above items is/are exempted under GST (Goods and Services Tax)?
Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1, 2 and 4 only *(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 |
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Why in the News?
The Bharatiya Nabhikiya Vidyut Nigam Limited (BHAVINI) 500 MWe Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) at Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu, is scheduled to achieve criticality in March 2026 and reach full power generation by December 2026.
What is a Fast Breeder Reactor (FBR)?
- A Fast Breeder Reactor (FBR) is a type of nuclear reactor that generates more fuel than it consumes, essentially “breeding” more nuclear material to power itself and future reactors.
- It does this by using high-energy, or “fast,” neutrons to convert abundant, non-fissile uranium (U-238) into fissile plutonium (Pu-239) for fuel.
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About India’s Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR):
- Design began: 1980s as prototype for future 600 MWe FBRs.
- Timeline: Construction began in 2004, faced delays; cost escalated from ₹3,500 crore to ₹7,700 crore.
- Capacity: 500 MWe, sodium-cooled fast breeder reactor.
- Predecessors: It builds on India’s earlier reactors: KAMINI and Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR).
- Technology: Completely indigenous, designed by Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR).
- Fuel: Uranium-Plutonium mixed oxide (MOX); later stages to use Thorium-232 to breed fissile U-233.
- Burnup: 100 GWd/t, reactor life ~40 years.
- Coolant: 1,750 tonnes of liquid sodium; pool-type design with high thermal inertia.
- Construction agencies: Uranium-Plutonium mixed oxide (MOX) fuel fabricated by BARC Tarapur; reactor equipment by BHEL.
- Site: Kokkilamedu, near Kalpakkam (next to Madras Atomic Power Station).
Significance in India’s Nuclear Programme:
- PFBR is the second stage of India’s three-stage programme:
- Stage 1: Pressurised Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs) using natural uranium.
- Stage 2: Fast Breeder Reactors producing plutonium and U-233 from thorium.
- Stage 3: Thorium-based U-233 fuel cycle.
- Enables closed fuel cycle: recovery and recycling of fissile and fertile material from spent nuclear fuel (SNF).
- Enhances energy security by optimally utilising limited uranium and vast thorium reserves.
- Reduces radioactive waste through recycling.
| [UPSC 2024] With reference to radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs), consider the following statements:
1. RTGs are miniature fission reactors.
2. RTGs are used for powering the onboard systems of spacecrafts.
3. RTGs can use Plutonium-238, which is a by-product of weapons development.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
Options: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only* (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 |
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Why in the News?
Haryana has notified the dictionary meaning of “forest” as per Supreme Court directions.
Haryana’s definition of Forest:
- Definition: A patch of land is deemed a forest if:
- Minimum area: 5 hectares (isolated) or 2 hectares (contiguous with notified forest).
- Minimum canopy density: 0.4 (40%) or more.
- Exclusions: Linear/compact/agro-forestry plantations and orchards outside government-notified forests.
- Aim: Create a uniform standard for identifying forests under the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 (FCA).
Issues with Haryana’s Definition:
- High thresholds:
- 40% canopy cover excludes scrub forests and dry deciduous vegetation like the Aravallis.
- 2–5 hectare size requirement too high for an arid state with fragmented green cover.
- Exclusion of Aravallis: Sensitive ridge areas risk exposure to illegal mining, encroachment, and real estate development.
- Contradiction with Godavarman judgment (1996): SC had ruled that “forest” must be understood in its dictionary meaning, regardless of size, ownership, or canopy density.
- Dilution of protection under FCA 1980: Narrows the scope of land eligible for forest safeguards.
Godavarman Case & FCA Background:
- Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980: Restricted dereservation/diversion of forest land without Centre’s approval.
- T N Godavarman v Union of India (1996): Court ruled “forest” must be understood in its dictionary meaning, covering all forested lands regardless of ownership or official status.
- 2023 FCA Amendment: Limited scope to notified forests and recorded forest lands.
- Amendment challenged by retired IFS officers and NGOs for diluting FCA protections.
- SC in February 2024 directed States/UTs to continue using Godavarman definition while case is ongoing.
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| [UPSC 2005] The minimum land area recommended for forest cover to maintain proper ecological balance in India is
Options: (a) 0.25 (b) 0.33* (c) 0.43 (d) 0.53 |
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Why in the News?
The Arunachal Pradesh State Pollution Control Board (APSPCB) conducted a public hearing for the proposed 1,200 MW Kalai-II hydroelectric project in Anjaw district.
About Kalai-II Hydroelectric Project:
- Location: Anjaw District, Arunachal Pradesh, on the Lohit River (tributary of the Brahmaputra).
- Capacity: 1,200 MW (six turbines of 190 MW each + one unit of 60 MW).
- Project Type: Run-of-river with pondage.
- Key Features: Concrete gravity dam, diversion tunnels, underground powerhouse, surge chamber, and tailrace tunnel.
- Power Generation: Estimated 4.85 TWh annually; free power worth ₹318 crore/year for the state.
- Equity: Arunachal Pradesh holds 26% stake.
Strategic Importance:
- Energy Security: Expands India’s renewable energy portfolio and hydropower capacity in the North-East.
- Geopolitical Context: Strengthens India’s presence in the sensitive Brahmaputra basin bordering China.
- Economic Boost: Contributes to state revenues through free power and Local Area Development Fund (~₹2.2 crore/year).
- Part of Larger Push: One of 13 stalled hydropower projects in Arunachal Pradesh revived through MoAs with central PSUs, aligning with India’s clean energy targets.
| [UPSC 2008] On which one of the following rivers is the Tehri Hydropower Complex located?
Options: (a) Alaknanda (b) Bhagirathi *(c) Dhauliganga (d) Mandakini |
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Why in the News?
The National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) recently issued a clarification limiting tiger corridors primarily to 32 “least cost pathways” identified in 2014.
About National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA):
- Statutory body: Under Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC).
- Establishment: Created in 2006 under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.
- Functions: Provides legal backing to Project Tiger, ensures Centre–State accountability via MoUs, and enables Parliamentary oversight.
- Community Role: Addresses livelihood concerns of people around tiger reserves.
- Composition: Chaired by MoEFCC Minister, Vice-Chairperson MoS, 3 Members of Parliament, MoEFCC Secretary, and others.
What are Tiger Corridors?
- Definition: Landscape linkages between tiger habitats that allow safe passage, genetic flow, and survival.
- Need: Prevent isolation of tiger populations and human–tiger conflicts.
- Examples of Macro-Corridors:
- Shivalik–Gangetic Plains: Corbett–Dudhwa, Dudhwa–Kishanpur–Katerniaghat.
- Central India & Eastern Ghats: Ranthambhore–Kuno–Madhav, Kanha–Pench, Bandhavgarh–Achanakmar.
- Western Ghats: Sahyadri–Konkan–Radhanagari–Goa–Karnataka.
- Northeast & Brahmaputra: Kaziranga–Karbi Anglong, Manas–Buxa.
- Sundarbans Landscape.
NTCA’s Policy Reversal:
- July 25 Affidavit: Said corridor identification must use multiple data sources – protected areas, 2014 NTCA pathways, Tiger Conservation Plans (TCPs), Wildlife Institute of India (WII) studies (2016, 2021), and All-India Tiger Estimation (AITE) data.
- August 21 Clarification: Limited definition only to 2014 least-cost pathways (32 corridors) and TCP corridors.
- Exclusions: WII studies and AITE data dropped, despite 2014 report itself warning that listed corridors were “minimal requirement.”
| [UPSC 2020] Among the following Tiger Reserves, which one has the largest area under “Critical Tiger Habitat”?
Options: (a) Corbett (b) Ranthambore (c) Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam* (d) Sunderbans |
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PYQ Relevance
[UPSC 2022] Discuss the role of the Election Commission of India in the light of the evolution of the Model Code of Conduct.”
Linkage: Just as the Model Code of Conduct (MCC) evolved as a tool by the Election Commission of India (ECI) to ensure free and fair elections in a changing political landscape, the present crisis of migrant disenfranchisement in Bihar shows the need for the ECI to evolve its mechanisms to safeguard inclusivity similarly. The deletion of 3.5 million migrant voters highlights that electoral integrity today is not only about regulating political behaviour (through MCC) but also about ensuring universal participation by adapting to realities of circular migration, dual belonging, and portable identities. Strengthening ECI’s role in creating mobile and flexible voter registration systems, like Kerala’s migration surveys or cross-State verification, would be a natural extension of its democratic mandate. |
Mentor’s Comment
The article highlights a silent but serious crisis unfolding in Bihar, where nearly 3.5 million voters, largely migrants, have been deleted from electoral rolls due to the Special Intensive Revision (SIR). This not only exposes flaws in India’s electoral infrastructure but also deepens the democratic deficit in migrant-heavy States. For UPSC aspirants, this issue links to democracy, citizenship, federalism, migration, and social justice, making it highly relevant for GS 2 (Polity & Governance) and GS 1 (Society).
Introduction
In a democracy of 1.4 billion citizens, every vote matters. Yet, millions of India’s migrant workers are quietly being left out of the democratic process. In Bihar, where migration is both an economic lifeline and a survival strategy, the recent mass deletion of 3.5 million voters (4.4% of the total electoral roll) raises critical questions about representation, inclusivity, and the design of India’s electoral system. The crisis is not an isolated administrative lapse but a systemic failure rooted in an outdated model of citizenship tied to permanent residence, ignoring the realities of circular and seasonal migration.
The disenfranchisement of Bihar’s migrants in the news
- Mass deletion: Nearly 3.5 million voters were deleted under the Special Intensive Revision (SIR).
- Reason given: “Permanently migrated”, migrants absent during house-to-house verification.
- Permanent loss of rights: These voters cannot vote either in host States (where they work) or in home States (where their names are deleted).
- Democratic rupture: Bihar’s voter turnout is already low, 53.2% in the last four Assembly elections, compared to 66.4% in Gujarat and 70.7% in Karnataka.
- Scale of migration: 7 million annual outflow from Bihar, of which 4.8 million migrate seasonally. Around 2.7 million return during October–November festivals, yet many will be unable to vote this year.
Electoral system and the migrant challenge in India
- Sedentary citizen model: Voter registration tied to proof of residence and in-person verification.
- Documentation barriers: Migrants often live in rented rooms, construction sites, or slums with no accepted address proof.
- Regionalism & exclusion: Migrants in host States are seen as “outsiders” with fears of electoral influence discouraging registration.
- Dual belonging demonised: Migrants contribute economically in host States but are denied political identity both at origin and destination.
Studies revealing migrant exclusion in electoral participation
- TISS Study (2015): “Inclusive Elections in India” (funded by ECI) confirmed marginalisation of migrants.
- Triple burden: Administrative barriers, digital illiteracy, social exclusion.
- Correlation: Higher migration = Lower voter turnout in source States.
- Mobile data estimates: 7 million circular migrants annually from Bihar, proving large-scale exclusion.
Welfare exclusions and the migrant voting crisis
- One Nation One Ration Card Scheme (2019):
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- Limited uptake: only 3.3 lakh households from Bihar availed portability by May 2025.
- Barriers: Dual residency, bureaucratic hurdles, fear of losing entitlements.
- Parallel with voter IDs: migrants keep origin-based documents for security.
- Cross-border complexities: Along the 1,751 km India-Nepal border, traditional “roti-beti” ties now face exclusion due to restrictive documentation, disproportionately affecting women.
Reforms to safeguard migrant voting rights
- Portable voter identity: Mobile, flexible, and portable voter ID system.
- Cross-verification model: Coordination between origin and destination States to prevent disenfranchisement.
- Local bodies’ role: Panchayats and civil society to aid migrant re-registration.
- Kerala model of migration surveys: Replicate in high-migration States like Bihar and UP.
- Immediate halt to blanket deletions: Safeguard against the “largest silent voter purge in post-Independence India.”
Conclusion
Migrants embody India’s paradox, economic backbone but political invisibility. The deletion of millions of voters from Bihar is not just an administrative failure; it is a systemic denial of democratic rights. If India’s electoral infrastructure does not adapt to the realities of migration, democracy risks leaving behind its most hard-working and vulnerable citizens. Ensuring portable electoral rights is not charity, it is the essence of a living democracy.
Value Addition
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Constitutional and Legal Angle
- Article 326: Provides for universal adult suffrage — any exclusion of migrant workers undermines this fundamental principle.
- Representation of People Act, 1950 & 1951: While they govern electoral rolls and voting procedures, they are silent on portable voting rights for internal migrants.
- Supreme Court in PUCL vs Union of India (2003): Declared the right to vote as part of freedom of expression under Article 19(1)(a). Denial to migrants raises constitutional concerns.
Scale of the Problem – National Context
- Census 2011: 45.6 crore internal migrants in India (37% of the population).
- Economic Survey 2017: ~9 million people migrate annually for work, education, or marriage.
- Migrants form a huge electoral constituency, yet remain politically invisible.
Policy/Election Commission (EC) Initiatives Beyond Bihar
- EC’s Remote Voting Machine (RVM) Proposal, 2023: Aimed to allow migrants to vote from remote locations, but postponed after opposition from political parties.
- E-EPIC (Electronic Voter Photo ID Card), 2021: Step toward portability but lacks full integration across States.
Comparative Global Insights
- Philippines: Overseas absentee voting law enables migrants abroad to vote in national elections.
- Mexico: Postal voting rights for citizens abroad.
- South Africa: Mobile registration and voting stations in migrant-dense areas.
- India lags in creating portable political rights for its massive migrant population.
Democratic & Governance Implications
- Political alienation → weakens democratic legitimacy in migrant-heavy States (Bihar, UP, Odisha).
- Rise of sub-nationalism → exclusion in host States deepens identity politics.
- Urban governance: Migrants in cities are tax contributors (indirectly via consumption) but lack political representation → urban policies ignore their needs.
Ethical & Social Justice Dimension
- Ambedkar’s warning: “Political democracy cannot last unless… social democracy is its foundation.” Excluding the poor migrants fractures this balance.
- Gandhian perspective: True Swaraj is when “the last man” (Antyodaya principle) participates in democracy — migrant exclusion violates this ethic.
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Mapping Microthemes
- GS Paper I (Society): Migration, regionalism, exclusion of vulnerable groups.
- GS Paper II (Polity & Governance): Electoral reforms, federal coordination, democratic rights.
- GS Paper III (Economy): Migration as economic survival strategy.
- GS Paper IV (Ethics): Justice, fairness, and democratic inclusivity.
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Introduction
The recognition of gender identity in India rests on strong legal foundations, the NALSA v. Union of India (2014) judgment and the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019. Yet, lived realities remain different, as shown in the Manipur High Court order directing fresh academic certificates for Dr. Beoncy Laishram. What should have been a routine correction instead became a legal battle, exposing the gap between law and practice.
Why is this issue in the news?
The Manipur High Court directed the State to issue fresh academic certificates to Dr. Beoncy Laishram, a transgender doctor, after her university refused to update her records citing procedural hurdles. This is significant because it highlights how basic rights, already guaranteed by law, are still denied in practice. The case reflects a larger systemic problem where bureaucratic rigidity overrides constitutional guarantees under Articles 14 and 21, forcing transpersons into prolonged legal battles to claim what is already legally theirs.
Bureaucratic Inertia vs. Transgender Justice
- Administrative inertia: Officials often defer to rigid procedural rules rather than the spirit of the law.
- Sequential corrections: Universities and boards insisted that records must be corrected starting from the earliest certificate, creating cascading hurdles.
- Binary mindset: Authorities still stick to birth-assigned gender over self-identity.
The NALSA Judgement Mandate on Self-Identification
- Right to self-identify: In NALSA v. Union of India (2014), the Supreme Court recognised transgender persons’ right to self-identify their gender.
- Welfare entitlements: Declared them socially and educationally backward, eligible for reservations and welfare schemes.
- Constitutional backing: Linked to Articles 14 (equality before law) and 21 (right to life and dignity), making recognition a constitutional obligation.
Statutory Guarantees under the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019
- Statutory obligation: Authorities are legally required to recognise self-identified gender and update official records.
- Codification of self-identification: Law translated the NALSA principle into binding statutory practice.
- Gap in implementation: Despite clarity in law, officials often refuse compliance unless compelled by courts.
The Precedent of Dr. Laishram’s Case (A Landmark for Institutional Accountability)
- Individual justice: The order ensures her academic and professional records reflect her affirmed identity.
- Precedential value: Signals to other institutions that procedural rigidity cannot override constitutional rights.
- Systemic spotlight: Reveals how transpersons are forced into legal struggles for routine matters, expending time and resources disproportionately.
Reforms for Bridging Law and Reality
- Institutional reform: Simplify procedures and enforce compliance through clear administrative circulars.
- Cultural change: Bureaucracy must embrace gender as lived reality, not paperwork.
- Awareness and sensitivity training: Officials must be sensitised to constitutional principles and human dignity.
Conclusion
The Manipur High Court’s ruling is a milestone, but it also highlights how rights guaranteed in law often falter in practice. True empowerment will come only when institutions operationalise constitutional principles with sensitivity, ensuring that gender identity is recognised as a matter of dignity, not just paperwork.
Value Addition
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Key Features of the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019
- Definition of Transgender Person: Includes trans-men, trans-women, persons with intersex variations, genderqueer, and persons with socio-cultural identities (like hijra, aravani, jogta).
- Right to Self-Perceived Gender Identity: Allows individuals to identify as male, female, or transgender.
- Prohibition of Discrimination: No discrimination in education, employment, healthcare, housing, access to services, or public places.
- Recognition and Certificates: Provides for a certificate of identity issued by the District Magistrate, recognising a person as “transgender.”
- Welfare Measures: Mandates governments to frame welfare schemes for education, healthcare, vocational training, and social security.
- Offences and Penalties: Criminalises denial of services, removal from household, physical/sexual abuse; punishable with imprisonment (6 months–2 years) and fine.
- National Council for Transgender Persons (NCT): Advisory body to monitor implementation, headed by Union Minister for Social Justice & Empowerment.
Criticisms
- Certification process: Seen as bureaucratic and violating the spirit of self-identification under NALSA (2014)
- No reservation policy: Act does not clearly guarantee reservations in jobs/education despite Supreme Court directions.
- Weak enforcement: Implementation depends heavily on state-level rules; lack of accountability mechanisms.
International Value Addition
- Argentina’s Gender Identity Law (2012): Considered the most progressive globally; allows self-declared gender without medical/psychological proof.
- Nepal (2007): One of the first Asian countries to legally recognise a “third gender” category.
- Yogyakarta Principles: International guidelines on sexual orientation and gender identity as human rights.
Reports & Data
- National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) Report, 2017 – Found that over 92% of transpersons are denied basic rights like jobs, healthcare, education.
- Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Rules, 2020 – Prescribed simple process for self-identification, but implementation is patchy.
Governance & Ethics Lens
- Administrative Sensitisation: Training needed to reduce “file-based rigidity” and promote human dignity.
- Constitutional Morality vs. Social Morality: Governance must align with constitutional principles rather than prevailing biases.
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Mapping Microthemes
- GS Paper I: Social empowerment, issues faced by vulnerable sections.
- GS Paper II: Constitutional provisions (Articles 14, 21), governance issues, judicial interventions.
- GS Paper IV: Ethics in governance, dignity, empathy, sensitivity in administration.
PYQ Relevance
[UPSC 2017] Does the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 ensure effective mechanisms for empowerment and inclusion of the intended beneficiaries in the society? Discuss.
Linkage: Just as UPSC asked in 2017 about whether the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 ensures real empowerment, a similar question can be framed on the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019. Both laws highlight that while statutory recognition exists, bureaucratic inertia and weak implementation dilute inclusion, making judicial intervention critical for the intended beneficiaries. |
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India is entering a new era of space exploration with lunar success, Gaganyaan, and the proposed Bharat Antariksh Station. Yet, one critical element is missing, a national space law. While India has ratified global treaties like the Outer Space Treaty (1967), it lacks a domestic legal framework to regulate private participation, ensure liability, and attract investment. As space activities expand beyond government agencies to startups and private players, the absence of clear laws poses risks to accountability, innovation, and global competitiveness.
The Urgency of a National Space Law
- Major milestone vs. missing law: India’s scientific achievements are unmatched, but the legal architecture remains absent, risking accountability gaps.
- Private participation: With startups entering, lack of clarity on licensing, FDI rules, liability, and insurance creates operational hurdles.
- International responsibility: Under the Outer Space Treaty, India is responsible for both governmental and private activities, yet it lacks the domestic framework to enforce compliance.
- Global contrast: Countries like the U.S., Japan, and Luxembourg already have national legislation that provides legal certainty and attracts investment.
Principles of the Outer Space Treaty
- Foundational principles: Space is the province of all mankind, prohibiting national appropriation and militarisation.
- State responsibility: Nations are responsible for activities in space, whether by state or private entities.
- Liability framework: Countries bear liability for damages caused by their space objects.
- Not self-executing: According to UNOOSA, national laws are essential to translate treaty principles into enforceable domestic regulations.
India’s Incremental Approach to Space Legislation
- Methodical strategy: India is incremental and cautious, ensuring technical regulations precede overarching law.
- Catalogue of Indian Standards: A framework to ensure safety of space operations.
- Indian Space Policy (ISP), 2023: Encourages non-governmental participation in space activities.
- IN-SPACe Norms, Guidelines and Procedures (NPG): Provide procedures for authorisation of space activities.
- Pending gap: The broader Space Activities Law that incorporates treaty obligations is still not enacted.
Industry Concerns and Operational Challenges
- Statutory authority gap: IN-SPACe lacks formal legal backing, leaving decisions open to procedural challenges.
- Licensing and delays: Companies face multiple ministry clearances, creating uncertainty.
- FDI rules: Industry demands clarity, such as 100% automatic FDI in satellite components to attract capital.
- Liability and insurance: While India is internationally liable, companies need affordable third-party insurance to cover risks.
- Intellectual property protection: Current frameworks risk talent and tech migration to IP-friendly nations.
- Space debris management: Absence of mandatory accident investigations and debris laws increases operational risks.
The Importance of Affordable Insurance for Space Startups
- High-value assets: Satellites and payloads involve massive investments; startups cannot absorb losses alone.
- Global liability: India bears responsibility internationally, so private players must secure third-party insurance.
- Investor confidence: Insurance frameworks encourage investors, reducing risk aversion.
- Innovation support: Affordable insurance ensures startups can experiment and grow, without fear of crippling liability.
Conclusion
India’s space programme has made historic strides, but without a comprehensive national space law, its progress risks being undermined by regulatory gaps. A forward-looking framework ensuring clarity, liability management, insurance, IP protection, and statutory backing for IN-SPACe is essential to balance innovation with responsibility. The future of India’s space leadership will depend as much on strong laws as on strong rockets.
Value Addition
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- UNOOSA Insight: National laws act as the domestic enabler of international obligations. Without them, treaty principles remain unenforceable.
- Comparative Perspective:
- United States: Commercial Space Launch Act allows private launches with liability coverage.
- Luxembourg: Pioneered space mining rights to attract global investors.
- Japan: Provides licensing, insurance, and debris mitigation guidelines.
- Governance Lens: Reflects the larger theme of state capacity to regulate frontier technologies, similar to how data protection laws govern digital economies.
- Economic Angle: A robust legal framework will strengthen India’s space economy, valued at nearly $9.6 billion (2020) and projected to grow to $13 billion by 2025.
- Investor Confidence: Insurance frameworks, clear FDI rules, and IP protection create a trustworthy ecosystem for global investors.
- Security Dimension: Dual-use nature of space technologies necessitates clarity in export controls and defence linkages.
- Ethical Dimension: Covers responsibility towards space debris management and sustainability of outer space as a global commons.
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Mapping Microthemes
- GS Paper II (Governance, International Relations):
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- Outer Space Treaty (1967) – India’s obligations and global responsibility
- Role of UNOOSA – multilateral governance of outer space
- Need for National Legislation – predictability, legal clarity, statutory backing for IN-SPACe
- GS Paper III (Science & Technology, Economy, Security):
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- Growth of India’s Space Economy – Chandrayaan-3, Gaganyaan, startups, private players
- Insurance and Liability – affordability for startups, international responsibility for damages
- Intellectual Property Rights – preventing brain drain, encouraging innovation
- Space Debris Management – sustainability and accident investigation procedures
- Dual-Use Technology Challenge – balancing civilian and defence aspects
- GS Paper IV (Ethics & Governance):
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- Accountability in Outer Space – who bears liability for damage?
- Ethics of Space Exploration – sustainability, “province of mankind” principle
- Equitable Access – preventing monopolisation of space resources by few nations
PYQ Relevance
[UPSC 2016] Discuss India’s achievements in the field of Space Science and Technology. How the application of this technology has helped India in its socio-economic development?
Linkage: While India’s space achievements like Chandrayaan-3 and Gaganyaan highlight scientific progress, the absence of a national space law shows a governance gap. A legal framework is crucial to translate these achievements into sustainable socio-economic gains through private participation, investment, and accountability. |
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Why in the News?
The African Union (AU) has endorsed the Correct the Map campaign to replace the 16th-century Mercator projection with more accurate maps.
About the African Union (AU):
- Establishment: Formed in 2002, replacing the Organisation of African Unity (1963).
- Membership: 55 African countries.
- Headquarters: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
- Vision: “An Integrated, Prosperous, and Peaceful Africa, driven by its own citizens.”
- Agenda 2063: Blueprint for socio-economic growth and continental unity.
- Main Organs: Assembly, Executive Council, AU Commission, Peace and Security Council.
What is a Mercator Map?
- Creation: Designed in 1569 by Gerardus Mercator.
- Projection: Cylindrical map with straight longitude and latitude lines intersecting at 90°.
- Purpose: Enabled sailors to plot straight-line courses for compass navigation.
- Adoption: Became the standard map in schools, atlases, and wall charts by the 19th century.
Issues with the Mercator Map:
- Distortion: Enlarges high-latitude regions (Europe, Russia, North America) while shrinking Africa and South America.
- Example: Greenland appears equal to Africa, though Africa is ~14 times larger.
- Colonial Bias: Reinforced Western dominance narratives and downplayed Africa’s size and importance.
- Impact: Supported marginalisation and exploitation during colonialism.
- Alternatives: Gall-Peters (1970s) and Equal Earth (2018) projections show continents in correct proportion.
- AU Stand: Advocates replacing Mercator maps to restore Africa’s rightful global image.
| [UPSC 2024] The longest border between any two countries in the world is between:
Options: (a) Canada and the USA * (b) Chile and Argentina (c) China and India (d) Kazakhstan and Russian Federation |
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Why in the News?
China has launched the Xinjiang–Xizang Railway Line, a strategic, economic, and engineering milestone, connecting Xinjiang with Tibet.
About the Xinjiang–Xizang Railway Line:
- Overview: A major high-altitude railway project connecting Hotan in Xinjiang to Shigatse and Lhasa in Tibet (Xizang).
- Total length planned: ~2,000 km, part of China’s larger 5,000 km rail grid in Tibet by 2035.
- Construction is phased:
- Shigatse–Pakhuktso section (by 2025)
- Pakhuktso–Hotan section (by 2035).
- Terrain: Himalayas, Karakoram, Kunlun ranges, deserts, glaciers, and permafrost — average altitude above 4,500m.
- Significance: Seen as one of China’s most advanced and difficult transport projects, comparable to the Qinghai–Tibet Railway (2006).
Strategic Implications of the Project:
- Military Mobility: Proximity to Aksai Chin and Line of Actual Control (LAC) enhances Chinese troop deployment and logistics capabilities.
- Regional Integration: Links Xinjiang (Uyghur region) and Tibet (Buddhist region) with mainland China, supporting Sinicisation and demographic shifts.
- Economic Role: Opens remote high-altitude areas to trade, energy transport, and tourism, reducing isolation of minority regions.
- Political Control: Strengthens Beijing’s hold over restive border provinces and suppresses separatist tendencies.
- India Factor: Raises security concerns as India is also upgrading border infrastructure post-2020 Galwan clash.
- Part of “Go West Strategy” (2000): Long-term plan to develop western provinces with infrastructure and integrate them into China’s national economy.
| [UPSC 2023] With reference to India’s projects on connectivity, consider the following statements :
1. East-West Corridor under Golden Quadrilateral Project connects Dibrugarh and Surat.
2. Trilateral Highway connects Moreh in Manipur and Chiang Mai in Thailand via Myanmar.
3. Bangladesh-China -India -Myanmar Economic Corridor connects Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh with Kunming in China. How many of the above statements are correct?
Options: (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None* |
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Why in the News?
India has successfully test-fired the Agni-5 Intermediate-Range Ballistic Missile (IRBM) from the Integrated Test Range, Chandipur (Odisha).
What are Ballistic Missiles?
- Powered by: Solid propellant rocket motors; thrust generated by exhaust gases forces missile upward.
- Three phases:
- Boost Phase – missile consumes propellant; trajectory fixed.
- Midcourse Phase – missile coasts in space on momentum.
- Terminal Phase – warheads re-enter atmosphere and strike target.
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About Agni-5:
- Type: Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) developed by DRDO.
- Range: 5,000–5,500 km (upgrade under development up to 7,500 km).
- Propulsion: Three-stage, solid-fuel rocket motors.
- Payload: ~1.5 tonnes, nuclear-capable.
- Multiple Independently Targetable Re-entry Vehicle (MIRV) Technology: Can carry multiple nuclear warheads that target different locations.
- Features: Fire-and-forget system, advanced navigation, guidance and propulsion technologies.
- First Test: 2012 from Wheeler Island (Odisha).
- Strategic Role: Strengthens India’s nuclear deterrence posture, especially vis-à-vis China.
Back2Basics: Agni Series and its Development
- Origins: Began in 1983 under the Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP) led by A.P.J. Abdul Kalam.
- Evolution: Started as technology demonstrators for re-entry vehicles; later developed into full-fledged strategic missiles.
- Variants:
- Agni-I: 700–1,200 km range, inducted 2007.
- Agni-II: 2,000–3,000 km range, inducted 2010.
- Agni-III: 3,500 km range, highly accurate, tested 2007.
- Agni-IV: 4,000 km range, advanced avionics, tested 2011.
- Agni-V: 5,000+ km range, ICBM, MIRV capable.
- Agni Prime (Agni-P): 1,000–2,000 km, lighter, tested 2021.
- Agni-VI: Under development, 6,000–10,000 km, MIRV + submarine launch capable.
- Significance: Backbone of India’s nuclear triad, enhancing deterrence against regional and global adversaries.
| [UPSC 2023] Consider the following statements:
1. Ballistic missiles are jet-propelled at subsonic speeds throughout their fights, while cruise missiles are rocket-powered only in the initial phase of flight.
2. Agni-V is a medium-range supersonic cruise missile, while BrahMos is a solid-fuelled intercontinental ballistic missile.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Options: (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2* |
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