Why in the News?
The Centre’s decision to include caste data in the next national Census is a significant change for the ruling BJP, as it goes against their earlier stance on the issue.
What prompted the government to shift its stance and include caste enumeration in the next Census?
- Electoral Setback Due to Perception of Anti-Reservation Agenda: Calls for constitutional overhaul and earlier statements questioning caste-based reservations created fear among backward communities about erosion of their rights. Eg: The lack of a clear electoral majority in the 2024 general elections was partly attributed to concerns among OBC and Dalit communities.
- Rising Political Demand and Ground Realities in Key States: Increasing public support for caste enumeration, especially in socially diverse states, compelled the government to reconsider its position. Eg: With state elections approaching and widespread demand for a caste census, continuing opposition risked alienating a significant voter base.
- Pressure from Social Justice Movements and Civil Society: Growing civil society activism and calls for greater transparency in the distribution of benefits made it difficult to ignore the demand for a caste count. Eg: Public discussions on expanding reservations and ensuring proportional representation intensified the push for a data-driven approach.
Why is there growing concern about the political implications of a caste census, especially in Bihar?
- Impact on OBC and Dalit Mobilization: A caste census could provide more accurate data on the representation of OBCs and Dalits, leading to demands for more targeted reservations and welfare programs. Eg: In Bihar, where caste-based politics has been historically influential, a caste census could alter the political calculus by intensifying demands for more affirmative action.
- Electoral Strategy and Vote Bank Politics: Political parties in Bihar may try to exploit caste-based data to attract specific voter segments, resulting in increased polarization. Eg: In Bihar, caste-based mobilization has historically influenced election results, and any shift in data could be used to either strengthen or disrupt existing political alliances.
- Social Tensions and Division: The caste census may exacerbate social divisions, particularly in a state like Bihar, where caste identities play a significant role in shaping societal relations and political behavior. Eg: Tensions may rise between communities if the census results challenge current power dynamics, leading to potential unrest and further fragmentation within society.
How have national political parties historically approached caste-based policies?
- Ambivalence and Opposition to Caste-Based Politics: Initially, national parties were reluctant to fully embrace caste-based policies, viewing them as divisive. This led to a more generic approach focused on broader social and economic justice. Eg: The Congress party, traditionally seen as the party of social justice, was hesitant to fully adopt caste-based policies until the 1990s, when it started advocating for the inclusion of OBCs and Dalits.
- Shift Towards Inclusivity and Affirmative Action: Over time, national parties, particularly the Congress and BJP, began adopting affirmative action policies, such as reservations, to address caste-based inequities and broaden their electoral base. Eg: In the 1990s, after the Mandal Commission report, both Congress and BJP supported the implementation of OBC reservations to gain support from OBC communities, especially in states like Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
- Caste-Based Mobilization for Electoral Gains: National parties have increasingly used caste-based mobilization as a tool to win elections, though they often avoid explicitly acknowledging it, relying on coalition politics instead. Eg: The BJP, after initially distancing itself from caste politics, has adapted by incorporating OBCs into its fold, as seen in its strategy in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, leading to its dominance in the 2014 and 2019 general elections.
When was the last comprehensive caste census conducted in India?
- The Last Comprehensive Caste Census: The last detailed caste census in India was conducted in 1931 during British rule, which included data on various social groups, castes, and tribes.
- Post-Independence Efforts: Since then, India has not conducted a comprehensive caste census. However, caste data has been collected through surveys like the Socio-Economic and Caste Census (SECC) in 2011, though it was not as detailed as the one in 1931.
|
Way forward:Â
- Ensure Data Privacy and Equity in Implementation: A caste census should be conducted with strict guidelines to ensure data privacy and avoid misuse, ensuring that it is used only for policy planning and affirmative action rather than political exploitation.
- Strengthen Social Welfare Mechanisms Based on Census Data: The government should leverage the caste census data to create targeted social welfare programs that address the needs of backward communities without exacerbating social divisions.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2024] Despite comprehensive policies for equity and social justice, underprivileged sections are not yet getting the full benefits of affirmative action envisaged by the Constitution. Comment.
Linkage: The core issue that a caste census, as discussed in the article, aims to potentially improve: ensuring that underprivileged sections receive the intended benefits of affirmative action and social justice policies.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Why in the News?
Private Memberâs Bills (PMBs) allow Members of Parliament (MPs) who are not ministers to suggest their own laws. In India, most laws are brought by the government and are prepared by different ministries.
What are Private Memberâs Bills (PMBs)?
- PMBs are legislative proposals introduced by Members of Parliament who are not Ministers (i.e., private members). These bills reflect the individual MPâs views or address constituency needs rather than the governmentâs official stance.
- In 2019, Supriya Sule (NCP) introduced the Right to Disconnect Bill in the Lok Sabha, which aimed to give employees the legal right to not engage in work-related communication after office hours. Though not passed, it sparked national debate on work-life balance and mental health.
How do they differ from government bills in the Indian parliamentary system?
| Feature |
Private Memberâs Bill (PMB) |
Government Bill |
| Introduced by |
Any MP who is not a minister |
Introduced by a Minister |
| Drafted by |
Individual MP or external inputs |
Concerned Ministry |
| Schedule |
Usually taken up on Fridays |
Prioritized in regular business hours |
| Chances of passing |
Very low; often symbolic |
High; backed by ruling party |
| Party mandate |
MPs have greater freedom |
Ministers follow cabinet decisions |
Why has the significance of Private Memberâs Bills declined in recent Lok Sabha sessions?
- Frequent Disruptions and Adjournments: Parliamentary proceedings are often disrupted, especially on Fridays (earmarked for PMBs), reducing the time available for meaningful discussion. Eg: In the winter session, two Fridays were lost to disruptions.
- Government Business Prioritised: The government frequently uses Fridays for its own legislative agenda, sidelining private members’ time. Eg: In the Budget Session, the first Friday was used for discussion on the Union Budget instead of PMBs.
- Low Discussion Rate: Despite hundreds of PMBs being introduced, only a handful are ever discussed or debated in the House. Eg: Of the 729 PMBs introduced in the 17th Lok Sabha, only two were discussed.
- Symbolic Rather than Substantive: PMBs are increasingly viewed as symbolic acts with little legislative impact, deterring MPs from actively pursuing them.
- Lack of Institutional Support: No dedicated mechanism exists to screen, prioritise, or fast-track relevant PMBs, unlike government bills which have bureaucratic and legal backing. Eg: The âRight to Disconnectâ Bill by Supriya Sule sparked debate but saw no legislative progress due to lack of structured support.
How can reforms strengthen the PMB process?
- Protect Time for PMBs as Sacrosanct: Amend rules to ensure that Fridays (or designated hours) reserved for PMBs cannot be overridden, except during national emergencies. Eg: Ensuring uninterrupted PMB discussion time would prevent situations like the Budget Session, where government business took over private members’ time.
- Introduce a Review and Prioritisation Mechanism: Create a dedicated committee to screen PMBs for quality, relevance, and constitutionality, and prioritise those with cross-party or public support. Eg: A fast-track mechanism could have helped advance Tiruchi Sivaâs âRights of Transgender Personsâ Bill, which ultimately influenced the 2019 law.
- Adopt the UKâs Ten-Minute Rule Model: Allow MPs to introduce and explain PMBs in brief speeches, increasing visibility and legislative input without demanding long debate time. Eg: This could help bring forward more unconventional yet important ideas like the âRight to Disconnectâ Bill by Supriya Sule.
Way forward:Â
- Institutionalise Support Mechanisms: Establish a dedicated PMB committee and research support system to assist MPs in drafting robust, impactful bills.
- Ensure Legislative Space and Time: Legally safeguard specific hours or days for PMB discussions to encourage meaningful debate and democratic participation.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2014] The role of individual MPs (Members of Parliament) has diminished over the years and as a result healthy constructive debates on policy issues are not usually witnessed. How far can this be attributed to the anti-defection law, which was legislated but with a different intention?
Linkage: This explicitly states that Private Member’s Bills are one of the few remaining avenues for individual MPs to suggest constructive policy alternatives, and that the effectiveness of such mechanisms for independent legislative action by MPs has been curtailed, partly due to the unintended effects of the Anti-Defection Law.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Why in the News?
On May 1, as people around the world celebrate Labour Day to respect workers and their rights, the lives of millions of bonded labourers in India show a sad and harsh reality.
What are the key factors contributing to bonded labour in India?
- Economic Vulnerability: Poor financial conditions force individuals to take loans or advances from employers or agents, trapping them in bonded labour. Eg: A family in Andhra Pradesh takes an advance of âč2,000 to work at a brick kiln, leading them into a cycle of forced labour.
- Social Discrimination and Exclusion: Marginalized communities, including lower-caste and ethnic minorities, are more likely to be exploited and trapped in bonded labour due to societal inequalities. Eg: A tribal family from Madhya Pradesh faces exploitation in a sugarcane farm in Karnataka, where they are denied fair wages and basic rights.
- Lack of Education and Awareness: Illiteracy and lack of access to information prevent workers from understanding their rights, making them vulnerable to exploitation. Eg: Migrant workers in India often unknowingly agree to exploitative terms, not realizing they have legal protections, as seen with many labourers working in informal sectors without contracts.
Why has the government’s target of eradicating bonded labour by 2030 been deemed overly optimistic?
- Low Rescue and Rehabilitation Rates: Despite a target of freeing 1.84 crore bonded labourers, only 12,760 were rescued between 2016 and 2021. Eg: To meet the 2030 goal, around 11 lakh people must be rescued every year since 2021, but actual rescues remain far below this mark.
- Lack of Effective Implementation: Government plans and policies exist on paper, but enforcement at the ground level is weak due to administrative apathy and corruption. Eg: Mukesh Adivasi was trafficked and brutalised despite bonded labour being abolished in 1975, showing poor implementation.
- Underestimation of the Scale and Complexity: The issue of bonded and forced labour is deeply rooted in economic, social, and cultural structures, making it hard to resolve with short-term policies. Eg: Millions of unorganised migrant workers face bonded-like conditions across industries, beyond the government’s current rescue capacity.
How does the lack of unionisation among unorganised workers affect their conditions and bargaining power?
- No Collective Bargaining Power: Without unions, unorganised workers cannot negotiate better wages, safety standards, or working hours. Eg: Migrant workers like Mukesh were forced to work 14â16 hours daily without fair compensation or the right to protest.
- Increased Vulnerability to Exploitation: The absence of union support leaves workers exposed to abuse, wage theft, and arbitrary dismissal. Eg: Thenmozhiâs family faced verbal abuse, beatings, and confinement in a brick kiln with no platform to seek redress.
- Lack of Legal Awareness and Representation: Unorganised workers often remain unaware of their rights and have no representation to access justice or government schemes. Eg: Many bonded labourers accept exploitative terms due to illiteracy and isolation, with no union to guide or support them.
What was Dr. B.R. Ambedkar’s contribution to workers’ rights?
- Advocated for Legal Recognition of Trade Unions and Collective Bargaining: Dr. Ambedkar strongly supported the formation of trade unions and the workersâ right to strike, believing these were essential for industrial democracy. Eg: As Labour Member in the Viceroyâs Executive Council (1942â46), he introduced laws ensuring trade union recognition and promoted fair negotiations between workers and employers.
- Pioneered Labour Welfare Legislation: He played a key role in framing foundational labour laws related to working hours, minimum wages, and social security. Eg: The Indian Factories Act, 1948, limiting work hours and ensuring basic worker protections, reflected Ambedkar’s vision for humane working conditions.
How have recent Labour Codes undermined his legacy?
- Weakened Collective Bargaining Rights: The Industrial Relations Code, 2020, imposes stricter conditions for strikes and allows employers to hire contract workers more freely, diluting workers’ ability to unionise and negotiate. Eg: A strike now requires a 60-day notice in all sectors, undermining spontaneous worker movements.
- Erosion of Job Security: The new codes ease the norms for hiring and firing workers in establishments with up to 300 employees, without government approval, reducing job stability. Eg: Earlier, firms with over 100 workers needed government permission for retrenchment; this threshold has now tripled.
- Dilution of Social Security Coverage: The Social Security Code, 2020, merges multiple welfare laws but leaves vast sections of informal workers outside its effective coverage due to unclear implementation mechanisms. Eg: Gig and platform workers are included in name, but lack defined contributions and benefits, weakening the universal welfare vision Ambedkar championed.
|
Way forward:Â
- Strengthen Enforcement and Rehabilitation: Ensure strict implementation of anti-bonded labour laws with timely rescue, rehabilitation, and compensation for victims.
- Empower Workers through Unionisation and Awareness: Promote unionisation among informal workers and spread legal awareness to build collective bargaining power and prevent exploitation.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2018] Despite implementation of various programmes for eradication of poverty by the government in India, poverty is still existing.â Explain by giving reasons.
Linkage: Bonded labour is a manifestation of extreme poverty and the failure of poverty alleviation programmes to reach the most vulnerable, forcing them into debt bondage.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Why in the News?
Even before Donald Trump’s time in office, there were clear signs that the world was becoming more uncertain in many areas. This was a warning of trouble in different parts of the world, and leaders in government, business, and strategy had already started getting ready for tougher times.
What are the main global disruptions contributing to geopolitical and economic instability?
- Leader-led Disruption and Geopolitical Tensions: Authoritarian leaders such as Xi Jinping, Vladimir Putin, and Donald Trump are reshaping global politics. Eg: Russiaâs invasion of Ukraine and U.S. trade wars under Trump have strained international alliances.
- Rise of Protectionism and Trade Wars: Economic nationalism and tariff barriers have disrupted global trade. Eg: Trumpâs tariff war with China reduced U.S. GDP growth and disrupted global supply chains.
- Technological Disruption and Cyber Threats: Rapid tech changes and cyber warfare are causing instability in national security and job markets. Eg: Growing reliance on disruptive technologies without governance frameworks leads to digital vulnerabilities.
- Regional Conflicts and Expanding Military Influence: Conflicts in West Asia, increasing military presence, and border tensions are destabilizing regions. Eg: Israel’s offensive in Gaza, tensions in Syria, and Chinaâs naval expansion in the Indian Ocean.
- Resurgence of Terrorism and Non-State Actors: Groups like ISIS are re-emerging in Africa and South Asia, causing fresh security challenges. Eg: Recent terror attacks in Kashmir and IS activity in Mozambique and Congo signal renewed threats.
Why is the United States, once a model of democratic stability, now perceived as a deeply divided nation?
- Deepening Political Polarization: Internal divisions between conservative and liberal ideologies have intensified, weakening national unity. Eg: Sharp divide over Trumpâs policies and Capitol Hill riots in January 2021 reflect erosion of democratic consensus.
- Transactional Foreign Policy Approach: U.S. foreign relations have become self-serving, leading to fractured alliances. Eg: Trumpâs tariff wars and criticism of NATO allies strained transatlantic relations.
- Targeting of Educational and Immigration Systems: Policies against foreign students and elite institutions hurt Americaâs soft power and economy. Eg: Restrictions on student visas under Trump threatened $40 billion in economic contribution.
- Economic Protectionism and Declining Global Trade Role: Shift from free trade to protectionist policies reduced U.S. leadership in global economic governance. Eg: Imposition of tariffs led to decline in U.S. GDP growth and disrupted global supply chains.
How is China capitalising on the shifting geopolitical landscape in Asia?
- Expanding Influence through the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI): China is using infrastructure projects to create economic dependencies and increase political leverage across Asia. Eg: Chinaâs investment in the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) strengthens its hold in South Asia and secures a vital trade route.
- Exploiting U.S. Retreat and Growing Global Uncertainty: As the U.S. retreats from global leadership, China has stepped in as a key player, especially in the Indo-Pacific. Eg: Chinaâs leadership in the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), the worldâs largest free trade bloc, contrasts with U.S. absence under Trump.
- Enhancing Military and Naval Presence in Key Regions: China is expanding its military presence, particularly in maritime zones crucial for trade and regional security. Eg: Chinaâs aggressive stance in the South China Sea, including artificial island building and military installations, asserts control over disputed waters.
- Strengthening Bilateral and Multilateral Ties with Neighboring Countries: China is forging strategic alliances with neighboring countries to offset U.S. influence and enhance regional dominance. Eg: China’s growing ties with Southeast Asian countries like Cambodia and Laos, as well as influence in Sri Lanka through infrastructure projects like the Hambantota Port.
- Leveraging the China-India Rivalry to Expand Influence: China is exploiting tensions between India and its neighbors to increase its regional influence. Eg: Chinaâs increasing influence over Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh, alongside tensions at the India-China border, shifts regional power dynamics in Chinaâs favour
What implications could this have for India?
- Strategic Encirclement and Security Concerns: Chinaâs increasing presence in Indiaâs neighborhood (Pakistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka) creates strategic pressure and challenges Indiaâs regional dominance.Eg: The development of the Hambantota Port in Sri Lanka under Chinaâs BRI is seen as part of a âString of Pearlsâ strategy encircling India.
- Economic Competition and Trade Imbalance: Chinaâs dominance in Asian trade frameworks like RCEP and its export power pose risks to Indian manufacturing and trade sovereignty. Eg: India opted out of RCEP over concerns that cheap Chinese imports would harm Indian MSMEs.
- Border Tensions and Military Confrontation: Persistent border disputes, particularly along the Line of Actual Control (LAC), escalate military spending and diplomatic tensions. Eg: The 2020 Galwan Valley clash led to casualties on both sides and worsened India-China relations..
|
Way forward:Â
- Strengthen Strategic Partnerships: India should deepen ties with like-minded nations through forums like Quad and ASEAN to counterbalance China’s regional dominance. Eg: Enhanced defense and technology cooperation with Japan, Australia, and the U.S.
- Boost Domestic Capabilities and Connectivity: Accelerate infrastructure development, self-reliant manufacturing (Atmanirbhar Bharat), and regional connectivity with neighbors to reduce Chinese influence. Eg: Development of the Chabahar Port to bypass China-influenced trade routes.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2021] The USA is facing an existential threat in the form of a China, that is much more challenging than the erstwhile Soviet Union.â Explain.
Linkage: Major shift in the global power balance and a challenge to the established international order (historically dominated by the US post-Cold War).
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Why in the News?
India’s average Index of Industrial Production (IIP) for fiscal year 2025 has dropped to 4%, the lowest level in the past four years, showing a clear slowdown in industrial growth.
What are the main factors contributing to the slowdown in India’s Index of Industrial Production (IIP) in FY25?
- Global Economic Uncertainty: The global economic outlook remains uncertain, affecting India’s external trade and exports. This slowdown in global demand impacts industrial growth. Eg: India’s goods exports grew at a slower pace in FY25, which strains industrial output as global demand weakens.
- Lower Domestic Consumption Demand: Slower-than-expected growth in domestic consumption has affected industries that rely on the domestic market, such as consumer goods and durable products. Eg: Consumer non-durables showed a negative growth of -1.6% in FY25, reflecting weak demand despite a fall in retail inflation.
- Reduced Private Capital Expenditure (Capex): A decline in private sector investment (capital expenditure) impacts industrial growth, especially in infrastructure and manufacturing. Eg: The dip in capex lending rates, though lower, did not spark sufficient investment, reflecting cautious private sector sentiment in an uncertain economic environment.
- Decline in Key Industrial Sectors: Sectors like mining, manufacturing, and electricity witnessed slower growth in FY25 compared to FY24, contributing to the overall slowdown in industrial production. Eg: Mining’s growth plummeted from 7.5% in FY24 to 2.9% in FY25, and manufacturing also saw a decline, affecting overall industrial output.
- Weak Goods Exports: India’s goods exports, particularly in the MSME sector, showed limited growth due to strained trade relations, especially with major trading partners like the United States. Eg: The flat growth in FY25’s goods exports, especially from MSMEs, highlights the challenges faced by small businesses and the manufacturing sector in expanding their global market share.
|
Why has rural consumption remained strained despite a drop in retail inflation?
- Lingering Effects of High Food Inflation: Although retail inflation dropped, the high food inflation experienced in the last fiscal year (October to December) continues to affect rural households, leaving them with reduced disposable income. Eg: In FY24, the spike in food prices, particularly for essential items like pulses and vegetables, strained rural budgets, and recovery from this shock has been slow.
- Reduced Farm Incomes: Despite lower retail inflation, farm incomes have been negatively impacted by factors like erratic weather, reduced crop yields, and rising input costs, which affects rural consumption. Eg: Poor monsoon and drought in some regions led to crop failures, reducing farmersâ incomes and limiting their purchasing power.
- Limited Impact of Inflation Reduction: While overall retail inflation decreased, the price drops were not significant enough in rural areas to translate into meaningful gains in consumption, especially for low-income families. Eg: The fall in vegetable prices towards the end of FY25 helped urban consumers, but rural households still struggled due to stagnant or low farm output and income.
- Structural Economic Challenges: Rural India still faces structural challenges like inadequate infrastructure, low wages, and high dependence on agriculture, which limits overall consumption despite lower inflation. Eg: Many rural households rely on agriculture, which remains vulnerable to climate change and market volatility, restricting their ability to consume more even when prices drop.
How has the performance of different industrial sectors (like mining, manufacturing, and electricity) changed in FY25 compared to FY24?
| Sector |
FY24 Growth (%) |
FY25 Growth (%) |
Conclusion with example |
| Mining |
7.5% |
2.9% |
Mining sector saw a significant decline. This slowdown could be due to reduced demand for raw materials and lower production in key mining areas. Eg: A dip in coal mining output due to lower power demand during certain months. |
| Manufacturing |
5.5% |
4% |
Manufacturing growth slowed down slightly, likely due to lower consumer demand and sluggish export growth. Eg: Lower production in sectors like automobiles and textiles, impacted by weaker global demand. |
| Electricity |
7% |
5.1% |
Electricity sector growth showed a slight decline, though power production still surged during peak summer months. Eg: Increased power generation in March (6.3%) due to seasonal demand, but overall growth reduced for the year. |
What steps can the government take to boost private investment and protect MSME jobs?
- Enhance Domestic Demand through Targeted Public Spending: The government can invest in rural infrastructure, housing, and public services to stimulate consumption, which in turn will encourage private sector production and investment. Eg: Increased spending under schemes like PM Awas Yojana or rural roads (PMGSY) can boost demand for cement, steel, and consumer goods produced by MSMEs.
- Strengthen Trade and Market Access for MSMEs: By finalizing beneficial trade agreements and easing export procedures, the government can open more markets for MSMEs. Eg: Concluding a bilateral trade deal with the US could reduce tariffs and give India’s 60 million MSMEs better access to one of the worldâs largest markets.
- Expand Credit Support and Reduce Compliance Burden: Provide low-interest loans and simplify regulatory procedures to ease doing business for small enterprises. Eg: Extending the Emergency Credit Line Guarantee Scheme (ECLGS) and digitizing compliance through platforms like Udyam Assist can help micro-industries scale up with less red tape.
Way forward:Â
- Stimulate Demand and Investment: Boost domestic consumption through targeted rural and infrastructure spending while incentivizing private capital expenditure with tax benefits and interest subvention.
- Empower MSMEs for Global Competitiveness: Strengthen MSME access to credit, simplify compliance, and finalize trade deals to expand their global market footprint and protect employment.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2024] What are the causes of persistent high food inflation in India? Comment on the effectiveness of the monetary policy of the RBI to control this type of inflation.
Linkage: High food prices, mentioned in the article, are putting pressure on rural spending and slowing down the economy.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Why in the News?
There has been a decrease in mango harvests. Mangoes donât taste as sweet as before. They are also getting more expensive. Mangoes are arriving in the market too early. Mango pickles arenât lasting the whole year. The mango trees are flowering earlier than usual. These are some of the common concerns people have been talking about regarding mangoes in India recently.
What are the observed effects of rising temperatures on mango production and quality in India?
- Early Flowering and Fruiting: Rising temperatures cause mango trees to flower earlier than usual, disrupting natural growth cycles. Eg: Farmers report mangoes arriving too early in the market, affecting planned harvest timelines and market dynamics.
- Reduced Sweetness and Shelf Life: Heat stress can reduce sugar accumulation in fruits, making them less sweet, and also affect pickle shelf life. Eg: Anecdotal reports mention that mango pickles don’t last through the year and mangoes donât taste as sweet.
- Fruit Drop and Uneven Ripening: High temperatures lead to premature fruit drop and uneven ripening, lowering fruit quality. Eg: In varieties like Alphonso, issues like spongy tissue disorder are increasingly observed.
- Sun Scalding and Physical Damage: Intense heat can cause sunburn-like damage on mango skins, reducing market value. Eg: Farmers note sun scalding of mangoes during heatwaves, making them less visually appealing.
- Disruption of Pollination and Budding Cycles: Extreme weather events (dry spells, heavy rains, hail) disrupt budding, pollination, and fruit setting. Eg: Farmers report fluctuating weather is altering the timing of flowering, which negatively impacts yield consistency.
|
Why is there a contrast between anecdotal reports and official productivity data regarding mango yields?
- Regional Variations in Climate Impact: While official productivity data presents a national average, anecdotal reports come from specific regions that may have experienced harsher climate conditions. Eg: A farmer in Uttar Pradesh may experience fruit drop due to untimely rains, whereas other regions may report normal or high yields, balancing the national figures.
- Difference in Measuring Parameters: Official data focuses on total output in tonnes per hectare, whereas farmers often talk about qualityâtaste, sweetness, shelf life, or physical appearance. Eg: Mangoes may appear in large quantities, but may not taste sweet or store well, leading to dissatisfaction among consumers and producers alike.
- Time Lag in Reporting: Anecdotal reports are immediate and reflect real-time experiences during flowering or harvesting, while official data is compiled and released after the season. Eg: Farmers might report poor flowering due to early summer heat, but yield data may still show good figures after accounting for recovery measures.
- Improved Farming Practices Masking Stress: Advancements like drip irrigation, better grafting, and fertilizers may help maintain or even boost yields despite climate-related stress. Eg: A farmer using hybrid varieties may achieve good productivity even during erratic weather, skewing overall data upward.
- Sampling and Data Limitations: Official data often relies on sampling or estimates that may not fully capture smaller orchards or severely affected areas. Eg: Small-scale mango growers hit by hailstorms might not be reflected in state-level yield reports that depend on broad sampling zones.
What does research suggest about the resilience and adaptability of mango trees in the face of global warming?
- High Genetic Diversity Enables Adaptation: Mango trees exhibit significant genetic variation across different cultivars, which enhances their capacity to survive under changing climatic conditions. Eg: Varieties like Dasheri and Banganapalli show better resilience to heat stress compared to others like Alphonso.
- Physiological Mechanisms Support Stress Tolerance: Mango trees possess physiological traitsâsuch as deep root systems and efficient water usageâthat help them cope with drought and high temperatures. Eg: In regions like Telangana, mango trees withstand prolonged dry spells better than other fruit crops.
- Compatibility with Heat and Drought Conditions: Mangoes can thrive in tropical climates with long dry seasons, making them naturally suited to certain aspects of climate change. Eg: Research from Egypt and India shows mango cultivation persists even as rainfall becomes erratic.
- Potential for Climate-Resilient Breeding: The genetic resources available in mangoes make them a strong candidate for breeding programs to develop climate-resilient varieties. Eg: Scientists are working on cross-breeding varieties that combine drought tolerance with disease resistance.
- Long Lifespan and Adaptive Growth Patterns: As perennial trees, mango plants can adjust flowering and fruiting cycles over time in response to climatic shifts. Eg: In some regions, trees are now flowering earlier, and though it affects timing, it shows their capacity to adapt development stages.
What are the steps taken by the Indian government?Â
- Promotion of Climate-Resilient Agricultural Practices: The Indian government promotes the adoption of climate-smart agricultural practices through schemes like the National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA). This includes water-efficient irrigation methods like drip irrigation and rainwater harvesting, which help mango farmers cope with erratic weather and water scarcity.
- Support for Agro-Weather Advisory and Early Warning Systems: The Indian government has implemented agro-weather advisory services through the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) and state-level agricultural departments.
- Research and Development for Climate-Resilient Varieties: The government supports research through agencies like the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) to develop heat-resistant and drought-tolerant mango varieties.
|
Way forward:Â
- Develop Climate-Resilient Mango Varieties: Focus on breeding heat-resistant and drought-tolerant mango varieties to ensure consistent yield and quality under changing climate conditions.
- Promote Climate-Smart Agricultural Practices: Expand the use of efficient irrigation systems, water conservation techniques, and post-harvest infrastructure to improve resilience and reduce losses.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2023] Discuss the consequences of climate change on the food security in tropical countries.
Linkage: The anecdotal observations about mangoes to higher temperatures and climate change. Mangoes are a tropical crop, and changes in their productivity and characteristics due to rising temperatures are a direct consequence of climate change potentially impacting food security in tropical regions like India.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Why in the News?
The Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha is not just a symbolic position but an important role required by the Constitution.
What is the role of the Deputy Speaker under Article 93?
- Presiding Over the Lok Sabha in the Speakerâs Absence: The Deputy Speaker steps in to chair the sessions of the Lok Sabha when the Speaker is unavailable, ensuring that legislative proceedings continue smoothly. Eg: If the Speaker is unwell or on an official visit abroad, the Deputy Speaker takes over the chair to maintain the functioning of the House, as happened during various occasions when the Speaker had to travel.
- Ensuring Impartiality in Debates and Proceedings: The Deputy Speaker, like the Speaker, must remain impartial and ensure that debates are conducted fairly, without any bias towards any party or individual. Eg: During debates on sensitive issues such as the passing of a crucial bill, the Deputy Speaker ensures that all parties have an opportunity to speak and that the debate remains orderly, as seen in past sessions when contentious issues were discussed.
- Chairing Parliamentary Committees: The Deputy Speaker presides over important parliamentary committees, which play a crucial role in managing legislative work and business. Eg: The Deputy Speaker has chaired committees such as the Business Advisory Committee, where decisions are made regarding the scheduling of bills and other parliamentary matters, helping to streamline the legislative process.
Why is the continued vacancy of the post a constitutional concern?
- Violation of Constitutional Mandate (Article 93): The Constitution directs that the House shall elect a Deputy Speaker “as soon as may be”, implying urgency, not discretion. Eg: The 17th Lok Sabha (2019â2024) functioned its entire term without appointing a Deputy Speaker, disregarding this mandate.
- Absence of Institutional Safeguard in Emergencies: The Deputy Speaker acts as a constitutional backup in case the Speaker resigns, is removed, or is incapacitated. Eg: In 1956, when Speaker G.V. Mavalankar died, Deputy Speaker M.A. Ayyangar stepped in immediately to prevent disruption.
- Undermining Legislative Continuity and Stability: Without a Deputy Speaker, the House lacks redundancy in leadership, risking procedural breakdown during key sessions. Eg: If a crisis arises during budget discussions and the Speaker is absent, proceedings could face delays or legal challenges.
- Erosion of Democratic Norms and Bipartisanship: Traditionally, the post is offered to the Opposition to maintain balance, promote inclusivity, and uphold impartiality. Eg: Earlier Lok Sabhas saw the Deputy Speaker from the Opposition, fostering cooperative legislative functioning.
- Centralisation of Power and Partisan Control: Leaving the post vacant gives unchecked control to the ruling party through the Speaker alone, weakening internal checks. Eg: In the absence of a Deputy Speaker, all procedural authority remains concentrated in one office, reducing scope for dissent or moderation.
When and how did the Deputy Speakerâs position originate?Â
- Origin in Colonial Legislative Framework: The post of Deputy Speaker evolved from the position of Deputy President in the Central Legislative Assembly during British rule. Eg: Sachidanand Sinha became the first Deputy President (equivalent to Deputy Speaker) in 1921 under colonial administration.
- Continuity Through the Constituent Assembly (Legislative): Even before the Constitution was adopted in 1950, the Constituent Assembly retained the role of Deputy Speaker to maintain legislative function. Eg: The Assembly recognized the practical need for a second presiding officer during debates and discussions on the Constitution.
- Institutionalisation in Post-Independence India: The office was formally incorporated under Article 93 of the Constitution, emphasising its necessity in democratic governance. Eg: M.A. Ayyangar became the first elected Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha in 1952 and later served as acting Speaker after G.V. Mavalankarâs death.
How can reforms ensure timely appointment of the Deputy Speaker? (Way forward)
- Introducing a Fixed Timeline in the Constitution: Amend Article 93 to mandate election of the Deputy Speaker within a specific period (e.g., 60 days) after the first sitting of a new Lok Sabha. Eg: Similar to the time-bound requirement for forming a government after elections, a clear deadline would prevent indefinite delays.
- Statutory Mechanism Empowering the President: Create a law allowing the President to direct the House to elect a Deputy Speaker if the position remains vacant beyond the stipulated time. Eg: On the advice of the Prime Minister or Speaker, the President could initiate proceedings to avoid constitutional anomalies.
- Strengthening Parliamentary Conventions: Reinforce the long-standing practice of offering the Deputy Speakerâs post to the Opposition through formal House resolutions. Eg: Restoring this tradition would ensure bipartisan respect and encourage prompt consensus in electing the Deputy Speaker.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2020] âOnce a Speaker, Always a Speakerâ! Do you think this practice should be adopted to impart objectivity to the office of the Speaker of Lok Sabha? What could be its implications for the robust functioning of parliamentary business in India?
Linkage: While focusing on the Speaker, the question is relevant because the Deputy Speaker’s role is intrinsically linked to the robust functioning of parliamentary business and the need for impartiality or objectivity within the presiding officers’ roles.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Why in the News?
In India, although many people are worried about fake news and misinformation, they donât mostly blame the government for it. Instead, many people are okay with the government having more control over the media, according to a recent survey by the Pew Research Centre.
What does the Pew survey reveal about misinformation and government control in India?
- High concern about fake news: 65% of Indian respondents said made-up news and information is a “very big problem,” placing India among the top 10 countries with the highest concern.
- Low emphasis on need for free media: Only 68% said it is very or somewhat important for the media to report news without government censorship, the second-lowest among 35 countries surveyed.
- Belief in media freedom: 80% of respondents believe that the Indian media is currently “somewhat” or “completely” free from state intervention, among the highest in the survey.
- Misinformation seen as non-governmental: Citizens largely attribute fake news to sources like social media and WhatsApp, rather than to state action or censorship.
Why is there a contradiction between concern for fake news and support for state control?
- Misinformation blamed on non-state actors: Many Indians see fake news as stemming from social media platforms like WhatsApp or Facebook, not from government channels. Eg: Viral misinformation during elections is often attributed to private forwards, not official news broadcasts.
- Trust in government regulation over systemic reforms: There is greater public belief that the state can control misinformation better than a free and independent press. Eg: Support for internet bans during riots or unrest, viewed as a way to stop rumors, even if it limits press freedom.
- Low awareness of press freedom deterioration: Despite India’s declining World Press Freedom Index ranking, most respondents think the media is already free. Eg: 80% of Indians believe media is free, while only 68% think freedom from state censorship is important.
How does Indiaâs World Press Freedom Index ranking reflect on media freedom?
- Deteriorating Position Globally: India ranked 159 out of 180 countries in the 2024 World Press Freedom Index by Reporters Without Borders, reflecting a serious decline in media independence and journalist safety. Eg: India has consistently ranked below 100 since 2003, showing a long-term concern.
- Gap Between Perception and Reality: While 80% of Indians believe media is free, global rankings suggest significant censorship, legal pressure, and harassment of journalists. Eg: Arrests and raids on independent news portals contradict the publicâs belief in press freedom.
- Impact of State Influence and Surveillance: The low ranking indicates increasing state influence, with reports of surveillance, restrictions on digital media, and pressure on newsrooms. Eg: Pegasus spyware allegations against journalists in India highlight these issues.
- Legal and Political Threats to Journalists: Indiaâs ranking reflects how stringent laws (like UAPA and sedition) are used against journalists, creating a chilling effect on independent reporting. Eg: The arrest of journalist Siddique Kappan under UAPA demonstrates misuse of laws.
- Public Support for Control vs. Press Freedom Standards: Despite the low press freedom score, a large section of Indians supports state control over the media, showing a disconnect between democratic ideals and citizen expectations. Eg: Only 68% Indians see uncensored reporting as importantâthe second-lowest globally.
Where is the “press freedom gap” reversed according to the survey?
- India and Kenya Show Reversal: Unlike most countries, India and Kenya are the only two where more people believe the media is free than believe media freedom is important. Eg: In India, 80% say the media is free, but only 68% feel uncensored reporting is important.
- Contrary to Global Trend: In 33 out of 35 countries, the importance of media freedom is rated higher than the belief that it actually exists, but India and Kenya show the opposite. Eg: In Greece, a higher number want free media but few believe it actually exists, unlike India.
- High Confidence Despite Global Ranking: Even though Indiaâs global press freedom ranking is poor (159/180), public confidence in existing media freedom remains oddly high. Eg: 80% Indians feel the media is free despite evidence of censorship and harassment.
- Low Awareness of Press Challenges: The reversed gap suggests a lack of public awareness about the extent of media control, censorship, or intimidation. Eg: Many Indians attribute misinformation to social media platforms rather than government control.
- Potential for Justifying State Control: Since many believe the media is already free, there is less pressure on governments to ensure genuine press freedom, and greater acceptance of censorship. Eg: High public tolerance allows laws and actions against journalists to go unchallenged.
Way forward:Â
- Enhance Media Literacy and Public Awareness: Launch nationwide campaigns to educate citizens about the role of a free press, the risks of censorship, and the importance of independent journalism. Eg: School curricula and public broadcasts can include modules on identifying misinformation and understanding media freedom.
- Strengthen Institutional Safeguards for Press Freedom: Enact legal and institutional reforms to protect journalists from harassment, ensure transparency in state actions, and promote accountability in media regulation. Eg: Independent media commissions and judicial safeguards against misuse of laws like UAPA.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2014] What do you understand by the concept âfreedom of speech and expressionâ? Does it cover hate speech also? Why do the films in India stand on a slightly different plane from other forms of expression? Discuss.
Linkage: “Freedom of speech and expression”, which is guaranteed by Article 19(1)(a) of the Indian Constitution and forms the fundamental basis for press freedom in India.Â
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Why in the News?
The India Meteorological Department (IMD) has predicted that the rainfall during the June-September southwest monsoon season will be higher than usual, around 105% of the average rainfall over a long period.
What are the main factors that influence the Indian monsoon, as mentioned by the IMD?
- El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO): El Niño, which is characterized by warming sea surface temperatures in the Pacific Ocean, tends to reduce monsoon rainfall over India. Eg, during the 2015 El Niño event, India experienced a weakened monsoon and below-normal rainfall.
- Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD): The IOD refers to temperature differences between the western and eastern Indian Ocean. A positive IOD (warmer waters in the west) is typically linked to above-average rainfall in India, while a negative IOD can lead to drought conditions. Eg,2019 saw a positive IOD, which helped counterbalance the El Niño and brought more rainfall.
- Himalayan Snow Cover: As observed by Blanford, the amount of snow accumulation in the Himalayas influences the monsoon. A thicker snow cover in the winter months often leads to increased rainfall during the subsequent monsoon. Eg, years with heavy snowfall in the Himalayas tend to see better monsoon rainfall in regions like Northwest India.
How did Blanford contribute to the development of monsoon forecasting in India?
- Identified the Snow-Monsoon Relationship: Blanford discovered an inverse relationship between the amount of snow accumulated in the Himalayas during winter and the subsequent monsoon rainfall over India. He hypothesized that greater snow accumulation led to a stronger monsoon. This was the basis for early monsoon predictions. Eg: Between 1882-1885, Blanford used Himalayan snow cover data to predict the intensity of the monsoon, marking a key step in systematic weather forecasting.
- First Long-Range Forecast (1886): Blanford made Indiaâs first long-range monsoon forecast in 1886, predicting the seasonal rainfall across India and Burma based on his snow-rain hypothesis. This was a pioneering effort in utilizing long-term data for weather predictions. Eg: Blanfordâs 1886 forecast was the first to consider annual snowfall patterns in the Himalayas to predict the monsoonâs arrival and intensity across the entire Indian subcontinent.
- Foundation for Modern Meteorology: Blanfordâs work laid the foundation for further development in meteorology and forecasting. His research on snow cover influenced future meteorologists, including Sir John Eliot and Sir Gilbert Walker, who refined and expanded his methods using new data sources and statistical models. Eg: Blanfordâs ideas directly influenced later meteorologists, helping to evolve more comprehensive models, including those considering global atmospheric factors.
Why were IMDâs forecasts inaccurate between 1932 and 1987?
- Outdated Predictors: The parameters identified by Sir Gilbert Walker, such as the Southern Oscillation and other atmospheric factors, had lost their significance over time, meaning their relationship with the monsoon was no longer consistent. This led to inaccurate forecasts. Eg: For instance, in the period 1932-1987, the forecast errors were significant, with average errors of 12.33 cm for the peninsula and 9.9 cm for Northwest India, indicating the failure of the existing model.
- Failure to Adapt to New Data: Despite attempts to tweak Walkerâs model, the IMD did not fully integrate new meteorological data and evolving atmospheric conditions, leading to persistent inaccuracies in monsoon prediction. Eg: The model failed to predict the 1987 drought, highlighting the inadequacy of the forecasting system during this period and the inability to account for changing atmospheric patterns.
How has the IMDâs forecasting system improved since 2007?
- Introduction of Statistical Ensemble Forecasting System (SEFS): In 2007, the IMD introduced the SEFS, which combined multiple models to generate a more robust prediction. This reduced the error margin and improved the accuracy of forecasts by considering different possible outcomes. Eg: The SEFS helped reduce the average absolute error in forecasts between 2007 and 2018 to 5.95% of the long-period average (LPA), compared to a higher 7.94% error in the earlier period (1995-2006).
- Launch of the Monsoon Mission Coupled Forecasting System (MMCFS): In 2012, the IMD launched the MMCFS, which integrated ocean, atmosphere, and land data for more accurate predictions. This coupled dynamic model enabled better predictions by accounting for the interactions between various climate factors. Eg: The MMCFS contributed to more accurate monsoon forecasts in the years following its introduction, helping the IMD predict monsoon patterns with greater precision.
What impact did the Monsoon Mission Coupled Forecasting System (MMCFS) have on IMDâs accuracy?
- Improved Forecast Accuracy by Integrating Multiple Data Sources: The MMCFS combined data from the ocean, atmosphere, and land, allowing for a more holistic and accurate monsoon forecast. This helped the IMD provide more reliable predictions by considering the dynamic interactions between various climate components. Eg: After the introduction of MMCFS in 2012, the IMD was able to produce more precise monsoon predictions, particularly in terms of seasonal rainfall.
- Enhanced Long-Term Predictive Capabilities: The coupled model allowed the IMD to improve long-term monsoon predictions by simulating real-world climate interactions more accurately, reducing errors in forecasting and enhancing the reliability of predictions over longer time spans. Eg: The model helped improve predictions such as the 2014 monsoon season, where the forecast matched the actual rainfall more closely than earlier years, highlighting its effectiveness in reducing forecast errors.
Way forward:Â
- Integration of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning: Leveraging AI and ML can further refine IMD’s forecasting models by analyzing vast datasets more efficiently and identifying hidden patterns in climate behavior, improving the accuracy of short- and long-term monsoon predictions.
- Collaboration with Global Climate Agencies: Strengthening partnerships with international climate research institutions can enhance data sharing and provide more comprehensive insights into global climate drivers affecting the Indian monsoon.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2015] How far do you agree that the behavior of the Indian monsoon has been changing due to humanizing landscapes? Discuss.
Linkage: Forecasting is essential for understanding the behavior of the Indian monsoon. This article explores the evolution of monsoon forecasting in India, particularly by the India Meteorological Department (IMD).
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Why in the News?
India’s growing economy has sparked discussions on using arbitration to handle increasing commercial disputes. The overburdened court system makes arbitration a popular choice, but questions remain about its effectiveness.
What are the two key parameters that define the credibility and legitimacy of Indian arbitration?
- Efficient Conduct of Arbitral Proceedings: Arbitrators must manage timelines, procedures, and hearings to avoid unnecessary delays and ensure speedy resolution. Eg: In a construction contract dispute, an arbitrator who ensures hearings happen on schedule and avoids multiple adjournments boosts arbitration credibility.
- Quality of Arbitral Awards: Arbitral awards must be factually accurate, well-reasoned, and legally sound so they can withstand court scrutiny. Eg: In a technology dispute, an arbitrator who carefully analyses technical evidence and explains compensation calculation clearly ensures the award is respected and upheld.
Why has the identification of elite Indian arbitrators primarily with retired judges been seen as a limitation?
- Over-Reliance on Judicial Experience: Assumes judicial skills alone are enough for arbitration, without adapting to arbitrationâs flexible needs. Eg: A retired judge may strictly follow civil procedure rules, causing unnecessary delays in arbitration.
- Court-like Procedures in Arbitration: Arbitrations tend to mimic lengthy court processes, losing their speed and efficiency advantage. Eg: Instead of quick hearings, a retired judge-arbitrator may insist on prolonged cross-examinations like a courtroom trial.
- Poorly Reasoned Awards: Awards by some retired judges may lack commercial understanding and detailed reasoning, leading to challenges and setting-aside in courts. Eg: In a business valuation dispute, an arbitrator may issue an award without deeply analysing financial reports, making it vulnerable to appeal.
- Lack of Soft Skills and International Best Practices: Many retired judges are unfamiliar with global arbitration practices and soft skills like consensus-building within a tribunal. Eg: In an international arbitration panel, an Indian retired judge might struggle to navigate cultural differences or informal deliberations.
- Limited Diversity of Expertise: Arbitration needs experts from various fields (engineering, finance, tech), not just law, to handle complex technical disputes. Eg: In a complex infrastructure project dispute, a technical expert-arbitrator could resolve issues faster than a purely legal expert.
Who plays the most decisive role in ensuring the efficiency and quality of arbitral proceedings in India?
- Arbitrators Set the Procedural Framework: They design and enforce the timelines, hearing schedules, and procedural rules to keep the arbitration efficient. Eg: An arbitrator can fix strict deadlines for filing evidence to avoid unnecessary extensions.
- Arbitrators Manage Disputes and Party Conduct: They resolve procedural disputes, manage party behavior, and can impose sanctions for delays or misconduct. Eg: If a party repeatedly seeks adjournments, the arbitrator can impose a cost penalty to maintain discipline.
- Arbitrators Deliver Final, Reasoned Awards: They are responsible for writing high-quality, logical, and well-supported awards that stand strong in judicial review. Eg: In a financial fraud arbitration, a well-reasoned award citing expert evidence and quantifying losses strengthens the awardâs credibility.
What are the steps taken by the Indian government?Â
- Legislative Reforms: Passed the Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Acts (2015, 2019, 2021) to reduce court interference, set strict timelines, and promote institutional arbitration. Eg: Introduction of a 12-month time limit to complete arbitration proceedings.
- Establishment of Institutions: Set up the India International Arbitration Centre (IIAC) in New Delhi to promote institutional arbitration at par with global standards. Eg: IIAC aims to handle both domestic and international arbitrations efficiently.
- Promoting Training and Accreditation: Government encouraged specialized training programs and certifications for arbitrators, including support for professional bodies like the Chartered Institute of Arbitrators (CIArb) India branch. Eg: Collaboration with global arbitration bodies to train Indian arbitrators in international best practices.
|
How can the Indian arbitration ecosystem diversify and improve the quality of its arbitrators? (Way forward)
- Diversify the Pool of Arbitrators: Include not just retired judges and advocates, but also trained professionals from fields like engineering, finance, and technology. Eg: Appointing a financial expert as arbitrator in a complex banking dispute can lead to faster and better-informed decisions.
- Mandatory Training and Accreditation: Every arbitrator, regardless of background, must undergo rigorous training through specialized certificate courses and workshops. Eg: A retired judge attending an international arbitration course learns modern practices like fast-track arbitration and efficient evidence management.
- Promote a Culture of Professional Arbitration: Build an ecosystem where arbitration is seen as a specialized profession, not as a secondary option to court litigation. Eg: Creating prestigious professional associations and ranking systems for arbitrators can motivate continuous learning and excellence.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2024] Explain and distinguish between Lok Adalats and Arbitration Tribunals. Whether they entertain civil as well as criminal cases ?
Linkage: Arbitration Tribunals, requiring an understanding of their nature and function as a form of dispute resolution, which is the central theme of the Article.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
PYQ Relevance:
[UPSC 2022] The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009 remains inadequate in promoting incentive-based system for childrenâs education without generating awareness about the importance of schooling. Analyse.
Linkage: Teaching children about food and nutrition in schools can help them learn healthy eating habits early on. This supports the idea that education should go beyond just books and include lessons that improve their overall well-being. |
Mentorâs Comment:Â At the Paris Nutrition for Growth Summit, the UNGA extended the Decade of Action on Nutrition to 2030, aiming to align with the SDGs and sustain global efforts to end malnutrition. This marks a crucial shift from merely food access to understanding eating behaviours, especially in children, linking nutrition with health, education, equity, and environmental sustainability
Todayâs editorial examines the extension of the United Nations Decade of Action on Nutrition to 2030, offering valuable insights relevant to GS Paper 2 (Health and Education) in the UPSC Mains.
_
Let’s learn!
Why in the News?
Food knowledge is now a necessity; we need to move beyond simply giving children food to also teaching them how to eat healthy.
What is the significance of extending the United Nations Decade of Action on Nutrition to 2030?
- Continued Global Focus on Ending Malnutrition: The extension ensures that efforts to end malnutritionâin all its formsâremain a priority on the global agenda. The original timeframe (2016-2025) was extended to maintain momentum in addressing undernutrition, obesity, and micronutrient deficiencies. Eg: It helps further the work initiated through the Global Nutrition Targets (World Health Organization), such as reducing childhood stunting and addressing maternal anemia, which are key components of the Decade of Action.
- Aligning Nutrition Efforts with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): The extension ensures better alignment with the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, particularly SDG 2: End hunger, achieve food security, improve nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture. Eg: This could strengthen efforts to integrate nutrition into food security policies, such as promoting sustainable farming practices that support both nutrition and the environment.
- Promoting Dietary Diversity and Healthy Eating: The Decade’s extension emphasizes the need for better education on dietary diversity and healthy eating habits. This shift is especially important in light of rising levels of obesity and diet-related diseases worldwide. Eg: Encouraging bio-diverse diets that include locally grown, seasonal foods to promote better health and reduce environmental impacts from food production.
- Addressing the Growing Challenge of Overweight and Obesity: The extension allows for a more comprehensive response to the growing global challenge of overweight and obesity, particularly in children and adolescents, which leads to chronic diseases like diabetes and heart conditions. Eg: Policies supporting school nutrition programs and marketing restrictions on unhealthy food can be strengthened, as seen in countries like Mexico, which has implemented clear labeling for unhealthy foods.
- Enabling Improved Food Systems and Environmental Sustainability: The extension of the Decade is a chance to transform food systems to be more inclusive, sustainable, and nutrition-sensitive. Eg: The Food Systems Summit and its alignment with the Decadeâs goals will encourage the adoption of sustainable food production practices.
Why is it important to focus on the next 4,000 days of a childâs life, beyond the first 1,000 days?
- Critical Period for Adolescentsâ Growth and Development: The period from 2 to 18 years is when children experience rapid physical, emotional, and behavioral changes. This phase is crucial for addressing any nutritional deficits from the first 1,000 days and ensuring proper growth. Eg: Adequate nutrition during adolescence helps children catch up on growth and reduces the risk of stunting, which can impact long-term health and development.
- Preventing Long-Term Health Issues: Nutrition during the next 4,000 days plays a key role in reducing the risk of chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and heart disease that can develop due to poor dietary habits. Eg: If adolescents are provided with proper nutrition and healthy eating habits, they are less likely to develop obesity-related issues in adulthood, as shown by long-term studies on childhood obesity prevention.
- Building Healthy Habits for Life: The nutritional choices children make during their adolescent years influence their lifelong eating patterns. Teaching children to make healthy choices during this period sets the foundation for their future eating habits. Eg: Education on balanced diets and the importance of vegetables, fruits, and whole grains in school programs can help prevent future generations from falling into unhealthy eating patterns.
- Cognitive and Emotional Development: Proper nutrition during these years supports not only physical growth but also cognitive and emotional development. Nutritional deficiencies can impair brain function and emotional well-being, leading to issues in learning, concentration, and mental health. Eg: Nutrients like iron and omega-3 fatty acids are essential for brain development. Schools providing meals rich in these nutrients see improved cognitive performance and better emotional resilience among students.
- Addressing Gender Inequality and Social Impact: Adequate nutrition in adolescence, especially for girls, can help break the cycle of poverty and malnutrition by empowering them to reach their full potential, contributing to both personal well-being and community development. Eg: Self-Employed Women’s Association (SEWA) program in India that targets young girls’ education and nutrition to improve their future roles in society.
Where can children best be taught to build healthy eating habits?Â
- Schools: Schools are ideal places to teach children healthy eating habits, as they can reach a large number of children and provide structured education on nutrition. School-based programs can include lessons on food choices, meal planning, and the importance of a balanced diet. Eg: In countries like Finland, students are taught about food, nutrition, and the environmental impact of food choices from a young age, with healthy meals provided in school canteens.
- Home and Family: Parents play a crucial role in shaping children’s eating habits, as they control the food environment at home. Teaching children to make healthy food choices can begin in the kitchen, with parents modeling healthy behaviors and involving children in meal preparation. Eg: Families that cook together tend to make healthier food choices, as seen in research by the American Dietetic Association, where children who participate in preparing meals are more likely to eat fruits and vegetables.
- Community Programs and Initiatives: Local community centers and health programs can offer opportunities for children to learn about nutrition outside the school environment. These programs often provide workshops, cooking classes, and activities that teach children how to make healthy choices in a fun, engaging way. Eg: The âVeggie Vanâ initiative in the U.S. brings fresh produce and nutrition education to underserved communities, helping children learn healthy eating habits in a community-based setting.
- Public Health Campaigns: Public health campaigns, through media and outreach programs, can educate children on the importance of nutrition. Campaigns targeting children through TV, social media, and even mobile apps can reinforce healthy eating habits at an early age. Eg: The âChange4Lifeâ campaign in the UK targets families and children with educational content about healthy eating and physical activity, encouraging healthy habits through accessible and relatable messaging.
What are the steps taken by Indian Government?
- National Education Policy (NEP) 2020: The NEP 2020 emphasizes integrating nutrition and health education into the school curriculum. It encourages schools to include aspects of nutrition, healthy eating, and sustainable food practices in their teaching. Â
- School Health and Wellness Programme (SHWP): This program, launched by the Ministry of Education, aims to improve the overall well-being of children through health and nutrition awareness campaigns, including healthy eating practices, physical activity, and mental health support. Â
- Mid-Day Meal Scheme: This scheme is aimed at improving the nutritional status of children in government and government-aided schools by providing them with free nutritious meals during school hours. The government ensures that the meals meet dietary standards, focusing on providing balanced nutrition. Â
- Poshan Abhiyaan (National Nutrition Mission): Launched in 2018, Poshan Abhiyaan aims to reduce malnutrition, stunting, and anemia among children, pregnant women, and lactating mothers. The initiative includes awareness campaigns, community-based nutrition interventions, and regular monitoring of children’s health. Eg: Under Poshan Abhiyaan, the government has introduced the ICDS (Integrated Child Development Services) platform for tracking the health and nutrition of children, which helps in better delivery of nutrition services.
- Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) Initiatives: FSSAI has launched programs like âEat Right Indiaâ to educate citizens, including children, about healthy eating habits. This initiative aims to promote balanced diets, food safety, and sustainable eating practices in schools and communities.
|
Way forward:Â
- Enhance Community-Based Nutrition Programs: Strengthen local initiatives and integrate nutrition education into community centers, schools, and healthcare systems to ensure wider access to information and healthier food choices.
- Increase Public-Private Partnerships: Encourage collaboration between the government, private sector, and NGOs to innovate in food production, distribution, and education, ensuring sustainable and nutritious food options are accessible to all.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Why in the News?
Despite global trade challenges and stock market fluctuations, India remains a strong and resilient economy. By using its young population and technological strengths, India has the potential to turn difficulties into opportunities. With its rich tradition of storytelling, India’s Media & Entertainment (M&E) sector aims to connect creators around the world through the vision of âCreate in India, Create for the World.â
What is the vision behind Indiaâs Media & Entertainment (M&E) sector as outlined in the WAVES 2025 initiative?
- Global Creative Leadership: India aims to emerge as a âCreative Powerhouseâ, encouraging the creation of world-class content that resonates globally through the âCreate in India, Create for the Worldâ vision. Eg: Namit Malhotraâs DNEG delivered Oscar-winning VFX for Dune 2, showcasing Indiaâs global capability.
- Fostering Innovation and Startups: The vision promotes a vibrant M&E startup ecosystem through WAVEXâoffering funding, mentorship, and exposure in areas like gaming, AR/VR, animation, and AI. Eg: WAVEX supports startups like Erucanavis Technologies (AI-driven ads) and Amaze Studios (VR storytelling).
- Cultural and Technological Synergy: It seeks to blend Indiaâs rich cultural heritage with digital innovation, empowering young creators and expanding Indiaâs influence in entertainment, education, and digital media. Eg: InscapeXR uses immersive media to transform learning experiences through storytelling.
Who are some notable contributors and startups exemplifying Indiaâs growing influence in the global creative industry?
- DNEG (Namit Malhotra): Indiaâs presence in high-end global cinema has grown significantly. Eg: DNEG, led by Namit Malhotra, delivered Oscar-winning VFX for Dune 2, showcasing Indiaâs prowess in visual effects and animation.
- Erucanavis Technologies: Innovation in ad-tech is pushing the boundaries of user interaction. Eg: Erucanavis is developing AI-driven playable ads, transforming digital advertising formats globally.
- Lapwing Studios: Women-led creative startups are gaining recognition and scale. Eg: Lapwing Studios is supported under WAVEX, promoting inclusivity in Indiaâs Media & Entertainment sector.
- Amaze Studios: New-age storytelling formats are reshaping viewer experiences. Eg: Amaze Studios focuses on immersive storytelling through VR and animation, enhancing narrative depth.
- InscapeXR: Ed-tech is merging with creative media to revolutionize learning. Eg: InscapeXR uses extended reality (XR) to create immersive educational content, blending creativity with pedagogy.
How does WAVEX aim to support and scale startups in Indiaâs creative economy?
- Mentorship: WAVEX connects startups with industry leaders for strategic guidance and capacity building Eg: Startups like Vygr Media gain mentorship on scaling content for global audiences.
- Funding Access: It facilitates financial support to overcome capital barriers for creative ventures. Eg: Women-led startups such as Lapwing Studios receive funding through WAVEX platforms.
- Global Exposure: WAVEX offers international visibility and networking with global investors and buyers. Eg: Over 5,900 buyers at the WAVES Bazaar help startups like Amaze Studios find global partners.
- Tech Integration: It supports innovation in tech-driven media fields like AR/VR, AI, and the metaverse. Eg: Erucanavis Technologies is leveraging WAVEX support to expand AI-based playable ads.
- Inclusive Ecosystem: WAVEX promotes diversity by uplifting women-led and regional startups in M&E. Eg: Initiatives like Vision Impact promote inclusive ed-tech innovation through immersive storytelling.
Why is India uniquely positioned to become a global creative powerhouse?
- Demographic Dividend: India has a large, young population that fuels creativity and innovation across media sectors. Eg: WAVEX connects this youthful energy with global platforms to scale creative startups.
- Technological Capability: India has strong digital infrastructure and IT expertise that power cutting-edge content creation. Eg: DNEG, led by Namit Malhotra, delivered Oscar-winning VFX in Dune 2, showcasing Indiaâs tech strength.
- Cultural Heritage: A rich legacy of storytelling, arts, and performance adds depth to creative expression. Eg: From classical dance to comics, Indian creators blend tradition with modern formats.
- Government Support: Policy initiatives like WAVES 2025 foster a robust startup ecosystem for M&E. Eg: WAVEX provides funding, mentorship, and exposure to startups in AR/VR and AI-driven media.
- Global Vision: India is aiming to create content not just for domestic audiences, but for the world. Eg: The âCreate in India, Create for the Worldâ initiative positions India as a content export hub.
What are the challenges?Â
- Access to Capital and Funding: Many startups in Indiaâs creative sector face difficulty in securing adequate funding and investment. Despite government support through initiatives like Start-up India, access to venture capital and global investors remains a challenge for emerging companies. Eg: Small animation studios or VR companies, such as Amaze Studios, often struggle to scale due to limited financial resources.
- Infrastructure Gaps: While the government has made significant strides in developing digital infrastructure, there are still gaps in areas like high-quality production facilities, broadband connectivity, and tech training centers. Smaller cities and rural areas, in particular, face challenges in accessing the necessary resources to contribute to the global creative industry. Eg: The lack of advanced digital infrastructure in tier-2 cities restricts the growth of tech-driven creative startups.
Way forward:Â
- Enhanced Funding Support and Investment Channels: Strengthen access to venture capital and government-backed funding, especially for emerging creative startups, through dedicated investment platforms and incentives. Eg: Expanding initiatives like Start-up India to include sector-specific funding for M&E startups in animation, AR/VR, and AI.
- Improved Infrastructure and Regional Connectivity: Invest in high-quality production facilities, fast-track broadband connectivity, and tech training programs across tier-2 cities and rural areas to bridge the infrastructure gap. Eg: Setting up regional M&E hubs outside major cities to create localized opportunities for tech-driven creative startups.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2023] What is the status of digitalization in the Indian economy? Examine the problems faced in this regard and suggest improvements.
Linkage: The “A chance for Indiaâs creative ecosystem to make waves” text highlights the shift from traditional film-making to digital production and the role of technology like AI and VR/AR in the M&E sector. This PYQ on digitalisation is relevant as the growth of the creative ecosystem is heavily reliant on digital infrastructure and technologies.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Why in the News?
After the Pahalgam terror attack, India responded by putting the 1960 Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) on hold and announced several other diplomatic steps. In return, Pakistan said it would also consider suspending all bilateral agreements with India, including the Simla Agreement.
What are the key reasons cited by India for holding the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) âin abeyanceâ?
- Fundamental Change in Circumstances: India argues that since the treatyâs signing in 1960, there has been a drastic shift in population demographics and developmental needs, especially the urgent requirement for clean energy. Eg: Indiaâs push for hydropower projects on western rivers like Kishanganga and Ratle reflects its clean energy goals.
- Violation of Good Faith Principle: India claims that Pakistan has not acted in good faith, as evidenced by its continuous sponsorship of cross-border terrorism, which undermines mutual trust required under international treaties. Eg: The recent Pahalgam terror attack is cited as part of a pattern of hostile actions.
- Obstruction in Treaty Implementation: India points to Pakistanâs resistance and obstructionist approach in dispute resolution and infrastructure development under the treaty framework. Eg: In 2016, Pakistan bypassed the Neutral Expert process and approached the Permanent Court of Arbitration directly, delaying dam projects.
Why is the term âhold in abeyanceâ not considered valid under international law, especially in the context of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT)?
- âAbeyanceâ Not Recognised in VCLT Terminology: The VCLT only recognises terms like âterminationâ and âsuspensionâ of treatiesânot âabeyance.â Hence, âholding a treaty in abeyanceâ has no formal legal status or procedural clarity under international law. Eg: Article 62 of the VCLT provides for treaty termination due to fundamental change in circumstances, but does not mention or define âabeyance.â
- High Threshold for Fundamental Change: Even under Article 62, âfundamental change in circumstancesâ must directly relate to the core purpose of the treaty, and meet strict criteria set by international jurisprudence, particularly the ICJ. Eg: In the 1984 Nicaragua v. United States case, the ICJ rejected the US claim that a political shift in Nicaragua was a fundamental change justifying treaty exit.
How does the dispute resolution mechanism under the Indus Waters Treaty function? & What are its three tiers?
- Permanent Indus Commission (PIC) â First Tier: Both India and Pakistan appoint Commissioners who meet regularly to resolve technical and implementation issues bilaterally. This is the first step in resolving disputes. Eg: Disagreements over annual data sharing or small projects are often addressed at this level.
- Neutral Expert â Second Tier: If the issue remains unresolved, either country can request the World Bank to appoint a Neutral Expert for technical matters such as design parameters of projects. Eg: In 2005, a Neutral Expert was appointed to resolve the Baglihar Dam dispute between India and Pakistan.
- Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) â Third Tier: If the issue is legal or political, or if technical resolution fails, the matter can be escalated to the Permanent Court of Arbitration, facilitated by the World Bank. Eg: In 2016, Pakistan skipped the Neutral Expert stage and approached the PCA over the Kishanganga and Ratle projects, which India opposed.
When did Pakistan previously bypass the neutral expert stage under the IWT?
- Bypassing in 2016 Over Indian Hydropower Projects: In 2016, Pakistan directly approached the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) over Indiaâs construction of the Kishanganga and Ratle hydroelectric projects, skipping the Neutral Expert stage meant for resolving technical disputes. Eg: Pakistan alleged that Indiaâs designs violated the IWTâs specifications regarding spillway structures and pondage levels.
- India’s Objection to Parallel Proceedings: India strongly opposed this move, stating that the IWT does not allow parallel proceedings at both the Neutral Expert and PCA stages for the same issue. India refused to participate in the PCA process and called for dispute resolution through the Neutral Expert instead. Eg: India maintained that allowing parallel processes undermines the treatyâs dispute resolution structure.
Which Simla Agreement clauses are âbest endeavour clausesâ and why are they non-binding?
- Nature of Language â Non-Mandatory Phrasing: Clauses in the Simla Agreement use soft language such as âshall preventâ or âpending final settlementâ rather than definitive legal commands. This implies a diplomatic intention rather than enforceable obligations. Eg: âPending the final settlement⊠both sides shall prevent⊠acts detrimental to peaceful relationsâ is advisory, not obligatory.
- Absence of Enforcement or Penalty Mechanism: The agreement does not specify consequences for violations, nor does it include a dispute resolution framework. This makes compliance a matter of political will rather than legal duty. Eg: Despite ceasefire violations and the 1999 Kargil conflict, no legal action could be taken under the Simla Agreement.
- Meant to Guide, Not Compel: These clauses are seen as guiding principles or diplomatic assurances, commonly called âbest endeavour clausesâ in international law, which reflect a commitment to try but not an obligation to achieve. Eg: The agreement promotes bilateralism, but repeated internationalization of Kashmir by Pakistan hasn’t attracted treaty penalties.
Way forward:Â
- Treaty Modernisation Through Bilateral Dialogue: India and Pakistan should initiate structured negotiations to update the Indus Waters Treaty, aligning it with present-day challenges like climate change, clean energy needs, and population growth.
- Strengthen Dispute Resolution with Third-Party Mediation Rules: Introduce clear procedural timelines and limitations on bypassing dispute tiers (e.g., Neutral Expert stage) to ensure consistency, transparency, and mutual trust in treaty enforcement.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2016] Present an account of the Indus Water Treaty and examine its ecological, economic and political implications in the context of changing bilateral relations.
Linkage: The Indus Water Treaty is very important in the current situation where it’s being “put on hold.” It directly relates to the changing relationship between India and Pakistan, which is the main reason behind this move.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Why in the News?
The chances of Kurds achieving statehood have improved, but they are still divided by national, tribal, and internal ethnic differences.
What is the current geopolitical situation in West Asia?
- Rising Tensions Between Israel and Arab States: The Israeli government’s hardline stance on the Palestinian issue is at odds with Arab nationsâ insistence on a two-state solution. The expansion of the Abraham Accords, which normalized relations between Israel and certain Arab countries, is now being challenged by this conflict. Eg, the Israeli government’s policies have led to a strained relationship with countries like Saudi Arabia and Egypt, who continue to push for Palestinian statehood.
- Weakened Iran and Resumption of U.S. Pressure: Iran’s geopolitical influence is diminishing due to both internal instability and external pressure from the U.S., including sanctions and military threats. Iran has agreed to negotiate its nuclear program as part of this dynamic. Eg, the U.S. has imposed “maximum pressure” tactics, leading to renewed discussions on Iran’s nuclear capabilities, showing a shift in regional power balances.
- Economic Instability Due to Declining Oil Prices: The decline in oil prices by 20% in 2025 has raised concerns about the economic stability of the region, which heavily depends on oil exports. This has already caused volatility in the economies of Gulf countries, impacting countries like Saudi Arabia and the UAE, where the oil sector is a significant source of revenue.
How is it impacting the Kurdish quest for statehood?
- Weakened Regional Powers Create Opportunities for Kurdish Autonomy: The instability and weakening of central authorities in Iraq, Syria, and Iran have created opportunities for Kurdish groups to assert autonomy and establish a foothold in the region. Eg, the Kurdish Regional Government (KRG) in Iraq has gained considerable autonomy since the 1990s, and the Kurdish Self Defense Forces (SDF) control significant portions of northern Syria, both reflecting a push for Kurdish statehood amidst regional chaos.
- Absence of a Unifying Kurdish National Movement: Despite these opportunities, the Kurds lack a unifying ideology or transnational political entity to consolidate their ambitions for statehood. Eg, while some Kurdish factions in Iraq and Syria have made strides towards self-governance, the absence of a coordinated regional Kurdish political structure has hindered their ability to form a fully recognized Kurdish state.
Why did the Kurds fail to achieve statehood after the 1920 Treaty of Sevres?
- Opposition from the Turkish Nationalists: The Treaty of Sevres in 1920 promised the Kurds an autonomous state in eastern Turkey, but it was thwarted by the rise of Turkish nationalism under Mustafa Kemal AtatĂŒrk. Eg, the Turkish nationalist movement rejected the idea of a Kurdish state, and AtatĂŒrk’s forces succeeded in establishing the Republic of Turkey, which vehemently opposed Kurdish autonomy.
- Geopolitical Interests of Western Powers: The Western powers, who supported the Treaty of Sevres, were more focused on dismantling the Ottoman Empire and securing their own geopolitical interests in the region, rather than prioritizing Kurdish self-determination. Eg, the Treaty was eventually replaced by the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923, which ignored Kurdish aspirations and reinforced the territorial integrity of Turkey, sidelining the Kurds.
How has Turkish repression of Kurds led to the formation of the PKK (Kurdistan Workers’ Party)?
- Suppression of Kurdish Identity: Turkish repression of Kurdish culture, language, and political rights led to widespread resentment among the Kurdish population. Eg, in the 1980s, the Turkish government officially classified Kurds as “mountain Turks” and banned the use of the Kurdish language, which prompted a reaction from Kurdish activists.
- Formation of the PKK (Kurdistan Workersâ Party): In 1978, Abdullah Ăcalan founded the PKK to demand Kurdish independence through armed struggle, responding to decades of discrimination and oppression. Eg, the PKK launched an insurgency in 1984, which led to a prolonged conflict with the Turkish state, causing tens of thousands of deaths.
What role has the Kurdish Self-Defence Force (SDF) played in Syria?Â
- Fighting Against Terrorist Groups: The Kurdish Self Defence Force (SDF) played a crucial role in fighting against ISIS and al-Qaeda in Syria, particularly in the northern regions. Eg, the SDF, with support from the U.S., was instrumental in the liberation of Raqqa, the de facto capital of ISIS, in 2017.
- Control Over Syrian Territories: The SDF currently controls nearly 40% of Syria, establishing significant political and military influence. Eg, the SDF’s control over areas like Kobani and Manbij has been a source of tension with Turkey, which accuses the SDF of having links to the PKK.
How is the potential reduction of American military presence affecting their future?
- Loss of Strategic Support for Kurdish Forces: The reduction of American military presence in Syria could undermine the Kurdish Self-Defense Forces (SDF), who have heavily relied on U.S. military support in their fight against groups like ISIS. Without this backing, the SDF may face greater vulnerability to Turkish military operations, which view the Kurdish forces as aligned with the PKK. Eg: The SDF’s influence in Syria could diminish, particularly in regions where they have fought hard to establish autonomy, such as in the northeast of the country.
- Increased Regional Instability: The pullback of U.S. forces could embolden regional powers like Turkey, Iran, and Syria to exert more control over Kurdish regions, weakening their position in any future negotiations for statehood or autonomy. It could lead to more internal conflict and repression within Kurdish-majority areas. Eg: Turkey, already critical of the SDF’s alignment with PKK, could launch more aggressive military operations, further displacing Kurdish communities in Syria.
How can India take advantage of it? (Way Forward)
- Strategic Partnerships and Influence in West Asia: India can leverage the evolving geopolitical dynamics in West Asia to strengthen its strategic ties with Kurdish regions, particularly in Iraq and Syria. India can increase its diplomatic and economic engagement with Kurdish political entities to gain influence in the region. Eg: India can build stronger relations with the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) in Iraq, offering support in areas like education, healthcare, and infrastructure, which may enhance India’s influence in the region.
- Energy and Trade Opportunities: As Kurdish regions, especially in Iraq, are rich in oil resources, India can increase its energy imports from Kurdish-controlled areas. Securing energy deals with the KRG could help India diversify its energy supply sources and reduce reliance on traditional suppliers. Eg: India could expand its participation in oil exploration and infrastructure projects in the Kurdish region, similar to its involvement in the development of oil fields in Iraq.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2019] Explain how the foundations of the modern world were laid by the American and French revolution.
Linkage: Both the American and French Revolutions championed the ideals of self-determination and nationalism, which have been significant drivers for various ethnic groups, including the Kurds, seeking statehood. Understanding the impact of these revolutions on the formation of the modern nation-state system provides a broader context for the Kurdish quest.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Why in the News?
On April 23, the Supreme Court told Tamil Nadu Minister V. Senthilbalaji, who has been out on bail since September 2024 in a money laundering case, to choose between keeping his position or his freedom. This was an expected statement.
Why did the Supreme Court question V. Senthilbalajiâs continuation in office while on bail?
- Conflict of Interest Between Bail and Office: The Supreme Court questioned V. Senthilbalaji’s continuation in office while on bail in a money laundering case, suggesting that he should choose between his ministerial position and his freedom. Eg: The Court pointed out the issue of a person facing serious criminal charges holding a high office of responsibility.
- Concerns About Potential Witness Tampering: The Court expressed concerns that Senthilbalaji might tamper with evidence or influence witnesses due to his position of power. Eg: Justice Okaâs remark that Senthilbalaji might prevent witnesses from testifying indicated the gravity of the situation.
- Premature Re-induction Into the Cabinet: The Supreme Court had previously granted bail to Senthilbalaji not on merits, but because he had already served one year in detention. His return to the Cabinet shortly after this raised doubts, as the Court had not cleared him of the charges. Eg: This was exemplified by the Court’s remark that it had made a “mistake” in granting him bail.
What concerns did the Supreme Court raise about Senthilbalaji’s conduct?
- Dishonest Conduct and Risk of Evidence Tampering: The Supreme Court raised concerns about Senthilbalaji’s dishonest conduct and the potential risk of him tampering with evidence or influencing witnesses in the case. Eg: Justice Oka’s remark about Senthilbalaji ensuring no witnesses come to the box reflected this concern.
- Inappropriate Return to the Cabinet While Facing Serious Charges: The Court questioned the propriety of Senthilbalaji being re-inducted into the Cabinet while facing serious criminal charges. Eg: The Court had previously stated that granting bail was not based on merits, but on the time already served, which raised doubts about his fitness for office.
Why is Senthilbalaji’s re-induction into the Cabinet legally scrutinized?
- Bail Conditions Not Fully Met: Senthilbalajiâs re-induction into the Cabinet is legally scrutinized because he was granted bail not on merits but on the ground that he had already spent one year in incarceration as an undertrial. Eg: The Court had questioned his return to the Cabinet just after granting him bail, highlighting concerns over his ongoing legal situation.
- Impact on Fair Trial and Public Perception: His re-induction raises questions about the fairness of his trial and the potential to undermine justice. Eg: The Supreme Court had earlier expressed its objection to his return to the Cabinet, stating that it could negatively affect the victims of the job scandal and the integrity of the trial process.
Why should Senthilbalaji avoid staying in the Cabinet?
- Legal and Ethical Concerns: Senthilbalaji’s continued stay in the Cabinet raises legal and ethical issues due to the money laundering case against him. Eg: The Supreme Courtâs remarks about the possibility of tampering with evidence and influencing witnesses highlight the risks of him holding a position of power while facing serious charges.
- Risk of Damage to Reputation and Governance: His re-induction into the Cabinet could harm the government’s reputation and undermine public trust in governance. Eg: The Court had earlier granted him bail on humanitarian grounds, not on merits, and his return to the Cabinet despite ongoing charges could be seen as improper, potentially leading to political fallout.
Way forward:Â
- Resignation for Upholding Integrity: Senthilbalaji should voluntarily resign from the Cabinet to maintain the integrity of the government and avoid further legal scrutiny.
- Clear Legal Resolution: A clear and swift legal resolution should be sought, ensuring that the charges are addressed transparently, without political interference, to restore public confidence.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2024] The Doctrine of Democratic Governance makes it necessary that the public perception of the integrity and commitment of civil servants becomes absolutely positive. Discuss.
Linkage: Although focused on civil servants, the underlying principle of integrity and public perception in governance is relevant to the case of a Minister like Mr. Senthilbalaji, especially given the Supreme Court’s observations on his conduct.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Why in the News?
Millions of people die early because of dirty air. But where does this air pollution come from?
Where do the majority of sulphur dioxide (SO2) emissions in India come from?
- Energy Production: The largest source of sulphur dioxide (SO2) emissions in India is energy production, primarily from coal-fired power plants. Eg, coal contains sulphur impurities that are released when it is burned, contributing significantly to SO2 pollution.
- Industrial Activities: Industries like cement production, steel manufacturing, and chemical plants also release SO2. Eg, the cement industry, which uses fossil fuels, is a major emitter of this pollutant.
What are the main sources of nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions?
- Transportation: The largest source of nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions is transportation, particularly from the exhaust of cars and trucks. Eg, diesel-powered vehicles, which burn fuel less efficiently, produce higher NOx emissions.
- Energy Production: The burning of coal and gas for electricity generation also significantly contributes to NOx emissions. Eg, power plants that burn coal release large amounts of NOx during the combustion process.
- Industrial Activities: Industrial processes such as manufacturing and chemical production also emit NOx. Eg, refineries and other heavy industries use high-temperature processes that release NOx as a byproduct.
What sectors are the biggest contributors to methane (CH4) emissions?
- Agriculture: The largest source of methane emissions, particularly from livestock digestion (enteric fermentation) and rice paddies. Eg, cows and other ruminants produce methane during digestion, and flooded rice fields emit methane as organic matter decomposes anaerobically.
- Waste Management: Methane is released from organic waste decomposing in landfills under anaerobic conditions. Eg, food waste rotting in landfills produces significant methane emissions.
- Fossil Fuel Extraction: Methane is emitted during the extraction, transport, and use of fossil fuels, especially natural gas. Eg, methane leaks from oil and gas pipelines, as well as from coal mines, contributing to atmospheric emissions.
How does agriculture contribute to ammonia (NH3) emissions and their health impacts?
- Agriculture: The application of nitrogen-based fertilizers is a major source of ammonia emissions. Eg, the use of urea fertilizers in crop fields results in ammonia volatilization when applied to the soil, contributing to air pollution.
- Livestock Waste: Ammonia is released from animal manure, especially from large-scale livestock farming. Eg, in intensive dairy and poultry farms, ammonia is emitted from urine and feces, leading to air and water pollution.
- Health Impacts: Ammonia contributes to the formation of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), which can cause respiratory issues, asthma, and premature deaths. Eg, exposure to ammonia-laden air in farming areas has been linked to increased health risks such as lung diseases and cardiovascular problems.
What are the steps taken by the Indian Government?
- National Clean Air Programme (NCAP): Launched in 2019, NCAP aims to reduce particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) pollution in 102 cities by 20-30% by 2024, with strategies focusing on controlling emissions from key sectors like transport, industries, and construction.
- Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana: This initiative aims to replace traditional biomass cooking methods with clean cooking technologies, such as LPG, to reduce black carbon emissions in rural areas.
- BS-VI Norms for Vehicles: The Indian government has enforced the Bharat Stage VI (BS-VI) emission standards from April 2020, which are aimed at significantly reducing nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate emissions from vehicles.
- Pollution Control Measures in Power Plants: The government has set deadlines for coal-fired power plants to comply with stricter emission norms for sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and particulate matter.
- Air Quality Monitoring and Data Collection: The government has set up a network of air quality monitoring stations across cities under the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and is working to improve real-time data collection on air quality.
|
Way forward:Â
- Shift to Clean Energy: Expand renewable energy use and enforce cleaner technologies in the power and industrial sectors to cut SOâ and NOâ emissions.
- Strengthen Enforcement & Awareness: Ensure strict implementation of air quality norms and raise public awareness on pollution-reducing practices.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2022] Discuss in detail the photochemical smog, emphasising its formation, effects and mitigation.
Linkage: Formation of a significant type of air pollution, photochemical smog, which is formed from primary pollutants like Nitrogen oxides (from transport and industry) reacting in the presence of sunlight [209, external knowledge]. Understanding the formation requires knowing the precursor pollutants and their sources.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Why in the News?
Recently, a number of court rulings have led many people to question the powers and intentions of the Supreme Court. Although criticism of the judiciary is not new, it has increased.
What is the significance of judicial review in the Indian Constitution?
- Upholds Constitutional Supremacy: Judicial review ensures that all laws and actions by the government are in line with the Constitution. Eg: In Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973), the Supreme Court held that Parliament cannot alter the basic structure of the Constitution, reinforcing constitutional supremacy.
- Protects Fundamental Rights: It provides a mechanism for individuals to challenge laws or executive actions that violate their fundamental rights. Eg: In Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India (1978), the court ruled that the right to life and personal liberty under Article 21 cannot be violated without just, fair, and reasonable procedure.
- Maintains Checks and Balances: Judicial review prevents arbitrary use of power by the legislature or executive, maintaining the balance of power among the three branches of government. Eg: In Minerva Mills v. Union of India (1980), the court struck down parts of the 42nd Amendment that tried to limit the power of judicial review itself, preserving the judiciaryâs role as a check on Parliament.
How is it related to Article 13?
- Declares Inconsistent Laws Void: Article 13(1) & (2) state that any law that violates Fundamental Rights is void to the extent of the violation. This empowers the judiciary to review and strike down such laws. Eg: In A.K. Gopalan v. State of Madras (1950), although the court upheld the Preventive Detention Act, the case established the judiciaryâs power to examine laws under Article 13.
- Forms the Basis for Judicial Review: Article 13 acts as the foundation for judicial review by mandating that all laws (past and future) must conform to Fundamental Rights. Eg: In Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973), the court used Article 13 to assert that even constitutional amendments are subject to judicial review if they violate the basic structure or Fundamental Rights.
- Ensures Protection Against State Actions: Article 13 defines âlawâ to include ordinances, orders, bye-laws, rules, regulations, etc., thereby subjecting all state actions to judicial scrutiny. Eg: In State of West Bengal v. Committee for Protection of Democratic Rights (2010), the court affirmed that Article 13 covers all state actions, ensuring their consistency with Fundamental Rights.
How did the Supreme Court’s activism during the Emergency impact its role in protecting democracy?
- Judicial Abdication in the ADM Jabalpur Case: The Court failed to protect civil liberties by ruling that even the right to life could be suspended during the Emergency. Eg: ADM Jabalpur v. Shivkant Shukla (1976) â The majority held that citizens had no remedy if the state detained them illegally during Emergency, weakening democratic safeguards.
- Erosion of Public Faith in Judiciary: The decision in ADM Jabalpur was widely criticized and seen as the Court yielding to executive pressure, leading to a decline in public confidence. Eg: Justice H.R. Khannaâs lone dissent defending civil liberties became a symbol of judicial integrity, but the majority judgment damaged the Courtâs image.
- Shift Towards Judicial Activism Post-Emergency: In response to its failure, the Court later adopted a more proactive role in defending rights through Public Interest Litigations (PILs). Eg: Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India (1978) â The Court expanded the scope of Article 21 (Right to Life and Personal Liberty), overturning its narrow view in earlier cases.
- Strengthening of Basic Structure Doctrine: After the Emergency, the judiciary reinforced its role as a guardian of the Constitution, making it clear that even Parliament cannot amend the basic structure. Eg: Minerva Mills v. Union of India (1980) â The Court reaffirmed that judicial review is a part of the basic structure and cannot be taken away.
- Restoration of Accountability and Civil Rights: The Court became more vigilant in ensuring that executive actions respect democratic principles and individual freedoms. Eg: The growth of PILs in the 1980s allowed the judiciary to directly address the grievances of the marginalized and hold the state accountable.
Why is the Supreme Courtâs power under Article 142 considered essential?
- Ensures Complete Justice in Exceptional Situations: Article 142 empowers the Supreme Court to pass any decree or order necessary for doing “complete justice” in any case before it, even if no specific law exists. Eg: Union Carbide Case (Bhopal Gas Tragedy, 1989) â The Court invoked Article 142 to ensure compensation for victims, overriding procedural hurdles.
- Fills Legislative or Procedural Gaps Temporarily: It allows the Court to address legal voids until Parliament or the executive acts, ensuring justice is not delayed due to technicalities. Eg: Supreme Court guidelines on sexual harassment at workplaces (Vishaka v. State of Rajasthan, 1997) â The Court framed guidelines under Article 142 in absence of legislation.
What are the concerns surrounding its misuse?
- Overreach and Violation of Separation of Powers: There is a risk that the Court might overstep its boundaries, encroaching on the domain of the executive or legislature, thus undermining the principle of separation of powers.Eg: Judicial intervention in policy matters â If the Court starts making decisions on matters that should be left to the government, like executive policies, it can be seen as an overreach.
- Potential for Arbitrary Decisions: The broad discretion granted by Article 142 can sometimes lead to arbitrary decisions, which may not align with established legal principles or may be seen as politically motivated. Eg: Judgment in the Babri Masjid Case (2019) â The Court’s intervention in the Babri case was criticized for favoring peace over legal principles, potentially opening doors for biased interpretations.
How does the judiciary uphold the Constitution without overstepping the separation of powers between the legislature and the executive?
- Judicial Review with Restraint: The judiciary exercises judicial review carefully, ensuring it only intervenes in cases where constitutional violations or fundamental rights are at stake, and refrains from delving into policy decisions better left to the executive or legislature. Eg: Right to Privacy Case (2017) â The Supreme Court upheld the right to privacy as a fundamental right, checking executive overreach but refraining from interfering with legislative or executive policy decisions.
- Respect for Legislative and Executive Domains: The judiciary respects the roles and powers of the legislature and executive, ensuring that it does not encroach on their function while interpreting the law within its constitutional framework. Eg: Constitutionality of the GST (2017) â The Supreme Court reviewed the constitutional validity of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) but did not interfere with the operational execution, leaving implementation to the executive.
Way forward:Â
- Ensure Judicial Independence: Strengthen mechanisms to safeguard the judiciary from executive and legislative influence, ensuring impartiality and constitutional integrity.
- Foster Collaborative Governance: Encourage constructive dialogue between the judiciary, legislature, and executive to maintain balance and prevent unnecessary judicial overreach.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2015] Starting from inventing the âbasic structureâ doctrine, the judiciary has played a highly proactive role in ensuring that India develops into a thriving democracy. In light of the statement, evaluate the role played by judicial activism in achieving the ideals of democracy.
Linkage: In this article, evaluate judicial activism. Some people see it as essential for protecting the Constitution, while others think it goes too far, interfering with the roles of the legislature and executive, and might even lead to judges having too much power.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Why in the News?
The Election Commission of India (ECI) is again trying to link Aadhaar with voter ID, claiming it will help remove fake voters, clean up the voter list, and make elections more fair. However, this move could put peopleâs right to vote at risk.
Why is Aadhaar-Voter ID linkage seen as a threat to voting rights?
- Risk of Mass Disenfranchisement: Linking Aadhaar with voter ID can lead to the wrongful deletion of genuine voters from electoral rolls due to data mismatches or errors in the Aadhaar database. Eg: In 2015, during the National Electoral Roll Purification and Authentication Programme, over 55 lakh voters were arbitrarily removed in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh, causing many to discover their names missing only on election day.
- Violation of the Right to Privacy and Autonomy: The linkage forces citizens to part with their Aadhaar information, effectively making a voluntary scheme coercive. It exposes citizens to data misuse and profiling by political actors. Eg: Form 6B requires Aadhaar submission or a declaration of non-possession, with no real opt-out, pressuring citizens to comply.
- Disproportionate Impact on Vulnerable Groups: Groups like the elderly, disabled, migrant workers, and rural residents face practical challenges in appearing before Electoral Officers to justify not having Aadhaar, putting their right to vote at risk. Eg: The proposed requirement for in-person appearance imposes an unreasonable burden, especially for people in remote or underserved areas.
How does the linkage affect vulnerable groups?
- Imposes Unreasonable Physical Burden: The requirement for in-person appearances before Electoral Registration Officers disproportionately affects individuals who may not be able to travel easily. Eg: Elderly citizens or persons with disabilities may find it extremely difficult to justify their non-submission of Aadhaar physically, leading to potential exclusion from the voter list.
- Excludes Migrants and Remote Populations: Migrant workers and people living in remote or underdeveloped regions may not have updated documents or easy access to Aadhaar centers, making compliance difficult. Eg: Migrant laborers, often on the move, may not have consistent records, leading to their disenfranchisement due to Aadhaar mismatches or absence.
- Leads to Arbitrary Deletions from Electoral Rolls: Errors in Aadhaar data or failure to link properly can result in the deletion of legitimate voters, especially those lacking digital literacy or assistance. Eg: During the 2015 Aadhaar-linking exercise, many daily wage workers and marginalized citizens in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana found their names deleted without prior notice.
Which past events highlight the risks of this linkage?
- 2015 Deletions under National Electoral Roll Purification and Authentication Programme (NERPAP): The Election Commission attempted Aadhaar-voter ID linkage in 2015, leading to large-scale deletion of genuine voters due to data mismatches. Eg: In Telangana and Andhra Pradesh, over 55 lakh voters were removed from rolls. Many citizens discovered this only on polling day, causing mass disenfranchisement.
- Supreme Court Stay in August 2015: Following the backlash from the 2015 deletions, the Supreme Court stayed the Aadhaar-voter ID linkage to prevent further voter exclusion. Eg: The Courtâs order halted the programme, citing privacy concerns and lack of legal backing, highlighting the constitutional risks involved.
- CAG Report on Aadhaar Database Flaws (2021): The Comptroller and Auditor General found serious flaws in the Aadhaar system, including duplications and unverifiable residency, raising concerns about its suitability for electoral verification. Eg: The CAG audit revealed that 4.75 lakh Aadhaar numbers were cancelled due to errors and duplication, showing how flawed data could wrongly affect voter rolls.
Way forward:Â
- Traditional Voter Verification Methods: Instead of relying on Aadhaar, the ECI should strengthen manual verification systems. Eg: Door-to-door verification by Booth Level Officers (BLOs) and in-person checks help maintain accuracy and uphold voter rights without risking exclusions.
- Independent Audits and Social Oversight: Introducing social audits and independent reviews of electoral rolls can enhance transparency and trust in the system. Eg: Public grievance redressal mechanisms and independent monitoring can prevent politically motivated manipulation and ensure fairness.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2024] Examine the need for electoral reforms as suggested by various committees with particular reference to âone nation-one electionâ principle.
Linakege: “one nation-one election,” it falls under the broader theme of electoral reforms. The article discusses a specific electoral reform, the Aadhaar-voter ID linkage, and argues that it has negative consequences for the right to vote. Therefore, this PYQ, concerning the need for and nature of electoral reforms, is relevant as the Aadhaar linking initiative can be seen as a debated electoral reform with potential risks to the franchise.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Why in the News?
According to the India Meteorological Department’s first forecast for 2025, the country may receive around 105% of the average rainfall, with a possible variation of 5% more or less.
What is the India Meteorological Departmentâs (IMD) forecast for the 2025 monsoon?
- Above Normal Rainfall Predicted: IMD forecasts 105% of the Long Period Average (LPA) rainfall for 2025, with a margin of ±5%. Eg: In 2024, India received 108% of LPA, which was categorized as âabove normalâ rainfall.
- LPA Reference and Classification: The LPA for the period 1971â2020 is 87 cm. Based on this, rainfall is classified as: Above Normal: 105â110% of LPA. Eg: If the rainfall is 105% of LPA, it falls within the âabove normalâ range.
- Improved Forecasting Methodology: Since 2021, IMD uses a multi-model ensemble system, combining global climate models with IMD’s own models, improving forecasting accuracy. Eg: Forecasts since the adoption of this system have shown improved accuracy, reducing error margins from previous years.
Why is rainfall distribution crucial for agriculture?
- Impact on Crop Growth: Uneven or poor rainfall distribution can lead to crop stress or failure. Plants depend on consistent water supply during different growth stages. Eg: In 2024, excess rainfall in Maharashtra led to the destruction of onion crops, while deficient rainfall in Punjab delayed paddy sowing, driving up food costs.
- Effect on Water Availability: Proper rainfall distribution ensures water availability throughout the growing season, which is essential for irrigation systems and groundwater recharge. Eg: If regions like Tamil Nadu receive excess rainfall while other areas like Uttar Pradesh experience drought, it can disrupt the balance, making water management challenging.
- Geographical Variability and Crop Suitability: Different crops require specific rainfall amounts at different times, so spatial distribution of rainfall is essential for crop selection and yield maximization. Eg: In 2023, Telangana and Puducherry received excess rainfall, benefiting crops like rice, but Bihar faced a below-normal monsoon, impacting food grain production.
When did IMD improve its forecasting model, and what changed?
- Improvement Began in 2021: IMD improved its forecasting model by adopting a multi-model ensemble dynamical system in 2021. Eg: Prior to 2021, IMD primarily relied on statistical models, but the new system incorporates global climate models along with IMD’s own models for better accuracy.
- Enhanced Accuracy with New Models: The introduction of the multi-model ensemble system improved forecast reliability, reducing errors in predictions. Eg: Forecasts post-2021 showed a significant improvement, with accurate predictions of rainfall in regions like Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu during the 2024 monsoon.
- Reduction in Error Margins: The new approach resulted in reduced error margins, making the first forecasts closer to actual rainfall patterns. Eg: IMDâs first forecast for the 2024 monsoon had a relatively smaller error margin, improving the predictability of rainfall distribution across India compared to previous years.
How do El Niño, La Niña, and IOD affect the monsoon?
| Weather Phenomenon |
Effect on Monsoon |
Example |
| El Niño |
Weakens the monsoon due to warmer sea surface temperatures in the Pacific Ocean. This leads to reduced rainfall. |
Eg: 2014, El Niño conditions led to below-normal rainfall, causing droughts and poor crop production in India. |
| La Niña |
Strengthens the monsoon due to cooler sea surface temperatures in the Pacific Ocean, which can lead to excessive rainfall in some areas. |
Eg: 2017, La Niña conditions contributed to above-normal rainfall, causing floods in some regions like Assam. |
| Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) |
Positive IOD can enhance rainfall, while a negative IOD can lead to drought conditions, especially if combined with El Niño. |
Eg: 2019, a positive IOD helped in normal rainfall despite El Niño, while 2020 had a negative IOD, exacerbating the impact of weak monsoon rainfall. |
Which regions saw abnormal rainfall in 2023, and what was the impact?
- North and Northwest India: Excessive Rainfall: Heavy rainfall led to flash floods, landslides, and infrastructure damage. Eg: In Himachal Pradesh, intense rainfall triggered landslides and flash floods, resulting in at least 72 deaths and significant infrastructure damage.
- Northeast India: Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs): Sudden release of water from glacial lakes caused severe flooding, destruction of infrastructure, and loss of life. Eg: In Sikkim, a GLOF resulted in the deaths of at least 31 people, destruction of over 270 houses, and damage to 11 bridges.
- Southern Peninsula: Deficient Rainfall: Reduced water availability affected agriculture, leading to crop stress and delayed sowing. Eg: In Tamil Nadu, deficient rainfall impacted the sowing of paddy, leading to concerns over food production.
Way forward:Â
- Enhance Climate Resilience: Promote water management, drought-resistant crops, and crop diversification to mitigate impacts of uneven rainfall.
- Improve Early Warning Systems: Strengthen forecasting and disaster preparedness to ensure timely responses to extreme weather events.
Mains PYQ:
[UPSC 2024] What are the causes of persistent high food inflation in India? Comment on the effectiveness of the monetary policy of the RBI to control this type of inflation.
Linakge: Â If the IMD’s prediction is accurate, a good monsoon could mitigate one of the key drivers of food inflation â erratic rainfall and lower agricultural output. This question asks about the causes of high food inflation; a good monsoon would work against these causes.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now
Why in the news?
After over three years and 13 rounds of meetings, countries that are part of the World Health Organization (WHO) have agreed on steps to help stop, get ready for, and deal with future pandemics.
What are the key provisions of the WHO Pandemic Agreement, and how do they aim to prevent future pandemics?
- Protection of Healthcare Workers: Countries have committed to better protection and support for healthcare workers during pandemics. Eg: Ensuring adequate PPE, mental health support, and fair compensation during crisis response.
- Pathogen Access and Benefit-Sharing System (PABS): A system is established to ensure that countries sharing pathogen samples or genome sequences are guaranteed access to diagnostics, treatments, and vaccines developed from them. Eg: If an African country shares a new virus strain, it will receive vaccines developed using that strain.
- Equitable Distribution Commitments by Pharma Companies: Pharmaceutical companies have agreed to donate 10% of pandemic-related products to WHO and provide another 10% at affordable prices. Eg: During a future pandemic, WHO can allocate donated vaccine doses to low-income countries.
- Technology Transfer Under Mutually Agreed Terms: Countries must promote and facilitate vaccine technology and know-how transfer under fair conditions (not just voluntary). Eg: mRNA vaccine technology being transferred to a developing country to scale up local production.
- Promotion of Local Manufacturing Capacity: The treaty encourages countries to build domestic capabilities to manufacture diagnostics, vaccines, and treatments. Eg: WHO supporting the setup of vaccine production hubs in South America and Africa.
Why did developed and developing countries have differing priorities during the negotiations?
| Key Issue |
Developing Countriesâ Perspective |
Developed Countriesâ Perspective |
Example |
| Access vs. Control Over Resources |
Sought equitable access to vaccines, diagnostics, and treatments developed from shared pathogen data. |
Focused on retaining control over innovations and resources. |
India sought vaccine access in return for sharing virus data; EU hesitated on binding terms. |
| Technology Transfer vs. IP Rights |
Demanded mandatory tech transfer to build local manufacturing capacity. |
Preferred voluntary sharing; feared loss of profit and intellectual property rights. |
African nations pushed for mRNA tech; pharma firms resisted to protect patents. |
| Historical Inequities & Trust Deficit |
Skeptical due to past incidents like vaccine hoarding; demanded enforceable commitments. |
Reluctant to agree to binding mechanisms fearing risks to their own supply chains. |
U.S. and EU pre-booked vaccines during COVID-19, delaying access for African countries. |
How does the pathogen access and benefit-sharing system ensure equitable access to vaccines and treatments for developing countries?
- Guaranteed Access to Medical Countermeasures: Countries that share pathogen samples and genome data are guaranteed access to the diagnostics, vaccines, or treatments developed from them. Eg: If Nigeria shares Ebola virus samples, it will receive vaccines or treatments developed from those samples.
- Donation and Affordable Pricing Commitments: Pharmaceutical companies have agreed to donate 10% of their production to WHO and offer another 10% at affordable prices to low- and middle-income countries. Eg: During a future pandemic, India or Kenya would receive a share of vaccines even if they canât pay market rates.
- Legally Binding Mechanism for Fair Distribution: The system is designed to move beyond goodwill by creating structured and fair distribution frameworks, preventing vaccine hoarding. Eg: Unlike COVID-19, where Africa was left behind, the new system mandates early and fair distribution.
What commitments have pharma companies made on vaccine sharing, and how does it address COVID-19 inequities?
- Production-Based Donation Quota: Pharma companies have committed to donate 10% of their total vaccine production to WHO. Eg: If a company like Pfizer produces 1 billion doses during a future pandemic, 100 million doses must be donated for global distribution.
- Affordable Pricing for Developing Countries: Companies will offer an additional 10% of vaccines at affordable prices to ensure access for low- and middle-income countries. Eg: Countries like Bangladesh or Ethiopia could buy vaccines at reduced prices instead of being priced out like during early COVID-19 waves.
- Prevents Vaccine Hoarding by Rich Nations: By ensuring early and guaranteed supply to WHO, this system prevents stockpiling by high-income countries as seen in COVID-19. Eg: Unlike the situation where Europe secured vaccines ahead of Africa, all regions will get equitable shares based on need.
Who facilitates the technology transfer for vaccine production, and under what terms will it occur?
- Facilitated by Countries Under WHO Framework: Technology transfer will be facilitated by countries through the WHO, promoting collaboration and capacity building in developing nations. Eg: India can partner with African nations to help build local vaccine production units using WHO-coordinated support.
- Occurs on Mutually Agreed Terms (Not Voluntary): Technology sharing will happen on âmutually agreed termsâ, not just voluntary basis, ensuring fair negotiations between parties. Eg: A pharma firm like Moderna will negotiate terms with countries like Indonesia to share mRNA vaccine tech under WHO oversight.
Way forward:Â
- Strengthen Global Compliance and Monitoring: Establish an independent WHO-led mechanism to ensure countries and pharma companies adhere to commitments on access, donations, and tech transfer.
- Invest in Regional Manufacturing Hubs: Support the creation of regional facilities for vaccine and diagnostic production in developing countries to reduce dependency and enhance preparedness.
Mains PYQ:Â
[UPSC 2020] Critically examine the role of WHO in providing global health security during the Covid-19 pandemic.
Linkage: The role of the World Health Organization in global health security, which is the very organization that finalized the Pandemic Agreement encompassing the pathogen access and benefit-sharing system. The experiences and lessons learned during the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly regarding equitable access to vaccines, heavily influenced the negotiations for this agreement.
Get an IAS/IPS ranker as your 1: 1 personal mentor for UPSC 2024
Attend Now