Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Radiometric Dating , Calcium 41
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea: A recent study has shown that Calcium-41 can be used in a similar way as Carbon-14 in carbon dating, but with several advantages.
Carbon Dating and its limitations
- Carbon-14 is an unstable and weakly radioactive isotope of carbon.
- It has a half-life of 5,700 years and is used to estimate the age of carbon-based materials.
- Radiocarbon dating provides objective age estimates for materials from living organisms.
- Carbon-14 cannot determine the age of objects older than approximately 50,000 years.
- Three techniques are used to measure carbon-14 content: gas proportional counting, liquid scintillation counting, and accelerator mass spectrometry.
Introducing Calcium-41
- Calcium-41 is a rare long-lived radioisotope of calcium with a half-life of 99,400 years.
- It is produced through cosmic ray interactions in the soil and is found in the Earth’s crust.
- Calcium-41 occurs less frequently than carbon-14.
Method used: Atom Trap Trace Analysis (ATTA)
- ATTA is a technique proposed by researchers at the University of Science and Technology of China.
- It is based on laser manipulation and detection of neutral atoms.
- The sample is vaporized, and the atoms are laser-cooled and loaded into a light and magnetic field cage.
- By tuning the laser’s frequency, Calcium-41 atoms can be detected through electron transitions.
Significance and Applications
- ATTA can detect one Calcium-41 atom in every 10^16 calcium atoms in seawater with 12% precision.
- It is selective and avoids confusion with potassium-41 atoms.
- ATTA can be adapted to study other isotopes, such as argon-39, krypton-81, and krypton-85.
- The applications of ATTA and Calcium-41 include dating rocks covered by ice and exploring Earth-science applications.
Also read:
What is Carbon Dating? How does it work?
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Human Pangenome Map
Mains level: Genetic studies
Central Idea
- A study published in the Nature journal presents a pangenome reference map built using genomes from 47 anonymous individuals.
- The individuals included in the study are from various regions, including Africa, the Caribbean, Americas, East Asia, and Europe.
Understanding Genomes and Reference Genomes
- The genome refers to the collection of all genes and regions between genes found in our chromosomes.
- Each chromosome is composed of millions of nucleotides (A, T, G, and C) arranged in different combinations.
- Genome sequencing helps understand genetic diversity and susceptibility to diseases.
- A reference genome is a map used to compare newly sequenced genomes and identify differences.
- The first reference genome, created in 2001, had limitations and did not represent human diversity accurately.
What is Pangenome Map?
- The new study focuses on building a pangenome map, which is a graph representing genetic diversity among individuals.
- Pangenome maps use long-read DNA sequencing technologies to assemble sequences accurately.
Importance of Pangenome Map
- Although humans are more than 99% similar in their DNA, there is still a 0.4% difference between individuals.
- A complete and error-free pangenome map helps understand genetic differences and human diversity.
- It aids in identifying genetic variants linked to health conditions, such as the discovery of 150 new genes associated with autism.
- The current pangenome map lacks representation from certain populations, including Indians.
Implications for Indian Genomes
- The pangenome map, despite not including Indian genomes, will assist in mapping Indian genomes against existing reference genomes.
- Future pangenome maps with Indian genome data will provide insights into disease prevalence, rare gene discovery, diagnostic methods, and drug development.
Key Terminologies
Genome: The complete set of genes and regions between genes in an organism.
Reference Genome: A map used to compare newly sequenced genomes and identify differences.
Pangenome: A graph representing genetic diversity among individuals rather than a linear sequence.
Nucleotides: The building blocks of DNA (A, T, G, C).
Long-Read DNA Sequencing: A technology that produces longer and contiguous DNA strands for more accurate sequencing. |
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Non-Sugar Sweeteners
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea: The World Health Organization (WHO) issued new guidelines advising against the use of non-sugar sweeteners (NSS) as a healthy alternative to sugar.
What are Non-Sugar Sweeteners?
- NSS are low or no-calorie alternatives to sugar, including aspartame, saccharin, stevia, and others.
- They are marketed for weight loss and controlling blood glucose in individuals with diabetes.
WHO’s Finding
- The WHO analyzed 283 studies on NSS intake in adults and children.
- Higher intake of NSS was associated with a 76% increase in obesity risk and a 0.14 kg/m2 increase in BMI.
- No evidence of long-term benefits on reducing body fat was found, and long-term use of NSS may increase the risk of Type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney disease, and cancer.
- WHO suggests that NSS should not be used for weight control or reducing the risk of diet-related non-communicable diseases.
Concerns and Recommendations
- India has a high obesity rate and a significant number of people with pre-diabetes.
- Lifestyle-related Type 2 diabetes is increasing among young individuals.
- WHO recommends focusing on a balanced diet and minimally processed, unsweetened foods and beverages.
What lies ahead?
- WHO’s conditional guideline requires further discussions among policymakers before adoption as national policy.
- Efforts should be made to educate youngsters about taste preferences and healthy eating habits.
- Doctors can now provide more confident guidance to patients regarding NSS consumption.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Neh Pema Shelphu Shrine
Mains level: NA
Central Idea
- The landowner of a disputed area in Arunachal Pradesh has demanded either compensation from Army for a land where Army has built Gurdwara near the Neh Pema Shelphu Shrine.
Neh Pema Shelphu Shrine
- It is a holy shrine located in the Mechukha Valley of Arunachal Pradesh.
- It holds significant religious importance for the local Memba Buddhist community.
- The shrine is believed to have been sanctified by Guru Padmasambhava, a prominent figure in Tibetan Buddhism, during his exploration of the area in the 8th century AD.
- It has been a place of worship and pilgrimage for the Memba people since 1274 AD, according to historical records.
- It attracts hundreds of Buddhists who visit the shrine annually during a pilgrimage in March.
Why in news?
- The Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee claimed the shrine associated with Guru Nanak Dev, the first Sikh Guru, in Arunachal Pradesh has been turned into a Buddhist shrine.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Concepts: Tax Collection at Source (TCS) and Tax Terrorism
Mains level: Tax Collection at Source (TCS) on Foreign Credit Card Payments, Need, concerns and impact
Central Idea
- The recent announcement regarding the applicability of tax collection at source (TCS) on foreign payments made through credit cards has sparked a range of emotive reactions and sweeping remarks. However, it is crucial to understand the concept and consequences of this measure and avoid unnecessary panic.
What is Tax Collection at Source (TCS) on Credit Card Payments?
- TCS on credit card payments refers to the application of tax collection at source (TCS) on foreign payments made through credit cards.
- When individuals use their credit cards for foreign transactions, a certain percentage of the transaction amount is collected as tax by the government at the time of payment.
- This tax amount is then adjustable against the individual’s advance tax and final tax liabilities during the filing of their tax returns.
- The purpose of TCS on credit card payments is to track foreign spending and ensure that individuals report their income accurately while encouraging tax compliance.
- Applicability: TCS is applied when individuals use their credit cards for making payments in foreign currencies.
- Tax Collection: A specific percentage of the payment amount is collected as tax by the government. This tax is collected directly by the credit card company or the payment processor.
- Adjustable Tax: The tax amount collected through TCS is adjustable against the individual’s tax liabilities during the filing of their income tax returns. It is not an additional tax burden, but a prepayment of tax that can be adjusted against the final tax payable.
- Purpose: TCS on credit card payments helps the government track foreign spending and ensure that individuals accurately report their income from foreign transactions.
- Rates and Thresholds: The tax percentage and thresholds may vary based on government regulations. These rates and thresholds are subject to change from time to time.
- Exclusions: Certain categories, such as education and medical expenses, may have lower tax rates or exemptions from TCS. Payments made using international debit or credit cards within a specified limit may also be excluded from TCS.
What is the Need for Changes in TCS?
- Anomaly in Remittances: The Liberalised Remittance Scheme (LRS) allows individuals to remit a certain amount of money abroad without requiring prior approval from authorities. However, payments made through credit cards were not subject to the LRS limit, leading to an anomaly where significant foreign payments were being made without any restrictions.
- Disproportionate Spending: The initial introduction of TCS on LRS remittances aimed to track foreign spending disproportionate to the reported income of individuals. It was an effort to ensure that individuals accurately disclose their foreign transactions and pay appropriate taxes on their foreign income.
- Circumvention of the System: Despite the initial implementation of TCS, there were instances of individuals circumventing the tax collection process. This was done through various means such as splitting payments among multiple individuals, including minors and household staff, or absorbing the 5% tax as a cost without claiming it through tax returns.
- Encouraging Tax Compliance: The intention behind TCS on credit card payments was also to encourage individuals to come forward and file tax returns. By imposing a tax collection mechanism, individuals are nudged to report their foreign income and fulfill their tax obligations.
Concerns over TCS on credit card payments
- Increased Financial Burden: The higher TCS rate of 20% on certain categories, such as investments, gifts, donations, and overseas travel, has led to an increased financial burden for individuals making such payments. The higher tax rate may impact individuals’ disposable income and affect their spending patterns.
- Impact on Foreign Travel: With the application of TCS on credit card payments for foreign travel, individuals may face additional costs and may need to adjust their travel budgets accordingly. This could discourage some individuals from undertaking foreign travel or limit their spending while abroad.
- Administrative Challenges: The implementation of TCS on credit card payments poses administrative challenges for credit card companies, payment processors, and individuals. It requires proper mechanisms to collect and remit the tax, as well as ensure accurate reporting and compliance. Compliance with these requirements may add complexity to the payment process.
- Concerns of Double Taxation: Some individuals express concerns about potential double taxation. They argue that since they are already paying taxes on their income, applying TCS on credit card payments can be seen as an additional tax burden on the same income.
- Impact on Economic Growth: Critics argue that the higher TCS rate and additional tax burden on certain payments may hinder economic growth. It is feared that this could discourage investments, limit foreign spending, and affect sectors such as tourism and hospitality.
- Perception of Tax Terrorism: The introduction of TCS on credit card payments has led to criticism of the overall tax system, with terms like “tax terrorism” being used. Critics argue that the tax collection measures may be seen as excessive and could create an atmosphere of fear and uncertainty among taxpayers.
Facts for prelims: Concept box from Civilsdaily
What is mean by Tax Terrorism?
- Tax terrorism refers to a situation where taxpayers feel harassed, intimidated, or unfairly treated by tax authorities, leading to a perception of aggressive or punitive actions.
- In simple words, it describes instances where taxpayers believe that the tax system or tax authorities are causing undue stress, fear, or anxiety.
Illustration: Understand tax terrorism this way
- Let’s say an individual receives a notice from the tax authority demanding extensive documentation and explanations for every financial transaction they have made over the past five years. The individual feels overwhelmed and stressed due to the complexity and scope of the request.
- Despite providing the necessary information and cooperating fully, they face repeated audits, additional scrutiny, and prolonged delays in the resolution of their tax matters.
- This experience leaves the individual feeling unfairly targeted and harassed by the tax authority, leading to a perception of tax terrorism.
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Way forward
- Transparent Communication: The government should engage in transparent communication to clarify the rationale behind the implementation of TCS on credit card payments. Clear and accessible information about the purpose, impact, and benefits of the policy can help alleviate concerns and misconceptions among taxpayers.
- Stakeholder Consultation: The government should actively engage with stakeholders, including taxpayers, industry associations, and experts, to understand their concerns and gather feedback. This can help in refining the policy and addressing any unintended consequences.
- Review and Revision: Regular reviews of the TCS policy should be conducted to assess its impact on individuals, sectors, and the economy. Based on the findings, necessary revisions can be made to strike a balance between tax collection objectives and the concerns of taxpayers.
- Simplification of Tax Regulations: Efforts should be made to simplify tax regulations and compliance procedures to reduce the burden on taxpayers. Clear and user-friendly guidelines can help individuals understand and fulfill their tax obligations more easily.
- Taxpayer Education and Assistance: Providing adequate taxpayer education and assistance is crucial to ensure compliance and address concerns. The government should invest in educational campaigns, workshops, and online resources to enhance taxpayer awareness and understanding of tax laws and procedures.
- Efficient Dispute Resolution: Establishing efficient and timely dispute resolution mechanisms can help address grievances and concerns raised by taxpayers. Timely resolution of tax disputes and appeals can foster trust in the tax system and alleviate the perception of tax terrorism.
- Balance between Tax Collection and Economic Growth: The government should strike a balance between tax collection objectives and promoting economic growth. Careful consideration should be given to the potential impact of TCS on sectors such as tourism and investments to ensure that the measures do not hamper economic development.
- Continual Monitoring and Evaluation: Regular monitoring and evaluation of the TCS policy, along with its impact on tax compliance, economic growth, and taxpayer sentiment, should be conducted. This will enable the government to make informed decisions and adjustments as needed.
Conclusion
- Misinterpretation of the recent announcement on TCS for credit card payments has led to unwarranted panic and exaggerated reactions. While concerns should be addressed constructively, it is essential to acknowledge the government’s efforts in simplifying the tax system, leveraging technology, reducing processing times, and resolving disputes. Collaboration between the government and taxpayers is crucial to fostering a fair, easy, and compliant taxation environment in the country.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Bhopal's Voluntary Local Review and other such examples around the world
Mains level: Importance of Localizing SDG's in India, Bhopal's case study
Central Idea
- Bhopal, the capital city of Madhya Pradesh, has achieved a significant milestone by becoming the first city in India to join the global movement on localizing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The city’s Voluntary Local Review (VLR), released recently, highlights Bhopal’s commitment to implementing the SDGs at the local level. This move demonstrates India’s commendable efforts in adopting and localizing the SDGs, with various states and union territories already taking steps in this direction
What is Bhopal’s Voluntary Local Review (VLR)?
- Bhopal’s Voluntary Local Review (VLR) is a comprehensive report released by the city of Bhopal, India, to showcase its progress and initiatives in implementing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) at the local level.
- It provides a detailed analysis of Bhopal’s development projects and their alignment with the SDGs across the three pillars of ‘people,’ ‘planet,’ and ‘prosperity.’
- The report maps these projects to specific SDGs and presents an assessment of the city’s progress, achievements, and challenges in each area.
Features of Bhopal’s VLR
- Collaboration: The VLR is a result of collaboration between the Bhopal Municipal Corporation, UN-Habitat, and a collective of over 23 local stakeholders. This collaborative approach ensures a comprehensive and inclusive representation of Bhopal’s sustainable development efforts.
- Mapping of Developmental Projects: Bhopal’s VLR maps 56 developmental projects to the SDGs across the three pillars of ‘people,’ ‘planet,’ and ‘prosperity.’ This mapping provides a clear understanding of how the city’s initiatives align with the specific goals and targets of the SDGs.
- Focus on Priority Areas: The VLR identifies priority areas for Bhopal, with a particular emphasis on building basic infrastructure and resilience. This highlights the city’s strategic approach in addressing crucial issues and directing efforts towards areas that require immediate attention.
- Quantitative Assessment: Bhopal’s VLR includes an in-depth quantitative assessment of city-level indicators under SDG 11 (Sustainable cities and communities). This assessment evaluates the city’s performance in areas such as solid waste management practices, public transportation, and per capita availability of open spaces.
- Identification of Challenges: The VLR acknowledges the challenges faced by Bhopal in achieving certain SDG targets. It highlights areas where the city needs to work harder, such as adequate shelter provision, air pollution control, city planning capacity, and equitable distribution and accessibility of open spaces. This identification of challenges allows for targeted efforts to address these specific issues.
- Leadership and Stakeholder Engagement: The VLR emphasizes the leadership role of Mayor and efforts in engaging the city’s residents throughout the VLR process. This demonstrates the importance of stakeholder participation and inclusivity in driving sustainable development initiatives.
- Localized Approach: Bhopal’s VLR recognizes the unique local context and capacity constraints faced by Indian cities. It acknowledges that a comprehensive VLR covering all SDGs may be challenging for cities with limited resources and data availability. Therefore, the VLR allows for flexibility, enabling cities to choose specific SDGs for a detailed review and adapt national indicators to reflect the city’s local realities.
The Importance of Localizing Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
- Contextualization: Localizing the SDGs allows cities, regions, and communities to adapt the global goals to their specific local contexts. Each locality has unique challenges, priorities, and resources. By localizing the SDGs, governments, organizations, and stakeholders can tailor strategies and interventions to address the specific needs of their communities, making them more relevant and effective.
- Proximity to the People: Local governments and communities are closest to the people they serve. They have a better understanding of the local needs, aspirations, and realities of their residents. By localizing the SDGs, decision-making processes become more participatory and inclusive, ensuring that the voices and perspectives of the local population are taken into account.
- Holistic Approach: The SDGs address a broad range of interconnected social, economic, and environmental challenges. Localizing the goals allows for a holistic approach to sustainable development, considering the interdependencies and synergies between different sectors and issues. It encourages integrated and comprehensive strategies that tackle multiple challenges simultaneously, leading to more sustainable and equitable outcomes.
- Collaboration and Partnership: Localizing the SDGs fosters collaboration and partnership among various stakeholders at the local level. Governments, civil society organizations, businesses, academia, and citizens can come together to work towards common goals, leveraging their respective strengths, expertise, and resources. This multi-stakeholder approach promotes collective action, knowledge-sharing, and innovation, leading to more effective and sustainable solutions.
- Innovation and Experimentation: Localizing the SDGs encourages innovation and experimentation. Local governments and communities can explore new approaches, policies, and practices to address complex challenges. They can pilot innovative solutions, learn from successes and failures, and share their experiences with other localities, contributing to a global knowledge exchange and learning process.
- Monitoring and Accountability: Localizing the SDGs facilitates monitoring and accountability mechanisms at the local level. By setting local targets, indicators, and progress tracking systems, governments and stakeholders can monitor the implementation of the goals and measure their impact on the ground. This localized monitoring promotes transparency, accountability, and data-driven decision-making, ensuring that progress towards sustainable development is effectively measured and evaluated.
- Global Impact: While the SDGs are a global agenda, their achievement ultimately depends on action at the local level. Localizing the goals is essential for aggregating local actions and initiatives to create significant impact at the global scale. When cities, regions, and communities across the world localize the SDGs, they contribute to the collective effort of achieving sustainable development globally.
Facts for prelims
India’s progress towards achieving SDGs so far
- SDG 1 (No Poverty): India has made significant progress in reducing poverty, with the poverty rate declining from 21.9% in 2011-12 to 4.4% in 2020. The government’s efforts to provide financial inclusion and social protection schemes have contributed to this progress.
- SDG 2 (Zero Hunger): India has made progress in reducing hunger, with the prevalence of undernourishment declining from 17.3% in 2004-06 to 14% in 2017-19.
- SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being): India has made progress in improving maternal and child health, with maternal mortality ratio declining from 167 per 100,000 live births in 2011-13 to 113 in 2016-18.
- SDG 4 (Quality Education): India has made progress in improving access to education, with the gross enrolment ratio for primary education increasing from 93.4% in 2014-15 to 94.3% in 2019-20.
- SDG 5 (Gender Equality): India has made progress in improving gender equality, with the sex ratio at birth increasing from 918 in 2011 to 934 in 2020.
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Notable examples where cities and local governments have successfully localized the SDGs
- New York City, United States: New York City developed an SDG framework called “OneNYC” to align its local goals and initiatives with the SDGs. The framework focuses on various areas, including reducing poverty, promoting sustainability, addressing climate change, and improving quality of life.
- Bristol, United Kingdom: Bristol was one of the first cities to create a localized SDG plan known as the “Bristol One City Plan.” The plan integrates the SDGs into the city’s strategic priorities, such as reducing inequality, promoting sustainable economic growth, and addressing climate change.
- Kitakyushu, Japan: Kitakyushu, a city in Japan, has implemented the “Kitakyushu SDGs City Vision” to align its local strategies with the SDGs. The vision focuses on areas such as resource efficiency, waste management, renewable energy, and sustainable urban development. Kitakyushu’s successful experience in environmental sustainability has made it a global leader in eco-industrial development.
- Medellín, Colombia: Medellín has embraced the SDGs through its “Medellín Sustainable Development Goals 2030” strategy. The city has aligned its policies, programs, and projects with the SDGs, focusing on social inclusion, education, public transportation, urban development, and reducing violence. Medellín’s approach highlights the importance of social innovation and participatory governance in achieving sustainable development.
- Barcelona, Spain: Barcelona has integrated the SDGs into its urban development strategy known as “Barcelona City Council 2030 Agenda.” The city’s approach emphasizes social justice, gender equality, environmental sustainability, and inclusive economic growth.
Opportunities for Indian cities in localizing the SDGs
- Tailoring to Local Context: Localizing the SDGs allows Indian cities to adapt the global goals to their specific needs and realities. By identifying local priorities and strategies, cities can address issues such as poverty, education, healthcare, infrastructure, environmental sustainability, and urban planning in a manner that is most relevant to their local populations.
- Leveraging Local Innovation: Localizing the SDGs provides an opportunity for cities to leverage their local innovation ecosystems to develop creative solutions to sustainable development challenges. By fostering collaboration between local businesses, startups, research institutions, and communities, cities can drive innovation and implement sustainable practices that can have a transformative impact.
- Enhancing Local Governance and Participation: Localizing the SDGs empowers local governments to strengthen their governance systems and promote participatory decision-making. It encourages local authorities to engage citizens, civil society organizations, and other stakeholders in the planning, implementation, and monitoring of sustainable development initiatives. This participatory approach can lead to more inclusive and effective governance, as well as increased accountability and transparency.
- Sharing Best Practices and Learning: By sharing successful initiatives, innovative approaches, and lessons learned, cities can create a knowledge-sharing network, fostering collaboration and replication of effective strategies. This knowledge exchange can lead to improved policy-making, enhanced capacity-building, and accelerated progress towards the SDGs.
- Attracting Investments and Partnerships: Localizing the SDGs can help Indian cities attract investments, forge partnerships, and access funding opportunities. By demonstrating their commitment to sustainable development and showcasing their achievements, cities can attract investors, businesses, and development organizations that are aligned with the SDGs. Collaborative partnerships can bring in resources, expertise, and technical assistance to support the implementation of sustainable projects and initiatives.
- Global Recognition and Collaboration: Localizing the SDGs positions Indian cities as active participants in the global sustainable development agenda. It offers an opportunity to gain global recognition for their efforts and innovations. By actively engaging with international platforms, networks, and initiatives focused on sustainable urban development, Indian cities can collaborate with other cities, share experiences, and contribute to global efforts in achieving the SDGs
Conclusion
- Bhopal’s pioneering VLR sets an inspiring precedent for other Indian cities to embrace localisation and actively contribute to the SDGs. Localizing the SDGs provides Indian cities with an invaluable opportunity to address local challenges, tailor strategies to their specific contexts, and engage stakeholders in decision-making processes. By following Bhopal’s lead Indian cities can create a more inclusive, resilient, and prosperous future for their residents and leave a lasting impact on the global map of sustainable development.
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: RBI regulation of Currency
Central Idea
- The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has decided to withdraw ₹2000 denomination banknotes from circulation as part of its “Clean Note Policy.”
- The withdrawal is similar to a previous withdrawal of notes in 2013-2014 (and not the demonetization).
Legal Tender Status of ₹2,000 Banknotes
- ₹2000 banknotes will continue to maintain their legal tender status.
- People can use ₹2000 banknotes for transactions and accept them as payment.
- However, the RBI encourages depositing or exchanging the notes by September 30, 2023.
About the ₹2000 Notes
- The ₹2000 denomination banknote was introduced in November 2016 under Section 24(1) of RBI Act, 1934.
- It primarily aimed to meet the currency requirement of the economy in an expeditious manner after withdrawal of the legal tender status of all ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes in circulation at that time.
Reasons for withdrawal
- Demonetization purpose served: Printing of ₹2000 notes was stopped in 2018-19 as other denominations became available in adequate quantities.
- Clean Note Policy: This aims to provide good-quality currency notes with enhanced security features and withdraw soiled notes from circulation.
- Ending timespan: Majority of the ₹2000 notes were issued prior to March 2017 and have reached their estimated lifespan of 4-5 years.
- Disappeared from circulation: This denomination is not commonly used for transactions, and there is sufficient stock of banknotes in other denominations to meet public requirements.
Withdrawal process
- People can deposit ₹2,000 notes into their bank accounts or exchange them for banknotes of other denominations at any bank branch.
- The usual deposit process without restrictions and subject to applicable statutory provisions applies.
- Banks have been directed to provide deposit and exchange facilities for ₹2,000 notes until September 30, 2023.
- The facility for exchange up to ₹20,000 at a time will be available at banks and RBI’s Regional Offices from May 23, 2023.
- Banks are instructed to stop issuing ₹2,000 notes immediately.
Impact and financial analysis
- Deposit accretion of banks may improve in the short term, similar to the demonetization period.
- Improved deposit rates may reduce pressure on interest rate hikes and lead to moderation in short-term interest rates.
Clean Note Policy
Previously, banknotes issued before 2005 were withdrawn due to fewer security features.
Notes issued before 2005 are still legal tender but no longer in circulation to maintain consistency with international practices. |
Key issues
- Individuals can seek multiple exchanges in packets of ₹20,000, but this may attract attention from enforcement agencies and the Income-tax Department.
- Large sums of money in ₹2,000 notes may be difficult to exchange.
- It is likely to witness chaos and long queues in bank branches.
FAQs: Exchanging and depositing ₹2,000 Banknotes
- Individuals should approach bank branches for depositing or exchanging ₹2,000 banknotes.
- Deposit and exchange facilities will be available at banks until September 30, 2023.
- Exchange facilities will also be available at 19 RBI Regional Offices.
- There is a limit of ₹20,000 for each exchange transaction.
- Account holders can exchange up to ₹4,000 per day through business correspondents.
- Deposits into bank accounts have no restrictions, but compliance with KYC norms and other regulatory requirements is necessary.
- From May 23, 2023, people can approach bank branches or RBI Regional Offices to exchange their ₹2,000 notes.
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Global Depository Receipts (GDRs)
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea: Tata Consumer Products has announced its decision to delist its global depository receipts (GDRs) from the London Stock Exchange and Luxembourg Stock Exchange.
What are GDRs?
- GDRs are financial instruments used by companies to raise capital from international investors.
- They represent a bundle of shares in the company and are typically listed and traded on international stock exchanges.
- GDRs provide a way for companies to access global capital markets and attract investments from foreign investors without directly listing their shares on multiple stock exchanges around the world.
GDR Regulation in India
- In India, GDRs can be issued by Indian companies that meet the eligibility criteria set by the SEBI.
- SEBI sets guidelines and regulations for companies wishing to issue GDRs typically include the following:
- Listing: The company must be listed on a recognized stock exchange in India.
- Track Record: The company should have a track record of profitability for a certain period as specified by SEBI.
- Good Corporate Governance: The company must comply with corporate governance norms and disclose relevant financial and non-financial information.
- Regulatory Compliance: The company must comply with all applicable laws and regulations, including those related to securities and foreign exchange.
- Approval from Regulatory Authorities: The company needs to obtain necessary approvals from SEBI and other relevant authorities for the issuance of GDRs.
Need for GDR
- Capital Raising: GDRs offer a means for companies to raise capital from international investors, helping them finance investments, expansion projects, acquisitions, or debt repayment.
- Global Investor Base: GDRs allow companies to access a diverse range of international investors, including institutional investors, hedge funds, and retail investors, thereby expanding their shareholder base.
- Cost Efficiency: GDRs can be a cost-effective alternative to traditional methods of listing shares on multiple exchanges, as they enable companies to tap into global capital markets without the need for separate listings in different countries.
- Simplified Trading and Settlement: GDRs facilitate easy trading and settlement for international investors, as they eliminate the need to navigate local market regulations and procedures.
- Risk Mitigation: GDRs can provide a degree of risk mitigation for companies by reducing their exposure to local market fluctuations and volatility, as they offer access to a more diversified investor base.
- Arbitrage Opportunities: GDRs can create arbitrage opportunities for investors who can exploit price discrepancies between the GDRs and the underlying shares listed on the domestic stock exchange.
Benefits offered
- Access to Global Capital: GDRs enable Indian companies to access a larger pool of international capital and diversify their funding sources beyond domestic markets.
- Increased Liquidity: Listing GDRs on international exchanges provides Indian companies with broader exposure and enhances the liquidity of their shares, as they become accessible to a wider range of investors.
- Enhanced Global Visibility: GDRs help raise the profile of Indian companies on a global scale, increasing their visibility and attracting the attention of international investors and analysts.
- Currency Diversification: GDRs can also provide an opportunity for Indian companies to diversify their exposure to foreign currencies, as GDRs are often denominated in a currency other than the company’s home currency.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Arsenic Poisoning
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea: A recent peer-reviewed study suggests that even low levels of arsenic consumption can affect cognitive function in children, adolescents, and young adults.
Arsenic Contamination
- Arsenic is a highly toxic element naturally present in the environment.
- Contaminated water, particularly groundwater, is a major source of arsenic exposure.
- Long-term arsenic exposure can lead to various health issues, including cancer, skin lesions, cardiovascular disease, and negative impacts on cognitive development.
Menace in India
- Arsenic contamination in groundwater is one of the most crippling issues in the drinking water scenario of India.
- According to the latest report of the Central Ground Water Board (CGWB), 21 states across the country have pockets with arsenic levels higher than the BIS stipulated permissible limit of 0.01 milligram per litre (mg/l).
- The states along the Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna (GBM) river basin — Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal and Assam — are the worst affected by this human-amplified geogenic occurrence.
- In India, arsenic contamination was first officially confirmed in West Bengal in 1983.
- Close to four decades after its detection, the scenario has worsened.
- About 9.6 million people in West Bengal, 1.6 million in Assam, 1.2 million in Bihar, 0.5 million in Uttar Pradesh and 0.013 million in Jharkhand are at immediate risk from arsenic contamination in groundwater.
Key findings of the recent study
(1) Arsenic impact on behaviour
- The study found that individuals exposed to arsenic had reduced grey matter and weaker connections within key regions of the brain associated with cognitive functions.
- Chronic exposure to arsenic could have significant consequences at a population level, leading to increased school failures, diminished economic productivity, and higher risks of criminal and antisocial behavior.
(2) Arsenic Exposure and Socioeconomic Factors
- As previous studies have shown, arsenic exposure is particularly harmful to the poor.
- The recent study reaffirms that economically and nutritionally disadvantaged individuals experience greater cognitive impairment from arsenic exposure.
- The impact of arsenic on impairing cognition is more pronounced at a collective level rather than at an individual level.
Government Initiatives to address Arsenic Contamination
- Governments in Bihar and West Bengal have taken steps to address arsenic contamination since the 1990s.
- Strategies include promoting piped water access, installing arsenic removal plants, and encouraging groundwater extraction from deeper aquifers with lower arsenic levels.
- The goal is to minimize arsenic exposure and mitigate its health impacts in affected regions.
Possible solutions
Some of the management options include
- Uses of surface water sources
- Exploring and harnessing alternate arsenic-free aquifer
- Removal of arsenic from groundwater using arsenic treatment plants/filters
- Adopting rainwater harvesting/ watershed management practices.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Quantum technology applications , National Quantum Mission,
Mains level: National Quantum Mission, prospect, challenges and way ahead
Central Idea
- India’s focus on developing a strong technology base is gaining momentum with the upcoming National Quantum Mission. This mission holds the potential to revolutionize various sectors, including defense, energy, environment, healthcare, and civil applications.
All you need to know about National Quantum Mission
- The National Quantum Mission is an ambitious initiative undertaken by the Government of India to propel the country’s advancements in the field of quantum technology.
- It adopts a project-driven multi-disciplinary approach, fostering fundamental discoveries, imaginative engineering, and entrepreneurial initiatives.
- Leveraging India’s evolving scientific infrastructure and aligning with national mandates, the mission aims to accelerate research, capacity building, and collaboration across institutions.
The objectives of the National Quantum Mission
- Developing indigenous quantum technologies and infrastructure.
- Promoting collaboration between academia, industry, and research institutions.
- Building a strong ecosystem for research and development in quantum technology.
- Creating a skilled workforce in quantum science and technology.
- Accelerating the commercialization and adoption of quantum-based products and services.
Key aspects of the mission
- Quantum Computing: Advancing quantum computing capabilities for solving complex problems and enhancing computational efficiency.
- Quantum Communication: Developing secure and high-speed quantum communication networks to safeguard sensitive information.
- Quantum Sensing: Utilizing quantum principles for ultra-precise measurements in fields such as navigation, imaging, and environmental monitoring.
- Quantum Metrology: Enhancing measurement accuracy by exploiting quantum properties, leading to advancements in metrology and standards.
- Quantum Materials and Devices: Investigating and harnessing the unique properties of quantum materials to develop advanced devices for diverse applications.
Facts for prelims
Nobel Prize in Physics 2022
- The Nobel Prize in Physics 2022 was awarded jointly to Alain Aspect, John F. Clauser and Anton Zeilinger for experiments with entangled photons, establishing the violation of Bell inequalities and pioneering quantum information science.
- The Nobel Prize in Physics 2022 recognizes the groundbreaking work of these three physicists, who have demonstrated the power of entanglement to revolutionize our understanding of the universe.
- Entanglement is a phenomenon in quantum mechanics that occurs when two particles are linked together in such a way that they share the same fate, even when they are separated by a large distance.
- This seemingly magical connection has profound implications for our understanding of reality, and it has led to the development of new technologies such as quantum computers and quantum cryptography.
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The Significance of Quantum Devices
- Enabling Quantum Computing: Quantum computers rely on quantum devices, such as qubits, to perform quantum computations. These devices can represent and manipulate quantum information, allowing for parallel processing and exponential speed-up in solving complex problems.
- Facilitating Quantum Communication: Quantum devices enable the generation, manipulation, and detection of quantum states, which are used for secure transmission of information. Devices like quantum transmitters, receivers, and entangled photon sources are vital components in quantum communication protocols such as quantum key distribution (QKD).
- Enhancing Quantum Sensing and Metrology: Quantum devices enable precise measurements of physical quantities, such as magnetic fields, gravitational waves, and temperature, with exceptional sensitivity and accuracy. Quantum sensors based on devices like superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) and atomic magnetometers have the potential to revolutionize fields like navigation, medical diagnostics, and environmental monitoring.
- Supporting Quantum Cryptography: Quantum devices are integral to the field of quantum cryptography, which focuses on secure communication based on quantum principles. Devices like single-photon detectors, quantum random number generators, and quantum key distribution systems are used to implement cryptographic protocols that offer provable security based on the laws of quantum mechanics.
- Driving Fundamental Research: Quantum devices are essential tools for studying fundamental phenomena in quantum physics. They allow researchers to manipulate and control quantum systems, observe quantum behaviors, and conduct experiments to validate quantum theories.
Challenges for India’s National Quantum Mission
- Research and Development: Quantum technology is a complex and rapidly evolving field, requiring extensive research and development efforts. Developing cutting-edge quantum technologies and pushing the boundaries of scientific knowledge pose challenges in terms of funding, expertise, and access to advanced infrastructure and equipment.
- Skilled Workforce: Quantum technology demands a highly skilled workforce with expertise in quantum physics, engineering, and related disciplines. Developing and retaining a talented pool of researchers, scientists, and engineers proficient in quantum technologies is a challenge, as it requires specialized training programs, educational initiatives, and collaboration between academia and industry.
- Infrastructure and Resources: Quantum technology requires advanced infrastructure, including specialized laboratories, fabrication facilities, and high-performance computing resources. Establishing and maintaining such infrastructure is a challenge, as it requires substantial investments and ongoing upgrades to keep pace with advancements in the field.
- International Competition: The development of quantum technology is a global race, with several countries investing heavily in research and development. India faces competition from other nations that have made significant progress in quantum technology, such as the United States, China, and European countries. Maintaining a competitive edge and staying at the forefront of quantum advancements is a challenge.
- Standardization and Interoperability: Quantum technology is still in its nascent stage, and there is a lack of standardized protocols and frameworks. Achieving interoperability among different quantum systems and ensuring compatibility across platforms is a challenge.
- Funding and Resource Allocation: Adequate funding is critical for the success of the National Quantum Mission. Securing sustained funding and effective resource allocation, both from government sources and private investments, is a challenge.
- Ethical and Societal Implications: Quantum technology raises ethical, legal, and societal considerations. The development and application of quantum technologies, such as quantum computing and cryptography, may have significant societal implications, including data privacy, cybersecurity, and societal disruption. Addressing these concerns and establishing ethical frameworks and guidelines is a challenge.
- Collaboration and Partnerships: Quantum technology development requires collaboration among academia, research institutions, industry, and government bodies. Building effective partnerships, fostering knowledge sharing, and promoting collaboration across different sectors and organizations is a challenge.
Way forward
- Robust Funding: Ensure sustained and adequate funding for the mission to support research, development, infrastructure building, and talent acquisition. Establish funding mechanisms that prioritize quantum technology initiatives and encourage public-private partnerships to leverage industry expertise and resources.
- Research Collaboration: Foster collaboration between academia, research institutions, and industry both domestically and internationally. Encourage knowledge sharing, joint research projects, and technology transfer to accelerate the development of quantum technologies.
- Skill Development: Focus on capacity building and skill development programs to nurture a skilled workforce in quantum science, engineering, and technology. Establish training initiatives, educational programs, and centers of excellence to develop talent and expertise in the field.
- Infrastructure Development: Invest in state-of-the-art infrastructure, including specialized laboratories, testing facilities, and computational resources. Ensure the availability of advanced equipment and resources across different regions of the country to support research and development activities.
- Regulatory Frameworks: Establish robust regulatory frameworks and policies to address legal, ethical, and security concerns related to quantum technology. Collaborate with international organizations and experts to develop best practices and standards for responsible development and deployment of quantum technology.
- Industry Engagement: Encourage industry participation and engagement in quantum technology initiatives. Foster innovation ecosystems, provide support mechanisms for startups and entrepreneurs, and promote collaboration between academia and industry for technology commercialization.
- International Collaboration: Strengthen international collaborations and partnerships in quantum technology. Establish networks with leading global institutions and organizations to exchange knowledge, share resources, and collaborate on research projects.
- Public Awareness and Outreach: Increase public awareness about the potential of quantum technology and its impact on various sectors. Conduct outreach programs, public lectures, and awareness campaigns to engage and educate the public about the benefits and applications of quantum technology.
Concept box from civilsdaily
| Understand in simple words
Quantum:
- Quantum refers to the smallest possible unit of something. It is the fundamental building block or unit of energy, matter, or information in the field of physics.
- Quantum is often associated with the principles of quantum mechanics, which is a branch of physics that describes how particles and energy behave at the atomic and subatomic levels.
Quantum technology:
- Quantum technology is the application of the principles of quantum mechanics to develop new technologies that harness the unique properties of quantum particles.
- It involves manipulating and controlling these particles to perform tasks that are not possible with classical technology.
- Quantum technology takes advantage of phenomena like superposition and entanglement, which allow particles to exist in multiple states simultaneously or become interconnected regardless of distance. These properties enable quantum systems to store and process information in ways that surpass the capabilities of classical systems.
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Conclusion
- The National Quantum Mission’s focus on quantum materials and devices marks a significant step towards India’s technological advancements. Through strategic investments, collaborative research, and an efficient R&D ecosystem, India can harness the power of quantum technology, propel innovation, and achieve self-reliance across multiple sectors. The mission’s success will position India as a global leader in quantum materials and devices, shaping a brighter future for the country.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: India's position in the multilateral sphere
Mains level: India's multilateral engagement, role in rule based global order and challenges
Central idea
- Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s upcoming week-long journey to Japan, Papua New Guinea, and Australia signifies India’s active participation in global affairs. As he engages with G-7 leaders in Hiroshima, Japan, and travels to other countries, bilateral issues will take a back seat to India’s position in the multilateral sphere. With an increasingly polarized world and mounting challenges such as the Russian war in Ukraine and China’s geopolitical influence, India must strike a careful balance.
India’s engagement with Quad and the Indo-Pacific Coalition
- Security Cooperation: The Quad countries, including India, collaborate on security issues in the Indo-Pacific region. This includes intelligence sharing, joint military exercises, and enhancing maritime domain awareness to ensure a free and open Indo-Pacific.
- Maritime Security: As maritime nations, the Quad members aim to promote maritime security, freedom of navigation, and respect for international law, particularly in the contested waters of the Indo-Pacific. They work towards preventing conflicts, promoting stability, and addressing challenges such as illegal fishing, piracy, and maritime territorial disputes.
- Connectivity Initiatives: The Quad focuses on promoting transparent, sustainable, and quality infrastructure development in the Indo-Pacific region. This includes collaborative efforts to enhance connectivity, digitalization, and economic integration, fostering economic growth and regional prosperity.
- Supply Chain Resilience: Recognizing the importance of secure and resilient supply chains, the Quad aims to diversify supply chains and reduce dependence on a single country or region. This includes exploring opportunities for cooperation in critical sectors such as technology, healthcare, pharmaceuticals, and semiconductors.
- Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief: The Quad members collaborate in providing humanitarian assistance and disaster relief during crises and natural disasters in the Indo-Pacific region. This cooperation ensures a coordinated response, timely assistance, and efficient resource mobilization.
- Vaccine Diplomacy: In response to the global COVID-19 pandemic, the Quad countries, including India, have collaborated on vaccine distribution and production. This initiative aims to ensure equitable access to vaccines in the region, demonstrating solidarity and cooperation in addressing public health challenges.
- Economic and Trade Cooperation: The Quad members explore opportunities for enhancing economic and trade ties. They seek to promote a free, open, and rules-based trading system, address trade barriers, and facilitate economic growth and prosperity in the Indo-Pacific.
- Regional Stability and Rules-Based Order: The Quad and Indo-Pacific Coalition share a common goal of promoting regional stability and upholding a rules-based international order. This includes respect for sovereignty, peaceful resolution of disputes, and adherence to international law.
India’s position in the multilateral sphere
- Global Leadership: As the world’s largest democracy and a rising global power, India’s voice carries weight in multilateral forums. It provides leadership and represents the interests of developing countries, particularly in areas such as poverty alleviation, sustainable development, and climate change.
- Regional Integration: India actively promotes regional integration and cooperation, both within South Asia and in the broader Indo-Pacific region. It seeks to enhance connectivity, trade, and people-to-people exchanges, contributing to regional stability, economic growth, and collective security.
- South-South Cooperation: India actively engages in South-South Cooperation, which involves collaboration among developing countries to address common challenges and promote economic growth. India shares its expertise in areas such as agriculture, healthcare, technology, and capacity-building, supporting the development efforts of other nations.
- Global Development Initiatives: India is actively involved in global development initiatives, such as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) set by the United Nations. It contributes to discussions on poverty eradication, education, healthcare, gender equality, and sustainable development, aiming to foster inclusive growth and reduce global disparities.
- Nuclear Non-Proliferation: India has positioned itself as a responsible nuclear power and advocates for global nuclear disarmament. It actively participates in discussions on nuclear non-proliferation, safeguards, and peaceful uses of nuclear energy, while also asserting its right to pursue civilian nuclear energy for development purposes.
- Global Health Initiatives: India plays a vital role in global health initiatives, particularly in the context of access to affordable medicines and vaccines. It actively engages in discussions related to public health, pharmaceutical regulations, and the provision of healthcare to underserved populations, demonstrating its commitment to global health equity.
- Peacekeeping Operations: India is one of the largest contributors to United Nations peacekeeping missions, showcasing its commitment to international peace and security. Indian peacekeepers have been deployed to various conflict zones, helping maintain stability and providing humanitarian assistance in challenging environments.
- Non-Aligned Movement (NAM): India has been a prominent member of the Non-Aligned Movement, a group of nations that seek to maintain their independence and avoid alignment with any major power bloc. India’s participation in NAM showcases its commitment to an independent foreign policy and its role as a bridge between different ideological groupings.
key aspects of India’s skillful balancing act
- Strategic Autonomy: India maintains strategic autonomy by pursuing an independent foreign policy that prioritizes its national interests. It engages with multiple countries and groups, avoiding over-reliance on any single power bloc or alliance.
- Non-Alignment and Multi-Alignment: While India was a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement, it has adopted a multi-aligned approach in recent years. India engages with a diverse range of partners, including major powers, regional groupings, and developing countries, forging partnerships based on mutual interests and shared values.
- Diversifying Partnerships: India seeks to diversify its partnerships across regions and countries. It engages with both Western and non-Western nations, fostering relationships with the United States, European Union, ASEAN, African Union, Gulf countries, and others. This diversity helps India maintain a balanced approach and access multiple avenues for collaboration.
- Regional Engagements: India actively participates in regional initiatives and organizations to promote stability and cooperation. It engages in platforms such as SAARC, BIMSTEC, IORA, and ASEAN-led mechanisms, fostering regional integration, connectivity, and addressing common challenges.
- Balancing Major Powers: India skillfully navigates its relationships with major powers like the United States, Russia, China, and others. It seeks to maximize its benefits while safeguarding its national interests and maintaining strategic autonomy. This approach allows India to leverage opportunities and manage any potential risks associated with these relationships.
- Counterterrorism Cooperation: India collaborates with various countries and international organizations in the fight against terrorism. It shares intelligence, strengthens border security, and promotes cooperation to combat terrorist networks and extremist ideologies.
- Economic Diplomacy: India actively engages in economic diplomacy, expanding trade and investment ties with different countries and regions. It participates in regional and global economic forums, negotiates trade agreements, and fosters economic cooperation, contributing to its growth and development objectives.
- Global Governance Reforms: India advocates for reforms in global governance institutions to reflect contemporary realities. It seeks a more inclusive and representative international order, including reforms in the United Nations Security Council and international financial institutions.
Challenges and Potential Disruptions India’s skillful balancing act
- Regional Conflicts: Ongoing regional conflicts, such as the India-Pakistan dispute over Kashmir, pose a challenge to India’s balancing act. Escalations or incidents along the border can strain relationships with neighboring countries and divert attention from broader multilateral engagements.
- Geopolitical Rivalries: The intensifying geopolitical rivalries, particularly between major powers like the United States, China, and Russia, can complicate India’s balancing efforts. India needs to navigate these rivalries carefully to avoid being drawn into conflicts or aligning too closely with any particular power.
- Border Security Concerns: India shares borders with countries like China and Pakistan, which have witnessed periodic tensions and border disputes. Any escalation or security threats along these borders can disrupt India’s diplomatic engagements and require a reevaluation of its strategic priorities.
- Terrorism and Security Challenges: India faces persistent terrorism threats, both domestically and regionally. Terrorist attacks or security challenges can divert resources and attention, affecting India’s capacity to fully engage in multilateral forums and initiatives.
- Economic Vulnerabilities: India’s economic vulnerabilities, including issues such as trade imbalances, supply chain disruptions, and global economic downturns, can impact its ability to maintain a balanced foreign policy. Economic challenges may require India to reassess its priorities and engagements with various countries.
- Domestic Political Considerations: Domestic political developments and public opinion can shape India’s foreign policy decisions. Changes in government, electoral cycles, or shifts in public sentiment can influence the direction and priorities of India’s diplomatic engagements.
- International Norms and Pressure: India may face pressure to align with certain international norms or positions, particularly on issues such as human rights, climate change, or nonproliferation. Striking a balance between international expectations and its own national interests can be a challenge
- Unforeseen Events: Unforeseen events, such as natural disasters, public health emergencies, or sudden geopolitical shifts, can disrupt India’s diplomatic engagements and require immediate attention and resources.
Conclusion
- India’s proactive engagement, pursuit of strategic partnerships, and commitment to a rules-based international order position it as a respected global actor. Its diplomatic endeavors in multilateral forums, regional initiatives, and global governance reform contribute to shaping the global discourse and addressing pressing global challenges.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Integrated system of medicine, complementary and alternative medicine system and other related facts
Mains level: AYUSH ministry's move of Integrated system of medicine, potential benefits and concerns
Central idea
- In a recent development, the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) and the Ministry of Ayush have agreed to enhance cooperation in health research related to integrated medicine. This collaboration aims to establish Ayush departments within prestigious medical institutions like AIIMS. However, this move has sparked a debate regarding the efficacy and viability of an integrated system of medicine.
What is integrated system of medicine?
- An integrated system of medicine refers to an approach that combines elements from different healthcare systems or modalities, such as conventional medicine and traditional or complementary/alternative medicine, with the goal of providing comprehensive and patient-centered care.
Common features of integrated system of medicine
- Holistic Approach: An integrated system of medicine takes a holistic approach to healthcare, recognizing the interconnectedness of various aspects of health, including physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual well-being. It considers the whole person rather than focusing solely on symptoms or specific diseases.
- Multiple Healthcare Modalities: It incorporates multiple healthcare modalities and disciplines, such as conventional medicine, traditional medicine systems (e.g., Ayurveda, Traditional Chinese Medicine), complementary and alternative medicine (e.g., acupuncture, herbal medicine), mind-body practices (e.g., yoga, meditation), and other evidence-based therapies.
- Collaborative and Interdisciplinary Care: An integrated system of medicine encourages collaboration and cooperation among healthcare providers from different disciplines. This interdisciplinary approach allows for a comprehensive assessment of the patient’s needs and the development of personalized treatment plans.
- Evidence-Based Practice: The integration of different healthcare modalities is based on scientific evidence, research, and clinical guidelines. It emphasizes the use of evidence-based practices, ensuring that treatments and interventions are safe, effective, and supported by reliable data.
- Individualized Treatment: An integrated system of medicine recognizes that each person is unique and may require personalized treatment approaches. It considers individual circumstances, preferences, and goals when developing treatment plans, allowing for customized care.
- Emphasis on Prevention and Wellness: It places importance on preventive measures, health promotion, and wellness-oriented approaches. It aims to identify and address underlying factors that contribute to illness, focusing on strategies to prevent disease and promote optimal health.
- Patient-Centered Care: An integrated system of medicine prioritizes the patient’s needs, preferences, and values. It involves active patient participation in healthcare decision-making, education, and self-care practices. The patient is viewed as a partner in their own healthcare journey.
- Continuity of Care and Care Coordination: An integrated system of medicine strives for seamless coordination and continuity of care across different healthcare modalities. It emphasizes effective communication, information sharing, and collaborative management to ensure comprehensive and well-coordinated healthcare.
Ayush inpatient and outpatient departments at Central government hospitals
- Dedicated AYUSH departments: The Ayush Ministry has decided to open dedicated AYUSH inpatient and outpatient departments at Central government hospitals to provide services related to Ayurveda, Yoga, Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy (collectively known as Ayush systems of medicine).
- Aims to provide wider range of treatment options: This initiative aims to integrate traditional and complementary medicine practices into mainstream healthcare, offering patients a wider range of treatment options and promoting holistic healthcare approaches.
- Aims to promote and preserve traditional healthcare: The decision to establish these departments reflects the government’s recognition of the growing popularity and acceptance of Ayush systems of medicine in India. It aligns with the ministry’s goal of promoting and preserving traditional healthcare practices, while ensuring their integration within the broader healthcare framework.
- Facilitate and a boost to research: Opening Ayush departments in Central government hospitals also facilitates research, as it allows for the investigation of the effectiveness and safety of Ayush treatments in conjunction with conventional medical practices. This collaboration between Ayush and modern medicine can lead to the development of standardized protocols, better understanding of the potential benefits, and improved patient outcomes.
Facts for prelims
World Ayurveda Congress (WAC), 2022
- The 9th edition of World Ayurveda Congress (WAC) & Arogya Expo was organized at PANJIM, GOA.
- Organised by Ministry of AYSUSH on the principle of whole government approach.
- The event witnessed the active participation of more than 40 countries and all states of India.
- WAC is a platform established by World Ayurveda Foundation to propagate Ayurveda globally in its true sense.
World Ayurveda Foundation (WAF)
- WAF is an initiative by Vijnana Bharati aimed at global propagation of Ayurveda, founded in 2011.
- The objectives of WAF reflect global scope, propagation and encouragement of all activities scientific and Ayurveda related are the core principles.
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What is mean by complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)?
- Complementary and alternative medicine CAM refers to medical practices and treatments that are not considered part of conventional mainstream medicine.
- It encompasses a broad range of practices, systems, and therapies, which may include herbal medicine, traditional healing practices, acupuncture, homeopathy, naturopathy, chiropractic care, Ayurveda, and traditional Chinese medicine, among others.
- These practices often have their roots in ancient cultural and traditional healing systems.
Prevalence of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)
- Global Acceptance: Alternative medicine practices are popular and widely accepted in many countries worldwide. Traditional healing systems, herbal remedies, and other alternative therapies have been part of various cultures for centuries.
- Regional Variations: The prevalence of alternative medicine varies across regions and countries. Some regions have a long-standing cultural and historical association with specific traditional healing practices, while others have seen increased adoption due to globalization and growing interest in holistic health approaches.
- High Usage Rates: Surveys indicate that a significant portion of the population in various countries has used alternative medicine at some point in their lives. The prevalence rates can range from around 30% to over 70%, depending on the country and the specific therapies or practices included in the survey.
- Specific Modalities: Different alternative medicine modalities may have varying levels of popularity. Practices such as acupuncture, herbal medicine, chiropractic care, and traditional medicine systems like Ayurveda and traditional Chinese medicine are among the commonly used modalities.
- Complementary Use: Many individuals use alternative medicine alongside conventional medical treatments. This approach, known as complementary medicine, involves integrating alternative therapies with standard medical care to address a broader range of health concerns.
- Health Conditions: Alternative medicine is sought for various health conditions, including chronic pain, mental health issues, musculoskeletal problems, gastrointestinal disorders, and general well-being. People often turn to alternative medicine when conventional treatments have been unsatisfactory or to explore more holistic and natural approaches.
- Wellness and Prevention: Alternative medicine is also used for wellness promotion and preventive care. Practices such as yoga, meditation, and dietary supplements are frequently utilized to support overall health and prevent illness.
- Global Trends: The prevalence of alternative medicine continues to grow globally. Factors such as increased awareness, patient empowerment, access to information, and a desire for more personalized and holistic healthcare contribute to this trend.
Why do patients gravitate towards complementary/alternative medicine?
- Holistic Approach: Complementary/alternative medicine often takes a holistic approach to healthcare, considering the physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual aspects of a person’s well-being. It focuses on treating the whole person rather than just the symptoms or specific diseases.
- Dissatisfaction with Conventional Medicine: Some patients may have had unsatisfactory experiences with conventional medicine, such as ineffective treatments, adverse effects, or limited time with healthcare providers. As a result, they may seek alternative options that offer a different approach and more personalized care.
- Desire for Natural and Non-Invasive Treatments: Complementary/alternative medicine often emphasizes natural remedies, herbal therapies, nutritional interventions, and non-invasive techniques. Patients who prefer a more natural or gentle approach may be drawn to these methods, especially when conventional treatments involve pharmaceutical drugs or invasive procedures.
- Empowerment and Active Participation: Complementary/alternative medicine often encourages patients to take an active role in their health and treatment decisions. Patients may feel empowered by being involved in the decision-making process, exploring lifestyle modifications, and engaging in self-care practices.
- Prevention and Wellness Focus: Many complementary/alternative medicine practices emphasize preventive measures and lifestyle modifications to promote overall health and wellness. Patients who are interested in maintaining good health and preventing future illnesses may be attracted to these approaches.
- Cultural or Traditional Beliefs: Certain complementary/alternative medicine systems have deep cultural or traditional roots. Patients from specific cultural backgrounds may have a strong belief in the efficacy of these practices and may choose them based on cultural heritage or family traditions.
- Perception of Individualized Care: Complementary/alternative medicine often places importance on individualized care, taking into account the unique needs and circumstances of each patient. This personalized approach may resonate with patients who value a more tailored and comprehensive treatment plan.
- Perception of Fewer Side Effects: Some patients perceive complementary/alternative medicine to have fewer side effects compared to conventional medicine. They may be concerned about the potential adverse effects of pharmaceutical drugs and prefer to explore alternative options that are perceived as safer.
Does the sale of these medicines need to be regulated?
- Safety and Efficacy: Regulation helps ensure that alternative medicines meet certain safety standards and have demonstrated efficacy. This is important to protect consumers from potential harm or ineffective treatments.
- Quality Control: Regulation helps maintain consistent quality in the production and distribution of alternative medicines. It can include measures to ensure proper sourcing of ingredients, good manufacturing practices, quality testing, and adherence to labeling requirements.
- Consumer Protection: Regulation provides a framework for consumer protection by establishing rules and guidelines for marketing, advertising, and claims made by manufacturers and practitioners of alternative medicines. This helps prevent misleading or false information and ensures that consumers can make informed choices.
- Standardization: Regulation facilitates the standardization of formulations and practices within alternative medicine systems. Standardization helps establish consistency, reliability, and reproducibility of treatments, allowing for better comparisons and research in the field.
- Adverse Event Reporting: Regulatory oversight enables the monitoring and reporting of adverse events associated with the use of alternative medicines. This helps identify potential risks and allows for timely interventions to protect public health.
- Integration with Conventional Medicine: Regulation promotes the integration of alternative medicine with conventional healthcare systems. It establishes frameworks for collaboration, communication, and referral between practitioners of different modalities, ensuring coordinated and safe care for patients.
- Professional Accountability: Regulatory measures can include licensing, certification, and registration requirements for practitioners of alternative medicine. This helps ensure that practitioners meet certain educational and competency standards, promoting professionalism and accountability in the field.
- Public Confidence: Regulation helps build public trust and confidence in alternative medicine. Clear regulations and oversight mechanisms provide reassurance to consumers, healthcare professionals, and policymakers that alternative medicines are subject to scrutiny and oversight, contributing to the credibility and acceptance of these practices.
Value addition box from Civilsdaily: Differences between Naturopathy and Allopathy
| Aspect |
Naturopathy |
Allopathy (Conventional Medicine) |
| Philosophy |
Emphasizes body’s self-healing capacity, holistic approach, natural remedies, and wellness promotion |
Focuses on scientific principles, evidence-based practices, disease diagnosis, and symptom management |
| Treatment Approach |
Natural remedies, lifestyle modifications, holistic therapies, herbal medicine, and mind-body practices |
Pharmaceutical drugs, surgeries, medical procedures, advanced technologies |
| Diagnosis |
Observation, physical examinations, patient history, and traditional diagnostic methods |
Laboratory tests, imaging techniques, diagnostic tools |
| Emphasis |
Prevention, overall health and wellness, identifying root causes of illness |
Disease management, symptom relief, targeted treatments |
| Individualization |
Personalized treatment plans based on individual needs and characteristics |
Standardized treatment protocols based on clinical guidelines |
| Pharmaceutical Usage |
Minimal reliance on pharmaceutical drugs, emphasizes natural therapies |
Utilizes pharmaceutical drugs as primary treatment methods |
| Specialized Fields |
Naturopaths may have specific areas of focus but often provide general holistic care |
Various specialized fields (cardiology, neurology, etc.) addressing specific diseases or conditions |
Conclusion
- The debate on the integration of Ayush practices within mainstream healthcare reflects contrasting perspectives. While there are immense potential benefits of an integrated system it also raises concerns about the scientific validity and safety of alternative medicine. Striking a balance between evidence-based medicine, patient preferences, and regulatory oversight is essential.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Right to Assemble, Article 19
Mains level: Read the attached story
Central Idea: The Andhra Pradesh High Court has overturned a Government Order (GO) issued by the state government that aimed to regulate public meetings, processions, and assemblies on roads.
Key takeaways of the ruling
- The court held that the right to assemble, protest peacefully, and express one’s opinion freely was a precious freedom.
- It emphasized that this freedom should not be curtailed based on unproven assertions made by government officials.
- The court reiterated that freedom of speech was considered the foremost among liberties and was crucial for democracy.
- It stated that such a precious freedom should not be left to the unrestricted discretion of any individual.
AP move regulating Public Assembly
- The GO sought to regulate public meetings and assemblies on roads, roadsides, and margins.
- The state government argued that the regulations were necessary to address fatal accidents and ensure smooth traffic flow.
- Sections 30, 30A, and 31 of the Police Act, 1861 were cited as the basis for the directions under the GO.
High Court’s decision and reasoning
- The court set aside the GO, ruling that it imposed a ban on all meetings on public highways and roads.
- It stated that accidents or incidents at specific locations should not result in a total restriction on the right to assemble or conduct processions on other roads.
- The court suggested studying the causes of incidents and issuing guidelines to prevent their recurrence rather than imposing broad restrictions.
Upholding the Right to Assembly
- The court asserted that the right to assemble, protest peacefully, and express opinions freely is a fundamental freedom that cannot be curtailed arbitrarily.
- Freedom of speech is regarded as a crucial pillar of democracy and must not be subject to unfettered discretion.
- The court deemed the power conferred by the GO as excessive, arbitrary, and failing the test of proportionality.
Reference: 2018 SC Ruling on Peaceful Assembly
- The court referred to the guidelines laid down in the Supreme Court’s ruling in “Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan v Union of India (2018).”
- The guidelines regulate protests and demonstrations, recognizing the right to peaceful assembly while allowing reasonable restrictions.
- The ruling includes provisions on the number of participants, minimum distances from important locations, and restrictions during visits by foreign dignitaries.
Back2Basics: Right to Assemble
- The right to assemble in India refers to the fundamental right guaranteed under Article 19(1)(b) of the Constitution of India.
- It grants individuals the freedom to peacefully assemble, protest, and hold public meetings or processions.
- This right allows citizens to come together to express their views, opinions, and grievances collectively in a public setting.
- It is an essential aspect of democracy, enabling citizens to engage in peaceful activism, raise awareness about social issues, and participate in public discourse.
- However, reasonable restrictions can be imposed on this right in the interest of public order, morality, and the sovereignty and integrity of India.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: Jallikattu Debate
Central Idea
- The Supreme Court Constitution Bench has upheld the amendments made by Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, and Karnataka to the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960.
- The decision overturns a previous verdict that banned practices such as Jallikattu, a traditional bull-taming sport.
Overturning the previous verdict
- The court rejected the 2014 verdict of the Welfare Board of India v. A. Nagaraja case that deemed Jallikattu incompatible with animal rights.
- The Constitution Bench emphasized that Jallikattu has been a part of Tamil Nadu’s cultural heritage for at least a century.
Significance of Pongal and Jallikattu
- Pongal is a harvest festival in Tamil Nadu, celebrated with thanksgiving for a bountiful harvest and rituals honoring cattle.
- Jallikattu, a bull-taming event, is an integral part of the festival and showcases the strength and skill of farm hands in southern Tamil Nadu.
Supreme Court’s 2014 verdict and animal rights perspective
- The previous two-judge Bench ruling emphasized the importance of animal rights and suggested elevating them to the level of constitutional rights.
- Animal welfare organizations presented evidence of physical and mental torture inflicted on the animals during Jallikattu.
Issue with the sport
An investigation by the Animal Welfare Board of India concluded that “Jallikattu is inherently cruel to animals”.
- Human deaths: The event has caused several human deaths and injuries and there are several instances of fatalities to the bulls.
- Manhandling of animals: Animal welfare concerns are related to the handling of the bulls before they are released and also during the competitor’s attempts to subdue the bull.
- Cruelty to animal: Practices, before the bull is released, include prodding the bull with sharp sticks or scythes, extreme bending of the tail which can fracture the vertebrae, and biting of the bull’s tail.
- Animal intoxication: There are also reports of the bulls being forced to drink alcohol to disorient them, or chilli peppers being rubbed in their eyes to aggravate the bull.
Arguments in favour
- Native breed conservation: According to its protagonists, it is not a leisure sport available but a way to promote and preserve the native livestock.
- Cultural significance: Jallikattu has been known to be practiced during the Tamil classical period (400-100 BCE) and finds mention in Sangam texts.
- Man-animal relationship: Some believe that the sport also symbolizes a cordial man-animal relationship.
- Agrarian pride: It represents a cultural infirmity to urban modernity that marginalizes rural and agrarian values.
Conclusion
- Tradition and culture should be considered in the rights discourse, recognizing the cultural context of practices like Jallikattu.
- Engagement and negotiation between animal rights advocates and local culture and tradition are necessary for a balanced approach.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Liberalised Remittance Scheme (LRS)
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea: The Centre has amended rules under Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA) Rules, bringing international credit card spends under the Liberalised Remittance Scheme (LRS).
Changes introduced
- Credit card spends outside India now fall under the LRS, allowing for the application of a higher TCS rate.
- The amendment removes the exclusion of credit card transactions from the LRS, which was previously covered under Rule 7 of the Foreign Exchange Management (Current Account Transaction) Rules, 2000.
- The changes do not apply to payments for the purchase of foreign goods/services from India.
What is Liberalised Remittance Scheme (LRS)?
- LRS is a facility provided by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to resident individuals to remit funds abroad for permitted current or capital account transactions or a combination of both.
- The scheme was introduced in 2004 and has been periodically reviewed and revised by the RBI.
- Under the scheme, resident individuals can remit up to a certain amount in a financial year for permissible transactions including education, travel, medical treatment, gifts, and investments in equity and debt securities, among others.
- The limit for LRS is currently set at USD 250,000 per financial year.
Eligibility for LRS
- LRS is open to everyone including non-residents, NRIs, persons of Indian origin (PIOs), foreign citizens with PIO status and foreign nationals of Indian origin.
- The Scheme is NOT available to corporations, partnership firms, Hindu Undivided Family (HUF), Trusts etc.
Benefits provided by LRS
- LRS is an easy process that anyone can use to transfer money between two countries.
- It’s especially useful for businesses because they can use it to transfer funds to India, and investors can receive their investments back home.
- LRS also has some added benefits, like fast transfer timing and no issues with exchange rates.
Concerns with credit card spends
- The amendment aims to achieve parity between the usage of credit and debit cards, which were already covered under the LRS.
- Instances of disproportionately high LRS payments compared to disclose incomes prompted the amendment.
- Business visits of employees, where costs are borne by the employer, are not covered under the LRS.
- The data collected from major money remitters under the LRS indicated that international credit cards were being issued with limits exceeding the prescribed norm.
Exclusions and impact of the Scheme
- The government assured that the LRS scheme would not cover genuine business visits abroad by employees.
- The imposition of a 20% tax collection on source (TCS) for foreign remittances would primarily affect tour travel packages, gifts to non-residents, and domestic high net-worth individuals investing in assets like real estate, bonds, and stocks outside India.
- The Ministry emphasized that the 5% TCS levied on medical or education expenses abroad, allowed up to ₹7 lakh per year, and would remain unchanged.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Green Deposits
Mains level: Not Much
Central Idea: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has introduced a regulatory framework to govern the acceptance of green deposits by banks, ensuring transparency and accountability in their investments.
What are Green Deposits?
- Green deposits are financial products offered by banks that are similar to regular deposits, but the money received is specifically earmarked for environmentally friendly projects.
- These deposits support projects aimed at combating climate change, such as renewable energy initiatives, while avoiding investments in activities that harm the environment, like fossil fuel projects.
- They are part of a broader range of financial products, including green bonds and green shares that enable investors to contribute to environmentally sustainable projects.
Regulatory framework for accepting Green Deposits
- The RBI’s framework mandates that banks establish a set of rules or policies, approved by their respective Boards, to guide the investment of green deposits.
- These rules must be made public on the banks’ websites, ensuring transparency and enabling customers to make informed decisions.
- Banks are required to disclose information on the amount of green deposits received, how these funds are allocated to different green projects, and the environmental impact of such investments.
- To verify the banks’ claims and the sustainability credentials of the projects, a third-party is appointed to conduct independent verification.
Sectors eligible for green deposits
- The RBI has identified a list of sectors classified as sustainable, which are eligible to receive green deposits.
- These sectors include renewable energy, waste management, clean transportation, energy efficiency, and afforestation.
- Banks are prohibited from investing green deposits in sectors considered detrimental to the environment, such as fossil fuels, nuclear power, tobacco, gambling, palm oil, and hydropower generation.
Addressing greenwashing
- Greenwashing refers to the practice of making misleading claims about the positive environmental impact of an activity or investment.
- The RBI’s regulatory framework aims to prevent greenwashing in the banking sector by ensuring that the actual impact of green deposits is accurately represented.
- By requiring transparency, disclosure, and third-party verification, the framework aims to protect customers from deceptive practices and ensure genuine environmental benefits.
Impact and controversies
- Depositors who prioritize environmental concerns may find satisfaction in investing their money in environmentally sustainable products like green deposits.
- However, some critics argue that green investment products may primarily serve to make investors feel good without generating significant environmental benefits.
- Additionally, the range of projects available for investment through green deposits may be limited, posing challenges in achieving broad environmental impact.
Key challenge: Assessing environmental sustainability
- Evaluating the true environmental sustainability of a project can be challenging in a complex world with interconnected systems and second-order effects that are difficult to anticipate.
- It is essential to consider the indirect consequences and long-term effects of actions to determine if a project genuinely contributes to environmental sustainability.
- Uncertainty surrounding the actual environmental impact of green projects highlights the need for rigorous evaluation and ongoing monitoring to ensure the desired outcomes are achieved.
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From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: OPS, NPS and other alternatives
Mains level: pension system, ensuring security and stability
Central Idea
- The issue of government employees’ pension has emerged as a critical political concern, leading several states to consider reverting from the New Pension Scheme (NPS) to the defined-benefit (DB) Old Pension Scheme (OPS). Acknowledging the significance of this matter, the Government of India has established a committee to enhance the NPS.
What is pension?
- A pension is a retirement plan that provides a stream of income to individuals after they retire from their job or profession. It can be funded by employers, government agencies, or unions and is designed to ensure a steady income during retirement.
What is Old Pension Scheme (OPS)?
- The OPS, also known as the Defined Benefit Pension System, is a pension plan provided by the government for its employees in India.
- Under the OPS, retired government employees receive a fixed monthly pension based on their last drawn salary and years of service.
- This pension is funded by the government and paid out of its current revenues, leading to increased pension liabilities.
What is NPS?
- NPS is a market-linked, defined contribution pension system introduced in India in 2004 as a replacement for the Old Pension Scheme (OPS).
- NPS is designed to provide retirement income to all Indian citizens, including government employees, private sector workers, and self-employed individuals
Facts for prelims: Key differences between the two pension schemes
| Parameters |
The Old Pension Scheme(OPS) |
The New Pension Scheme (NPS) |
| Nature of the schemes |
OPS offer pensions to government employees on the basis of their last drawn salary |
NPS pays the employees for their investments in the NPS Scheme during their employment. |
| Amount of pension derived |
50 per cent of the last drawn salary |
60% lump sum after retirement and 40% to be invested in annuities for getting a monthly pension |
| Benefits in taxes |
No tax benefits |
The employee can claim tax deductions of 1.5 lakh under Section 80C of income tax and up to 50,000 on other investments under 80CCD (1b) |
| Tax on pension |
No tax on pension |
60% of the NPS Corpus is tax-free while the remaining 40% is taxable |
| Option of Investment |
No option |
Two choices: Active and Automatic |
| Who can avail? |
Only government employees |
Any Indian Citizen between 18-65 years. |
| Switching Schemes |
OPS scheme can be switched to NPS |
NPS scheme cannot be switched back to OPS in general, but central government employees can switch back to OPS in case of death and disablement of the employee. |
Reasons behind the growing demand for reverting to OPS
- Stability and Predictability: One of the primary motivations for the demand to return to OPS is the desire for stability and predictability in pension benefits. Under the OPS, employees receive a fixed pension based on their last drawn salary, which is increased periodically to account for inflation. This offers a sense of security and certainty about post-retirement income, ensuring a stable financial future.
- Market Risk and Annuity Payouts: The NPS, being a market-linked pension scheme, exposes pensioners to market risks. The returns on the pension fund are subject to market fluctuations, which can impact the overall corpus and subsequently affect annuity payouts. This volatility raises concerns among employees who seek a more secure and reliable pension arrangement.
- Lower Annuity Prospects: With the NPS, pensioners bear the market risk and face the possibility of lower-than-expected annuity amounts. This uncertainty about future pension prospects prompts many employees to advocate for a return to OPS, which offers a predetermined pension amount.
- Comparisons with Other Pension Systems: Employees often compare the OPS with pension systems in other countries, particularly those in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) economies. These comparisons reveal that OPS provides higher pension replacement rates, lower retirement ages, and covers the entire family. Such favorable aspects of OPS generate a perception of better benefits and incentivize employees to demand its reinstatement.
- Perception of Unsustainability: While the NPS was introduced to address fiscal strains associated with the unfunded OPS, there are concerns about its long-term sustainability. Some argue that OPS can be sustained through effective fiscal management and reform, rather than completely abandoning it. The perception of unsustainability drives the demand for reverting to OPS as a viable alternative.
Challenges involved in reverting back to OPS
- Fiscal Sustainability: The OPS operates on a pay-as-you-go (PAYG) system, where present workers finance the retired. With declining birth rates and increased life expectancy, the burden on the future workforce to fund pensions will intensify. The OPS, being an unfunded scheme, poses challenges in maintaining fiscal sustainability in the long run.
- Demographic Shifts: The dependency ratio is expected to increase substantially, with fewer workers supporting a larger number of retirees. This demographic shift adds to the challenges of sustaining the OPS, as it puts additional strain on the funding mechanism and the ability to meet pension obligations.
- Inflationary Pressures: The OPS guarantees periodic increases in pension payouts through dearness allowance (DA) adjustments to account for inflation. However, relying on fixed increments tied to DA can pose challenges during periods of high inflation. Ensuring that pension payments keep pace with inflation without compromising fiscal stability can be a complex task for policymakers.
- Budgetary Constraints: The financial burden of reverting to OPS can put a significant strain on the government’s budget. Pension liabilities already account for a substantial portion of states’ revenue receipts and own revenues. Increasing pension obligations may lead to a reduction in development expenditure or necessitate additional borrowing, potentially exacerbating the issue of public debt.
- Inter-generational Equity: Maintaining inter-generational equity is a crucial consideration in pension reforms. Reverting to OPS might fulfill the aspirations of current employees, but it can impose a heavy burden on future generations. Striking a balance between providing reasonable pension security for present employees and ensuring the sustainability of the pension system for future generations is a key challenge that needs to be addressed.
- Economic Factors: The economic environment, including interest rates and investment returns, can impact the financial viability of OPS. Changes in economic conditions, such as low interest rates or inadequate returns on pension fund investments, can strain the financial resources needed to sustain OPS and meet pension obligations.
Way ahead: Building sustainable and inclusive pension systems
- Comprehensive Reform: Governments should undertake comprehensive reforms which may involve revisiting the pension architecture, introducing alternative pension models, and exploring hybrid schemes that combine elements of defined-benefit and defined-contribution systems. Reforms should be guided by a thorough analysis of demographic trends, fiscal constraints, and economic conditions.
- Adequate Funding Mechanisms: Pension systems must establish robust funding mechanisms to ensure that pension obligations can be met. This may involve setting up dedicated pension funds, implementing sound investment strategies, and establishing appropriate contribution rates for both employees and employers.
- Strengthening Pension Governance: Effective governance is crucial for the success of pension systems. Governments should strengthen the regulatory framework, improve transparency, and enhance accountability in the management of pension funds. Establishing independent oversight bodies and adopting international best practices can help ensure the integrity and efficiency of pension governance.
- Promoting Financial Literacy: Financial literacy programs should be implemented to educate individuals about the importance of retirement planning, investment strategies, and the risks and benefits associated with different pension options. Empowering individuals with financial knowledge will enable them to make informed decisions and take an active role in securing their retirement income.
- Encouraging Voluntary Savings: Governments should encourage voluntary retirement savings programs to complement the mandatory pension schemes. Providing incentives, such as tax benefits or matching contributions, can incentivize individuals to save for retirement beyond the mandatory contributions. Voluntary savings options, such as individual retirement accounts or employer-sponsored plans, can offer individuals greater flexibility and control over their retirement savings.
- Flexibility and Portability: Pension systems should adapt to the changing nature of work and support individuals with diverse employment patterns. Portable pension accounts that allow individuals to carry their accumulated benefits across jobs can ensure continuity of retirement savings. Flexibility in pension payout options, such as lump sum withdrawals or phased withdrawals, can accommodate different financial needs and preferences of retirees.
- Social Safety Nets: To address the needs of vulnerable populations, social safety nets should be incorporated into pension systems. These safety nets can provide minimum income guarantees or targeted assistance for individuals with limited or interrupted work histories, low-income earners, and those facing economic hardships in retirement.
Conclusion
- Amidst the debate between NPS and OPS, it is crucial to devise a pension system that ensures security without compromising fiscal sustainability and inter-generational equity.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: NA
Mains level: challenges India's pharmaceutical industry and way forwards
Central Idea
- The recent incidents of substandard and contaminated medicines in India have raised concerns about the quality and regulatory oversight in the pharmaceutical industry. While India takes pride in being the largest manufacturer of generic medicines globally, it is essential to address the persistent quality concerns to maintain its reputation and protect public health.
Tragic incidents highlighting quality concerns
- Digital Vision Contamination: In January 2020, 12 children in Jammu died after consuming contaminated medicine manufactured by Digital Vision, revealing the presence of diethylene glycol. Despite previous red flags from drug laboratories, another incident occurred six months later, leading to the death of a two-year-old consuming Cofset cough syrup from the same manufacturer.
- Nycup Syrup: In March 2021, Nycup syrup was found to have lower levels of the active ingredient, raising concerns about quality control. However, limited regulatory action hindered effective intervention against the manufacturer.
An overview of the drug regulation mechanism in India
- Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO): The CDSCO, under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, is the central regulatory authority responsible for the approval, regulation, and control of pharmaceutical products in India. It plays a crucial role in granting licenses, conducting inspections, and monitoring drug manufacturing, import, and distribution.
- Drug Controller General of India (DCGI): The DCGI is the head of the CDSCO and holds the overall responsibility for drug regulation in India. The DCGI oversees the approval of new drugs, clinical trials, and the regulation of imported drugs.
- National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority (NPPA): The NPPA regulates the prices of essential drugs in India to ensure affordability and accessibility. It monitors and controls the prices of scheduled medicines and sets guidelines for the pricing of pharmaceutical products.
- Pharmacovigilance Program of India (PvPI): PvPI is a national program that focuses on monitoring and reporting adverse drug reactions (ADRs) to ensure the safety of medicines. It encourages healthcare professionals and the public to report any suspected ADRs to a centralized database for analysis and evaluation
- Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) Protection: The regulatory framework includes provisions to protect intellectual property rights related to pharmaceutical inventions and innovations. This promotes research and development in the industry and encourages the introduction of new drugs.
- Manufacturing Standards: The CDSCO ensures that drug manufacturers in India adhere to good manufacturing practices (GMP) to ensure that drugs are produced under quality standards and are safe for use.
- Clinical Trials: The CDSCO regulates clinical trials in India to ensure that they are conducted ethically and with the safety of participants in mind. The CDSCO requires that clinical trials follow the guidelines of the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH).
Challenges in the Indian pharmaceutical industry
- Fragmented Regulatory Structure: With approximately 36 drug regulators in India, coordination and consistency in regulatory oversight become challenging. A consolidated and centralized regulatory body can mitigate the risk of regulatory capture and ensure common standards across states.
- Persisting Quality Concerns: Despite being the largest manufacturer of generic medicines globally, India has encountered quality issues. Recent inspections revealed that 48 drugs failed to meet quality standards, jeopardizing patient safety.
- Global Reputation at Stake: Observations from global regulators, such as the US FDA, indicate compliance issues in Indian pharmaceutical facilities, potentially tarnishing India’s image as a quality drug manufacturing country.
- Limited Regulatory Action: In some instances, regulatory action has been limited or challenging to implement due to various reasons, making it difficult to effectively address quality issues and hold manufacturers accountable.
- Insufficient Transparency and Accountability: The lack of transparency in the drug regulatory regime hinders public trust and confidence. Limited public disclosure of drug application reviews, inspection records, and past violations makes it challenging to evaluate the compliance and track record of manufacturers.
- Inspection and Enforcement Capacity: The sheer number of pharmaceutical manufacturing units in India, coupled with the large-scale inspection load, puts strain on the inspection teams under state drug controllers.
Way forward
- Regulatory Reforms: Amend the Drugs and Cosmetics Act (1940) and establish a centralized drugs database for effective surveillance. Consolidate regional regulators into a single regulatory body to minimize state-level patronage and influence networks. Implement common standards across states.
- Enhanced Transparency and Reporting: Publish comprehensive reports on drug testing laboratories’ findings and establish a public database of past violations, inspection records, and failure history. Introduce a national law on drug recall, empowering victims and imposing penalties on firms exporting spurious drugs.
- Strengthening the Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation (CDSCO): Provide statutory backing and establish a Central Drugs Authority as an independent body, ensuring effective regulation and enforcement.
- Industry Accountability: The pharmaceutical industry should focus on producing quality generic and innovative drugs, moving beyond generic manufacturing. Embrace zero-defect principles and prioritize public health.
Conclusion
- Addressing the challenges India’s pharmaceutical industry requires comprehensive reforms, including regulatory consolidation, transparency, enhanced inspections, and industry accountability. By prioritizing patient safety and ensuring the delivery of quality medicines, India’s pharmaceutical industry can reclaim its position as a global leader in drug manufacturing.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Anti-defection law
Mains level: Anti-defection law needs a relook and The Importance of accountability in
Central idea
- Two recent judgments by the Supreme Court of India have brought attention to the constitutional framework governing the relationship between the executive, legislature, and political parties. While the judgments were unanimous, they present a contradiction in their application. The Delhi case emphasized the importance of accountability of civil services to the elected government, while the Maharashtra case upheld the power of party leadership over legislators, undermining the principles of parliamentary democracy.
Delhi Case: Reinforcing the Importance of Accountability
- Importance of Accountability: The case underscores the significance of accountability in a democratic system. It reaffirms the idea that a government elected by the people must be answerable to them through a triple chain of command: civil service officers being accountable to ministers, ministers being accountable to the legislature, and the legislature being accountable to the electorate.
- Power Distribution: The judgment clarifies the delineation of powers between the Delhi government, headed by the Chief Minister, and the Lieutenant Governor appointed by the central government. It establishes that in matters concerning civil services, the elected government of Delhi should have control and authority, emphasizing the democratic principle of decentralization of power.
- Constitutional Provisions and Democratic Values: The case highlights the significance of adhering to the constitutional provisions and demarcation of powers in a Union Territory like Delhi. It upholds the principles of parliamentary democracy, emphasizing the importance of a government accountable to the people it serves.
- Strengthening Democratic Institutions: The judgment emphasizes the role of institutions in upholding democratic values enshrined in the Constitution. By safeguarding accountability and appropriately allocating powers, it sets a precedent for future cases and reinforces the role of institutions in maintaining a robust democratic system.
What is triple chain of accountability?
- Civil Service Officers to Ministers: The first link in the chain is the accountability of civil service officers to the Ministers. Civil service officers are responsible for implementing government policies and carrying out administrative tasks. They are answerable to the Ministers who oversee their work and provide directions.
- Ministers to the Legislature: The second link in the chain is the accountability of Ministers to the legislature. Ministers are accountable for their decisions, actions, and policies to the legislature, which represents the voice of the people. They are expected to participate in debates, answer questions, present bills, and seek approval or support for government initiatives from the elected representatives.
- Legislature to the Electorate: The third link in the chain is the accountability of the legislature to the electorate. The elected representatives in the legislature are accountable to the people who have chosen them through the electoral process. Legislators are expected to represent the interests and concerns of their constituents, work towards their welfare, and ensure that their voices are heard in the decision-making process.
Maharashtra Case: Undermining the Triple Chain of Accountability
- Interpretation of the Tenth Schedule: The case revolves around the interpretation and application of the Tenth Schedule of the Constitution, which deals with the anti-defection law. The judgment focuses on the distinction between the legislature party and the political party, clarifying the power to issue binding directions to members of the legislature.
- Role of Party Leadership: The judgment reinforces the authority of the political party leadership over the legislature. It establishes that the person in charge of the political party holds the power to issue directions to the members of the party, including MLAs/MPs, and failure to comply can result in disqualification.
- Limitation on Legislators’ Accountability: The judgment raises concerns regarding the accountability of legislators to their voters. By upholding the authority of the political party leadership, it potentially weakens the accountability of legislators to the electorate and emphasizes their accountability solely to the party that fielded them in the election.
- Triple Chain of Accountability: The judgment diverges from the principles outlined in the Delhi case concerning the triple chain of accountability. It suggests that legislators should adhere to the directions of the political party, potentially undermining the daily assessment of the government by the legislature and diluting the accountability of the government to the people.
- Need for Re-evaluation: The judgment indicates the need for re-evaluating the anti-defection law and its compatibility with the principles of parliamentary democracy. It raises questions about the anti-defection law violating the basic structure of the Constitution, calling for a larger bench to examine this issue.
Facts for prelims: Basics
Anti-defection Law
- The Anti-Defection Law under the Tenth Schedule of the Constitution punishes MPs/ MLAs for defecting from their party by taking away their membership of the legislature.
- It gives the Speaker of the legislature the power to decide the outcome of defection proceedings.
- It was added to the Constitution through the Fifty-Second (Amendment) Act, 1985 when Rajiv Gandhi was PM. The law applies to both Parliament and state assemblies.
|
Contradictory Conclusions: The Problem of the Anti-Defection Law
- The contradictory conclusions arising from the application of the anti-defection law in both the cases:
- Constitutional Position: While the Delhi case emphasizes the accountability of civil services to the Delhi government and upholds the triple chain of command, the Maharashtra case highlights the power of the political party leadership over legislators, as dictated by the Tenth Schedule.
- Incompatibility with Parliamentary Democracy: The Maharashtra case raises concerns about the anti-defection law, which is at the core of the Tenth Schedule, and its compatibility with the structure underlying parliamentary democracy. The anti-defection law’s assumption that any vote against the party direction is a betrayal of the electoral mandate contradicts the principle of representative democracy.
- Legislative Accountability: The Maharashtra judgment reinforces the authority of the political party leadership, implying that legislators are primarily accountable to the party that fielded them, rather than to the electorate. This breaks the triple chain of accountability.
- Impact on Daily Assessment: The Maharashtra judgment’s emphasis on party directions limits the daily assessment of the government by the legislature. If legislators of the party with a majority are bound by party directions, it undermines the meaningfulness of debates, resolutions, and no-confidence motions, as the party leadership controls the votes on every issue, ensuring the government’s victory.
- Electoral Mandate and Voter Decision: The anti-defection law assumes that voters prioritize party affiliation, disregarding other factors such as candidates’ criminal records, assets and liabilities, and educational qualifications. However, voters’ decisions in elections often contradict this assumption, as demonstrated by instances of legislators winning by-elections after switching parties.
Way forward
- Re-evaluation of the Anti-Defection Law: It is crucial to revisit the anti-defection law and assess its compatibility with the basic principles of parliamentary democracy. A thorough examination by a larger Bench of the Supreme Court can help determine if the law violates the basic structure of the Constitution.
- Reviewing the Tenth Schedule: The Tenth Schedule, which forms the basis of the anti-defection law, should be subject to a critical review. This includes analyzing its impact on the accountability of legislators to their constituents and evaluating whether it aligns with the principles of representative democracy.
- Strengthening Legislative Accountability: Efforts should be made to reinforce the accountability of legislators to the electorate. This can be achieved by ensuring that legislators prioritize their constituents’ interests over party directives, thereby fostering a stronger connection between legislators and the people they represent.
- Promoting Informed Voting: Emphasizing the importance of informed voting can help voters make decisions based on factors beyond party affiliation. Providing comprehensive information about candidates, including their track records, assets and liabilities, and educational qualifications, will enable voters to make more informed choices during elections.
- Balancing Party Discipline and Individual Freedom: Striking a balance between party discipline and individual freedom of legislators is crucial. There should be mechanisms in place that encourage healthy debate, dissent, and the ability of legislators to vote based on their own judgment, while still respecting party affiliations.
- Enhancing Parliamentary Debates and Oversight: Efforts should be made to strengthen the role of legislatures in holding the government accountable. This can be achieved through robust parliamentary debates, effective question hour sessions, and rigorous scrutiny of government actions and policies.
Conclusion
- The contradiction between the Delhi and Maharashtra cases underscores the need to revisit the anti-defection law. A larger Bench should re-examine the law’s compatibility with the basic structure of the Constitution, reaffirming the centrality of accountability in parliamentary democracy. This step is crucial to restore the balance between party loyalty and the representatives’ duty to serve their constituents and uphold democratic values.
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Note4Students
From UPSC perspective, the following things are important :
Prelims level: Biomanufacturing, QUAD's CET working group, ICET and other such developments
Mains level: Strengthening Quad Cooperation in Biotechnology, India as a biomanufacturing hub
Central Idea
- The Quad, comprised of Australia, India, Japan, and the United States, established a Critical and Emerging Technology Working Group in March 2021 to foster collaboration and explore opportunities in critical and emerging technologies, including biotechnology. However, there remains untapped potential for Quad cooperation in the field of biotechnology. The need of the hour is to establish a Quad-led biomanufacturing hub in India to enhance cooperation and leverage the complementary strengths of Quad nations.
What is QUAD’s Critical and Emerging Technology Working Group?
- The Quad’s Critical and Emerging Technology Working Group is a collaborative initiative established by the Quad countries.
- It was formed in March 2021 with the aim of facilitating cooperation, monitoring trends, and exploring opportunities related to critical and emerging technologies. The working group focuses on identifying and addressing key issues and challenges in areas such as biotechnology, artificial intelligence, cybersecurity, quantum technologies, and other cutting-edge fields.
- It serves as a platform for the Quad countries to share expertise, exchange information, and coordinate efforts in order to harness the potential of these technologies for economic growth, national security, and societal development.
- For instance, in the field of 5G, the Quad members have worked on developing telecommunications networks to counter the pervasive presence of China’s Huawei through the use of open radio access (O-RAN) networks.
Facts for prelims
Initiative on Critical and Emerging Technologies (ICET)?
- The ICET initiative was launched by Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and U.S. President Joe Biden in May 2022, to work together in developing important and new technologies.
- The Prime Minister’s Office in Delhi and the White House in Washington will oversee and direct the ICET.
- The ICET’s goal is to increase the technology interaction between the US and India while also potentially adding additional strategic depth and breadth to their growing partnership.
- It involves collaboration in a range of areas including quantum computing, semiconductors, 5G and 6G wireless infrastructure, and civilian space projects such as lunar exploration.
- Six focus areas of co-development and co-production includes, 1. Strengthening innovation ecosystems, 2. Defence innovation and technology cooperation, 3. Resilient semiconductor supply chains, 4. Space, 5. STEM talent, and 6. Next generation telecom.
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What is mean by Biomanufacturing?
- Biomanufacturing refers to the use of biological systems, such as living organisms (microorganisms, cell cultures, or plants), to produce commercially valuable products on a large scale. It involves harnessing the power of biological processes and utilizing them in industrial applications.
- In biomanufacturing, living organisms are employed as “factories” to perform specific tasks or produce desired molecules. These organisms can be genetically engineered or naturally occurring, depending on the desired outcome.
- The organisms are cultivated in controlled environments, such as bioreactors, where they are provided with optimal conditions for growth and production. They are fed with specific nutrients, and their growth and metabolic activities are carefully regulated.
- Biomanufacturing can encompass a wide range of products, including pharmaceuticals, enzymes, biofuels, specialty chemicals, biomaterials, and more.
- Biomanufacturing is often more sustainable and environmentally friendly, as it relies on renewable resources and has the potential to reduce waste and pollution.
Why India stands as the ideal choice to host the biomanufacturing hub?
- India’s ambition of biomanufacturing: India’s National Biotechnology Development Strategy sets a target of reaching $100 billion in the biomanufacturing sector.
- Existing Infrastructure: India already has existing infrastructure in place, including pharmaceutical manufacturing facilities and research institutions, that can be utilized to establish and expand biomanufacturing capabilities. This infrastructure provides a solid foundation for the development of a biomanufacturing hub.
- Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Expertise: India has a long-standing reputation as a major player in the global pharmaceutical industry. The country has established expertise in manufacturing and quality control processes, which can be leveraged for biomanufacturing. The experience gained in pharmaceutical manufacturing can be applied to biomanufacturing, ensuring compliance with regulatory standards and maintaining high-quality production.
- Skilled Workforce: India possesses a large pool of skilled professionals in the life sciences and biotechnology sectors. The country’s workforce includes scientists, engineers, and technicians with expertise in various aspects of biomanufacturing. This skilled workforce can contribute to the success of the biomanufacturing hub by driving research, development, and production activities.
- Research Output: India has demonstrated its research capabilities in biomanufacturing, ranking high in terms of the quality of research output and the share of research publications. The country’s strong research base provides a solid foundation for innovation and advancements in biomanufacturing processes and technologies.
- Cost-Effectiveness: India has a competitive advantage in terms of cost-effectiveness. The cost of manufacturing in India is generally lower compared to countries like the United States, making it an attractive destination for cost-efficient biomanufacturing. This cost advantage can contribute to the affordability and accessibility of biomanufactured products.
- Potential for Affordable Scale: India has the potential to provide affordable scalability in biomanufacturing processes. With its large population and manufacturing capabilities, India can meet the demand for biomanufactured products on a large scale, leading to cost-effective production and availability of essential biopharmaceuticals and other biotechnological products.
Complementary Strengths of Quad Nations
- Advanced Biotechnology Innovation Ecosystems: Japan, Australia, and the United States have well-established and advanced biotechnology innovation ecosystems. These ecosystems comprise research institutions, universities, biotech companies, and startups that drive innovation and technological advancements in biotechnology.
- Funding Capability: The United States, being one of the Quad nations, brings significant funding capability to the table. The U.S. government and private sector invest heavily in research, development, and commercialization of biotechnology.
- Skilled Workforce: India, as a Quad member, offers a large pool of skilled manpower, particularly in the life sciences field. Collaborative efforts can facilitate knowledge sharing and capacity building to enhance the skills of the workforce across the Quad nations.
- Manufacturing and Scale-Up Capabilities: India has well-established pharmaceutical manufacturing capabilities. The country has a robust infrastructure and expertise in large-scale production, which can be harnessed for biomanufacturing purposes.
- Intellectual Property and Technology Transfer: The Quad nations, particularly Japan and the United States, have strong intellectual property protection systems and expertise in technology transfer. Sharing intellectual property and facilitating technology transfer can accelerate the development and commercialization of biomanufacturing technologies, benefiting all Quad nations.
- Research Output and Innovation: All Quad nations contribute significantly to global research output in the field of biotechnology. They produce high-quality research publications and drive innovation in various subfields of biotechnology. Collaboration within the Quad can facilitate knowledge exchange, joint research projects, and the development of innovative solutions in biomanufacturing.
Way ahead
- Collaborative Research and Development: Foster collaborative research and development initiatives between the Quad nations and India. This can involve joint projects, knowledge sharing, and technology transfer to accelerate the development of biomanufacturing processes, products, and technologies.
- Capacity Building and Skill Development: Establish training programs, workshops, and exchange programs to enhance the skills and knowledge of professionals in biomanufacturing. This can include specialized training in areas such as advanced bioprocessing techniques, quality control, regulatory compliance, and technology transfer.
- Infrastructure Investment: Allocate resources for infrastructure development, including the establishment of specialized bioreactor facilities, research centers, and manufacturing capabilities.
- Regulatory Framework Alignment: Collaboratively work towards aligning regulatory frameworks among the Quad nations and India. This involves harmonizing regulations, streamlining approval processes, and ensuring consistent quality standards.
- Public-Private Partnerships: Foster public-private partnerships to leverage the expertise, resources, and capabilities of both sectors. Engaging industry stakeholders, academia, research institutions, and government agencies in collaborative initiatives can drive innovation, facilitate technology transfer, and accelerate the commercialization of biomanufactured products.
- International Collaboration: Explore collaborations beyond the Quad nations to foster international cooperation in biomanufacturing. Engaging with countries outside the Quad can expand opportunities for knowledge exchange, market access, and research collaboration.\
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