From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Kari Ishad Mango, GI Tag
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
The Kari Ishad mango, prominently grown in Ankola taluk of Uttara Kannada, has been awarded the Geographical Indication (GI) tag by the Geographical Indications Registry.
The GI certificate has been issued to Matha Totagars Farmer Producer Company Limited, Ankola, and is valid until March 1, 2032 from March 31, 2023.
Kari Ishad Mango
The Kari Ishad mango is renowned for its unique aroma, luscious taste, high amount of pulp, and distinctive shape and size.
They are large and have an oblique to oval shape.
Typically, each panicle bears only one fruit, and a well-grown tree can produce up to 2,000 fruits in a season.
However, the fruit has a short shelf life of about five days.
Cultivation and Production
Apart from Ankola, the Kari Ishad mango is grown in Karwar and to a certain extent in Kumta of Uttara Kannada.
The prominent cultivation areas include Belse, Shetgeri, Belambara, Mogata, and Vandige villages of Ankola.
Vandige village stands out as the highest producer, yielding around 600 tonnes of fruits per season. Belse village boasts 1,500 plants.
Variants of the Mango
The Ishad mango has two variants:
Kari Ishad, characterized by its thin skin, abundance of pulp, and sweetness,
Bili Ishad, which has thick skin, less pulp, and sweetness.
Back2Basics: Geographical Indication (GI)
A GI is a sign used on products that have a specific geographical origin and possess qualities or a reputation that are due to that origin.
Nodal Agency: Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), Ministry of Commerce and Industry
India, as a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO), enacted the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999 w.e.f. September 2003.
GIs have been defined under Article 22 (1) of the WTO Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Proposed agreement between US and Iran, potential outcomes and implications
Central Idea
The recent disclosure of interactions between American and Iranian diplomats has shed light on the ongoing negotiations regarding the release of American prisoners in Iran and the possibility of a fresh deal on the nuclear issue. These discussions have taken place through intermediaries, with Oman playing a key role in facilitating communication between the two countries.
What is the proposed agreement?
Iran’s Nuclear Program: Under the arrangement, Iran would freeze its nuclear enrichment at 60%. This measure is significant as Iran’s uranium enrichment program had reached 84%, raising concerns about its progress towards a nuclear weapon.
US Security in the Region: Iran would agree not to attack US military contractors in Syria and Iraq. This provision aims to ensure the safety of American personnel operating in these areas.
Cooperation with the IAEA: Iran would improve cooperation with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) inspectors. This step is crucial for ensuring transparency and verifying Iran’s compliance with its nuclear-related commitments.
Ballistic Missiles: Iran would refrain from providing ballistic missiles to Russia. The inclusion of this provision reflects concerns about Iran’s missile capabilities and their potential destabilizing impact on the region.
Release of American Prisoners: Iran would release the three US citizens currently in its custody. This aspect addresses the humanitarian issue of detained Americans and has been a point of contention in US-Iran relations.
United States commitments In return
Sanctions: The US would pledge to avoid imposing new harsh sanctions on Iran. This is significant as sanctions have been a central tool in exerting pressure on Iran in the past.
Gulf Waters: The US would refrain from seizing Iranian oil tankers in the Gulf waters. This provision aims to prevent further escalations and maintain stability in the region.
UN Resolutions: The US would not pursue anti-Iran resolutions in the United Nations. This indicates a shift away from a confrontational approach in international forums.
Release of Frozen Assets: The US would take steps to defreeze Iran’s bank accounts, which are estimated to be around $80 billion in various banks outside the country. Additionally, the US would immediately allow the release of $7 billion in South Korea and $2.7 billion in Iraq. These actions aim to address Iran’s economic concerns and provide some relief.
US Interests in the Proposed Agreement
Nuclear Non-Proliferation: The United States has a long-standing interest in preventing the proliferation of nuclear weapons. The proposed agreement aims to address concerns regarding Iran’s nuclear program and prevent it from acquiring a nuclear weapon. By freezing Iran’s nuclear enrichment and enhancing cooperation with the IAEA, the agreement seeks to maintain regional stability and reduce the risk of nuclear proliferation.
Regional Stability: The US has a vested interest in promoting stability in the Middle East. The proposed agreement aims to mitigate tensions and reduce the likelihood of a regional conflagration. By addressing Iran’s nuclear program and its activities in the region, the agreement seeks to contribute to a more stable and secure Middle East.
Humanitarian Concerns: The release of American prisoners held in Iran is an important humanitarian issue for the United States. The proposed agreement includes a provision for the release of these individuals, which aligns with US interests in protecting the welfare of its citizens abroad.
Potential Outcomes of the Proposed Agreement
Temporary Resolution: The agreement could serve as a temporary resolution to address immediate concerns related to Iran’s nuclear program and US-Iran tensions. By freezing Iran’s nuclear enrichment and securing the release of American prisoners, it could create a period of relative stability and reduced hostilities between the two countries.
Mitigating Regional Conflicts: The agreement may help mitigate regional conflicts by reducing the risk of a direct confrontation between Iran and the United States. With Iran committing not to attack US military contractors in Syria and Iraq, it could contribute to a de-escalation of tensions in these regions.
Improved US-Iran Relations: The proposed agreement could pave the way for improved relations between the United States and Iran in the short term. By engaging in diplomatic negotiations, both countries demonstrate a willingness to find common ground and address key issues. This could potentially lead to further engagement and dialogue on other matters of mutual concern in the future.
Economic Impact: If the agreement is implemented, it could have economic implications. Iran’s release of frozen assets and the potential easing of some sanctions could provide a boost to its economy. This, in turn, could improve the living conditions of Iranian citizens and potentially contribute to stability within the country.
Impact on Regional Dynamics: The agreement may have broader implications for regional dynamics. It could potentially facilitate improved ties between Iran and Saudi Arabia, as well as impact other regional players. Additionally, the agreement could influence the behavior and decisions of other countries in the region, potentially altering geopolitical dynamics.
Uncertain Long-Term Viability: The long-term viability of the proposed agreement remains uncertain. Given its informal and unwritten nature, there may be challenges in ensuring adherence and accountability over time. Changes in leadership, shifts in domestic politics, or evolving regional dynamics could impact the agreement’s sustainability beyond the current administration.
India’s significant interest in these developments
Energy Security: India is heavily reliant on oil imports, and Iran has historically been an important supplier of crude oil. Any changes in the US-Iran relationship, including sanctions or easing of restrictions, could have an impact on India’s energy security and oil prices.
Chabahar Port: India has invested significantly in the development of the Chabahar Port in Iran, which serves as a crucial gateway for India’s connectivity with Afghanistan and Central Asia. The US sanctions have posed challenges to India’s operations at the port. Therefore, any changes in the US-Iran dynamics and potential easing of sanctions could have implications for India’s access and operations at the port.
Regional Stability: India has a stake in maintaining stability in the region, particularly in its immediate neighborhood. The US-Iran agreement, if successful, could potentially contribute to regional stability and reduce tensions. This aligns with India’s broader interests in ensuring peace and security in the Middle East.
Balancing Relations: India maintains relationships with both the United States and Iran. As a strategic partner of the US, India has sought to align its interests with the US on several global issues. At the same time, India has maintained longstanding cultural, economic, and historical ties with Iran. India will likely aim to strike a balance between its relationships with both countries while promoting its national interests.
Geopolitical Considerations: India’s stance on the US-Iran negotiations could be influenced by broader geopolitical considerations. India seeks to maintain its strategic autonomy and diversify its partnerships. It will carefully assess the implications of the US-Iran agreement on its relationships with other countries in the region, including Saudi Arabia and Israel
Conclusion
The implications of US and Iran arrangement extend beyond the nuclear issue, potentially impacting Iran’s regional relationships and opening doors for future engagement between the US and Iran. The success of the agreement remains uncertain, but it marks a notable step towards resolving longstanding tensions between the two nations.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Railway infrastructure development updates
Mains level: Railway derailments and safety issues
Central Idea
Nothing captures the nation’s attention quite like a major accident within the Indian Railways. The recent triple train collision at Bahanaga Bazar railway station in Odisha has resulted in significant loss of lives, triggering the expected reactions and responses from different quarters. As the clamor for resignations and critical analysis of the railways’ future direction unfolds, it is crucial to objectively assess the situation and take meaningful steps to prevent such accidents in the future
Objective assessment: Understanding the Safety Performance
Decline in Derailments: Statistics reveal a significant decline in derailments, which constitute the majority of accidents in the Indian Railways. The number of derailments has decreased from around 350 per year in the early 2000s to 22 in 2021-22. This remarkable achievement demonstrates an improvement in safety standards.
Accommodating Increased Traffic: The decline in derailments is even more impressive considering the substantial increase in both freight loading and passenger traffic. Despite a nearly threefold increase in freight loading and more than a doubling of passenger traffic, the overall safety performance of the Railways has shown improvement over the years
Vulnerability to Single Major Accidents: While the decline in accidents is noteworthy, the nature of safety performance in the railway industry is such that a single major accident can overshadow the positive track record. Even with improved safety measures, one significant incident can tarnish the overall perception of safety.
The multiplicity of inquiries in the aftermath of the Bahanaga Bazar accident
Railway Minister’s Visit: In the aftermath of the triple train collision at Bahanaga Bazar railway station, the railway minister visited the accident site, which is a rare occurrence. This visit showcased a proactive approach by the Minister in overseeing relief and restoration work.
Prime Minister’s Visit: Remarkably, the Prime Minister himself visited the accident site, marking a historical first for the Indian Railways. His presence demonstrated the gravity of the situation and the government’s commitment to addressing the incident.
Determination of Cause: The Prime Minister’s statement, made during his visit, that “instructions have been given to ensure proper and speedy investigation of tragedy and to take prompt and stringent action against those found guilty,” indicated a preconceived notion that the accident was caused by human agency. This assumption was made before the statutory inquiry by the Commissioner of Railway Safety began.
Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) Inquiry: Unprecedentedly, the inquiry into the accident was handed over to the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI). The reason for this decision is not immediately apparent unless there is suspicion of criminal intent behind the accident.
Preliminary Enquiry: Prior to the commencement of the statutory inquiry by the Commissioner of Railway Safety, a committee of senior supervisors conducted a “preliminary enquiry.” This step, conducted before the formal inquiry, is somewhat unusual and raises questions about the sequence and coordination of investigations.
International Comparison of Railway Safety
Developed Countries: Countries with well-developed railway systems such as Japan, China, Turkey, France, Spain, Germany, Italy, Sweden, and the United Kingdom have significantly better railway safety records compared to India. Stringent safety regulations, advanced infrastructure, modern signalling systems, and effective maintenance practices contribute to their superior safety standards.
Passenger Train Speeds: In developed railway systems, most passenger trains operate at much higher speeds compared to India. For instance, Japan’s Shinkansen, China’s high-speed trains, and European high-speed rail services commonly achieve speeds of 200-350 kmph, ensuring efficient and safe travel. This stands in contrast to India’s average train speeds of approximately 50 kmph.
Safety Performance Ranking: If a ranking of major railways based on safety performance were to be made, India would likely place slightly higher than countries such as Egypt, Mexico, Tanzania, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Nigeria, and Pakistan. This suggests the need for improvement to match the safety standards of leading railway systems.
Infrastructure and Network Length: China, with its similar geographic size and population, provides a relevant comparison for India. China has made significant strides in expanding and modernizing its railway network. By surpassing India’s total route length and investing in infrastructure upgrades, China has been able to enhance safety and accommodate growing passenger and freight demands effectively.
Technological Advancements: Developed countries have embraced advanced technologies and innovations to enhance railway safety. These include state-of-the-art signaling systems, automated train control mechanisms, and advanced maintenance practices. India can draw lessons from their successful adoption of these technologies to improve safety standards.
Implementing Confidential Incident Reporting and Analysis System (CIRAS)
Study and Adaptation: The Indian Railways would need to study the CIRAS system implemented on British Railways and understand its core principles, functioning, and effectiveness. This analysis would serve as the basis for adapting the system to suit the specific requirements and operational dynamics of the Indian Railways.
Infrastructure Setup: The implementation of CIRAS would require establishing the necessary infrastructure. This includes developing a secure and confidential reporting platform accessible to railway staff at all levels. The platform can be a web-based portal or a dedicated mobile application, designed to ensure anonymity and maintain the confidentiality of the reporters.
Training and Awareness: To ensure the successful implementation of CIRAS, comprehensive training programs should be conducted for all railway staff. This training would familiarize them with the reporting system, emphasize the importance of reporting deviations or unsafe practices, and assure them of confidentiality and protection against retaliation.
Reporting Procedures: Clear reporting procedures and guidelines should be established to facilitate the reporting process. These guidelines would outline what incidents or deviations should be reported, how to submit reports through the CIRAS system, and the expected timelines for reporting and response.
Analysis and Action: A dedicated team or department within the Railways should be responsible for analyzing the reported incidents or deviations. They would assess the severity, identify patterns or trends, and propose appropriate actions to rectify the issues and enhance safety.
Way Ahead: Sustaining Safety Efforts in the Indian Railways
Strengthening Safety Culture: Building a safety-oriented culture throughout the organization is crucial. This involves instilling a shared commitment to safety at all levels, from the highest management to the frontline staff. Safety should be prioritized as a core value, and efforts should be made to promote transparency, open communication, and proactive reporting of safety concerns.
Embracing Technology: Leveraging advanced technologies can significantly contribute to enhancing safety in railway operations. The adoption of modern signaling systems, automated train control systems, predictive maintenance techniques, and real-time monitoring tools can help identify potential safety risks and mitigate them proactively.
Regular Audits and Inspections: Periodic audits and inspections should be conducted to assess compliance with safety standards and identify areas for improvement. These audits should involve external experts to ensure impartiality and comprehensive evaluations. Any shortcomings or deviations from safety protocols should be addressed promptly and effectively.
Collaboration and Knowledge Sharing: Collaborating with international railway systems and experts can provide valuable insights into best practices and lessons learned. Establishing partnerships and knowledge-sharing platforms with global railway organizations can help the Indian Railways stay updated with the latest safety advancements and innovations.
Robust Reporting and Analysis: Establishing a robust reporting and analysis system, such as the Confidential Incident Reporting and Analysis System (CIRAS), mentioned earlier, can encourage frontline staff to report safety concerns without fear of reprisal. Analyzing incident data and near-miss occurrences can help identify trends, root causes, and systemic issues.
Continuous Monitoring and Evaluation: Safety performance should be continuously monitored and evaluated to track progress and identify areas that require further attention. Implementing key performance indicators (KPIs) and safety metrics can provide objective measures of the railway’s safety performance.
Stakeholder Engagement: Engaging stakeholders, including passengers, employees, unions, and local communities, is essential for creating a safety-conscious environment. Encouraging feedback, conducting safety awareness campaigns, and involving stakeholders in safety initiatives can foster a sense of ownership and collective responsibility for safety.
Conclusion
Enhancing railway safety requires a shift in perspective and the implementation of robust reporting systems. It is imperative to prioritize a culture of safety, embracing proactive measures to prevent accidents. Sustaining safety improvements demands continuous dedication and a willingness to adapt. By reassessing existing practices and ensuring undivided attention from policymakers, the Indian Railways can achieve a safer and more efficient future.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: VAIBHAV Program
Mains level: Various initiatives for Indian Diaspora
Central Idea: The Ministry of Science & Technology has launched the Vaishvik Bhartiya Vaigyanik (VAIBHAV) fellowships programme.
VAIBHAV Program
The program aims to connect the Indian STEMM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics, and Medicine) diaspora with Indian academic and R&D institutions.
It promotes collaborative research work, knowledge sharing, and the exchange of best practices in frontier areas of science and technology.
Implementation and Eligibility
Implementing Agency: Department of Science and Technology (DST), Ministry of Science and Technology.
Beneficiaries: outstanding scientists/technologists of Indian origin (NRI/OCI/PIO) engaged in research activities in their respective countries.
Benefits: Grant of INR 4,00,000 per month, international and domestic travel expenses, accommodation, and contingencies
Verticals identified: 75 fellows will be selected to work in 18 identified knowledge verticals, including quantum technology, health, pharma, electronics, agriculture, energy, computer sciences, and material sciences.
Collaborations: The VAIBHAV Fellow will collaborate with Indian Higher Educational Institutions (HEIs), universities, and/or public-funded scientific institutions.
R&D Activity: The fellow can spend up to 2 months per year, for a maximum of 3years, in an Indian institution.
VAIBHAV Summit and Participation
The Government of India organized the VAIBHAV Summit to connect the Indian STEMM diaspora with Indian institutions.
The summit was inaugurated by the Hon’ble Prime Minister and saw the participation of over 25,000 attendees.
Indian STEMM diaspora from more than 70 countries took part in the deliberations.
| Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution - historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Ladakh, Sixth Schedule
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea: The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) will meet civil society leaders from Ladakh amid persistent demands and protests in the Union Territory for statehood and constitutional safeguards under the sixth schedule of the Constitution.
About Ladakh
Ladakh is a region in the northernmost part of India, bordering China and Pakistan.
The region is home to several ethnic groups, including the Ladakhi people, who are predominantly Buddhist.
Demand for Sixth Schedule in Ladakh
There has been a demand from the local tribal communities in Ladakh to extend the provisions of the Sixth Schedule to the region.
The demand has been primarily driven by concerns over the protection of tribal rights and the preservation of the unique cultural identity of the local communities.
Current administration in Ladakh
Ladakh was granted Union Territory status in 2019, following the bifurcation of the state of Jammu and Kashmir into two separate Union Territories.
The administration of Ladakh is currently governed by the Lieutenant Governor of Ladakh and an elected Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council (LAHDC).
Benefits of Sixth Schedule in Ladakh
Meeting tribal aspiration: The Parliamentary standing committee recommended including of Ladakh in the Sixth Schedule because its tribal communities account for 79.61% of its total population.
Autonomy and self-governance: The extension of the Sixth Schedule to Ladakh could provide greater autonomy and self-governance to the local tribal communities.
Cultural preservation: It could also help to protect the unique cultural identity of the local communities and preserve their traditional practices and customs.
Challenges to this demand
No further fragmentation: The demand to extend the Sixth Schedule to Ladakh has faced some opposition from certain quarters, who argue that it could lead to further fragmentation of the region and create new administrative challenges.
Losing political capital: There are also concerns over the potential impact of the demand on the political and administrative structure of the region.
Conclusion
Overall, the demand to extend the provisions of the Sixth Schedule to Ladakh is a complex issue that requires careful consideration of the needs and aspirations of the local tribal communities, as well as the broader political and administrative context of the region.
Back2Basics: Sixth Schedule of Indian Constitution
The Sixth Schedule of the Indian Constitution provides for the administration of tribal areas in the northeastern states of India.
These provisions were added to the Constitution in order to protect the rights and interests of the tribal communities in these areas and to promote their social, cultural, and economic development.
Here’s a summary of the Sixth Schedule of the Indian Constitution:
Areas covered
The Sixth Schedule covers the tribal areas in the states of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram.
These areas are known as “tribal areas” and are home to a large number of indigenous tribal communities.
Autonomous district councils
The Sixth Schedule provides for the establishment of autonomous district councils in the tribal areas.
These councils have the power to make laws and regulations for the governance of their respective areas.
They are also responsible for the administration of the local institutions of self-government, such as village councils and traditional councils.
Composition of district councils
The members of the district councils are elected by the people of the respective districts.
The councils are headed by a chairman, who is also elected by the members of the council.
The district councils have the power to appoint their own staff and to manage their own finances.
Powers of district councils
The district councils have the power to make laws on a range of subjects, including land, forests, water, and fisheries.
They also have the power to regulate local markets and to levy taxes and fees on a range of activities.
The district councils can also establish and manage schools, hospitals, and other institutions for the benefit of the local communities.
Protection of tribal rights
The Sixth Schedule provides for the protection of the rights of the tribal communities in the areas covered by the schedule.
It ensures that the traditional rights and customs of the tribal communities are respected and protected.
It also provides for the reservation of seats in the district councils and other local bodies for members of the tribal communities.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NIRF Ranking
Mains level: State of higher education in India
Central Idea
In a country as diverse as India, ranking universities and institutions is a complex task.
The Ministry of Education established the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) in 2016 to assess the performance of institutions based on critical indicators.
Institutions eagerly await their standings in this nationally recognized system every year.
NIRF Ranking: An Overview
The NIRF releases rankings across various categories, including ‘Overall’, ‘Research Institutions’, ‘Universities’, ‘Colleges’, and specific disciplines.
The rankings serve as an important resource for prospective students navigating the higher education landscape in India.
NIRF ranks institutes based on their total score, which is determined using five indicators:
Teaching, Learning & Resources (30% weightage)
Research and Professional Practice (30%)
Graduation Outcomes (20%)
Outreach and Inclusivity (10%)
Perception (10%)
Concerns about the methodology
Role of Bibliometrics: Bibliometrics refers to the quantitative analysis of scholarly publications, including metrics such as the number of publications, citations received, and journal impact factors.
Limitations: Bibliometrics may not adequately consider factors such as the quality and relevance of research, innovation, societal impact, and contributions beyond traditional publications.
Caution against Over-Reliance: A comprehensive evaluation methodology should consider a broader range of factors to provide a more holistic assessment of institutional performance.
Issues with NIRF’s Bibliometric Approach
Reliance on Commercial Databases: The NIRF relies on commercial databases like Scopus and Web of Science to collect bibliometric data for evaluating research output and impact. However, these databases may have limitations in terms of coverage, accuracy, and the inclusion of non-traditional research outputs.
Accuracy and Misuse Concerns: There are concerns regarding the accuracy of bibliometric data, potential manipulation of citation counts, and the misuse of metrics for promotional purposes. It is important to ensure the integrity and validity of the data used in ranking assessments.
Neglecting Non-traditional Contributions: The focus on research articles in bibliometric indicators may overlook other valuable intellectual contributions, such as books, book chapters, patents, policy reports, and other forms of non-traditional scholarly outputs.
Disincentive for Local Issues: The emphasis on internationally recognized journals and global research trends may discourage researchers from addressing local issues and conducting research that is contextually relevant to national or regional priorities.
Transparency and Flaws in the Rankings
Lack of Transparency: Institutions and stakeholders should have access to detailed information about the methodology, data sources, weightage assigned to different indicators, and the process of data collection and analysis.
Need for Detailed NIRF Methodology: While the NIRF publicly shares its ranking methodology, there is a need for more comprehensive and transparent documentation that provides a detailed view of the evaluation process. This would enhance stakeholders’ understanding and enable a more informed assessment of the rankings.
Addressing the Discrepancy: Clear and precise definitions for indicators like research quantity and quality are crucial to avoid potential ambiguity and misinterpretation. Transparent guidelines and criteria should be established to ensure a consistent and fair evaluation.
Conclusion
Promoting Comprehensive Evaluation: There is a need to develop evaluation methodologies that go beyond bibliometrics and consider a broader range of qualitative and quantitative factors to provide a more comprehensive assessment of institutional performance.
Transparency, Diverse Factors, and Balance: Ensuring transparency in ranking methodologies, considering diverse factors, and striking a balance between quantitative metrics and qualitative assessments will contribute to a more accurate and meaningful evaluation of universities in India.
| Polity | Mains Paper 2: Indian Constitution - historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure
Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: OBCs, NCBC
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC) is processing the approval for adding approximately 80 castes from six states to the Central List of Other Backward Classes (OBCs).
The Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment (MSJE) also reported the addition of 16 communities to the Central OBC list in Himachal Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, and Jammu and Kashmir.
About National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC)
Established
Constitution Act, 2018 (also known as 102nd Amendment Act, 2018) under Article 338B of the Indian Constitution
Jurisdiction
Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Government of India
Purpose
Active participation and advisory role in the socio-economic development of socially backward classes (OBCs)
Evaluating the progress of their development
Statutory Backing
Outcome of the Indra Sawhney & Others v. Union of India case (16.11.1992)
Composition
Chairperson, Vice-Chairperson, and three other members appointed by the President
Conditions of service and tenure determined by the President
Functions and Powers
Inclusions and exclusions in the lists of backward communities for job reservations
Providing advice to the Central Government
Investigating and monitoring safeguards for backward classes
Inquiring into specific complaints related to their rights and safeguards
Participating in socio-economic development and evaluating progress
Reports and Recommendations
Annual reports to the President and recommendations for effective implementation of safeguards
Recommendations for measures to protect, welfare, and socio-economic development of backward classes
Other Functions
Discharging functions specified by the President and subject to parliamentary laws
Constitutional Amendment
102nd Constitutional Amendment Act (2018) empowered NCBC to address grievances of Other Backward Classes
Who are the Other Backward Classes (OBCs)?
Other Backward Class is a collective term used to classify castes which are educationally or socially disadvantaged.
It is one of several official classifications of the population of India, along with General Class, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (SCs and STs).
The OBCs were found to comprise 55% of the country’s population by the Mandal Commission report of 1980, and were determined to be 41% in 2006.
Communities likely to be added
States like Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, and Haryana have proposed communities to be added to the Central OBC list.
Telangana: Suggested the addition of around 40 communities.
Andhra Pradesh: Turup Kapu community
Himachal Pradesh: Majhra community
Maharashtra: Lodhi, Lingayat, Bhoyar, Pawar, and Jhandse communities
Punjab: Yadav community
Haryana: Gosai/Gosain community
Approval Process
NCBC Examination: The NCBC examines the requests and processes them accordingly, aiming for most of them to be approved.
Cabinet Approval: Once the Commission decides, it can send its recommendations to the Cabinet for approval.
Notification by President: The final step involves legislation and notification by the President to enact the changes.
How is the process different from SC/ST list updation?
Unlike the procedure for adding communities to the SC or ST lists, the addition of communities to the Central OBC list does not require the concurrence of the Office of the Registrar General of India or any other authority.
The Commission follows guidelines established by the Mandal Commission in 1979, considering social, educational, and economic indicators for additions to the Central OBC list.
Current Status of OBC List and Recent Additions
The Central OBC list currently includes over 2,650 different communities from all states and union territories.
The Union government takes credit for recent additions and highlights the 105th Constitutional Amendment, which protects state OBC communities from being deprived of benefits.
There are currently about 1,270 communities listed in the Scheduled Caste (SC) list and 748 communities in the Scheduled Tribes (ST) list.
Changes in the SC and ST Lists
Since the last Census in 2011, four communities have been added to the SC list as main entries, 40 as sub-entries, and four have been dropped or moved to other lists.
Similarly, in the ST list, five communities were added as main entries, 22 as sub-entries, 13 as substitute terms, and one was dropped.
Impact of OBC List Additions
Broader representation: Adding more castes to the Central OBC list ensures broader representation and access to reserved seats and benefits for disadvantaged communities.
Social upliftment: The inclusion of additional communities acknowledges their backwardness and provides opportunities for social upliftment and empowerment.
Challenges and Criticisms
Political motivation: The process may face challenges and criticisms, such as concerns over potential political motivations or inaccuracies in identifying backwardness.
Issue of parity: Ensuring transparency, fairness, and inclusivity in the decision-making process is essential to address these challenges and maintain the integrity of the OBC list.
Conclusion
The reservation system and OBC list play a significant role in promoting social equality by providing opportunities for historically marginalized communities.
The continuous evaluation and expansion of the OBC list reflect the government’s commitment to creating a more inclusive society and addressing historical injustices.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: India-U.S. relations and latest developments, ICET, I2U2 etc
Mains level: India-U.S. relationship and Growing cooperation and Indo pacific imperative
Central Idea
The recent visit of United States Secretary of Defence, Lloyd Austin, to India has bolstered the already robust relationship between the two countries. This visit, focused on technological innovation and military cooperation, marks a significant step forward in the bilateral defence partnership.
Significance of the visit
Strengthening Defence Partnership: The visit reinforces the already strong defence partnership between the United States and India. It demonstrates the commitment of both nations to deepen cooperation and collaboration in critical defence domains.
Defence Industrial Cooperation: The establishment of a road map for defence industrial cooperation is a significant outcome of the visit. It aims to enhance defence manufacturing in India through technological collaboration, aligning with India’s self-reliance mission and reducing import dependence.
Technology Sharing: India’s recognition as a “Major Defence Partner” of the United States, along with the signing of foundational agreements, allows for increased technology sharing between the two countries. This facilitates the exchange of sensitive technologies without India becoming a formal ally, fostering greater collaboration and advancement in defence capabilities.
Indo-Pacific Focus: The discussions during the visit highlight the strategic importance of the U.S.-India defence partnership in the Indo-Pacific region. Both nations share concerns over China’s assertive actions, and the visit underscores their commitment to address shared security challenges and maintain a free and open Indo-Pacific.
Space Sector Cooperation: The launch of the Indus-X initiative and the existing Space Situational Awareness arrangement strengthen cooperation in the space sector. These initiatives enhance information-sharing, collaboration, and innovation in space-related technologies between the United States and India.
Economic Impact: The visit emphasizes broader industrial cooperation between Indian and U.S. companies in the defence sector. It highlights the significant investments made by American companies in India and the U.S. government’s support for India’s defence modernization.
Facts for prelims
Initiative on Critical and Emerging Technologies (ICET)
Launched by PM Modi and President Joe Biden: The ICET initiative was launched by Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and U.S. President Joe Biden in May 2022.
Goal to elevate and expand Indo-US Partnership: Strategic technology partnership and defense industrial cooperation between the governments, businesses, and academic institutions of the two countries.
Directly monitored by PMO and White house: The Prime Minister’s Office in Delhi and the White House in Washington will oversee and direct the ICET.
Six focus areas of co-development and co-production: Strengthening innovation ecosystems, defence innovation and technology cooperation, resilient semiconductor supply chains, space, STEM talent, and next generation telecom
Outcomes of the visit
Road Map for Defence Industrial Cooperation: One of the major outcomes of the visit was the establishment of a road map for defence industrial cooperation. This road map aims to boost defence manufacturing in India through greater technological collaboration between the two nations. It outlines specific measures and initiatives to expedite co-development and co-production projects, fostering stronger connections between the defence sectors of India and the United States.
Launch of the Indus-X Initiative: The visit witnessed the launch of the Indus-X initiative, which provides a new impetus to defence innovation engagement between the two countries. Building upon the existing bilateral Space Situational Awareness arrangement, the Indus-X initiative enhances information-sharing and cooperation in the space sector. It sets the stage for collaborative advancements and joint initiatives in space-related technologies.
Strengthened Defence Partnership: The visit further solidified the U.S.-India defence partnership, emphasizing the “Major Defence Partner” status of India. This recognition allows for increased technology sharing and more frequent cooperation between the two countries. It reflects the trust and confidence placed in India and strengthens the foundation for deeper collaboration in the future.
Indo-Pacific Security Cooperation: Discussions during the visit reaffirmed the strategic importance of the U.S.-India defence partnership in addressing common security challenges in the Indo-Pacific region. Both countries recognize the shared concerns regarding China’s assertive actions and aim to work together to ensure a free, open, and rules-based Indo-Pacific. The visit underscores their commitment to strengthening security cooperation in the region.
Advancement in Defence Technology and Trade Initiative (DTTI): The visit injected new momentum into the Defence Technology and Trade Initiative (DTTI), which aims to enhance co-production and co-development in the defence sector. The elevation of the India-U.S. strategic partnership through the iCET (Critical and Emerging Technology) agreement has been instrumental in revitalizing the DTTI and providing specific momentum to collaborative efforts in the defence industry.
Preparation for Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s State Visit: The visit of the U.S. Defence Secretary set the groundwork for Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s upcoming state visit to the United States. It paved the way for potential major announcements and agreements, especially in the area of defence cooperation, further strengthening the partnership between the two nations.
What is The Indo-Pacific Imperative?
The Indo-Pacific imperative refers to the shared interests and concerns of India and the United States in the region, particularly regarding regional security challenges, economic connectivity, and freedom of navigation.
Common Threats: Both India and the United States recognize the challenges posed by China’s assertive actions in the Indo-Pacific region. The combined threat assessments by both countries point to China as a common and conspicuous challenge. This includes China’s expanding military capabilities, including its growing naval presence and subsurface activities in the Indian and Pacific Oceans.
Regional Security Cooperation: The discussions during the visit focused on countering coercive actions by China and addressing other regional security concerns, such as Russia’s aggressive actions and transnational issues like terrorism and climate change.
Free and Open Indo-Pacific: India and the United States share a vision of a free, open, inclusive, and rules-based Indo-Pacific region. They are committed to upholding the principles of freedom of navigation, peaceful resolution of disputes, and respect for international law.
Regional Cooperation Mechanisms: The U.S.-India defence partnership serves as a crucial pillar in various regional cooperation mechanisms in the Indo-Pacific. Through bilateral and multilateral engagements, including the Quad (comprising the United States, India, Japan, and Australia), India and the United States aim to enhance coordination, interoperability, and capacity-building efforts to address regional challenges effectively.
Counterbalance to China: As China’s influence in the Indo-Pacific grows, the U.S.-India defence partnership plays a significant role in providing a counterbalance to China’s assertiveness. By strengthening cooperation, sharing information, and developing shared capabilities, India and the United States can collectively address common security challenges and maintain regional stability.
Conclusion
The visit of the U.S. Defence Secretary to India and the impending state visit of PM to the United States lay a strong foundation for an enduring U.S.-India defence partnership. The potential future prospects encompass various aspects, including enhanced defence cooperation, technological advancements, regional security collaborations, and the strengthening of defence industry partnerships. These prospects herald a promising future for two nations committed to forging a robust and mutually beneficial relationship.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Nuralink technology and probable applications
Mains level: Nuralink, its applications, Concerns , Data transparency, challenges and way ahead
Central Idea
On May 25, the USFDA granted approval for clinical trials of Neuralink’s implantable Brain-Computer Interface (BCI), developed by tech mogul Elon Musk’s neurotech startup. While Neuralink’s ambitions are revolutionary, promising to treat brain disorders and fuse human consciousness with AI, there are significant concerns regarding the safety, viability, and transparency of the technology.
What is Implantable Brain-Computer Interface?
An implantable Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) is a technology that allows direct communication between the human brain and external devices.
It involves the surgical implantation of a chip containing electrodes into the brain, which can detect and transmit neural signals.
These signals are then decoded by a device connected to the chip, enabling individuals to control devices or interact with technology using their thoughts alone.
The goal of implantable BCIs is to enhance human capabilities, treat neurological disorders, and potentially merge human consciousness with artificial intelligence (AI).
Simplified: What Is Neuralink?
A device to be inserted in brain: Neuralink is a gadget that will be surgically inserted into the brain using robotics. In this procedure, a chipset called the link is implanted in the skull.
Insulated wires connected to electrodes: It has a number of insulated wires connected from the electrodes that are used in the process.
Can be operated by smartphones: This device can then be used to operate smartphones and computers without having to touch it
Neuralink’s Claims and Lack of Data Transparency
Limited Published Data: Neuralink has only published one article, co-authored by Elon Musk and the Neuralink team, which describes the chip and implantation process. However, this article was not published in a prominent journal and does not provide comprehensive data supporting the claims made by Neuralink.
Episodic Launch Videos: Instead of presenting robust scientific evidence, Neuralink relies on episodic launch videos and show-and-tell events live-streamed on YouTube. While these videos generate excitement and capture public interest, they do not provide in-depth data or transparency regarding the technology’s safety and efficacy.
Lack of Preclinical Assessment: Before human trials, it is crucial to conduct thorough preclinical assessments on complex mammals to evaluate the safety and feasibility of the technology. However, Neuralink has not shared comprehensive data on preclinical studies involving animals such as pigs, sheep, or monkeys, leaving questions about the device’s effectiveness and potential risks.
Limited Quantitative Data: Neuralink has not released sufficient quantitative data to the public regarding the safety and efficacy of their implantable device. There is a lack of published imaging or quantitative data from their histology unit, making it challenging to assess the device’s performance, mortality rates, or the success rate of the surgical procedure.
Limited Disclosure of FDA-submitted Data: Private companies like Neuralink have the privilege of protecting proprietary technologies, and they are not obligated to disclose or publish the data they submit to regulatory authorities like the USFDA. This lack of transparency prevents public scrutiny and raises concerns about the thorough evaluation of the technology by independent experts.
Facts for prelims
What are Artificial Neural Networks (ANN)?
The concept behind an ANN is to define inputs and outputs, feed pieces of inputs to computer programs that function like neurons and make inferences or calculations.
It then forwards those results to another layer of computer programs and so on, until a result is obtained.
As part of this neural network, a difference between intended output and input is computed at each layer and this difference is used to tune the parameters to each program.
This method is called back-propagation and is an essential component to the Neural Network.
Safety concerns associated with Neuralink’s BCI technology
Heat Generation and Wire Stability: With thousands of thin wires implanted in the brain, the issue of heat generation arises. The high density of wires and the transmission of signals can potentially generate heat, which may pose a risk to the surrounding brain tissue. Furthermore, ensuring the stability and secure placement of these thin wires in a freely moving human presents additional challenges.
Brain Tissue Response and Injury: Implanting foreign objects into the brain can cause tissue response and potential injury. The impact of movement on the surrounding brain tissue, the potential for micro-injuries that may accumulate over time, and the resulting complications and disabilities need to be thoroughly assessed.
Immune Reaction and Scar Tissue Formation: The brain has a natural defense mechanism that responds to injuries by forming scar tissue. Scar tissue can be seizure-prone and may have implications for the overall functioning of the implanted device. The immune reaction and scar tissue formation around the brain in response to the implant need to be carefully studied and understood.
Concerns about Work Environment and Material Stability
Pressure Cooker Work Environment: Reports have emerged suggesting a high-pressure work environment at Neuralink. There have been claims of Elon Musk creating unrealistic timelines and expectations for employees, potentially fostering a culture that prioritizes speed over thoroughness. This kind of work environment can have negative effects on employee well-being and may compromise the quality and safety of the technology being developed.
Material Stability: The long-term stability and inertness of the materials used in the fabrication of Neuralink’s implantable device have come into question. Competitor companies, such as InBrain, have raised doubts about the stability of the material (PEDOT) used for the implant wires.
Regulatory Challenges for Neuralink and Proprietary Protection
Regulatory Challenges: The regulatory process may face challenges in terms of ensuring thorough evaluation, transparency, and adherence to safety standards. The FDA rejected Neuralink’s initial application due to safety concerns with the implanted chip’s lithium batteries, but the basis for subsequent approval remains unclear.
Proprietary Protection: Neuralink have been granted latitude in protecting proprietary and patented technologies. This protection allows companies to safeguard their intellectual property, maintain a competitive advantage, and control the release of information. While proprietary protection is a common practice in business, it can limit public access to critical data and impede independent scrutiny of the technology’s safety and efficacy.
Way Forward
Rigorous Evaluation: Comprehensive and independent evaluation of Neuralink’s technology is necessary to assess its safety, efficacy, and long-term viability. This evaluation should involve transparent data sharing, peer review, and collaboration with regulatory agencies, independent experts, and the scientific community.
Preclinical Assessment: Thorough preclinical assessments, including studies in complex mammals, should be conducted to evaluate the safety, feasibility, and potential risks of Neuralink’s BCI. Comprehensive data on mortality rates, surgical success rates, and long-term effects should be disclosed to ensure a robust understanding of the technology’s impact.
Transparency and Data Sharing: Neuralink should prioritize transparency and data sharing to address concerns about the lack of quantitative data, animal welfare, and material stability. Publishing quantitative data, sharing research findings, and providing access to independent researchers for scrutiny can enhance trust and facilitate a more thorough evaluation of the technology.
Ethical Considerations: The ethical implications of merging humans with AI should be carefully examined and discussed. Engaging in open and inclusive dialogues involving experts from various disciplines can help navigate the ethical challenges associated with the potential fusion of human consciousness and AI.
Regulatory Oversight: Regulatory authorities, such as the FDA, should ensure rigorous evaluation and oversight of Neuralink’s BCI technology. Striking the right balance between proprietary protection and the need for transparency and accountability is crucial to safeguard public safety and promote responsible innovation.
Independent Monitoring and Accountability: Independent monitoring of Neuralink’s practices, including animal welfare and work environment, should be in place to ensure adherence to ethical standards. This can involve external audits, collaborations with animal welfare organizations, and enhanced regulatory scrutiny.
Conclusion
Before delving into the ethical debates surrounding merging humans with AI, it is crucial to address the concerns surrounding Neuralink’s implantable BCI. Safety, data transparency, and animal welfare should be paramount. By promoting transparency, rigorous evaluation, and responsible practices, Neuralink can build trust, ensure patient safety, and foster a constructive dialogue about the future implications of this groundbreaking technology.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Read the attached story
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
The field of taxonomy, which involves naming and classifying living beings, is currently engaged in a heated discussion regarding the renaming of species with objectionable scientific names.
These names often stem from problematic individuals associated with slavery, racism, derogatory terms, and racial slurs.
The debate has gained prominence in recent years, particularly in the wake of movements like Black Lives Matter, which seeks to address systemic racism and dismantle symbols of oppression.
Controversial Naming Practices
(1) Species Named after Controversial Figures:
Anophthalmus hitleri: The blind beetle named after Adolf Hitler by an entomologist who admired him gained popularity among Neo-Nazis, leading to its near-extinction.
Uta stansburiana: The lizard named after Howard Stansbury, known for his involvement in the massacre of Timpanogos Native Americans.
Hibbertia scandens: The plant named after George Hibbert, a prominent member of the pro-slavery and anti-abolition lobby.
(2) Species Named with Derogatory Terms:
Hottentotta tamulus scorpion: The use of “Hottentot” as a derogatory term for Indigenous Black people in Africa.
Rauvolfia caffra: The quinine tree named with an offensive term considered hate speech against Black communities in South Africa.
Rules and International Bodies
Nomenclature Codes: International bodies such as ICZN, ICNafp, ICNB, and ICTV govern the naming of animals, plants, bacteria, and viruses, respectively.
Validity and Publication: New names must be published in openly distributed publications and accompanied by detailed descriptions of typical specimens.
ICZN: International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature
ICNafp: International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants
ICNB: International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria
ICTV: International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
Scientific Naming Process
Two-part Scientific Names: Each species has two scientific names, with the first denoting the genus and the second identifying the species within the genus. Both names are italicized.
Naming Conventions: Names are often derived from Latin or Greek, reflecting distinctive features or characteristics of the species.
Challenges in Changing Offensive Names
Limited Appetite for Change: International committees show little inclination to engage in debates on potentially offensive names, prioritizing stability and universality.
Criteria for Name Change: The rules state that name changes should only occur with profound taxonomic knowledge or to rectify names conflicting with established rules.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Transgenic Cotton
Mains level: GM crops and issues
Central Idea
The states of Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Telangana in India have deferred a proposal to test a new type of transgenic cotton seed.
This proposal had been approved by the Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC) of the central government.
The deferral of the proposal by these states indicates that the broader acceptance of genetically modified crops, including transgenic cotton, remains challenging to achieve in India.
What are Transgenic Crops?
Transgenic crops, also known as genetically modified (GM) crops or genetically engineered (GE) crops, are plants that have been modified through genetic engineering techniques.
These techniques involve the introduction of specific genes from one organism into the genetic material of another organism, resulting in the expression of new traits or characteristics in the modified crop.
The introduction of transgenic technology allows scientists to selectively transfer desirable genes into crop plants to impart beneficial traits such as:
Pest Resistance: Genes from naturally pest-resistant organisms can be inserted into crops to make them resistant to specific pests or insects.
Disease Resistance: Genes conferring resistance to diseases can be introduced into crops to enhance their ability to withstand infections caused by viral, bacterial, or fungal pathogens.
Herbicide Tolerance: Transgenic crops can be engineered to tolerate specific herbicides, allowing farmers to effectively control weeds without harming the crop.
Improved Nutritional Content: Genetic engineering techniques can be employed to enhance the nutritional profile of crops by increasing the levels of essential nutrients, such as vitamins, minerals, or proteins.
Abiotic Stress Tolerance: Transgenic crops can be engineered to withstand environmental stresses such as drought, salinity, or extreme temperatures.
Extended Shelf Life: Such crops have extended shelf life or resistance to spoilage, thereby reducing food waste and increasing marketability.
Transgenic Crops in India
Cotton: Cotton is currently the only transgenic crop being commercially cultivated in India. It contains a gene called Cry2Ai, which is believed to confer resistance against the American pink bollworm, a significant pest affecting cotton crops.
Other Crops in Trials: Apart from cotton, there are several other crops in various stages of trials using transgenic technology. These include brinjal (eggplant), tomato, maize (corn), and chickpea. These crops are being developed with traits such as insect resistance, disease resistance, and improved nutritional content.
Mustard Hybrid DMH-11: The Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC) approved the environmental release of Mustard hybrid DMH-11 and its parental lines for seed production and testing. This transgenic mustard variety is awaiting final clearance.
Regulation Process in India
Safety Assessments: Transgenic crops go through rigorous safety assessments conducted by committees before they are approved for further testing. These assessments evaluate the potential environmental, health, and socioeconomic impacts of genetically modified crops.
Confined Trials: After safety assessments, transgenic crops undergo confined trials in controlled environments. These trials are conducted at agricultural universities or plots controlled by the Indian Council for Agricultural Research (ICAR). The aim is to assess the performance, agronomic traits, and potential risks associated with transgenic crops.
Open Field Trials: Upon successful confined trials, transgenic crops can proceed to open field trials. These trials are conducted over multiple crop seasons and in different geographical regions to evaluate the performance of the crops under diverse environmental conditions.
Comparative Evaluation: Transgenic crops can seek commercial clearance only if they demonstrate superiority over comparable non-GM varieties in terms of desired traits, such as resistance to pests, diseases, or drought, without causing harm to the environment or other cultivated species.
Issues in Acceptance of Transgenic Crops
Public Perception and Opposition: The acceptance of genetically modified crops continues to be elusive in India due to concerns raised by activists, farmers, and consumer groups regarding the safety, environmental impact, and long-term consequences of GM crops.
Legal and Regulatory Framework: The litigation in the Supreme Court regarding the approval and cultivation of transgenic crops adds complexity to the regulatory framework. The decision-making process involves multiple stakeholders, including government agencies, scientists, activists, and judicial authorities.
State-Level Approvals: Agriculture being a state subject, companies interested in testing transgenic seeds often require approvals from the respective states. Varying attitudes and policies towards GM crops among states can create challenges and inconsistencies in the regulatory process.
Ecological Impact and Biodiversity: Critics argue that the release of transgenic crops into the environment may have unintended ecological consequences, such as the potential harm to non-target organisms, disruption of ecosystems, and loss of biodiversity.
Socioeconomic Implications: The adoption of transgenic crops may have socioeconomic implications, including concerns about farmer dependency on seed companies, patenting of genetic materials, and potential impacts on traditional farming practices and indigenous seed varieties.
Way forward
Robust Regulation: Strengthen the regulatory framework for transgenic crops to ensure rigorous evaluation, transparent decision-making, and effective monitoring of potential risks to human health, environment, and biodiversity.
Public Awareness: Conduct comprehensive campaigns to educate the public about the benefits and safety of transgenic cotton, dispelling misconceptions, and promoting informed decision-making.
Stakeholder Engagement: Foster open dialogue among farmers, scientists, policymakers, and consumer groups to address concerns, share information, and build mutual understanding.
Environmental Monitoring: Implement long-term monitoring programs to assess the impact of transgenic cotton cultivation on factors such as pest resistance, gene flow, and ecological interactions to ensure sustainability.
Farmer Training and Support: Provide training programs and technical assistance to farmers, equipping them with proper cultivation practices and effective management strategies for transgenic cotton, maximizing benefits of improved yields and pest control.
Socioeconomic Assessments: Conduct comprehensive assessments to evaluate the potential impact of transgenic cotton on farmers’ livelihoods, rural economies, and social well-being, addressing issues of equity, access, and distribution of benefits.
Transparent Labelling and Traceability: Implement clear labeling and traceability mechanisms to ensure transparency in marketing and trade of transgenic cotton products, enabling consumers to make informed choices.
Conclusion
The GEAC is exploring options to streamline the regulatory process for GM crops.
The proposal to declare certain regions as “notified testing sites” aims to provide a standardized framework for conducting trials and minimize the dependency on state-level approvals.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Open Market Sale Scheme (OMSS)
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
The Centre has discontinued the sale of rice and wheat from the central pool to State governments under the Open Market Sale Scheme (OMSS).
This move is aimed at controlling price inflation and stabilizing food prices, but it may have an impact on states like Karnataka that offer free grains to the poor.
What is Open Market Sale Scheme (OMSS)?
The OMSS refers to the government’s selling of food grains, such as rice and wheat, in the open market at predetermined prices.
The scheme aims to enhance grain supply during the lean season and moderate open market prices.
It consists of three components:
Sale of wheat to bulk consumers/private traders through e-auction.
Sale of wheat to bulk consumers/private traders through e-auction by dedicated movement.
Sale of Raw Rice Grade ‘A’ to bulk consumers/private traders through e-auction.
Working of OMSS
To ensure transparency, the Food Corporation of India (FCI) has adopted e-auction as the method for selling food grains under the OMSS (Domestic).
Weekly auctions are conducted on the NCDEX platform.
State governments and Union Territory Administrations can participate in the e-auction if they require wheat and rice outside TPDS & OWS (Targeted Public Distribution System & Other Welfare Schemes).
Reasons for Discontinuation of OMSS:
Controlling price inflation: Discontinuing OMSS helps regulate the supply of rice and wheat to prevent price hikes.
Ensuring price stability: By limiting the availability of grains through OMSS, the government aims to maintain stable market prices.
Balancing stock levels: Discontinuation allows for better management of grain stock in the central pool.
Streamlining distribution channels: OMSS discontinuation enables a more focused and efficient distribution of grains through targeted welfare schemes.
Efficient utilization of resources: By discontinuing OMSS, resources can be allocated more effectively to optimize procurement and distribution efforts.
Flexibility in response to market conditions: The discontinuation provides flexibility to adjust grain supply based on market demands and conditions.
Promoting market competition: The absence of OMSS encourages the participation of private traders and bulk consumers, fostering a competitive market environment.
Concerns and Production Challenges
Adverse weather conditions: Unseasonal rains, hailstorms, and higher temperatures have posed challenges to wheat production.
Lower production and higher prices: The adverse weather conditions may lead to reduced wheat production and subsequent price increases.
Rice price fluctuations: Rice prices have already increased by 10% at the mandi level in the last year.
Dependence on monsoon rains: Monsoon rains are crucial for rice production, as 80% of the country’s total rice production occurs during the kharif season.
Potential impact on food security: Lower production and price fluctuations can affect food security, particularly for vulnerable sections of society.
Procurement challenges: Slow wheat procurement and increased prices create difficulties in achieving procurement targets and maintaining stock levels.
Potential impact on overall agricultural output: Production challenges in wheat may have a ripple effect on the overall agricultural sector and farm incomes.
Need for stabilizing measures: Measures to stabilize supply, improve agricultural practices, and manage weather-related risks are crucial to address these concerns.
Efforts to Stabilize Supply and Stock Levels
Food Corporation of India: FCI plays a vital role in ensuring the availability of food grains at reasonable prices to vulnerable sections of society through the Public Distribution System.
Increased Procurement: The government has set a procurement target of 341.5 lakh metric tonnes of wheat for the ongoing Rabi Marketing Season (RMS) 2023-24.
Conclusion
The Centre’s decision to discontinue the sale of rice and wheat to states under the OMSS aims to control price inflation and stabilize food prices.
Exceptions have been made for regions facing specific challenges.
The imposition of stock limits and offloading through the OMSS demonstrates the government’s efforts to manage overall food security and prevent hoarding.
However, concerns remain regarding lower wheat production due to adverse weather conditions, highlighting the need for measures to stabilize supply and stock levels.
The UCC aims to establish a single personal civil law for the entire country, applicable to all religious communities in matters such as marriage, divorce, inheritance, adoption, etc.
The idea of a UCC has a long history in India and has been a topic of debate and discussion.
This article explores the basis for a UCC, its timeline, the conflict with the right to freedom of religion, minority opinions, challenges to implementation, and the way forward.
Basis for UCC: Article 44
Article 44 of the Directive Principles envisions the state’s endeavor to secure a UCC for all citizens throughout the country.
While DPSP of the Constitution are not enforceable by courts, they provide fundamental principles for governance.
Personal Laws and UCC: A Timeline
Colonial Period: Personal laws were first framed for Hindu and Muslim citizens during the British Raj.
1940: The idea of a UCC was proposed by the National Planning Commission, examining women’s status and recommending reforms for gender equality.
1947: UCC was considered as a fundamental right during the framing of the Constitution by Minoo Masani, Hansa Mehta, Amrit Kaur, and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.
1948: The Constitution Assembly debated Article 44, which emphasizes the implementation of uniform civil laws as a state duty under Part IV.
1950: Reformist bills were passed, granting Hindu women the right to divorce and inherit property and outlawing bigamy and child marriages.
1951: Ambedkar resigned when his draft of the Hindu Code Bill was stalled in Parliament.
1985: Shah Bano case highlighted the need for a UCC and the rights of divorced Muslim women.
1995: Sarla Mudgal v. Union of India reiterated the urgency of a UCC for national integration and removing contradictions.
2000: The Supreme Court, in Lily Thomas v. Union of India, stated it could not direct the government to introduce a UCC.
2015: The apex court refused to mandate a decision on implementing a UCC.
2016: The Triple Talaq debate gained attention, leading to the ruling of its unconstitutionality in 2017.
UCC vs. Right to Freedom of Religion
Article 25: Guarantees an individual’s fundamental right to religion.
Article 26(b): Upholds the right of religious denominations to manage their own affairs.
Article 29: Protects the right to conserve distinctive culture.
Reasonable restrictions can be imposed on freedom of religion for public order, health, morality, and other provisions related to fundamental rights.
Minority Opinion in the Constituent Assembly
Some members sought to exempt Muslim Personal Law from state regulation, arguing against interference in personal laws based on secularism.
Concerns were raised about uniformity in a diverse country like India and the potential for opposition from different communities.
Gender justice was not a significant focus during these debates.
Enacting and Enforcing UCC
Fundamental rights are enforceable in courts, while Directive Principles have varying degrees of enforceability.
The wording of Article 44 suggests a lesser duty on the state compared to other Directive Principles.
Fundamental rights are considered more important than Directive Principles, and a balance between both is crucial.
Need for UCC
Multiple personal laws: Different religions and denominations follow distinct property and matrimonial laws, hindering national unity.
Absence of exclusive jurisdiction: Such thing in the Union List implies that the framers did not intend to have a UCC.
Customary laws are discriminatory: These laws also vary among different communities and regions.
Why is UCC Necessary?
Harmonizing equality: UCC would provide equal status to all citizens, promote gender parity, and align with the aspirations of a liberal and young population.
Promote fraternity: Implementation of UCC would support national integration.
Hurdles to UCC Implementation
Opposition from religious factions: The diverse religious and cultural landscape of India poses practical difficulties.
Minority resistance: UCC is often perceived by minorities as an encroachment on religious freedom and interference in personal matters.
Societal preparedness: Experts argue that Indian society may not be ready to embrace a UCC at present.
Unaddressed Questions
Ignoring diversities: Maintaining the essence of diverse components of society while achieving uniformity in personal laws.
One size fits all: The assumption that practices of one community are backward or unjust.
Uniqueness of diversity: The effectiveness of uniformity in eradicating societal inequalities.
Way Forward
Theological education: Religious intelligentsia should educate their communities about rights and obligations based on modern interpretations.
Open discussion: The government should create an environment conducive to UCC by explaining Article 44’s contents and significance while considering different perspectives.
Gradual introduction: Social reforms should be gradual, addressing concerns such as fake news and disinformation.
Prioritizing social harmony: Preserving the cultural fabric of the nation is essential.
Conclusion
UCC is a complex issue that requires careful consideration of religious, cultural, and societal perspectives.
Balancing the unity and diversity of India is crucial, as the implementation of a UCC should aim to provide equal rights and opportunities while respecting the distinct identities of different communities.
Education, dialogue, and a gradual approach are necessary to achieve consensus and promote social harmony in the country.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Need for integrated grain storage plan
Central Idea
India, with its massive population of 1.4 billion people, faces the challenge of ensuring food security for its citizens.
To address this issue, the Centre has approved the establishment of an Inter-Ministerial Committee (IMC) to facilitate the implementation of the “world’s largest grain storage plan in the cooperative sector.”
This article explores the key aspects of the plan and its potential impact on food security in India.
Need for Grain Storage Network
(1) Population vs. Arable Land
India constitutes 18% of the global population but has only 11% of the arable land.
The country’s vast population necessitates a robust network of food-grain storage facilities.
(2) Current Storage Gap
India’s current foodgrain storage capacity is 145 million metric tonnes (MMT).
However, the total food production stands at 311 MMT, resulting in a storage gap of 166 MMT.
Insufficient storage facilities often lead to open storage, causing damage to food grains.
(3) Global Storage Capacities
Countries like China, USA, Brazil, Russia, Argentina, Ukraine, France, and Canada have better storage capacities than their foodgrain production.
For instance, China, with a foodgrain production of 615 MMT, has a storage capacity of 660 MMT.
(4) Regional Disparities in India
In India, the storage capacity varies across regions.
Some southern states have a storage capacity of 90% and above, while northern states like Uttar Pradesh and Bihar have capacities below 50%.
Understanding the ‘World’s Largest Grain Storage Plan’
(1) Role of Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS)
The Ministry of Cooperation plans to establish a network of integrated grain storage facilities through PACS.
PACS are widely spread across India, with over 1,00,000 societies and more than 13 crore farmers as members.
Leveraging the existing PACS network is a crucial aspect of the plan.
(2) IMC Composition
The IMC, constituted under the chairmanship of Minister of Cooperation , includes three other ministers and secretaries from relevant ministries.
The IMC will modify guidelines and implementation methodologies of schemes to facilitate the storage plan.
(3) Budgetary Allocation
The plan will be implemented through the convergence of 8 existing schemes, eliminating the need for a separate allocation.
Schemes under the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Ministry of Food Processing Industries, and Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution will be utilized.
Benefits of the Grain Storage Plan
(1) Multi-Purpose Benefits:
The plan aims to establish godowns at the PACS level, enabling them to serve multiple functions:
Procurement centres for state agencies and Food Corporation of India (FCI)
Fair Price Shops (FPS)
Custom hiring centres
Common processing units for agricultural produce
(2) Other benefits
Reduction in post-harvest losses
Decreased foodgrain handling and transportation costs
Enhanced market flexibility for farmers, reducing distress sales
Key issues addressed
Infrastructure Address: The establishment of godowns at PACS level will address the shortage of agricultural storage infrastructure, increasing India’s foodgrain storage capacity by 700 lakh tonnes.
Diversification of PACS: PACS will be empowered to undertake various activities such as procurement centers, fair price shops, and setting up custom hiring centers, enhancing farmer incomes.
Reduced Food Grain Wastage: Decentralized storage at PACS level will minimize grain wastage, contributing to improved food security.
Prevention of Distress Sales: Farmers can store their produce in PACS facilities and access loans of up to 70%, preventing distress sales and enabling better prices.
Cost Reduction: Local storage facilities will significantly reduce transportation costs of food grains to procurement centers and fair-price shops.
Design and Features of Integrated Storage Facilities
(1) Facility Layout
Spread over 1 acre of land, the integrated modular PACS will have various components.
These include a custom hiring center, a multi-purpose hall, primary processing units, storage sheds, and container storage and silos.
(2) Financing and Capacity:
The cost of establishing the facility is estimated at Rs 2.25 crore.
A subsidy of Rs 51 lakh will be provided, with the remaining amount as margin money or a loan.
The PACS is projected to earn Rs 45 lakh per year.
The hub and spoke model will be implemented, with 55,767 PACS functioning as spokes and 7,233 PACS as hubs.
The combined storage capacity of all 63,000 PACS will be 70 million tonnes.
(3) Technological Advancements:
The modern silos will be equipped with computerized real-time monitoring systems.
These facilities can be rented out to the FCI and other private agencies.
Conclusion
India’s ambitious grain storage plan in the cooperative sector, facilitated by the IMC, aims to bridge the storage gap and ensure food security for its billion-plus population.
By leveraging the vast network of PACS and implementing an integrated storage model, the plan seeks to reduce losses, transportation costs, and distress sales.
With proper execution and allocation of resources, this transformative initiative can have a significant and positive impact on India’s food security landscape.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: ICDS Program, Components and related schemes and initiatives
Mains level: ICDS Program, Challenges and potential
Central Idea
India continues to grapple with high rates of stunting, wasting, and anaemia, posing significant public health risks for children and women. In order to combat these challenges, it is crucial for India to bolster its social sector schemes, particularly the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS).
What is ICDS?
ICDS is a flagship program implemented by the Government of India to address the nutritional and developmental needs of children under the age of six, pregnant women, and lactating mothers. The program is implemented through Anganwadi centers, which serve as grassroots-level delivery points for these services in rural and urban areas across the country
key elements of ICDS
Supplementary Nutrition: ICDS provides supplementary nutrition to children under the age of six, pregnant women, and lactating mothers. This includes the provision of hot cooked meals, take-home rations, and nutritional supplements to address malnutrition and promote healthy growth.
Immunization: The program ensures the timely immunization of children against preventable diseases. It facilitates immunization sessions and helps families understand the importance of vaccination.
Health Check-ups: Regular health check-ups are conducted for children and women to monitor their growth, detect any health issues, and provide appropriate medical interventions. This includes weight monitoring, growth assessment, and screening for common ailments.
Referral Services: ICDS facilitates the referral of children and women to appropriate healthcare facilities for specialized care and treatment when needed. It acts as a link between the community and the healthcare system, ensuring timely access to essential services.
Non-formal Pre-school Education: ICDS centers provide early childhood education to children aged 3-6 years. This includes age-appropriate learning activities, cognitive stimulation, and socialization opportunities to prepare children for formal schooling.
Nutrition and Health Education: The program emphasizes the importance of nutrition and health through education and awareness campaigns. Anganwadi workers conduct regular sessions to educate families about proper nutrition, hygiene practices, breastfeeding, and maternal and child health.
Community Mobilization: ICDS encourages community participation and engagement in the program. It seeks to involve families, community leaders, and local organizations in creating awareness, advocating for children’s rights, and supporting the effective implementation of ICDS services.
Anganwadi Workers: Anganwadi workers, who serve as the frontline functionaries of ICDS, play a critical role in delivering services at the grassroots level. They are responsible for conducting home visits, implementing program activities, counseling families, and maintaining records.
The Impact of ICDS
Cognitive Achievements: A study published in World Development revealed the positive impact of ICDS on cognitive achievements, particularly among girls and economically disadvantaged families. The program’s interventions, including nutrition, education, and health services, have shown to contribute to improved cognitive development in children.
Educational Attainment: Another study published in The University of Chicago Press Journals found that children who were exposed to ICDS during the first three years of life completed more grades of schooling compared to those who did not have access to the program. This indicates that early interventions provided by ICDS positively influence educational outcomes.
School Enrollment: According to a study published in the Natural Library of Medicine, adolescents aged 13-18, who were born in villages with proper ICDS implementation, showed a 7.8% increased likelihood of school enrollment. This suggests that ICDS plays a role in promoting access to education and increasing enrollment rates.
Reduction in Malnutrition: The children who remained enrolled in ICDS exhibited reduced rates of child stunting and severe malnutrition. By providing supplementary nutrition and monitoring the growth of children, ICDS contributes to improving nutritional outcomes and addressing malnutrition issues
Why there is need to reassess existing strategies?
Addressing Persistent Issues: The ICDS program still faces challenges in improving the nutritional and health outcomes for children aged 0-6 years. Despite four decades of efforts, there is a pressing need to reevaluate strategies to effectively tackle these persistent issues.
Empowering Anganwadi Workers: Empowering Anganwadi workers, who are at the forefront of implementing the ICDS program, is crucial. These workers play a vital role in advancing child nutrition, health, and education in their communities. However, they often face challenges due to high workload and limited resources.
Variation in Implementation: The significant variation in the implementation of ICDS across different regions and the level of skills of Anganwadi workers. This calls for further investments in training programs to ensure standardized and high-quality service delivery.
Infrastructural Improvements: The ICDS program also faces infrastructural challenges, such as the lack of functional sanitation facilities, access to potable water, and adequate physical infrastructure in many Anganwadi centers. Addressing these infrastructural gaps is crucial for improving service delivery and overall program effectiveness.
Advantages of Additional Workers to the ICDS Program
Improved Health and Educational Outcomes: Adding an extra Anganwadi worker to each center can lead to better health and educational outcomes for children. A randomized controlled trial conducted in Tamil Nadu demonstrated that increasing staff levels within the ICDS framework resulted in improved math and language test scores among enrolled children. The additional worker effectively doubled the net preschool instructional time, leading to significant positive effects.
Reduced Rates of Stunting and Severe Malnutrition: The same trial in Tamil Nadu also showed that children who remained enrolled in the program exhibited reduced rates of child stunting and severe malnutrition. The presence of additional workers can contribute to enhanced nutritional support and monitoring, leading to improved child health outcomes.
Cost-Effectiveness: Implementing the model of adding an additional Anganwadi worker to each center nationwide is relatively cost-effective compared to the potential benefits it offers. The estimated long-term benefits, based on expected improvements in lifetime earnings, would be around 13 to 21 times the expenses.
Specialization of Roles: With an additional worker, the responsibilities can be divided to allow existing workers to focus more on child health and nutrition. The new Anganwadi worker can be assigned the specific responsibility of concentrating on preschool and early childhood education. This specialization allows for better utilization of resources and expertise, resulting in improved outcomes in both health and education domains.
Job Opportunities and Women Empowerment: Adding an extra Anganwadi worker to each center creates job opportunities, particularly for women, across the country. This initiative would lead to the creation of 1.3 million new jobs for women, contributing to economic empowerment and gender equality.
Implementation Challenges Within the ICDS Program
Variation in Implementation: There is significant variation in the implementation of the ICDS program across different regions of India. This variation can be attributed to factors such as resource allocation, infrastructure availability, and capacity of Anganwadi workers. Addressing this variation and ensuring standardized implementation across all regions is crucial for the program’s effectiveness.
Skill Levels of Anganwadi Workers: There is a variation in the skill levels of Anganwadi workers. To ensure consistent and high-quality service delivery, it is necessary to invest in training programs that enhance the skills and knowledge of these workers.
Infrastructural Challenges: Many Anganwadi centers face infrastructural challenges, such as a lack of functional sanitation facilities, inadequate access to potable water, and insufficient physical infrastructure. These infrastructural gaps hinder the effective delivery of ICDS services.
Decentralized Implementation: The ICDS program operates under a decentralized approach, with state governments overseeing the execution, administration, management, and monitoring of the program. While decentralization promotes tailored implementation, it also poses challenges in terms of coordination, resource allocation, and maintaining consistent standards across different states and regions.
Way Ahead
Empowerment of Anganwadi Workers: Providing comprehensive support and resources to Anganwadi workers is crucial. This includes enhancing their training programs, improving their skills and knowledge related to child nutrition, health, and early childhood education. Regular capacity-building programs should be conducted to keep them updated with the latest research and best practices.
Increase Staffing Levels: Adding an additional Anganwadi worker to each existing center can alleviate the workload and ensure more focused attention on preschool and early childhood education. This step would enable existing workers to dedicate more time to child health and nutrition, leading to improved outcomes.
Improve Infrastructure: Investments should be made to improve the infrastructure of Anganwadi centers. This includes providing functional sanitation facilities, access to clean drinking water, and adequate buildings. Upgrading the infrastructure will create a conducive environment for delivering quality services and ensure the safety and well-being of children.
Strengthen Monitoring and Evaluation: Robust monitoring and evaluation mechanisms should be established to assess the progress, impact, and effectiveness of the ICDS program. Regular data collection, analysis, and feedback loops will help identify gaps and inform evidence-based decision-making for program improvement.
Collaborative Approach: Collaboration between the central and state governments, along with active involvement of local communities, is essential. Effective coordination and communication channels should be established to ensure seamless implementation and integration of the ICDS program at all levels.
Sustainable Funding: Adequate and sustained funding should be allocated to the ICDS program. The government should prioritize investments in child nutrition and early childhood development as a long-term strategy for the nation’s well-being. Exploring partnerships with non-governmental organizations and private sector entities can also help mobilize additional resources.
Community Engagement and Awareness: Creating awareness among communities about the importance of child nutrition, health, and education is crucial. Community mobilization efforts, including campaigns, workshops, and interactive sessions, should be conducted to engage families and community members in the ICDS program. Promoting behavior change and encouraging active participation will contribute to its success.
Regular Policy Review: Periodic review and assessment of the ICDS program’s policies and strategies are essential to adapt to changing needs and emerging evidence. Regular policy reviews should be conducted to incorporate best practices, address implementation challenges, and align the program with evolving national and international standards
Conclusion
To unlock the full potential of ICDS and address persistent issues related to child malnutrition, it is crucial to revisit and re-evaluate its strategies and implementation. Empowering Anganwadi workers through additional staffing, improved training, and better infrastructure is a vital first step. By enhancing the ICDS program, India can make significant progress in improving child nutrition, health, and educational outcomes.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Finance commission and its role, Concepts: Cess, surcharges, grants, freebies etc
Mains level: Fiscal Federalism, challenges and the role of Finance commission
Central Idea
The government is set to appoint a Finance Commission in the coming months to address the crucial matter of distributing the Centre’s tax revenue among the States. This article examines the significance of the Finance Commission in India’s fiscal federalism, highlighting the changing dynamics post-reforms and the ensuing debates surrounding the horizontal distribution formula.
Evolution of the Finance Commission
Constitutional Provision: The Finance Commission is a constitutional body established under Article 280 of the Indian Constitution. It was first constituted in 1951.
Primary Objective: The primary objective of the Finance Commission is to recommend the distribution of financial resources between the Union (Centre) and the States.
Five-Year Cycle: The Finance Commission is appointed every five years, or as specified by the President of India. The recommendations of the Commission cover a five-year period.
Composition: The Commission consists of a Chairman and other members appointed by the President. The Chairman is usually a person with a background in economics, finance, or public administration.
Terms of Reference: The President determines the terms of reference for each Finance Commission, which guide the Commission in its deliberations and recommendations.
Significance of the Finance Commission in India’s fiscal federalism
Vertical and Horizontal Distribution: The Finance Commission determines the vertical share, which is the proportion of the Centre’s tax revenue that should be given to the States, ensuring a fair allocation of resources. It also formulates the horizontal sharing formula, which determines how this revenue should be distributed among the States.
Addressing Fiscal Disparities: The Finance Commission plays a crucial role in addressing these disparities by providing financial transfers to less economically developed states. Through revenue deficit grants and other means, the Commission helps bridge the fiscal gap and supports states with limited revenue-raising capacity.
Promoting Cooperative Federalism: The Finance Commission acts as an institutional mechanism that fosters cooperative federalism by facilitating intergovernmental fiscal transfers. It encourages collaboration and coordination between the Centre and the States, fostering a sense of shared responsibility in fiscal matters.
Constitutional Mandate: The Finance Commission is constitutionally mandated under Article 280 of the Indian Constitution. Its existence and functioning are enshrined in the constitutional framework, ensuring its independence and impartiality in making recommendations.
Five-Year Review Cycle: The regular appointment of the Finance Commission every five years ensures a periodic review of the fiscal arrangements between the Centre and the States. This allows for adjustments and revisions based on evolving economic and social realities, ensuring that fiscal transfers remain relevant and effective.
Expertise and Recommendations: The Finance Commission comprises experts in the fields of economics, finance, and public administration. Its recommendations are based on in-depth analysis, consultations, and assessments of various factors, including population, fiscal capacity, and development needs. These recommendations provide valuable insights and guidance to the Centre and the States in fiscal decision-making.
Resolving Fiscal Conflicts: The Finance Commission helps resolve conflicts and disputes between the Centre and the States regarding fiscal matters. By providing an independent and objective platform for negotiation and deliberation, it promotes a sense of fairness and transparency in fiscal resource allocation.
Strengthening Fiscal Discipline: The Finance Commission plays a role in promoting fiscal discipline and accountability. By assessing the fiscal performance and needs of the States, it encourages responsible fiscal behavior and discourages imprudent spending practices
Facts for Prelims
Aspect
Vertical Distribution
Horizontal Distribution
Definition
Allocation of the Centre’s tax revenue between the Centre and the States
Allocation of funds among the States
Determined by
Finance Commission
Finance Commission
Factors considered
Fiscal capacity, needs of the States, population figures, and relevant indicators
Population, area, fiscal capacity, demographic trends, development indicators, and relevant parameters
Objective
Provide a fair and equitable share of revenue to the States
Promote equitable development and address regional imbalances
Purpose
Ensure States have sufficient resources for expenditure requirements and promote balanced development
Provide greater financial support to States with lower fiscal capacity and greater development needs
Focus
Centre-State distribution of revenue
State-State distribution of funds
Outcome
Ensures fair allocation of revenue between the Centre and the States
Reduces disparities and fosters balanced growth among the States
Changing dynamics post reforms
Decreased Role of Plan Financing: In the pre-reform era, the Centre had the flexibility to compensate States through plan financing. However, post-reforms, there has been a decline in fresh investments in public sector undertakings (PSUs) and the abolition of the Planning Commission in 2014. As a result, the Finance Commission has become the primary mechanism for the vertical and horizontal distribution of resources, making its role more critical.
Devolution of Tax Revenues: With the amendment of the Constitution in 2000, States were given a share in the Centre’s tax revenue pool. This devolution of tax revenues has increased the significance of the Finance Commission in determining the distribution of funds between the Centre and the States.
Shift in Population Figures: The use of population figures in determining the distribution of resources has seen a shift from the earlier practice of using 1971 census data to considering 2011 census data. This shift has led to debates and controversies, particularly among States that have successfully controlled population growth rates, as it can affect their share of devolution.
Deepening Faultlines: In recent years, faultlines between States have deepened along political, economic, and fiscal dimensions. The outcome of elections and regional disparities in terms of infrastructure, private investment, social indicators, and the rule of law have widened the north-south gap and brought regional imbalances into focus. Managing these faultlines while ensuring equitable distribution poses challenges for the Finance Commission.
Concerns of Fiscal Incapacity vs. Fiscal Irresponsibility: The Finance Commission faces the challenge of determining the extent to which a State’s deficit is due to its fiscal incapacity or fiscal irresponsibility. Striking a balance between supporting deficit-ridden States without penalizing fiscally responsible ones is a complex task, as providing more to one State would mean giving less to others.
Changing Economic Landscape: The post-reform period has witnessed shifts in India’s economic landscape, with some states experiencing higher growth rates and greater fiscal capacity compared to others. This dynamic requires the Finance Commission to consider the changing economic realities and ensure that the distribution formula reflects the current context
Addressing the concerns related to cesses and surcharges
Clear Guidelines: The Finance Commission should lay down clear guidelines on when and under what circumstances cesses and surcharges can be levied. These guidelines should ensure that cesses and surcharges are not used as routine measures but rather as exceptional instruments to address specific needs or challenges.
Cap on Amount Raised: The Finance Commission can suggest a formula or mechanism to cap the amount that can be raised through cesses and surcharges. This would prevent excessive reliance on these instruments and ensure that they do not become a substantial portion of the Centre’s total tax revenue.
Transparency and Accountability: The government should enhance transparency and accountability in the utilization of funds generated through cesses and surcharges. It should provide regular reports on the utilization of these funds, demonstrating how they contribute to the intended purposes and benefit the states and the overall economy.
Consultation with States: The Finance Commission should engage in extensive consultations with states while formulating guidelines regarding cesses and surcharges. States should have the opportunity to provide their input, share their concerns, and suggest ways to strike a balance between the Centre’s revenue requirements and the states’ financial autonomy.
Alignment with Fiscal Responsibility: Any levies on cesses and surcharges should be in line with the principles of fiscal responsibility and budget management. The Finance Commission can ensure that these instruments are used judiciously and do not undermine the fiscal discipline goals set by the FRBM Act.
Review and Evaluation: Regular review and evaluation of the impact of cesses and surcharges should be conducted to assess their effectiveness in achieving the intended objectives. The Finance Commission can play a crucial role in monitoring the usage of these instruments and recommending necessary adjustments based on the evaluation outcomes.
Implementing restraint on freebies
Clear Definition: Establishing a clear definition of what constitutes a freebie is crucial to avoid ambiguity and misuse of resources. It should encompass measures that go beyond essential public services and infrastructure development and instead focus on non-essential giveaways or subsidies.
Fiscal Responsibility and Budgetary Constraints: The Finance Commission can emphasize the importance of adhering to fiscal responsibility guidelines and staying within budgetary constraints. This ensures that resources are allocated judiciously and in a sustainable manner, avoiding the accumulation of unsustainable debt.
Prioritization of Essential Services: Encouraging governments to prioritize essential public services, such as healthcare, education, and infrastructure, over non-essential freebies. This ensures that resources are allocated to areas that have a more significant and long-lasting impact on the overall well-being and development of the population.
Evaluation of Impact: Regular evaluation of the impact of freebies on the economy, fiscal health, and the intended beneficiaries is essential. This evaluation can help identify any unintended consequences, potential wastage of resources, or negative effects on economic growth.
Public Awareness and Discourse: Creating public awareness about the implications of excessive freebies and the importance of responsible fiscal management. Encouraging open discourse and dialogue among citizens, policymakers, and experts can foster a deeper understanding of the long-term consequences of unsustainable giveaways.
Role of the Finance Commission: The Finance Commission can play a pivotal role in setting guidelines and recommendations for restraint on freebies. This includes providing advice on responsible fiscal management and ensuring that resource allocation aligns with long-term development goals.
Conclusion
The Finance Commission plays a crucial role in India’s fiscal federalism. To address concerns regarding cesses, surcharges, and freebies, the Commission must provide clear guidelines, ensure transparency, and emphasize long-term fiscal sustainability. Stakeholder consultation, periodic evaluation, and public awareness are key to maintaining a balance between meeting welfare needs and promoting responsible fiscal management.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Male-centric approach in medicine, Challenges and way ahead
Central Idea
The persistent male-centric approach in medicine disregards the physiological differences between men and women. Despite the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) Revitalization Act of 1993 mandating the inclusion of women and minorities in clinical trials, gender disparities prevail. India, known as the pharmacy of the world, faces significant implications in clinical trials due to its generic drug production and consumption.
Generic Drugs, Trials, and Women’s Response
Gender Disparities in Clinical Trials: Historically, clinical trials have predominantly included male participants, leading to a lack of understanding of how medications specifically affect women. This gender disparity in clinical trials contributes to gaps in knowledge regarding women’s response to generic drugs.
Physiological Differences: Women’s bodies have unique physiological characteristics, such as hormone levels, body composition, and enzymatic activity, that can impact their response to medications. However, these differences have often been overlooked in clinical trials, resulting in a lack of data on how women specifically respond to generic drugs.
Underrepresentation of Women: Women have been underrepresented in clinical trials for generic drugs, which has significant implications for their healthcare. Without adequate representation, it is challenging to determine the optimal dosages and potential side effects of medications for women.
Inaccurate Dosages: Studies have revealed that nearly one-fifth of medications show differences in the active dose between men and women. This means that women may be receiving either inadequate doses or unintended overdoses of certain generic drugs due to the lack of gender-specific research.
Suboptimal Treatment Outcomes: The underrepresentation of women in clinical trials for generic drugs can lead to suboptimal treatment outcomes. Women may not receive the appropriate dosage of medication, resulting in ineffective treatment or potential harm due to overdosing.
Personalized Medicine: Including more women in clinical trials for generic drugs is crucial for the development of personalized medicine. By understanding how women specifically respond to medications, healthcare providers can tailor treatment approaches to better meet the needs of female patients.
Importance of Representation: The inclusion of diverse populations, including women, in clinical trials is essential for accurate and comprehensive data collection. It enables researchers to identify potential gender-specific variations in drug response and ensure that medications are safe and effective for both men and women.
Cardiac issues and the perpetuation of stereotypes: Significant challenges for women’s healthcare
Prevalence of Cardiac Issues: While traditionally seen as a male-dominated health concern, cardiac issues are now recognized as having a slightly higher prevalence in women. However, stereotypes and biases often lead to delayed diagnosis, misdiagnosis, and inadequate treatment for women experiencing cardiac problems.
Diagnostic Disparities: Women with cardiac symptoms may face challenges in receiving timely and accurate diagnoses. Symptoms of heart disease can manifest differently in women compared to men, with women more likely to experience atypical symptoms. Unfortunately, these differences are not always fully understood or considered by healthcare professionals, leading to underdiagnosis or misdiagnosis.
Treatment Disparities: Studies consistently demonstrate that women are less likely to receive appropriate medications, diagnostic tests, and clinical procedures for cardiac issues, even in developed countries. This discrepancy can be attributed to stereotypes that portray women as “lesser men” or dismiss their symptoms as anxiety or stress-related, undermining the urgency of necessary interventions.
Stereotypes and Bias: Stereotypes, such as the notion of the hysterical woman, continue to persist and influence healthcare decisions. These stereotypes can lead to a lack of trust and credibility when women seek medical attention for cardiac symptoms. It is essential to challenge and overcome such biases to ensure that women receive the appropriate care they need.
Reproductive Health and Maternal Mortality
Maternal Mortality: Maternal mortality refers to the death of a woman during pregnancy, childbirth, or within 42 days of delivery. Despite significant progress in reducing maternal mortality globally, it remains a pressing issue, particularly in low-resource settings. Factors contributing to maternal mortality include inadequate access to healthcare, lack of skilled birth attendants, limited emergency obstetric care, and delays in receiving appropriate medical interventions.
Complications of Pregnancy and Childbirth: Pregnancy and childbirth can pose various health risks to women. Complications such as hemorrhage, hypertensive disorders, infections, and unsafe abortions can lead to severe health consequences or even death
Pre-existing Medical Conditions and Pregnancy: Women with pre-existing medical conditions, such as diabetes, hypertension, or heart disease, face increased risks during pregnancy. These conditions can interact with pregnancy, leading to higher rates of complications and maternal mortality.
Reproductive Rights and Autonomy: Reproductive health includes the right to make informed decisions about one’s reproductive choices, including family planning, pregnancy, and childbirth. Women’s reproductive rights are often restricted, denying them the autonomy to control their reproductive health.
Inequities in Maternal Healthcare: Socioeconomic disparities, geographic location, and marginalized populations face additional challenges in accessing quality maternal healthcare. Women in rural or remote areas, indigenous communities, or minority groups may experience disproportionately higher maternal mortality rates due to limited access to healthcare facilities, cultural barriers, and discrimination.
Postpartum Mental Health: Postpartum mental health disorders, such as postpartum depression and anxiety, pose significant challenges to women’s well-being. However, these disorders are often overlooked and underdiagnosed, leaving women without proper support and treatment.
Gaps in Sex-Specific Research
Underrepresentation in Clinical Trials: Women have historically been underrepresented in clinical trials across various medical conditions and treatments. This gender disparity limits our understanding of how different therapies, medications, and interventions specifically affect women.
Limited Focus on Sex-Specific Illnesses: Many diseases and conditions affect women differently than men, such as breast or endometrial cancers, polycystic ovarian syndrome, and pregnancy-related issues. However, there are significant gaps in research focusing specifically on these sex-specific illnesses, leading to limited knowledge about their causes, prevention, and treatment.
Lack of Understanding of Sex-Specific Symptoms: Women often experience different symptoms or manifestations of certain diseases compared to men. For example, heart attack symptoms can be atypical in women, which can lead to delayed diagnosis and treatment. Insufficient research on sex-specific symptoms hinders accurate diagnosis and appropriate medical interventions for women.
Insufficient Data on Medication Safety and Efficacy: Medications may affect women differently due to hormonal fluctuations, body composition, or metabolism. However, clinical trials often fail to collect enough data on potential sex-specific differences in drug safety and efficacy. This can lead to inadequate dosing guidelines and potential adverse effects for women.
Way forward
Increased Representation in Clinical Trials: Efforts should be made to ensure adequate representation of women in clinical trials for generic drugs and across various medical conditions. This will enable researchers to gather comprehensive data on how medications specifically affect women and tailor treatments accordingly.
Sex-Specific Research: There is a need for increased focus on sex-specific research, particularly in areas such as reproductive health, sex-specific illnesses, and conditions with gender-specific variations. This research should explore differences in symptoms, treatment responses, and healthcare outcomes between men and women.
Policy Interventions: Governments and healthcare authorities should implement policies that promote sex-specific research in medicine. This can include providing funding and resources for research projects focused on women’s health and establishing guidelines that emphasize the inclusion of women in clinical trials.
Public Awareness and Education: Raising awareness among healthcare providers, researchers, and the general public about gender disparities in medicine is crucial. Educational initiatives should emphasize the importance of considering sex-specific differences in treatment approaches and highlight the need for equitable healthcare for women.
Empowering Women in Healthcare: Empowering women to actively participate in their healthcare decisions and advocate for their needs is essential. This can be achieved through providing comprehensive health education, promoting self-advocacy, and encouraging women’s involvement in healthcare research and policy-making.
Collaborative Efforts: Stakeholders, including healthcare professionals, researchers, policymakers, and advocacy groups, should collaborate to address gender disparities in medicine. By working together, they can identify gaps, share knowledge and best practices, and implement strategies to promote gender equality in healthcare.
International Cooperation: The issue of gender disparities in medicine is not limited to one country or region. International cooperation, such as sharing research findings and collaborating on initiatives, can contribute to a more comprehensive and effective approach to addressing gender inequalities in healthcare globally.
Conclusion
To ensure equal access to healthcare, women’s ailments must be properly understood and addressed. As India assumes the G-20 presidency, it presents an ideal opportunity to highlight this issue and align with the Sustainable Development Goals on women’s health. It is time to bridge the gender disparities in medicine and create a more equitable healthcare system for all.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Wari, Warkari
Mains level: Not Much
The Sant Tukaram and Sant Dyaneshwar Palkhi processions started their three-week-long journeys from the temple towns of Dehu and Alandi in Pune.
Pandharpur Wari
The deities are said to be shifted to Pandharpur right away from Vitthala Temple, Hampi (Karnataka) to avoid demolition.
Tradition: The Wari tradition is an 800-year-old pilgrimage in Maharashtra, where devotees, known as Warkaris, undertake a foot journey to the Vithoba temple (Incarnation of Vishnu) in Pandharpur.
Largest walking event: The event is said to be one of the world’s largest and oldest movements where people gather on one day each year and walk a distance of around 250 km.
Guinness Record: The Wari has been classified by the World Book of Records as “one of the most visited places in a day”
Essence of Wakari Panth: The Wari is a ritualistic practice and a distinctive part of Maharashtrian culture, representing the essence of the Wakari Panth, which is a sect within the Bhakti tradition.
Four Processions: The Wari takes place in four months – Chaitra, Ashadh, Kartik, and Magh. The Ashadhi Ekadashi Wari is the most popular and significant among these processions.
Historical Evolution
Changed over time: Over the years, the Wari procession has evolved with changing practices, associated legends, and unique systems of organization and management.
Influence of Sant Dyaneshwar: The Wari tradition can be traced back to Sant Dyaneshwar, the father of Sant Dyaneshwar, who played a pivotal role in promoting the pilgrimage to Pandharpur.
Legacy of Sant Namdev: Sant Namdev (whose verses find mention in Guru Granth Sahib), a contemporary of Sant Dyaneshwar, also followed the tradition and composed devotional compositions expressing his devotion to Lord Vitthala.
Rituals and Cultural Aspects
Dindi and Musical Fervor: Dindis, comprising groups of devotees, accompany the palkis during the Wari, singing, chanting, and dancing. Musical instruments like the veena and mridangam enhance the devotional fervor.
Seva Dindis and Social Initiatives: Seva Dindis perform selfless service along the Wari route, including annadana (donation of food), medical assistance, and rural infrastructure development.
Social Messaging and Initiatives: The Wari has been utilized as a platform for social messaging and initiatives such as promoting cleanliness through the ‘Nirmal Wari’ campaign and women-centric drives like ‘Wari Nari Shakti’ focusing on menstrual hygiene.
Try this PYQ:
Consider the following pairs:
Traditions Communities
Chaliha Sahib Festival — Sindhis
Nanda Raj Jaat Yatra — Gonds
Wari-Warkari — Santhals
Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Digital India
Mains level: Digital India mission and concerns over the data breach and cyber security laws
Central Idea
On June 12, a series of events unfolded, revealing a stark disparity between the promises made by Digital India and the ground reality. From a data breach on the CoWIN platform to the absence of a comprehensive National Cyber Security Strategy and inadequate legal protection for citizens’ data, these incidents raise serious concerns about the efficacy and integrity of India’s digital transformation.
CoWIN Data Breach and Government Denials
Data Breach: On June 12, a data breach on the CoWIN platform was reported by the Malayala Manorama and online portal “The Fourth.” Personal details, including vaccination information and identification numbers, were found circulating on the messaging platform Telegram.
Government Denials: Despite the mounting evidence of the data breach, the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and Minister of State, Ministry of Electronics and IT (MEITY), responded with denials. The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare labeled the reports as “mischievous,” while the Minister of State, MEITY, claimed that the sensitive information had emerged from previously stolen data.
Press Information Bureau Statement: Later in the day, the PIB issued a statement asserting the complete safety of the Co-WIN portal and its adequate safeguards for data privacy. However, the credibility of this statement was questionable, given the initial denials and the substantial evidence of the breach.
Lack of Transparency: The government’s response to the CoWIN data breach exemplifies a recurring pattern of denial and opacity in addressing data breaches in the public sector. Previous incidents, such as the Employees’ Provident Fund Organisation breach and the ransomware attack on AIIMS, have been met with similar denials and lack of transparency.
Erosion of Trust: The consistent lack of transparency, coupled with the absence of a National Cyber Security Strategy and data protection laws requiring breach notifications to affected users, has eroded citizens’ trust in the government’s ability to secure their personal information. T
Lack of Cybersecurity Strategy and Data Protection Laws
Absence of National Cybersecurity Strategy: India lacks a comprehensive National Cybersecurity Strategy, which is crucial for effectively addressing the evolving cyber threats and ensuring the security of digital infrastructure.
Limited Legislative Framework: India does not have robust data protection laws that adequately safeguard citizens’ personal information. While the proposed Draft Digital Personal Data Protection Bill, 2022, is under consideration, there are concerns that it may exempt government entities from compliance.
Inadequate Breach Notification Requirements: The absence of data protection laws also means that there are no specific requirements for organizations to notify individuals in the event of a data breach.
Limited Accountability and Transparency: The Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In), responsible for investigating and responding to cyber incidents, often maintains silence and does not make its technical findings public. This lack of transparency undermines public trust and leaves citizens unaware of the actions taken to address cybersecurity incidents and protect their data.
Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) and Lack of Legislative Mandate
Lack of Legislative Mandate: The Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) framework, encompassing various platforms like Aadhaar, Aarogya Setu, CoWIN, Government E-Marketplace (GEM), and the Open Network for Digital Commerce (ONDC), operates without a clear legislative mandate. These platforms have been created without specific functions, roles, and responsibilities defined by an Act of Parliament.
Joint Ventures and Special Purpose Vehicles: Many of these DPI platforms are developed as joint ventures or special purpose vehicles, which allows them to circumvent accountability mechanisms such as audits by the Computer Auditor General (CAG) or transparency mandates under the Right to Information Act.
Inconsistencies in Expertise: The claim of expertise in creating DPI platforms to provide citizen services is inconsistent with the evidence. Glitches, failures, and exclusion errors have been observed in systems like Aadhaar, Aarogya Setu, and GEM, undermining the credibility of their expertise.
Data Gathering: A common aspect of DPI platforms is their tendency to collect extensive personal information from Indian citizens that goes beyond the technical requirements. This data collection can result in multiple individual and social harms, including the risk of data breaches and privacy infringements.
Constitutional Frameworks and Accountability: The absence of a constitutional framework for DPI platforms hampers the establishment of robust regulatory and institutional frameworks. This lack of accountability leaves individual harms unaddressed and undermines the creation of effective governance mechanisms.
Coercion and Censorship of Social Media Platforms
Coercion of Twitter: Jack Dorsey, the former CEO of Twitter, revealed that the Indian government coerced Twitter into complying with censorship directions regarding the farmers’ protest. The government threatened the platform’s continued operations and the safety of its staff in India to enforce compliance with their demands.
Secret Censorship Directions: Twitter’s resistance to comply with a secret direction to remove 250 accounts and tweets related to the farmers’ protest sparked ministerial statements and controversies. The secrecy surrounding these censorship directions raises concerns about transparency and due process in the decision-making process.
Office Raids: As a consequence of Twitter’s resistance and its placement of a “manipulated media” tag on a tweet by a BJP spokesperson, the platform’s offices were raided by the Delhi Police in May 2021. This coercive action against Twitter’s offices further emphasizes the government’s efforts to control and suppress dissenting voices on social media.
Legal Battles: Twitter filed a writ petition in the Karnataka High Court, challenging the secretive and disproportionate nature of the censorship demands. The platform argued that the demands violated principles of natural justice and lacked proper notice to account holders, who are ordinary individuals using the platform.
Denial by the Government: Despite public records and statements made by Twitter and its executives, the Ministry of Electronics and IT (MeitY) denied the allegations of coercion and censorship. This denial reflects a pattern of dismissing concerns and evading accountability for actions taken against social media platforms.
Way ahead
Strengthen Cybersecurity Measures: Develop and implement a comprehensive National Cybersecurity Strategy to address the evolving cyber threats and ensure the security of digital infrastructure. This should include robust encryption standards, regular security audits, and incident response plans.
Enact Comprehensive Data Protection Laws: Introduce and pass robust data protection legislation that provides clear guidelines for the collection, storage, and usage of personal data. The legislation should also include provisions for breach notifications to affected individuals, ensuring transparency and accountability.
Establish Legislative Mandates for DPI Platforms: Define the functions, roles, and responsibilities of Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) platforms through legislative mandates. This will ensure transparency, accountability, and adherence to constitutional frameworks in the development and operation of these platforms.
Enhance Transparency and Accountability: Foster a culture of transparency and accountability by making the technical findings of investigations into data breaches and cyber incidents public. This will build trust among citizens and stakeholders and help identify areas for improvement in cybersecurity practices.
Promote Public Consultation and Stakeholder Engagement: Involve the public, industry experts, and civil society organizations in the formulation of policies related to digital infrastructure, data protection, and cybersecurity. Conduct regular public consultations to gather feedback, suggestions, and concerns, ensuring a more inclusive and holistic approach.
Protect Digital Freedoms and Right to Privacy: Safeguard individuals’ digital freedoms and right to privacy by ensuring that government actions and regulations do not infringe upon these fundamental rights. Uphold the principles of free expression and the right to dissent on social media platforms, avoiding undue coercion and censorship.
Develop Cybersecurity Capacity and Expertise: Invest in building cybersecurity capacity and expertise within the government and private sector. Promote research and development in cybersecurity technologies and encourage collaboration between industry, academia, and government agencies.
International Cooperation: Foster international cooperation and information sharing on cybersecurity best practices, threat intelligence, and incident response. Collaborate with other nations and international organizations to address cross-border cyber threats effectively.
Conclusion
While India’s digital transformation holds great potential, the recent events on June 12 expose the glaring gaps between rhetoric and reality. To realize the true potential of Digital India, it is imperative to prioritize transparency, accountability, and the creation of robust regulatory frameworks.
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Section 124A, freedom of speech
Mains level: Sedition laws and concerns over the power orecment agencies
Central Idea
French author Andre Gide’s statement, “Everything has been said before, but since nobody listens, we have to keep going back and beginning all over again,” aptly reflects the current state of the sedition debate in India. The 279th Law Commission Report, which upholds the sedition law, symbolizes the lack of attention paid to public opinion.
Historical Perspective of Sedition law
Section 124A of the IPC was introduced during the British Raj in 1870 to suppress dissent and protest against the colonial government.
The then British government in India feared that religious preachers on the Indian subcontinent would wage a war against the government.
Particularly after the successful suppression of the Wahabi/Waliullah Movement by the British, the need was felt for such law.
Throughout the Raj, this section was used to suppress activists in favor of national independence, including Tilak and Mahatma Gandhi, both of whom were found guilty and imprisoned
What is the ‘Tendency’ Jurisprudence?
The tendency jurisprudence refers to the legal concept or approach that considers the potential or inclination of an act to incite violence or disturb public order, rather than requiring evidence of actual violence or an imminent threat of violence.
In the context of sedition laws, it implies that expressions or actions that have a tendency to incite violence or promote hatred, contempt, or disaffection against the government can be penalized, regardless of whether they directly lead to public disorder.
Key points related to the ‘Tendency’ Jurisprudence
Ambiguity: The ‘tendency’ standard is often criticized for its ambiguity and lack of clarity. It allows for the inclusion of acts or expressions that may not have a direct causal connection with public disorder, making it difficult for judicial and executive bodies to interpret and apply consistently.
Loose Formulation: The ‘tendency’ standard is a loose formulation that can encompass a wide range of acts or expressions. It opens the possibility of penalizing speech or actions that may not pose an immediate threat but are perceived to have the potential to incite violence or disrupt public order in the future.
Judicial Challenges: The ‘tendency’ jurisprudence has been subject to legal challenges in various jurisdictions. Critics argue that it can be misused to suppress dissent, curtail freedom of expression, and stifle legitimate criticism of the government, as it broadens the scope of what can be considered seditious.
Pending Petitions: In the Indian context, there are currently nine petitions pending before the Supreme Court challenging the constitutionality of Section 124A (the sedition law). These petitions raise concerns about the ambiguity and potential misuse of the ‘tendency’ standard, highlighting the need for a clearer and more precise definition of sedition.
Relevance to Sedition Laws: The ‘tendency’ jurisprudence is significant in the context of sedition laws because it determines whether an act or expression falls within the purview of sedition. By assessing the inclination or potential of an act to incite violence or disrupt public order, authorities can decide whether to initiate sedition charges against individuals.
Need for Clarity: Critics argue that the ‘tendency’ standard lacks objective criteria and can be subject to interpretation and abuse. There is a demand for a more precise and narrowly defined standard that clearly distinguishes between protected speech and seditious activities to safeguard freedom of expression and prevent misuse of the law.
Concerns over the Power of the police in the enforcement of sedition laws
Investigation and Enquiry: The Law Commission’s recommendation that a police officer, holding the rank of an Inspector or higher, should conduct a “preliminary enquiry” before registering a First Information Report (FIR) in sedition cases. This suggests that the police are granted the power to determine whether an act or expression has the tendency to incite violence, even without proof of actual violence or imminent threat.
Ambiguous Standards: The proposed amendment to include the “tendency to incite violence” in sedition laws further adds ambiguity to the assessment of seditious acts. This gives police officers discretionary power to judge whether an act has an inclination towards violence, creating potential room for misuse or subjective interpretations.
Wide Net and Misuse: The are concerns that the proposed amendment and the broad discretion given to police officers could result in a wide net being cast, potentially encompassing acts that have no real connection to public disorder.
Political Influence: The police officers, especially when influenced by those with political clout at the local, state, or national level, may exercise their power selectively and target individuals or groups critical of the government. This can lead to a suppression of dissent and the abuse of police power for political purposes.
Disregard for Ground Realities
Invalidation of Sedition Laws: The Law Commission overlooks developments in other countries where sedition laws have been invalidated or repealed. It suggests that the Commission dismisses these developments by claiming that the “ground realities” in India are different.
High Number of Cases: India has witnessed a significant number of sedition cases filed against individuals for criticizing the government or engaging in harmless activities. It cites the example of 174 cases of sedition filed against nearly 950 individuals since 2010.
Confusion caused by Precedent: The confusion caused by the Kedar Nath Singh precedent is another aspect of ground realities that the Commission failed to address. The Supreme Court’s admission of multiple petitions challenging the constitutionality of Section 124A, based on the confusion stemming from the Kedar Nath Singh case, indicates the need for clarity and reform in the interpretation and application of sedition laws.
Impact on Freedom of Expression: The disregard for ground realities also encompasses the impact of sedition laws on freedom of expression and dissent. The Commission’s recommendation to retain sedition laws fails to consider the stifling effect these laws can have on individuals’ ability to question authority, engage in political criticism, or express dissenting views without fear of criminal repercussions
Way forward
Narrowing the Definition of Sedition: Refining and narrowing the definition of sedition can help prevent its misuse. The focus should be on acts or speech that directly incite violence or pose a genuine threat to the territorial integrity or sovereignty of the country.
Safeguarding Freedom of Speech: Safeguards should be put in place to protect individuals’ right to free speech and expression, while allowing for robust public debate and the peaceful expression of dissenting opinions.
Transparency and Accountability: Establish mechanisms to promote transparency and accountability in the application of sedition laws. This includes clear guidelines for law enforcement agencies, regular review of cases, and strict consequences for misuse of the law.
Public Awareness and Legal Education: Promote public awareness and legal education about the scope and limitations of the sedition law. This can help individuals understand their rights and responsibilities, empowering them to exercise their freedom of speech responsibly while avoiding unlawful acts.
Focus on Alternative Measures: Emphasize the use of alternative legal measures, such as laws related to defamation, incitement to violence, or hate speech, to address genuine threats to public order or national security. These laws should be effectively enforced to protect individuals without infringing upon their fundamental rights.
Conclusion
The Law Commission’s recommendations, which include vague standards and police empowerment, do not address the fundamental issues with the sedition law. Lingual changes and procedural reforms alone cannot rectify the deep-rooted problems associated with Section 124A. It is imperative to promote free speech, protect dissent, and foster accountability in a post-colonial democracy like India.
