Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Hysterectomy
Mains level: Maternal health issues
Central Idea: The Health Ministry in India is concerned about the high incidence of unnecessary hysterectomies, particularly among poor, less-educated women in rural areas.
Why in news?
- The Supreme Court has directed States and Union Territories to implement health guidelines formulated by the Centre to monitor and prevent unnecessary hysterectomies.
What is Hysterectomy?
- Hysterectomy is a surgical procedure to remove the uterus, and sometimes surrounding organs and tissues.
- It can be classified as a partial hysterectomy (removal of the uterus), total hysterectomy (removal of the uterus and cervix), or radical hysterectomy (removal of the uterus, cervix, part of the vagina, and surrounding tissues).
- The procedure can be performed through the vagina or through an incision in the abdomen.
Issues with such surgery
- Overuse and unnecessary procedures: Hysterectomy can be performed without exploring alternative treatments.
- Psychological and emotional impact: The procedure may lead to feelings of loss and changes in body image.
- Surgical risks and complications: Hysterectomy carries risks such as infection and damage to surrounding organs.
- Long-term health effects: Removal of the uterus may have impacts on hormones and bone health.
- Patient autonomy and informed consent: Patients should be fully informed about the procedure and involved in decision-making.
- Access and equity: Disparities in access to healthcare may contribute to overuse, particularly among marginalized communities.
Concerns and Petition
A public interest litigation (PIL) highlighted the occurrence of unnecessary hysterectomies in the states of Bihar, Chhattisgarh, and Rajasthan under government healthcare schemes.
- Marginalized women were targeted: Women from marginalized communities, such as Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Other Backward Communities, were disproportionately affected.
- Misuse and Insurance Fraud: Healthcare institutions were found to be misusing hysterectomies to claim high insurance fees from the government under various health insurance schemes.
Key issue: Violation of Fundamental Rights
- The recent judgement acknowledges that rising hysterectomy rates among young women in India deviate from trends observed in developed countries.
- It recognizes the violation of fundamental rights, stating that unnecessary hysterectomies infringe upon the right to health and the right to life under Article 21 of the Constitution.
Government action and guidelines
- The Health Ministry has closely monitored the issue of hysterectomies and requested States to share data on hysterectomy cases before and after the implementation of guidelines.
- Compulsory audits for all hysterectomies are advised, similar to those conducted for maternal mortality, in both public and private healthcare institutions.
- In 2022, the Health Ministry issued guidelines to prevent unnecessary hysterectomies and urged States to comply with them.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM)
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
Why such move?
- The EU is India’s second-largest trading partner and export market.
- India has expressed confidence that the intention behind CBAM was not to create a trade barrier but to promote sustainability.
- CBAM has potential impact on India’s Steel and Aluminum sectors.
Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM)
| Proposed by |
European Union (EU) |
| Purpose |
To reduce carbon emissions from imported goods and prevent competitive disadvantage against countries with weaker environmental regulations |
| Objectives |
Reduce carbon emissions from imported goods
Promote a level playing field between the EU and its trading partners
Protect EU companies that have invested in green technologies |
How does CBAM work?
| Coverage |
Applies to imported goods that are carbon-intensive |
| Integration |
Covered by the EU’s Emissions Trading System (ETS), which currently covers industries like power generation, steel, and cement |
| Implementation |
CBAM taxes would be imposed on the carbon content of imported goods at the border, and the tax rates would be based on the carbon price in the EU ETS |
| Exemptions |
Possible exemptions for countries that have implemented comparable carbon pricing systems |
| Revenue Use |
Revenue generated from CBAM taxes could be used to fund the EU’s climate objectives, such as financing climate-friendly investments and supporting developing countries’ climate efforts |
Who will be affected by CBAM?
|
Details |
| Countries |
Non-EU countries, including India, that export carbon-intensive goods to the EU |
| Items |
Initially covers iron and steel, cement, aluminium, fertilisers, and electric energy production |
| Expansion |
The scope of the CBAM may expand to other sectors in the future |
Advantages offered
- Encourages non-EU countries to adopt more stringent environmental regulations, reducing global carbon emissions.
- Prevents carbon leakage by discouraging companies from relocating to countries with weaker environmental regulations.
- Generates revenue that could be used to support EU climate policies.
Challenges with CBAM
- Difficulty in accurately measuring the carbon emissions of imported goods, especially for countries without comprehensive carbon accounting systems.
- Potential for trade tensions with the EU’s trading partners, especially if other countries implement retaliatory measures.
Ways to ease impact of CBAM
To minimize the impact of CBAM, India can consider several actions:
- Set up a carbon trading mechanism: To reflect the level of development and adjust the carbon tax paid domestically when paying CBT to the EU.
- Re-designate taxes on essential products: Make these as carbon taxes, which could help lower the net impact of CBT.
- Create a cadre of energy auditors: To ensure fair assessment of carbon emissions for products and help the industry calculate carbon intensity and adopt cleaner technologies.
- Start an industry awareness program: To educate sectors affected by CBT and create a dedicated group involving government, industry associations, and researchers.
- Devise a WTO-compatible retaliation mechanism: To counter CBT, considering that developing countries exporting to developed nations will also suffer from it.
- Sign new Free Trade Agreements (FTAs): After resolving the CBT issue, as high CBT would undermine the benefits of zero import duties.
- Expose the perceived hypocrisy: Utilize global platforms to expose offshoring pollution of developed countries and proposing to tax imports, while not addressing their own consumption patterns.
Conclusion
- The CBAM is a proposed policy by the EU to reduce carbon emissions from imported goods and to promote a level playing field between the EU and its trading partners.
- Although the CBAM has its challenges, it has the potential to incentivize non-EU countries to adopt more stringent environmental regulations and reduce global carbon emissions.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Fertilizer Subsidy
Mains level: India's fertilizer subsidy burden
Central Idea
- The Union Cabinet has approved a fertilizer subsidy of ₹1.08 lakh crore for the ongoing kharif or monsoon season.
- ₹38,000 crore will be allocated for Nitrogen, phosphatic and potassic (NPK) fertilizers, while ₹70,000 crore will go towards the urea subsidy.
Fertilizer consumption and subsidies
- The country’s total consumption of urea is approximately 325 to 350 lakh metric tonnes (LMT).
- Other fertilizers sold in the country include 100 to 125 LMT of DAP, 100 to 125 LMT of NPK, and 50 to 60 LMT of Muriate of Potash (MoP).
- The fertilizer subsidy per hectare of land is about ₹8,909, and each farmer receives a subsidy of ₹21,223.
- DAP: The actual price of a bag of DAP is ₹4,000, but farmers receive it at a subsidized rate of ₹1,350 per bag, with a subsidy of ₹2,461 per bag.
- NPK: This subsidy is ₹1,639 per bag, and the MoP subsidy amounts to ₹734 per bag.
- Urea: The Centre spends ₹2,196 per bag of urea.
Fertilizer Subsidy in India
- Subsidy as a concept originated during the Green Revolution of the 1970s-80s.
- Fertiliser subsidy is purchasing by the farmer at a price below MRP (Maximum Retail Price), that is, below the usual demand-and-supply-rate, or regular production and import cost.
- The rate of subsidy is based on the average price of imported fertilizer in the last six months.
How is the subsidy paid and who gets it?
- The subsidy goes to fertiliser companies, although its ultimate beneficiary is the farmer who pays MRPs less than the market-determined rates.
- From March 2018, a new so-called direct benefit transfer (DBT) system was introduced, wherein subsidy payment to the companies would happen only after actual sales to farmers by retailers.
- With the DBT system, each retailer — there is over 2.3 lakh of them across India — now has a point-of-sale (PoS) machine linked to the Department of Fertilizers’ e-Urvarak DBT portal.
How does this system work?
- A popular example of how this system works is that of the neem-coated urea fertiliser.
- Its MRP is fixed by the government at Rs. 5922.22 per tonne.
- The average cost of domestic production is at Rs 17,000 per tonne. The difference is footed by the centre in the form of subsidy.
What about non-urea fertilizers?
- The non-urea fertiliser is decontrolled or fixed by the companies.
- The non- urea fertilizers are further divided into two parts, DAP (Diammonium Phosphate) and MOP (Muriate of Phosphate).
- The government pays a flat per tonne subsidy to maintain the nutrition content of the soil, and ensure other fertilizers are economical to use.
Issues with such subsidies
- Low NUE: Indian soil has low Nitrogen use efficiency, which is the main constituent of Urea.
- Groundwater pollution: Consequently, excess usage contaminates groundwater.
- Overuse beyond prescription: The bulk of urea applied to the soil is lost as NH3 (Ammonia) and Nitrogen Oxides. The WHO has prescribed limits been breached by Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan.
- Health hazards: For human beings, “blue baby syndrome” is a common side ailment caused by Nitrate contaminated water.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Quantum Biology
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea: The article introduces the concept of quantum biology, which explores the influence of quantum effects on living systems.
Nature and Quantum Mechanics
- Quantum effects refer to phenomena that occur between atoms and molecules that cannot be explained by classical physics.
- Quantum mechanics, which governs the behavior of objects at atomic scales, differs from classical mechanics, leading to counterintuitive phenomena like particle tunnelling and superposition.
Quantumness in Biology
- Quantum biology is an emerging field that explores the role of quantum mechanics in biological processes and living systems.
- It investigates how quantum phenomena and effects, which typically occur at atomic and subatomic scales, influence and contribute to the functioning and behavior of biological systems.
- It aims to uncover and understand the quantum nature of biological molecules, processes, and interactions.
- It seeks to study how quantum mechanics may impact various biological phenomena such as photosynthesis, enzyme reactions, and navigation in birds.
Evidence of Quantum Effects in Biology
- Research on chemical reactions in biomolecules like proteins and genetic material suggests the influence of quantum effects.
- Nanoscopic quantum effects can drive macroscopic physiological processes, including enzyme activity, sensing magnetic fields, cell metabolism, and electron transport.
Studying Quantum Biology
- Studying quantum effects in biology requires tools to measure short time scales, small length scales, and subtle differences in quantum states.
- Researchers can apply tailored magnetic fields to control the spins of electrons, influencing physiological processes that respond to magnetic fields.
Potential applications
- Therapeutic devices: Understanding and fine-tuning quantum properties in nature could lead to non-invasive, remotely controlled therapeutic devices accessible through mobile phones.
- Bio-manufacturing: Electromagnetic treatments based on quantum principles could be used for disease prevention and treatment, such as brain tumors, as well as in bio-manufacturing.
Scope quantum biology’ study
- Multi-disciplinary: Quantum biology is an interdisciplinary field that brings together researchers from various disciplines, including quantum physics, biophysics, medicine, chemistry, and biology.
- Many applications: Collaboration and cross-disciplinary research are crucial for advancing quantum biology and unlocking its transformative potential in biology, medicine, and technology.
Facts for Prelims
Superposition: A quantum phenomenon where particles can exist in multiple states simultaneously until measured or observed, in contrast to classical physics where objects have definite properties.
Spins: Quantum properties of electrons that define their interaction with magnetic fields, analogous to the way charge defines their interaction with electric fields.
Deterministic Codebook: A comprehensive understanding of the relationship between quantum causes and physiological outcomes, providing a guide for mapping quantum phenomena to specific biological effects. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: ASTR, AI
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea: The Department of Telecommunications (DoT) has developed an artificial-intelligence-based facial recognition tool called Artificial Intelligence and Facial Recognition powered Solution for Telecom SIM Subscriber Verification (ASTR).
What is ASTR?
- ASTR is designed to check subscriber databases of telecom operators to identify multiple connections associated with the same person.
- The goal of ASTR is to detect and block fraudulent mobile connections, thereby reducing cyber frauds.
Development of ASTR
- In 2012, DoT issued an order requiring telecom operators to share their subscriber database, including users’ pictures, with the department.
- These images serve as the core database for facial recognition using ASTR.
- The ASTR project was conceptualized and designed by the DoT’s unit in Haryana between April 2021 and July 2021.
- A pilot project was conducted in Haryana’s Mewat region to test the feasibility of ASTR, where a significant number of fraudulent SIMs were detected.
How ASTR works?
- ASTR uses convolutional neural network (CNN) models to encode human faces in subscribers’ images, accounting for various factors like face tilt, angle, image opaqueness, and dark color.
- A face comparison is performed for each face against all faces in the database, grouping similar faces under one directory.
- ASTR considers two faces to be identical if they match to a minimum extent of 97.5%.
- It can detect all SIMs associated with a suspected face within 10 seconds from a database of 1 crore (10 million) images.
- After matching faces, ASTR’s algorithm utilizes “fuzzy logic” to find approximate matches for subscriber names, considering variations, typographical errors, and related results.
Impact and Results
- In the first phase, ASTR analyzed over 87 crore (870 million) mobile connections and detected more than 40 lakh (4 million) cases of people using a single photograph to obtain multiple connections.
- After verification, over 36 lakh (3.6 million) connections were discontinued by telecom operators.
- The list of fraudulent connections is also shared with banks, payment wallets, and social media platforms to disengage these numbers from their respective platforms.
- WhatsApp collaborated with the government to disable accounts created using such numbers, and similar efforts are being made with other social media platforms.
Facts for Prelims
Convolutional Neural Network (CNN): A type of deep learning algorithm commonly used for image recognition tasks, where it extracts features and patterns from images by applying convolution operations.
Fuzzy Logic: A form of logic that deals with approximate or qualitative reasoning rather than strict binary true/false values. In the context of ASTR, it is used to find similarity or approximate matches for subscriber names, accounting for variations and typographical errors. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Vacuum gas oil (VGO)
Mains level: Reprocessing Russian oil
Central Idea
- The article discusses India’s increased imports of Russian oil and the potential circumvention of sanctions imposed on Russian oil products.
Why in news?
- An EU parliamentarian accused India of profiting from cheaply bought Russian oil and indirectly supporting the Russian economy.
- India justified its purchase by emphasizing its energy demands and the challenges of higher prices due to its reliance on energy imports and significant poverty levels.
Reasons: Sanctions against Russian Oil
- After Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, Western countries and Europe aimed to reduce their dependency on Russian energy imports to weaken the Russian economy.
- Measures were taken, such as Germany suspending the launch of the Nord Stream natural gas pipeline and Canada and the US banning the import of Russian crude oil.
- Stricter sanctions were imposed on Russia, including a “price cap” from trading Russian oil above $60 per barrel.
- The price cap aimed to cripple Moscow’s economy and limit its ability to fund the war in Ukraine.
- However, Russia increased its oil exports to India and China as a response.
India’s role in meeting West’s energy demand
- India, exempt from the sanctions on Russian oil, has seen a significant increase in fuel imports from Russia, which is then refined and supplied to Europe and the US.
- The refined oil from Russian crude, once processed in India, is not considered of Russian origin.
- India’s oil imports have helped it meet its own energy demands and also assist Western nations facing energy crises due to the Russia-Ukraine conflict.
- India has become a net exporter of refined petroleum products, supplying the West to alleviate current energy shortages.
Impact of Indian imports on Western markets
- Indian refiners have ramped up exports of refined petroleum products, including diesel and vacuum gas oil (VGO), to Europe and the US.
- VGO is a feedstock in the refining process that can be further processed to produce gasoline, diesel, and other fuel products.
- Diesel exports to Europe from India have increased by 12-16% in the last fiscal year.
- The US has become a major recipient of Indian VGO shipments, receiving 11,000-12,000 barrels per day (bpd) or 65-81% of India’s VGO exports.
- These exports from India have helped ease the energy tightness and supply constraints in Western markets.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea
PLI Scheme for IT Hardware
- The PLI scheme for IT hardware was initially introduced in March 2021.
- It provides incentives of over 4% for incremental investment in domestic manufacturing for eligible companies, such as Dell and Flextronics.
- The scheme aims to boost domestic manufacturing, increase exports, and make India a prominent player in the IT hardware sector.
- The scheme will have a tenure of six years, providing a long-term incentive for eligible companies to invest in domestic IT hardware manufacturing.
Growth in indigenous IT hardware
- The government highlighted the growth of electronics manufacturing in India.
- There is a 17% compound annual growth rate over the past 8 years and a production benchmark of $105 billion, including $11 billion in mobile phone exports.
New changes introduced
- The budgetary outlay for the PLI scheme for IT hardware manufacturing has been set at ₹17,000 crore.
- The incentive rate has been increased to 5%, offering a higher benefit to companies investing in domestic manufacturing.
- An additional optional incentive has been introduced for using domestically produced components, although the specific rates of these incentives are not specified.
- If the optional incentives are utilized as intended, the total incentive under the scheme could amount to 8-9%.
Achievements in Telecom hardware manufacturing
- Telecom hardware manufacturing has surpassed the projected ₹900 crore and reached ₹1,600 crore.
- Some Indian companies have become significant exporters of complex radio equipment worldwide.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Importance of family institution, challenges posed by globalization, rise of Individualism and way ahead
Central Idea
- The deteriorating state of families, marked by an increase in violence, suicides among youths, and a rise in children turning to crime, reflects the enfeeblement of the traditional family system. Studies worldwide emphasize the primacy of families in society. Addressing this crisis requires attitudinal and behavioral reforms, driven by society rather than the government.
Definition of Family
- Family is defined as a social unit consisting of individuals who are connected by blood relations, marriage, or adoption.
- It is a fundamental institution in society where people share emotional bonds, live together, and collaborate in various aspects of life.
- The composition and structure of families can vary across cultures and may include parents, children, siblings, grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins, and other relatives who share mutual responsibilities and connections.
Role of The Family as a Foundational Institution of the society
- Consolidation of Interpersonal Relations: The family unit is where interpersonal relationships naturally evolve and thrive. Living under one roof allows family members to share thought processes, participate in collective actions, and develop emotional bonds. These interactions foster a sense of belonging, support, and connection among family members.
- Socialization and Education: Families are responsible for the socialization and education of children. Through nurturing and guidance, families shape the character, behavior, and values of individuals, preparing them for their roles in society.
- Emotional Support and Stability: Families offer emotional support and serve as a source of stability in individuals’ lives. They provide a nurturing environment where love, care, and emotional well-being are nurtured.
- Transmission of Cultural and Traditional Values: Families play a vital role in preserving and transmitting cultural and traditional values from one generation to the next. Through storytelling, rituals, customs, and celebrations, families ensure the continuity of cultural heritage and identity.
- Economic Cooperation and Division of Labor: Families often engage in economic cooperation and division of labor, with different members contributing to the family’s economic well-being.
- Social Support Network: Families serve as a primary social support network for individuals. Family members provide emotional, financial, and practical support during times of need, illness, or crisis.
- Intergenerational Relationships and Caregiving: Families facilitate intergenerational relationships, creating bonds between different age groups. Families also provide care for aging or dependent family members, ensuring their well-being and dignity.
Challenges faced by family system in the context of a globalized world
- Changing Social Conditions: Globalization brings about significant changes in social conditions, including urbanization, mobility, and increased connectivity. Nuclear families are becoming more common, leading to decreased intergenerational living arrangements and reduced support systems within extended families.
- Individualism and Fragmentation: As people pursue their own goals and aspirations, there may be a decline in collective decision-making, shared responsibilities, and mutual support. This can weaken the bond and cohesiveness within the family unit.
- Communication and Dialogue: Globalization has introduced new modes of communication and technology that can both connect and isolate individuals. While technological advancements have made communication easier, it can also lead to superficial and transactional interactions within families. Meaningful dialogue and deep connections between family members may suffer as a result.
- Cultural Influences: Exposure to different cultures and values through globalization can challenge traditional family norms and practices. Western influences, in particular, can impact the traditional roles and expectations within families, leading to conflicts and tensions between generations and genders.
- Work-Life Balance: Globalization has led to changes in work patterns and increased demands in the professional sphere. Balancing work and family responsibilities becomes more challenging, affecting the overall well-being of family members.
- Migration and Transnational Families: Globalization has facilitated increased migration and the formation of transnational families. While migration can provide economic opportunities, it can also create challenges related to separation, long-distance relationships, cultural adjustments.
- Consumerism and Materialism: The consumerist culture promoted by globalization places a greater emphasis on material possessions and individual desires. This can lead to conflicts within families regarding priorities, values, and the definition of success. Materialistic pursuits may overshadow the importance of emotional connections and shared experiences within the family.
Factors behind the rise of Individualism
- Economic Prosperity: Economic growth and increased prosperity have provided individuals with greater opportunities for personal advancement and self-fulfillment. As people become more financially independent, they are able to focus on their individual goals, desires, and aspirations.
- Urbanization and Mobility: The process of urbanization and increased mobility has led to a shift from close-knit rural communities to more diverse and fragmented urban settings. In urban areas, individuals have greater anonymity and independence, which can foster a sense of individualism.
- Technological Advancements: The rapid advancement of technology, particularly in the areas of communication and information, has given individuals more autonomy and freedom to pursue their own interests. The internet and social media platforms, in particular, have provided platforms for self-expression and individual identity formation.
- Emphasis on Personal Rights and Autonomy: There has been a growing emphasis on individual rights and personal autonomy in modern societies. Movements advocating for civil rights, gender equality, and personal freedoms have contributed to the promotion of individualism as a core value.
- Cultural and Ideological Shifts: Changing cultural norms and values, influenced by globalization and exposure to diverse cultures, have contributed to the rise of individualism. The ideals of personal freedom, self-expression, and individual choice are often celebrated in media, popular culture, and social discourses.
- Decline of Traditional Institutions: Traditional institutions, such as extended families, religious institutions, and community structures, have weakened in many societies. This decline has led to a greater focus on the individual as the primary unit of social organization, as opposed to collective identities and obligations.
- Influence of Western Culture: The spread of Western values and ideologies, particularly through globalization and media influence, has played a significant role in promoting individualism. Western societies have historically placed a strong emphasis on individual rights, personal achievements, and self-reliance, influencing cultural attitudes towards individualism in other parts of the world.
Way ahead: Reforms for Strengthening the Family Institution
- Promoting Dialogue and Communication:
- Encourage open and candid conversations within families, fostering an environment of trust and understanding.
- Promote regular family meetings to discuss important issues and strengthen interpersonal relationships.
- Educate individuals on effective communication skills, including active listening and empathetic responses.
- Balancing Individualism and Collectivism:
- Emphasize the value of shared experiences, mutual support, and cooperation within families.
- Encourage the practice of sharing responsibilities, decision-making, and resources among family members.
- Promote activities that foster a sense of collectivism, such as family outings, collaborative projects, and joint celebrations.
- Restoring Transparency and Trust:
- Foster an atmosphere of honesty, transparency, and mutual respect within families.
- Encourage family members to share their thoughts, feelings, and concerns openly.
- Establish mechanisms for conflict resolution and mediation to address issues and rebuild trust when conflicts arise.
- Cultivating Togetherness and Mentorship:
- Create opportunities for family members to spend quality time together, engaging in shared hobbies, interests, or recreational activities.
- Encourage mentoring relationships within families, where older members guide and support younger ones in their personal and professional development.
- Promote intergenerational learning and knowledge exchange, preserving family values and traditions.
- Recognizing and Empowering Mothers:
- Acknowledge and appreciate the vital role of mothers in nurturing and building strong families.
- Provide support systems and resources to empower women in their roles as mothers and family leaders.
- Promote gender equality within families, ensuring equal opportunities, security, and respect for all members.
- Strengthening Support Systems:
- Develop and strengthen support networks, such as family counseling services, helplines, and community programs, to address family-related issues and provide guidance.
- Enhance public awareness campaigns on the importance of family well-being and the need for nurturing healthy family relationships.
- Collaborate with educational institutions, religious organizations, and community groups to promote family-oriented initiatives and activities
Conclusion
- The International Day of Families serves as a reminder of the alarming state of families today, characterized by violence, suicides, and societal disruptions. Recognizing the primacy of families, it is imperative to address the enfeeblement of the traditional family system through attitudinal and behavioral reforms. The collective effort of individuals, communities, and policymakers is crucial in preserving the family institution as a fundamental unit of societal well-being.
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Gig economy, Platform-Based Gig Workers Welfare Board
Mains level: Gig economy, Rajasthan's Platform-Based Gig Workers Welfare Board, challenges and measures for implementation
Central Idea
- The Chief Minister of Rajasthan recently announced the establishment of India’s first welfare fund, the Rajasthan Platform-Based Gig Workers Social Security and Welfare Fund. This landmark move comes as a significant regulatory step to address the vulnerabilities faced by gig and platform workers since the passage of the Code on Social Security in 2020.
All you need to know about Platform-Based Gig Workers Social Security and Welfare Fund
- Social security and welfare benefits to gig workers: It is the country’s first welfare fund specifically designed to address the social security needs of gig and platform workers established by the government of Rajasthan. The fund aims to provide social security benefits and welfare measures to gig workers who operate in the platform economy.
- Set up in accordance with the Code on Social Security 2020: Code on Social Security recognizes the vulnerabilities faced by gig and platform workers and emphasizes the need for social security measures to protect their rights and well-being. The creation of the welfare fund aligns with the code’s objective of extending social security coverage to workers in the informal sector.
- Operates as a tripartite institution: The Platform-Based Gig Workers Social Security and Welfare Fund operates as a tripartite institution, comprising representatives from the bureaucracy, employers or clients, and workers’ unions or associations. This structure enables the fund to effectively address the concerns and interests of all stakeholders involved.
- Funding through revenue-sharing model: The Code on Social Security mandates that platform companies contribute 1%-2% of their revenue towards the fund, ensuring that the financial responsibility is shared between the platforms and the government.
Who are known as Gig Workers?
- Gig workers are individuals who engage in temporary, flexible, and on-demand work arrangements, often facilitated through digital platforms or apps.
- They are part of the gig economy, which is characterized by short-term and project-based work engagements rather than traditional long-term employment contracts.
- Gig workers encompass a wide range of occupations and industries. They may include freelance writers, drivers for ride-hailing services, delivery personnel, online marketplace sellers, virtual assistants, graphic designers, and many others.
- These workers typically operate as independent contractors, offering their services or completing tasks on a project-by-project basis.
Potential challenges in program implementation
- Lack of Clarity in Definitions: The classification and definition of gig workers can vary, making it challenging to accurately identify and include all eligible individuals in the programs. Determining the scope and coverage of the programs can be complex, especially considering the diverse nature of gig work.
- Funding Constraints: Allocating sufficient funds for the implementation of social security programs for gig workers can be a significant challenge. Adequate resources need to be allocated to ensure the sustainability of the programs and the provision of comprehensive benefits. Identifying the appropriate funding mechanisms, such as revenue-sharing models or contributions from platforms, can be complex and require careful consideration.
- Limited Awareness and Outreach: Many gig workers may be unaware of their rights or the existence of social security programs available to them. Effective outreach and awareness campaigns are crucial to ensure that gig workers understand the benefits and are encouraged to participate. Language barriers, digital literacy issues, and the dispersed nature of gig workers can further complicate outreach efforts.
- Adapting to Technological Platforms: Implementing social security programs within the digital platforms that facilitate gig work can pose technical challenges. Integration with existing platform systems, ensuring secure data management, and addressing potential privacy concerns require careful planning and coordination between government agencies and platform operators.
- Addressing Cross-Jurisdictional Issues: Gig workers often operate across multiple jurisdictions, which can create complexities in program implementation. Coordination among different states or countries may be required to ensure seamless coverage and avoid gaps or duplications in benefits.
- Establishing Fair Evaluation Criteria: Determining eligibility criteria and evaluating gig workers’ contributions or income can be challenging. Traditional methods of assessing employment status or income may not align with the dynamic and variable nature of gig work. Developing fair and transparent evaluation mechanisms is crucial to ensure that deserving gig workers receive the appropriate benefits.
- Balancing Flexibility and Protection: Gig work is characterized by its flexibility, allowing workers to choose when and how much they work. Designing social security programs that provide necessary protections while still accommodating the flexible nature of gig work can be a delicate balance. Ensuring that gig workers can access benefits without compromising their work arrangements is essential.
Measures to overcome operational challenges
- Comprehensive Outreach and Awareness Campaigns: Launch targeted and extensive awareness campaigns to inform gig workers about the available social security programs, their benefits, and the application process. Utilize multiple communication channels, including online platforms, mobile apps, social media, and community networks, to reach a wide range of gig workers.
- Simplified Registration and Enrollment Processes: Streamline the registration and enrollment processes to make them user-friendly and accessible to gig workers. Utilize digital platforms and mobile applications to enable easy and convenient enrollment, reducing paperwork and administrative burdens.
- Partnerships with Platforms: Collaborate with platform operators to facilitate program implementation. Platforms can play a crucial role in sharing information, reaching out to gig workers, and integrating social security features directly into their platforms. Establish clear guidelines and expectations for platform operators to ensure compliance and seamless integration of social security measures.
- Tailored Benefit Packages: Design benefit packages that cater to the specific needs of gig workers. Consider their income volatility, irregular work schedules, and diverse occupational risks when determining the types of benefits to offer. Flexibility and customization in benefit packages can help address the unique challenges faced by gig workers.
- Digital Solutions and Technology Integration: Leverage digital solutions and emerging technologies to streamline processes, enhance efficiency, and improve service delivery. Utilize digital platforms for benefits management, payment systems, and claims processing to ensure a seamless and user-friendly experience for gig workers.
- Collaborative Governance: Establish tripartite partnerships involving government authorities, gig worker representatives, and platform operators to foster effective governance and decision-making. This collaborative approach ensures that the perspectives and interests of all stakeholders are taken into account and promotes transparency and accountability.
- Continuous Monitoring and Evaluation: Implement robust monitoring and evaluation mechanisms to assess the effectiveness and impact of social security programs for gig workers. Regularly collect feedback from gig workers, platform operators, and other stakeholders to identify areas for improvement and make necessary adjustments to the programs.
- International Collaboration and Knowledge Sharing: Engage in international collaboration and knowledge sharing to learn from best practices and experiences of other countries implementing social security measures for gig workers. Exchange ideas, strategies, and lessons learned to enhance program implementation and overcome operational challenges.
Facts for prelims
New classification by NITI Aayog: Platform vs. Non-platform Workers
- The NITI Aayog report broadly classifies gig workers into platform and non-platform-based workers.
- The consequent platformisation of work has given rise to a new classification of labour — platform labour — falling outside of the purview of the traditional dichotomy of formal and informal labour.
- While platform workers are those whose work is based on online software applications or digital platforms.
- Non-platform gig workers are generally casual wage workers and own-account workers in the conventional sectors, working part-time or full time.
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Conclusion
- The establishment of the Rajasthan Platform-Based Gig Workers Welfare Board represents a significant victory for platform workers and unions who have long advocated for their rights. While many states are yet to take action, Rajasthan sets an example by prioritizing the welfare of these workers, especially with assembly elections looming next year.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: India's MMR, reports and findings
Mains level: India's high maternal mortality, Government efforts, challenges, and way ahead
Central Idea
- A recent United Nations report revealed a startling reality that India, along with nine other nations, accounted for a staggering 60% of global maternal deaths, stillbirths, and newborn deaths. In 2020 alone, India accounted for over 17% of such fatalities, making it the country with the second-highest number of maternal deaths after Nigeria.
What is maternal mortality?
- As per World Health Organization, Maternal death is the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration and site of the pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management but not from accidental or incidental causes.
Gaps in maternal Healthcare in India
- Maternal mortality rate: A United Nations report highlighted that India was among the top 10 countries responsible for 60% of global maternal deaths, stillbirths, and new-born deaths. In 2020, India accounted for over 17% of such deaths, making it the second-highest contributor after Nigeria.
- Antenatal care (ANC):1% of mothers in India did not attend any ANC visit during their recent pregnancy. Furthermore, only 34.1% of mothers attended one, two, or three visits, falling short of the World Health Organization’s (WHO) recommendation of four visits.
- Postnatal care: 16% of women in India did not receive any postnatal health check-ups, while 22.8% experienced delayed check-ups occurring two days after childbirth. In the poorest 20% of the households, 26.3% women never had a postnatal health check-up, whereas among the richest, only 7.9% did not.
- Lack of skilled health providers: 8% of Indian women did not receive tetanus shots, which are crucial for preventing infections during and after surgery. In about 11% of cases, no skilled health providers were present at the time of delivery, posing risks in detecting and managing complications.
- Decline in MMR: The Sample Registration System (SRS) 2016-2018 estimated India’s MMR at 113 per 100,000 live births. This represents a decline from previous years and indicates progress in reducing maternal deaths.
Facts for prelims
- India’s maternal mortality ratio (MMR) has improved to 103 in 2017-19, from 113 in 2016-18.
- Seven Indian states have very high maternal mortality. These are Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Bihar, Odisha and Assam.
- The MMR is ‘high’ in Punjab, Uttarakhand and West Bengal. This means 100-130 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births.
- It is ‘low’ in Haryana and Karnataka.
- The states of Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan and Bihar have seen the most drop in MMR.
- West Bengal, Haryana, Uttarakhand and Chhattisgarh have recorded an increase in MMR over the last survey.
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Challenges in achieving further reductions in MMR in India
- Regional Disparities: States with limited healthcare infrastructure and resources often report higher MMR compared to more developed regions. Bridging these regional gaps in healthcare access and quality is crucial for ensuring equitable maternal healthcare outcomes.
- Socioeconomic Factors: Socioeconomic factors play a substantial role in maternal health outcomes. Women from marginalized communities, low-income households, and rural areas face higher risks due to limited access to healthcare facilities, education, and economic resources.
- Quality of Healthcare Services: The availability of skilled healthcare providers, adequate infrastructure, and essential medical supplies is lacking in many parts particularly in remote and ares.
- Awareness and Education: Limited awareness among women, families, and communities about the importance of antenatal care, skilled birth attendance, and postnatal care hindering timely and appropriate care-seeking behavior.
- Cultural and Social Factors: Deep-rooted cultural and social factors often influence maternal healthcare-seeking behavior and decision-making. Traditional beliefs, practices, and societal norms directly or indirectly affect women’s access to and utilization of maternal healthcare services.
Government’s initiatives to improve maternal health
- National Health Mission (NHM): The NHM is a flagship program of the Government of India aimed at providing accessible and affordable healthcare services, including maternal healthcare. Under the NHM, the Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, Child, and Adolescent Health (RMNCH+A) strategy focuses on improving maternal and child health outcomes through a continuum of care approach.
- Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY): The JSY is a conditional cash transfer program that encourages institutional deliveries and postnatal care utilization. It provides financial assistance to pregnant women from low-income households to cover the cost of delivery and associated expenses. The program aims to reduce financial barriers and promote institutional deliveries, ensuring access to skilled birth attendants.
- Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY): The PMMVY is a maternity benefit scheme that provides cash incentives to pregnant and lactating women for their first live birth. It aims to provide partial wage compensation to pregnant women for wage loss during childbirth and to improve maternal and newborn health outcomes.
- Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakram (JSSK): The JSSK program ensures free and cashless delivery, including caesarean section, in public health facilities. It covers the costs of essential drugs, diagnostics, blood transfusion, and transportation for pregnant women and sick infants. The program also provides free referral transport services for pregnant women in need of emergency care.
- Maternal Death Surveillance and Response (MDSR): The MDSR system is an important component of the government’s efforts to reduce maternal deaths. It focuses on identifying, reporting, and analyzing maternal deaths to understand the causes and take appropriate actions for prevention in the future.
- National Iron Plus Initiative (NIPI): The NIPI focuses on addressing anemia in pregnant women by providing iron and folic acid supplements. Anemia is a significant risk factor for maternal mortality, and the NIPI aims to ensure universal coverage and adherence to iron and folic acid supplementation during pregnancy.
- Skill Development Initiatives: The government has also emphasized the training and skill development of healthcare professionals, especially in the field of obstetric and neonatal care. This includes the establishment of skilled birth attendant programs, enhancing the capabilities of healthcare providers, and promoting evidence-based practices for safe deliveries and postnatal care.
Way ahead
- Strengthening Healthcare Infrastructure: Investing in healthcare infrastructure, especially in underserved areas, is crucial to improve access to quality maternal healthcare services. This includes ensuring the availability of skilled healthcare professionals, adequate facilities, and essential medical supplies in both urban and rural settings.
- Enhancing Healthcare Workforce: Strengthening the healthcare workforce through training programs and capacity-building initiatives is essential. This involves increasing the number of skilled birth attendants, midwives, and other healthcare professionals who can provide comprehensive maternal care services.
- Improving Access and Affordability: Addressing financial barriers is crucial to ensure that all women can access and afford maternal healthcare services. Enhancing the coverage and effectiveness of health insurance schemes, such as the Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PMJAY), can significantly reduce out-of-pocket expenses for maternal healthcare.
- Community Engagement and Awareness: Promoting community participation and awareness about maternal health is vital. Community-based programs can play a significant role in educating women, families, and community members about the importance of antenatal care, skilled birth attendance, postnatal care, and recognizing pregnancy-related complications.
- Strengthening Maternal Death Surveillance and Response (MDSR): Enhancing the MDSR system can provide critical insights into the causes of maternal deaths and inform evidence-based interventions. Establishing robust systems for reporting, reviewing, and analyzing maternal deaths can help identify gaps in the healthcare system and facilitate targeted interventions to prevent future deaths.
- Empowering Women and Gender Equality: Promoting gender equality and empowering women are fundamental to improving maternal health outcomes. This includes increasing access to education, economic opportunities, and decision-making power for women. Empowered women are more likely to seek and demand quality maternal healthcare services.
- Collaboration and Partnerships: Collaboration between government agencies, healthcare providers, NGOs, civil society organizations, and other stakeholders is crucial. Partnerships can facilitate the sharing of resources, knowledge, and best practices to drive collective efforts toward reducing maternal mortality rates.
- Monitoring and Evaluation: Establishing robust monitoring and evaluation mechanisms to track progress and identify areas that require further attention is essential. Regular data collection, analysis, and reporting on maternal health indicators can help assess the effectiveness of interventions and inform evidence-based decision-making.
Conclusion
- India’s high maternal mortality rates necessitate immediate interventions to address the gaps in ANC, PNC, awareness, and access to skilled healthcare providers. Bridging the disparities based on education, wealth, and caste is crucial for equitable maternal healthcare. It is imperative to prioritize comprehensive maternal healthcare and take urgent action to save lives and ensure the well-being of women and newborns in India.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Matrilineality in India
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea: A tribal council’s order not to issue a Scheduled Tribe (ST) certificate to any Khasi person who adopts the surname of her or his father has triggered a war of words in matrilineal Meghalaya.
Matrilineal Society of Meghalaya
- Multiple tribes in Meghalaya, northeast India, practice matrilineal descent.
- Khasi and Garo people are the primary tribes discussed in the article.
- The term “Ki Hynniew Trep” (The Seven Huts) refers to the Khasi people, while the Garo people are also known as Achik people.
- These tribes have a proud heritage of matrilineality, but there are concerns about the decline of matrilineal traits.
Background
- Khasi people are an ancient tribe and are considered the largest surviving matrilineal culture in the world.
- Khasis, along with other subgroups like the Garo, reside in Meghalaya, as well as bordering areas of Assam and Bangladesh.
- The matrilineal tradition practiced by the Khasi people is unique within India.
- Matrilineal principles are emphasized in myths, legends, and origin narratives of the Khasi tribe.
- Reference to “Nari Rajya” in the epic Mahabharata likely correlates with the matrilineal culture of the Khasi and Jaintia Hills in Meghalaya.
Rights, Roles and Responsibilities
- Women play a dominant role in the matrilineal society of Meghalaya.
- The youngest daughter, known as Ka Khadduh, inherits ancestral property.
- Husbands live with their mother-in-law after marriage.
- Children take their mother’s surname.
- In case a couple has no daughters, they can adopt a daughter and pass property rights to her.
- The birth of a girl is celebrated, and there is no social stigma associated with women remarrying or giving birth out of wedlock.
- Women have the freedom to intermarry outside their tribe.
- Independent, well-dressed, unmarried women enjoy security and prefer not to get married.
- Many small businesses are managed by women.
Comparison between Garo and Khasi Practices
Bina Agarwal compared the Garo and Khasi practices in 1994. (Aspirants with Sociology optional are bound to remember the sociologist’s name.)
- Garo also practices matrilineal inheritance and matrilocal post-marital residence.
- Both tribes accept pre-marital sex by women, but adultery by women is punished.
- The Khasi practice duolocal post-marital residence, where the husband lives separately from the wife’s parents’ residence.
- The Khasi have an aversion to cross-cousin marriage.
Roles of Men and Political Representation
- Mothers or mothers-in-law are responsible for the care of children.
- Khasi men perceive themselves as having a secondary status and established societies to protect men’s rights.
- Representation of women in politics, legislative assembly, village councils, and panchayats is minimal.
- Women believe they handle money matters better and enjoy economic freedom.
Matrilineal, not matriarchal
- While society is matrilineal, it is not matriarchal. In past monarchies of the state, the son of the youngest sister of the king inherited the throne.
- Even now in the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly or village councils or panchayats the representation of women in politics is minimal.
Issues with the system
- Some Khasi men perceive themselves to be accorded a secondary status.
- They have established societies to protect equal rights for men.
- They express that Khasi men don’t have any security, they don’t own land, they don’t run the family business and, at the same time, they are almost good for nothing.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Monsoon terminologies
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea: The monsoon is likely to set in over Kerala with a “slight delay” on June 4, the India Meteorological Department (IMD) said. The usual onset date over Kerala is June 1, within a seven-day window.
What does the “Onset of Monsoon” mean?
- The onset of the monsoon over Kerala marks the beginning of the four-month, June to September southwest monsoon season over India.
- It brings more than 70 per cent of the country’s annual rainfall.
- It marks a significant transition in the large-scale atmospheric and ocean circulations in the Indo-Pacific region.
- The IMD announces it only after certain newly defined and measurable parameters, adopted in 2016, are met.
- The onset is a significant day in India’s economic calendar.
How does IMD predict the monsoon?
- Broadly, the IMD checks for the consistency of rainfall over a defined geography, its intensity, and wind speed:
- Rainfall: The IMD declares the onset of the monsoon if at least 60% of 14 designated meteorological stations in Kerala and Lakshadweep record at least 2.5 mm of rain for two consecutive days at any time after May 10.
- Wind field: The depth of westerlies should be upto 600 hectopascal (1 hPa is equal to 1 millibar of pressure) in the area bound by the equator to 10ºN latitude, and from longitude 55ºE to 80ºE. The zonal wind speed over the area bound by 5-10ºN latitude and 70-80ºE longitude should be of the order of 15-20 knots (28-37 kph) at 925 hPa.
- Heat: The INSAT-derived Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR) value (a measure of the energy emitted to space by the Earth’s surface, oceans, and atmosphere) should be below 200 watt per sq m (wm2) in the box confined by 5-10ºN latitude and 70-75ºE latitude.
- The onset is not officially declared until the prescribed conditions (above) are met.
Factors considered by IMD
- The IMD uses a specialised model that forecasts the arrival dates within a four-day window.
- It uses six predictors:
- Minimum temperatures over northwest India
- Pre-monsoon rainfall peak over south Peninsula
- Outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR) over the South China Sea
- Lower tropospheric zonal wind over the southeast Indian Ocean
- Upper tropospheric zonal wind over the east equatorial Indian Ocean, and
- OLR over the southwest Pacific region
Back2Basics: Long Period Average (LPA)
- The IMD predicts a “normal”, “below normal”, or “above normal” monsoon in relation to a benchmark “long period average” (LPA).
- The LPA of rainfall is the rainfall recorded over a particular region for a given interval (like month or season) average over a long period like 30 years, 50 years, etc.
- LPA refers to the average rainfall recorded from June to September for the entire country, the amount of rain that falls every year varies from region to region and from month to month.
- The IMD’s prediction of a normal monsoon is based on the LPA of the 1971-2020 period, during which India received 87 cm of rain for the entire country on average.
- It has in the past calculated the LPA at 88 cm for the 1961-2010 period, and at 89 cm for the period 1951-2000.
Why LPA is needed?
- The IMD records rainfall data at more than 2,400 locations and 3,500 rain-gauge stations.
- Because annual rainfall can vary greatly not just from region to region and from month to month, but also from year to year within a particular region or month.
- An LPA is needed to smooth out trends so that a reasonably accurate prediction can be made.
- A 50-year LPA covers for large variations in either direction caused by freak years of unusually high or low rainfall, as well as for the periodic drought years.
- It also takes into account the increasingly common extreme weather events caused by climate change.
Range of normal rainfall
The IMD maintains five rainfall distribution categories on an all-India scale. These are:
- Normal or near normal, when the percentage departure of actual rainfall is +/-10% of LPA, that is, between 96-104% of LPA;
- Below normal, when departure of actual rainfall is less than 10% of LPA, that is 90-96% of LPA;
- Above normal, when actual rainfall is 104-110% of LPA;
- Deficient, when departure of actual rainfall is less than 90% of LPA; and
- Excess, when the departure of actual rainfall is more than 110% of LPA.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Dengue
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea: Serum Institute of India and Panacea Biotec have applied to the ICMR’s call for Expression of Interest for collaborative Phase-III clinical trials for an indigenous dengue vaccine.
What is Dengue?
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Details |
| Transmission |
Primarily transmitted through the bite of infected Aedes mosquitoes |
| Virus and Serotypes |
Dengue virus belonging to the Flaviviridae family
Four distinct serotypes: DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4 |
| Symptoms |
High fever, severe headache, joint and muscle pain, rash, pain behind the eyes, mild bleeding |
| Severe Dengue |
Progression to severe dengue can cause plasma leakage, bleeding, organ impairment |
| Geographic Distribution |
Endemic in more than 100 countries, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions |
| Incidence and Global Impact |
100-400 million dengue infections occur annually globally, affecting healthcare systems and economies |
| Vector and Breeding Sites |
Aedes aegypti mosquito breeds in stagnant water containers found near human dwellings |
| Treatment |
No specific antiviral treatment available; supportive care, rest, fluid intake, symptom management |
| Prevention and Control |
Reduce mosquito breeding sites, proper water storage, cleaning of water containers, use of insecticides |
Dengue Virus Disease and Global Impact
- Dengue virus disease causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide, with 2 to 2.5 lakh (200,000 to 250,000) cases reported annually in India.
- The global incidence of dengue has increased dramatically, with over half of the world’s population at risk.
- The World Health Organization (WHO) has identified dengue as one of the top ten global health threats in 2019.
- Currently, there is no specific treatment for dengue, highlighting the urgent need for effective vaccines.
Desirable Characteristics of a Dengue Vaccine
The ICMR highlights the desirable characteristics of a dengue vaccine, including a-
- Favorable safety profile
- Protection against all four serotypes of dengue
- Reduced risk of severe disease and death
- Induction of a sustained immune response and
- Effectiveness regardless of previous sero-status and age
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Merger of Sikkim
Mains level: Not Much
Sikkim Statehood Day
- Sikkim day is annually celebrated on May 16, commemorating the integration of Sikkim with India in 1975.
- The process of Sikkim joining India occurred about two decades after Sardar Vallabbhai Patel led the integration of princely states into India.
Sikkim’s History with the Chogyal Royals
- The kingdom of Sikkim was established in 1642 when Phuntsong Namgyal was consecrated as the first ruler or Chogyal.
- Sikkim’s monarchy, under the Namgyal dynasty, lasted for 333 years until its integration with India in 1975.
- Sikkim had a Tibetan origin and was located between India and China. It often faced conflicts over land with Bhutan and Nepal.
- The British saw Sikkim as a buffer state and established a formal relationship with it.
- Various treaties like the Treaty of Tumlong (1861), Treaty of Titaliya (1817), Calcutta Convention (1890), and Lhasa Convention (1904) shaped the relationship between Sikkim and the British.
Independent India and Sikkim
- After India’s independence, princely states had the option to accede to India or Pakistan.
- Sikkim’s unique relationship with British rule led to complexities in its integration with India.
- Sardar Vallabbhai Patel and BN Rau wanted Sikkim to sign the Instrument of Accession to integrate it with India.
- Jawaharlal Nehru acknowledged the situation in Sikkim and emphasized its autonomous growth.
- Sikkim State Congress (SSC), Praja Mandal (PM), and Praja Sudharak Samaj (PSS) demanded a popular government, abolition of landlordism, and accession to India.
- A Standstill Agreement was signed to maintain the existing arrangement while discussions continued.
War with China
- Sikkim had a state council with elected and nominated members.
- Political developments in the 1960s and 1970s played a significant role in Sikkim’s status.
- The formation of the Sikkim National Congress (SNC) in 1960 and changes in political leadership on both sides influenced the course of events.
- India-China war of 1962 and containment of border skirmishes made it important to clarify the relationship between India and Sikkim.
How Sikkim finally joined India?
- The Indian leadership started supporting pro-democracy forces in Sikkim, such as Kazi Dorji of the SNC.
- Protests in Sikkim in 1973 led to a tripartite agreement between the Chogyal, the Indian government, and three major political parties.
- Elections were held in 1974, and a new constitution limited the role of the monarch.
- A referendum held in 1975 resulted in a majority vote in favor of joining India.
- The Constitution (Thirty-Sixth Amendment) Bill was passed, recognizing Sikkim as a state in the Union of India.
- Sikkim’s new parliament proposed a bill for Sikkim to become an Indian state, which was accepted by the Indian government.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Worldcoin
Mains level: NA
Central Idea: Sam Altman, CEO of OpenAI, is reportedly raising $100 million for Worldcoin, a unique cryptocurrency.
What is Worldcoin?
- Worldcoin, co-founded by Altman and Alex Blania in 2019, aims to provide every human being on Earth with a share of its digital token.
- Worldcoin is a crypto project that seeks to establish a global identity and financial network for everyone.
- It utilizes a device called the Orb, which scans people’s irises to verify their uniqueness and humanity.
- Individuals who undergo the iris scan are rewarded with Worldcoin tokens.
- The World App, developed by Worldcoin, enables users to make payments, purchases, and transfers using Worldcoin and other digital assets.
- The project plans to launch in the first half of 2023 and distribute a total of 10 billion tokens, with 80% going to users.
Functioning of Worldcoin
- Worldcoin’s founders aimed to freely distribute shares of the digital token to every person on the planet.
- They envisioned it as a global distribution system for Universal Basic Income and a means to distribute profits generated by AI systems equally among people.
- To ensure fair distribution, Worldcoin utilizes biometric iris scans through the Orb device.
- The Orb scans the iris and converts it into a hash, which is impossible to recreate even if compromised.
- The iris hash and the user’s public key hash are sent to Worldcoin servers, and if the person is new to the system, the hashes are added to the database and the company’s blockchain.
Challenges and criticisms
- Worldcoin faces challenges regarding the accessibility of the Orb and expanding the user database.
- The project plans to incentivize sign-ups by offering coupons or access to loans.
- Concerns exist about the privacy and security of biometric data and potential misuse.
- Questions arise about the feasibility and scalability of reaching unbanked or underbanked populations.
- The value and utility of the Worldcoin token and its competitiveness with other cryptocurrencies or fiat currencies are also subject to scrutiny.
Back2Basics: Cryptocurrency
- A cryptocurrency is a digital asset stored on computerised databases.
- These digital coins are recorded in digital ledgers using strong cryptography to keep them secure.
- The ledgers are distributed globally, and each transaction made using cryptocurrencies are codified as blocks.
- And multiple blocks linking each other forms a blockchain on the distributed ledger.
- There are estimated to be more than 47 million cryptocurrency users around the world.
- These cryptocurrencies are created through a process called mining.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: G20, Disaster Risk Reduction Working Group (DRRWG)
Mains level: India's G20 presidency and leadership in disaster risk management
Central Idea
- The endorsement of a new working group on disaster risk reduction by the G20, under India’s presidency, presents an opportunity to prioritize disaster risk financing and achieve the targets set by the Sendai framework for 2030. The increasing occurrence of natural and human-made catastrophes globally has highlighted the need for competent financial risk management and insurance.
The Need for Disaster Risk Financing
- Recent years have witnessed a surge in both natural and human-made catastrophes worldwide. Disasters not only exacerbate poverty and hinder development but also generate social polarization.
- Lack of competent financial risk management and insurance has allowed risks to proliferate, causing havoc in society and the economy. Annual disaster losses have a significant impact on low-income economies
The Role of the G20 in Strengthening Financial Risk Management
- Enhancing Risk Understanding and Integration: The G20 can support countries in enhancing their understanding of disaster risks and integrating them into government planning and budget processes. This includes promoting the development and dissemination of risk assessment tools, methodologies, and best practices.
- Strengthening Regulation and Supervision in the Insurance Industry: Effective regulation, legislation, and supervision are crucial for the insurance industry to play a proactive role in managing disaster risks. The G20 can facilitate dialogue and cooperation among regulators and policymakers to establish robust frameworks that ensure fair and transparent insurance practices
- Facilitating Public-Private Partnerships: Public-private partnerships are essential for managing and financing disaster risks effectively. The G20 can foster an enabling environment for partnerships between governments, private sector entities, and financial institutions.
- Shifting from Ex-post to Ex-ante Financing Mechanisms: Traditionally, financial resources for disaster response, recovery, and reconstruction have been mobilized after an event occurs (ex-post financing). The G20 can advocate for a shift towards ex-ante financing mechanisms, where financial resources are pre-arranged and readily available to respond to disasters.
- Encouraging Investment in Disaster Risk Reduction: There is a scarcity of investment in a development-oriented approach that focuses on reducing disaster risks. The G20 can promote investment in disaster risk reduction by raising awareness about the benefits of resilience-building measures and creating incentives for both public and private sectors to allocate resources towards risk reduction initiatives.
What is Disaster Risk Reduction Working Group (DRRWG)?
- The Disaster Risk Reduction Working Group is a newly endorsed working group within the G20 that focuses on disaster risk reduction.
- It serves as a platform for member countries to collaborate and share knowledge on effective strategies for managing and reducing disaster risks.
- It aims to address key components of comprehensive financial management strategies for disaster risks, including risk assessment, insurance coverage, financial assistance, and risk transfer mechanisms.
Facts for prelims
What is Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI)?
- The CDRI is an international coalition of countries, UN agencies, multilateral development banks, the private sector, and academic institutions that aim to promote disaster-resilient infrastructure.
- Its objective is to promote research and knowledge sharing in the fields of infrastructure risk management, standards, financing, and recovery mechanisms.
- It was launched by the Indian PM Narendra Modi at the 2019 UN Climate Action Summit in September 2019.
- CDRI’s initial focus is on developing disaster-resilience in ecological, social, and economic infrastructure.
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Significance of the Disaster Risk Reduction Working Group (DRRWG)
- Knowledge Sharing and Collaboration: The DRRWG provides a platform for member countries to share knowledge, experiences, and best practices in disaster risk reduction. It facilitates collaboration and learning from diverse approaches and methodologies employed by different nations.
- Harmonization and Standardization: The DRRWG promotes harmonization and standardization of definitions, methodologies, and data collection practices related to disaster risk assessment and financing. This improves comparability and enables better analysis and benchmarking of disaster risks across different regions.
- Access to International Markets: By harmonizing definitions and methodologies, the DRRWG helps countries improve access to international (re)insurance markets. Standardized approaches and better data quality enhance the confidence of insurers and reinsurers, facilitating the availability of insurance coverage and risk transfer mechanisms.
- Comprehensive Financial Management Strategies: The DRRWG aims to address all key components of comprehensive financial management strategies for disaster risks. Comprehensive strategies enhance countries’ abilities to manage and reduce disaster risks effectively.
- Investment in Disaster Risk Reduction: The DRRWG emphasizes the importance of investment in disaster risk reduction initiatives. By providing screening criteria for disaster-resilient investments and entities, the DRRWG helps guide investment decisions toward reducing risks and building resilience.
- Global Resilience Building: The efforts of the DRRWG contribute to global resilience-building against disasters. By fostering cooperation, sharing expertise, and promoting best practices, the DRRWG strengthens the collective capacity of member countries to mitigate, manage, and recover from disasters, ultimately enhancing global resilience.
How India can guide G20’s disaster management initiatives?
- Setting the Agenda: India, as the G20 president, can prioritize disaster management on the agenda of G20 meetings and discussions. By emphasizing the importance of disaster resilience and risk reduction, India can ensure that member countries address these issues at the highest level of international cooperation.
- Knowledge Sharing and Capacity Building: India can lead efforts to facilitate knowledge sharing and capacity building among G20 member countries in the field of disaster management. This can involve organizing workshops, training programs, and conferences to promote the exchange of best practices, lessons learned, and innovative approaches.
- Policy Advocacy: India can advocate for policy measures that strengthen disaster management capabilities. This includes encouraging the adoption of robust regulatory frameworks, promoting risk-based approaches, and supporting the integration of disaster risk reduction into national development plans and policies.
- Financial Commitments: As the G20 president, India can encourage member countries to allocate financial resources towards disaster risk reduction and resilience-building initiatives. By highlighting the economic and social benefits of such investments, India can mobilize support for increased funding and financing mechanisms for disaster management.
- Public-Private Partnerships: India can promote partnerships between governments and the private sector to enhance disaster management efforts. By fostering collaboration and sharing expertise, technologies, and resources, India can facilitate the development of innovative solutions and strengthen resilience across sectors.
- International Cooperation: India can leverage its position as G20 president to strengthen international cooperation in disaster management. This involves collaborating with other international organizations, regional bodies, and stakeholders to coordinate efforts, share data and information, and foster a collective response to global disaster risks.
Conclusion
- Prioritizing disaster risk financing within the G20, under India’s presidency, presents an opportunity to convert intentions into investment opportunities. India’s experience in dealing with natural disasters positions it to lead in disaster risk management.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: DNA analysis applications
Mains level: DNA analysis in criminal investigations and and issues
Central Idea
- The recent judgments by the Supreme Court have raised concerns about the admissibility of DNA reports as conclusive evidence in criminal cases. Highlighting issues of suspicion, lack of examination of underlying findings, and reliable application of techniques, the Court has emphasized the need to establish a robust framework for the acceptance of DNA analysis.
What is DNA analysis?
- DNA analysis, also known as DNA profiling or DNA testing, is a scientific method used to identify and analyze genetic material present in an individual’s cells.
- It involves examining specific regions of DNA to create a unique DNA profile for identification purposes.
- DNA analysis is widely used in forensic investigations, paternity testing, ancestry research, and other fields where genetic identification is required.
Facts for prelims: Basics
| Characteristic |
DNA |
RNA |
| Structure |
Double-stranded |
Single-stranded |
| Sugar |
Deoxyribose |
Ribose |
| Bases |
Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G) |
Adenine (A), Uracil (U), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G) |
| Base Pairing |
A-T, C-G |
A-U, C-G |
| Primary Function |
Stores genetic information |
Transfers and expresses genetic information, protein synthesis |
| Types of RNA |
Not applicable |
Messenger RNA (mRNA), Transfer RNA (tRNA), Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) |
| Presence in Viruses |
Yes |
Yes |
| Stability |
Relatively stable |
More prone to degradation |
The process of DNA analysis
- Sample Collection: Biological samples such as blood, saliva, semen, hair, or tissues are collected from the individual or the crime scene.
- DNA Extraction: The collected sample undergoes a process of DNA extraction, which involves isolating the DNA from other cellular components.
- Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): PCR is used to amplify specific regions of the DNA. This technique allows the production of numerous copies of the targeted DNA sequences.
- Short Tandem Repeats (STR) Analysis: STR analysis is performed by examining specific regions of DNA called short tandem repeats. These regions consist of repeating DNA sequences that vary in length among individuals. The number of repeats at each STR locus is determined and used to create a DNA profile.
- Electrophoresis: The amplified DNA fragments are separated by size using a technique called electrophoresis. The DNA fragments are placed in a gel matrix and subjected to an electric current, causing them to migrate through the gel. This process separates the DNA fragments based on their sizes.
- DNA Profile Generation: The separated DNA fragments are visualized, and the resulting pattern is captured as an individual’s DNA profile. The DNA profile consists of a series of bands corresponding to the sizes of the amplified STR regions.
- Comparison and Interpretation: The generated DNA profile is compared to known reference samples, such as those from suspects or victims. The comparison is used to determine if there is a match or exclusion. Statistical calculations, such as the random match probability (RMP), may be used to assess the significance of the match.
Role of DNA analysis in criminal investigations
- Identification: DNA analysis is used to identify individuals involved in a crime. By comparing DNA profiles from crime scene samples to reference samples, such as those collected from suspects or victims, investigators can establish or exclude a person’s presence at the crime scene.
- Linking Suspects to Crime Scenes: DNA evidence can be compared to a suspect’s DNA profile to determine if they were present at the crime scene. If a match is found, it provides strong evidence connecting the suspect to the crime.
- Exclusion of Innocent Individuals: DNA analysis can be used to exclude individuals who are not connected to a crime. If a DNA profile from the crime scene does not match a suspect’s DNA, it can help establish their innocence.
- Cold Case Investigations: DNA analysis has been instrumental in solving cold cases where conventional evidence has been limited. Revisiting old DNA samples or re-analyzing evidence using advanced techniques can lead to the identification of previously unknown suspects or the exoneration of wrongly convicted individuals.
- Establishing Biological Relationships: DNA analysis is employed in cases involving missing persons, unidentified bodies, and disputed paternity or maternity claims. By comparing DNA profiles, investigators can determine familial relationships or confirm parentage.
- Sexual Assault Cases: DNA analysis is particularly significant in sexual assault cases. DNA evidence collected from the crime scene, victim, or perpetrator can provide crucial information for identifying and convicting the offender.
- Decoding Crime Scene Evidence: DNA analysis can help decipher complex crime scene evidence. By analyzing DNA profiles from different sources, such as mixed DNA samples, touch DNA, or degraded DNA, forensic experts can unravel critical information about the sequence of events and potential contributors.
- Corroboration of Witness Testimony: DNA evidence can corroborate or challenge witness testimony. When witness accounts are in question, DNA analysis can provide objective evidence to support or refute their claims.
Critical Examination of DNA Reports
- In recent judgments, such as Rahul v. State of Delhi, Ministry of Home Affairs (2022) and Manoj v. State of Madhya Pradesh (2022), the Supreme Court has raised concerns about the reliability and admissibility of DNA evidence in criminal cases.
- Rahul v. State of Delhi:
- In Rahul v. State of Delhi, the Court expressed reservations about the reliability of DNA evidence based on the suspicion surrounding the collection and sealing of samples sent for examination.
- Despite a match result and other findings, the Court acquitted all three individuals accused of rape and murder.
- Manoj v. State of Madhya Pradesh:
- In Manoj v. State of Madhya Pradesh, the Court identified the likelihood of contamination in the DNA analysis due to the absence of mentioning the random occurrence ratio.
- The Court emphasized the importance of considering the statistical ratio or ‘random match probability’ (RMP), which indicates the frequency of a particular DNA profile in a population. The lack of mention of RMP led to the exclusion of the DNA evidence in this case.
Concerns over the admissibility of DNA reports
- Reliability of Techniques: The Court has questioned whether the techniques used in DNA analysis were reliably applied. It is crucial to ensure that the methods employed are scientifically sound and that the experts conducting the analysis possess the necessary expertise.
- Examination of Underlying Findings: The Court has criticized the failure of trial courts and higher courts to examine the underlying basis of the findings in DNA reports. It is essential to scrutinize the methodology, procedures, and conclusions drawn from the analysis to determine the accuracy and reliability of the results.
- Chain of Custody: The Court has expressed concerns about the integrity of DNA samples and their handling throughout the chain of custody. Proper documentation and maintenance of the chain of custody are vital to establish the authenticity and reliability of the evidence.
- Possibility of Contamination: Contamination of DNA samples can significantly impact the reliability and accuracy of the analysis. The Court has highlighted instances where contamination may have occurred, such as improper collection, storage, or handling of samples.
- Random Occurrence Ratio (RMP): The Court has emphasized the importance of including the random occurrence ratio or RMP in DNA reports.
Way ahead
- Standardized Guidelines: Establish standardized guidelines for DNA analysis in forensic laboratories, including protocols for sample collection, handling, storage, and analysis. These guidelines should encompass best practices to minimize the risk of contamination and ensure the integrity of DNA evidence.
- Quality Control Measures: Implement rigorous quality control measures in DNA analysis processes. This includes regular proficiency testing, accreditation of forensic laboratories, and adherence to international quality standards.
- Chain of Custody: Emphasize the importance of maintaining a proper chain of custody for DNA samples. Accurate documentation and strict adherence to protocols will help ensure the integrity and admissibility of DNA evidence in court.
- Research and Technological Advancements: Encourage research and development in the field of DNA analysis to further enhance the reliability and accuracy of techniques. Explore emerging technologies, methodologies, and advancements in forensic genetics that can improve the analysis of DNA evidence.
- Expert Testimony: Enhance the understanding of DNA analysis among legal professionals, judges, and juries. Training programs and workshops can help educate stakeholders about the principles, limitations, and significance of DNA evidence. This will facilitate better comprehension and assessment of DNA reports during legal proceedings.
- Collaboration and Peer Review: Foster collaboration among forensic laboratories, DNA experts, and legal professionals to promote knowledge sharing and peer review. This will help maintain high standards of DNA analysis and ensure continuous improvement in the field.
Conclusion
- Despite recent concerns, DNA analysis continues to be a valuable tool in criminal cases. By addressing the raised issues through standardized guidelines, quality control, and improved understanding, the admissibility and reliability of DNA reports can be enhanced, contributing to a fair administration of justice.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: SHW Act
Mains level: Women saftet at workplace
Central Idea
- The Supreme Court of India has identified “serious lapses” and “uncertainty” in the implementation of the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013 (PoSH Act).
- It has directed the Union, States, and UTs to verify the formation of Internal Complaint Committees (ICCs) in government bodies and ensure strict adherence to the Act’s composition requirements.
What is the POSH Act?
- The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act was passed in 2013.
- It defined sexual harassment, lay down the procedures for a complaint and inquiry, and the action to be taken.
- It broadened the Vishakha Guidelines, which were already in place.
What are Vishakha Guidelines?
- The Vishakha guidelines were laid down by the Supreme Court in a judgment in 1997. This was in a case filed by women’s rights groups, one of which was Vishakha.
- In 1992, she had prevented the marriage of a one-year-old girl, leading to the alleged gangrape in an act of revenge.
Guidelines and the law
- The Vishakha guidelines, which were legally binding, defined sexual harassment and imposed three key obligations on institutions :
- Prohibition
- Prevention
- Redress
- The Supreme Court directed that they should establish a Complaints Committee, which would look into matters of sexual harassment of women at the workplace.
The POSH Act broadened these guidelines:
- It mandated that every employer must constitute an Internal Complaints Committee (ICC) at each office or branch with 10 or more employees.
- It lay down procedures and defined various aspects of sexual harassment, including the aggrieved victim, who could be a woman “of any age whether employed or not”, who “alleges to have been subjected to any act of sexual harassment”.
- This meant that the rights of all women working or visiting any workplace, in any capacity, were protected under the Act.
Definition of Sexual Harassment
Under the 2013 law, sexual harassment includes “any one or more” of the following “unwelcome acts or behaviour” committed directly or by implication:
- Physical contact and advances
- A demand or request for sexual favours
- Sexually coloured remarks
- Showing pornography
- Any other unwelcome physical, verbal or non-verbal conduct of sexual nature.
The Ministry of Women & Child Development has published a Handbook on Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace with more detailed instances of behaviour that constitutes sexual harassment at the workplace. These include, broadly:
- Sexually suggestive remarks or innuendos; serious or repeated offensive remarks; inappropriate questions or remarks about a person’s sex life
- Display of sexist or offensive pictures, posters, MMS, SMS, WhatsApp, or emails
- Intimidation, threats, blackmail around sexual favours; also, threats, intimidation or retaliation against an employee who speaks up about these
- Unwelcome social invitations with sexual overtones, commonly seen as flirting
- Unwelcome sexual advances.
Unwelcome behavior
- The Handbook says “unwelcome behaviour” is experienced when the victim feels bad or powerless; it causes anger/sadness or negative self-esteem.
- It adds unwelcome behaviour is one which is “illegal, demeaning, invading, one-sided and power based”.
Circumstances amounting to SHW
The Act mentions five circumstances that amount to sexual harassment implied or explicit:
- Promise of preferential treatment in her employment
- Threat of detrimental treatment
- Threat about her present or future employment status
- Interference with her work or creating an offensive or hostile work environment
- Humiliating treatment likely to affect her health or safety
Procedure for complaint
|
Description |
| Filing a complaint |
Aggrieved victim has the option to file a complaint with the ICC, but it is not compulsory for the ICC to act. |
| Assistance in filing a complaint |
Any member of the ICC must provide reasonable assistance to the victim in filing a written complaint. |
| Filing a complaint on behalf of the victim |
If the victim is unable to file a complaint due to incapacity, death, or other reasons, her legal heir may file it on her behalf. |
| Time limit for filing a complaint |
Complaint must be made within 3 months from the date of the incident |
| Extension of time limit |
ICC has the authority |
| Monetary settlement and conciliation |
Yes |
| Forwarding complaint or initiating an inquiry |
Must be completed within 90 days. |
| Confidentiality of information |
Act ensures the confidentiality of the woman’s identity, respondent’s identity, inquiry details, recommendations, and actions taken |
Requirements imposed on employers
|
Description |
| Internal Complaints Committee (ICC) |
Employers with more than 10 employees must establish an ICC to address sexual harassment complaints. |
| Composition of ICC |
The ICC must include women employees, another employee, and a third-party member familiar with sexual harassment issues. |
| Local Committee (LC) for smaller organizations |
Organizations with fewer than 10 employees must create an LC to receive complaints from the informal sector. |
| Complaint filing process |
Women can file written complaints to either the ICC or LC within three to six months of the incident. |
| Resolution methods |
The Act provides two resolution methods: conciliation between the parties involved or conducting an inquiry by the committee. |
| Annual audit report |
Employers must file an annual audit report on sexual harassment complaints and take responsibility for conducting workshops, awareness programs, and orientation for ICC members. |
| Non-compliance penalties |
Non-compliance with the Act can result in penalties, including fines. |
Hurdles to the Act’s Implementation
|
Description |
| Inadequate constitution of ICCs |
Improper constitution of Internal Complaint Committees (ICCs) with inadequate members or absence of mandatory external members. |
| Lack of accountability |
Unclear specification of responsibilities for ensuring compliance with the Act, leading to ineffective enforcement. |
| Inaccessibility for informal sector workers |
Limited accessibility of the law for women in the informal sector, comprising a significant portion of the female workforce. |
| Underreporting of sexual harassment cases |
Significant underreporting of cases due to fear of repercussions, power dynamics, and lack of awareness about the process. |
| Reliance on evidence and due process |
Excessive reliance on concrete evidence, discouraging victims from coming forward and potential penalties during inquiries. |
| Lack of clarity in conducting inquiries |
Lack of clarity in inquiry procedures, resulting in confusion and inefficiency in addressing sexual harassment cases. |
Recent concerns and directions from the Supreme Court
|
Description |
| “Serious lapses” and “uncertainty” in implementation |
Supreme Court expressed concerns about the implementation of the PoSH Act, citing serious lapses and uncertainty in its enforcement. |
| Verification of Internal Complaint Committees (ICCs) |
It directed to verify the formation of ICCs in government bodies. |
| Strict adherence to composition requirements |
Emphasis was placed on ensuring strict adherence to the Act’s composition requirements for ICCs. |
| Inadequate constitution of ICCs |
The Court highlighted the issue of improperly constituted ICCs, including the absence of mandatory external members. |
| Proactive approach for enforcement |
A proactive approach from both State and non-State actors was called for in enforcing the Act. |
| Publication of committee details |
Directions were given to publish committee details on websites within a specified timeframe. |
| Ensuring a safe and respectful workplace |
The importance of providing a safe and secure workplace, ensuring the dignity and respect women deserve, was emphasized. |
| Accountability and effective enforcement |
The Court’s directions aimed to ensure accountability and effective enforcement of the PoSH Act. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Adopt a Heritage Scheme
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Private firms, companies, and public sector units can adopt and maintain State-owned archaeological sites or monuments through agreements with the Union Ministry of Culture.
- These businesses are referred to as “Monument Mitras” under the ‘Adopt a Heritage’ Scheme.
Adopt a Heritage scheme
- The ‘Adopt a Heritage: Apni Dharohar, Apni Pehchaan’ scheme is a collaboration between the Ministry of Tourism, Ministry of Culture, and the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI).
- Launched in September 2017, it aims to develop selected monuments and heritage sites across India with the participation of public and private entities.
- The scheme focuses on providing and maintaining basic amenities, improving accessibility, cleanliness, illumination, and advanced facilities like surveillance systems and night-viewing facilities.
Selection and Adoption Process
- Sites/monuments are selected based on tourist footfall and visibility, and they can be adopted by private and public sector companies and individuals known as “Monument Mitras.”
- The Oversight and Vision Committee, co-chaired by the Tourism Secretary and the Culture Secretary, selects the Monument Mitras based on their vision for developing the site.
- No financial bid is involved in the selection process, and corporate entities are expected to use their Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) funds for the upkeep of the site.
- The adopted sites provide limited visibility to the Monument Mitras on the premises and on the Incredible India website.
- The oversight committee has the authority to terminate the memorandum of understanding in case of non-compliance or non-performance.
Previous Initiatives and Controversy
- The government previously formed the National Culture Fund and initiated the ‘Campaign Clean India’ scheme to involve the corporate sector in maintaining tourist sites.
- The ‘Adopt a Heritage’ scheme faced controversy when it was reported that Dalmia Bharat, under a MoU, would build infrastructure and maintain the Red Fort.
- Critics argued that the involvement of private parties in iconic monuments raised concerns about the preservation of India’s heritage.
- The government defended the scheme, stating that it aimed to increase tourist footfall and improve the maintenance of sites.
Perils and Challenges of the Scheme
- Diminishing role of ASI: The scheme sidelines the role of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) and disregards established guidelines for presenting excavated objects.
- Undue commercialization: Allowing businesses to occupy prime public land and build their brands can further diminish the grounds around iconic monuments.
- Demographic impacts: The involvement of big businesses in guided tours and illumination of monuments may impact local communities and their livelihoods.
- Disregarding historical preservation: Concerns arise about businesses altering the historical character of monuments not protected by the ASI or located in states without Archaeology Directorates.
Govt intention behind the scheme
- Businesses can help citizens understand why monuments matter: This can be done by earmarking CSR funds for grants for researching, writing, and publishing high-quality textbooks, and developing imaginative and effective ways of teaching history.
- Skillful conservation: Industrial houses can support the meaningful conservation of heritage buildings by looking within through their CSR.
- Collaborative efforts: The private sector’s resources and expertise may also help the ASI and State Archaeology Directorates to secure monuments from dams, mining projects, defacement, and looting.
- Cultural contribution: By embracing principles of historical preservation, businesses and organizations can showcase India’s progress in safeguarding its pluralistic heritage and inspire citizen participation in this endeavour.
Way ahead
- Transparent selection process: Implement a fair and transparent process for selecting entities or Monument Mitras to adopt heritage sites, ensuring accountability and avoiding favoritism.
- Robust monitoring mechanism: Develop a strong monitoring system to ensure that the adopted sites are maintained and developed according to the agreed-upon standards and guidelines.
- Preservation protocols: Strictly adhere to preservation guidelines set by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) and other relevant authorities to protect the historical and cultural integrity of heritage sites.
- Engagement with local communities: Involve local communities and stakeholders in decision-making processes, encouraging their participation, ownership, and contribution to the conservation efforts.
- Sustainable tourism practices: Promote sustainable tourism practices that minimize the environmental impact, respect the local culture and heritage, and provide socio-economic benefits to the communities living around the heritage sites.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Aadhaar-enabled Payment System (AePS)
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea
- Scammers are using silicone thumbs to operate biometric POS devices and ATMs, draining users’ bank accounts.
- Incidents of Aadhaar-linked fingerprint misuse and unauthorized withdrawals have been reported.
What is AePS?
|
Details |
| What is it? |
Enables online financial transactions using Aadhaar authentication, eliminating the need for OTPs and other details. |
| Supported transactions |
Cash deposit, withdrawal, balance inquiry, and fund transfer can be done with just the bank name, Aadhaar number, and fingerprint. |
| Default activation |
AePS may be enabled by default for most bank account holders when Aadhaar is linked to their account. |
| Mandatory linking for benefits and subsidies |
Users seeking benefits or subsidies under Aadhaar Act schemes must link their Aadhaar number with their bank account. |
Issues AePS
- Data breaches: These have been reported, although UIDAI denies breaching Aadhaar data.
- Information Leak: Criminals can obtain Aadhaar numbers from photocopies and soft copies, using Aadhaar-enabled payment systems to breach user information.
Securing Aadhaar
- Regulation: UIDAI proposes regulations to prevent sharing of Aadhaar details without redaction.
- New two-factor authentication: This combines finger minutiae and image capture for fingerprint liveness.
- Locking Aadhaar Online: Aadhaar can be locked using the UIDAI website or the myAadhaar app. Locking generates a 16-digit VID code needed for unlocking.
- Zero Liability: Customers’ entitlement to zero liability arises if unauthorized transactions are reported to the bank within three working days.
Way forward
- Immediately lock Aadhaar biometric information if suspicious activity occurs.
- Inform banks and authorities promptly to initiate necessary actions.
- Timely reporting ensures the possibility of returning money transferred fraudulently.
- Regularly check bank accounts for any suspicious activity and inform the banking institution promptly.
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